Chapter 14

in correction of fallacies as the instructor finds time for. There should be another conference on the brief, and it should be rewritten if necessary. Instructors who have been through the subject will know from sad experience that one rewriting and one conference may be only starters. Then comes the argument itself: this should be the climax, and not merely a perfunctory filling out of the brief. If it be at all possible, the argument should be rewritten after a conference, and the conference can hardly be too long. If the argument is fifteen hundred or two thousand words long, a half an hour will be found a short time to go over the whole with any thoroughness. No instructor in English needs to have it pointed out that conferences are his most efficient means of education.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: See Lincoln's speech at Galesburg and at Quincy, in the Lincoln-Douglas debates.]

[Footnote 2: O. W. Holmes, Jr., The Common Law, Boston, 1881, p. 35.]

[Footnote 3: For such changes of fashion in literature see Stevenson's Gossip on Romance and A Humble Remonstrance in "Memories and Portraits," and The Lantern Bearers in "Across the Plains."]

[Footnote 4: From the speech on the Repeal of the Union with Ireland; quoted by W. T. Foster, Argumentation and Debating, Boston, 1908, p, 90.]

[Footnote 5: A. Sidgwick, The Application of Logic, London, 1910, pp. 40, 44.]

[Footnote 6: From the speech of Senator Depew, January 24, 1911.]

[Footnote 7: C. R. Woodruff, City Government by Commission, New York, 1911, p. 11.]

[Footnote 8: A. Sidgwick, The Application of Logic, London, 1910, p. 248.]

[Footnote 9: W. Bagchot, The Metaphysical Basis of Toleration, "Works," Hartford, Connecticut, 1889, Vol. II, p. 339.]

[Footnote 10: From Huxley's first Lecture on Evolution (see p. 233).]

[Footnote 11: C.R. Woodruff, City Government by Commission, New York, 1911, p. 6]

[Footnote 12: See Lincoln's speech at Ottawa.]

[Footnote 13: _The Outlook_, November 20, 1909. See also the example quoted on page 180, from William James's Will to Believe.]

[Footnote 14: A full and very readable account of the growth of the law of evidence and the changes in the system of trial by jury will be found in J. B. Thayer's Preliminary Treatise on the Law of Evidence, Boston, 1896.]

[Footnote 15: George Bemis, Report of the Case of John W. Webster, Boston, 1850, p. 462. Quoted in part by A.S. Hill, Principles of Rhetoric, p. 340.]

[Footnote 16: H. Münsterberg. On the Witness Stand, New York, 1908, p. 51.]

[Footnote 17: _The Nation_, New York, Vol. XCI, p. 603, In a review of J. Bigelow, Jr.'s Campaign of Chancellorsville.]

[Footnote 18: Mr. Gardiner was answering Father Gerard's book on the Gunpowder Plot.]

[Footnote 19: S. R. Gardiner, What Gunpowder Plot Was, London, 1897, pp. 4-11.]

[Footnote 20: Wines and Koren, The Liquor Problem. Published by the Committee of Fifty, Boston, 1897.]

[Footnote 21: Reprinted in Educational Reform, New York, 1898. See p. 381.]

[Footnote 22: A committee appointed by the National Educational Association to recommend a course of study for secondary schools.]

[Footnote 23: H. Münsterberg, On the Witness Stand, New York, 1908, p. 39.]

[Footnote 24: W. James, Psychology, New York, 1890, Vol. II, p. 330; B.H. Bode, An Outline of Logic, New York. 1910, p. 216.]

[Footnote 25: B. H. Bode, An Outline of Logic, New _York_, 1910, p. 170.]

[Footnote 26: C. R. Woodruff, City Government by Commission, p. 184.]

[Footnote 27: Professor John Trowbridge, in the _Harvard Graduates Magazine_, for March, 1911.]

[Footnote 28: W. James, Human Immortality, Boston, 1898, p. 11.]

[Footnote 29: B. H. Bode, An Outline of Logic, New York, 1910, p. 162.]

[Footnote 30: The Origin of Species, London, 1875, p. 63.]

[Footnote 31: "There is only one aim in all generalization--the finding of signs that are fit to be trusted, so that, given one fact, another may be inferred."--A. Sidgwick, The Process of Argument, London, 1893, p. 108.

"The whole object of any class name is to group together (for the purpose of making general assertions) individual members which are not only alike but different; and so to give unity in spite of difference."--A. Sidgwick, The Use of Words in Reasoning, London, 1901, p. 165.]

[Footnote 32: W. James, Psychology, New York, 1890, Vol. II, p. 342.]

[Footnote 33: See B. Bosanquet, The Essentials of Logic, London, 1895, p. 162; A. Sidgwick, The Process of Argument, London, 1893, chap. vi; B.H. Bode, An Outline of Logic, New York, 1910, p. 234.]

[Footnote 34: A. Sidgwick, Fallacies, New York, 1884, p. 342.]

[Footnote 35: A. Sidgwick, Fallacies, New York, 1884, P. 345.]

[Footnote 36: A. Sidgwick, The Use of Words in Reasoning, London, 1901, p. 91.]

[Footnote 37: J.S. Mill, A System of Logic, Book III, chap. iii, sect. 2; quoted by E.H. Bode, An Outline of Logic, New York, 1910, p. 109.]

[Footnote 38: Quoted by A. Sidgwick, The Use of Words in Reasoning, London, 1901, p. 28, note.]

[Footnote 39: See also the next to last paragraph of the argument on The Workman's Compensation Act, p. 268.]

[Footnote 40: New York, March 9, 1911, p. 241.]

[Footnote 41: B. H. Bode, An Outline of Logic, New York, 1910, p. 71.]

[Footnote 42: W. James, Psychology, New York, 1890, Vol. II, p. 365.]

[Footnote 43: Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works, edited by Nicolay and Hay, New York, 1894, p. 445.]

[Footnote 44: C. R. Woodruff, City Government by Commission, New York, 1911, p. 186.]

[Footnote 45: B. H. Bode, An Outline of Logic, New York, 1910, p. 86. For another example see Luke XX, I 8.]

[Footnote 46: From the Essay on Warren Hastings, The Works of Lord Macaulay, London, 1879, Vol. VI, p. 567.]

[Footnote 47: The Works of Daniel Webster, Boston, 1851, Vol. VI, p. 62.]

[Footnote 48: B.H. Bode, An Outline of Logic, New York, 1910, p. 30.]

[Footnote 49: Sidgwick, The Use of Words in Reasoning, London, 1901, p. 192.]

[Footnote 50: See, for example, his Apologia pro Vita Sua, London, 1864, pp. 192, 329.]

[Footnote 51: Newman, The Idea of a University, London, 1875, p. 20.]

[Footnote 52: Felix Adler; quoted by Foster. Argumentation and Debating, Boston, 1908, p. 168.]

[Footnote 53: From the Essay on Milton, The Works of Lord Macaulay, London, 1879, Vol. V, p. 28.]

[Footnote 54: C.W. Eliot, Educational Reform, New York, 1898, p. 375.]

[Footnote 55: W. James, The Will to Believe, New York, 1897, p. 3.]

[Footnote 56: _The Atlantic Monthly_, Vol. CVII, p, 14.]

[Footnote 57: It was invented and developed by Professor George P. Baker in the first edition of his Principles of Argumentation, Boston, 1895.]

[Footnote 58: Lamont, Specimens of Exposition.]

[Footnote 59: See the passage from James's Psychology, p. 150.]

[Footnote 60: Reprinted in Baker's Specimens of Argumentation, New York, 1897.]

[Footnote 61: _World's Work_, Vol. XXI, p. 14242]

[Footnote 62: From the stenographic report of the argument; reprinted in the author's Forms of Prose Literature, New York, 1900, p. 316.]

[Footnote 63: W. James, The Will to Believe, New York, 1897, p. 7.]

[Footnote 64: See Baker and Huntington, Principles of Argumentation, Boston, 1305, p. 415.]

[Footnote 65: Fuller discussion of the rules for the distribution of the speakers and the time will be found in Baker and Huntington, Principles of Argumentation, p. 415; and an elaborate, almost legal, set of instructions to judges, and the agreement of a tricollegiate league, in Foster, Argumentation and Debating, Boston, 1908, pp. 466, 468.]

[Footnote 66: Suggestions of points for the judges to consider will be found in Pattee, Practical Argumentation, p. 300; and format instructions in Foster, Argumentation and Debating, Boston, 1908, p. 466.]

[Footnote 67: Lecture I of three Lectures on Evolution. From American Addresses, London, 1877.]

[Footnote 68: The diagram, which is not reproduced here, gives an ideal section of the crust of the earth, showing the various strata lying one under the other. The strata are divided by geologists into three groups: the Primary, which is the oldest and deepest; the Secondary, above that; and the Tertiary and Quaternary on top. The Cretaceous is the lowest stratum of the Tertiary.]

[Footnote 69: One of the upper strata of the Primary rocks.]

[Footnote 70: The Silurian rocks occur about the middle of the Primary formations. The _eozoön_ was formerly supposed by some geologists to be a form of fossil. The Laurentian rocks are the lowest strata of the Primary formations.]

[Footnote 71: The Jurassic formation occurs about the middle, the Triassic, just below it, in the lower half of the Secondary rocks. The Devonian occurs just above the middle of the Secondary, between the Carboniferous above and the Silurian below.]

[Footnote 72: From _The Popular Science Monthly_, July, 1901.]

[Footnote 73: Knowledge of the cause.]

[Footnote 74: Prevention.]

[Footnote 75: _The Outlook_, April 29, 1911.]

[Footnote 76: Probably the reason why it has not yet been adopted by Switzerland is because her organized manufacturing Industries are so few that no pressure has been brought upon the state to change the law.]

[Footnote 77: Robertson _vs_. Baldwin, United States, 281.]

[Footnote 78: Noble State Bank _vs_. Haskell; Shallenberger _vs_. Bank of Holstein, January 3, 1911. Lawyers' Cooperative Publishing Company, Rochester, New York.]

[Footnote 79: Foster, Argumentation and Debating, p. 281.]

End of Project Gutenberg's The Making of Arguments, by J. H. Gardiner