Part 32

Section XCVI. Israel's Training and Destiny. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the conditions in the Judean community during the seventy years following the rebuilding of the temple. 2. The forces that kept alive the spiritual life of the Jews. 3. The indications that Isaiah 40-66 were written in Palestine. 4. The probable date of these chapters. 5. Their distinctive literary characteristics. 6. The purpose for which they were written.

SUBJECTS FOE SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The organization of the Persian Empire under Darius. Goodspeed, _Hist, of Anc. World_, 62-3; Ragozin, _Media_, 384-91; Sayce, _Anc. Empires_, 247-50; _En. Bib_., I, 1016-7. 2. The Persian invasions of Europe. Goodspeed, _Anc. Hist._, 122-8; Herodotus, IV, 1-142; Ragozin, _Media_, 412-29; Bury, _Hist. of Greece_, 265-96; Botsford, _Hist. of Greece_, 127-36. 3. Contents and literary characteristics of Isaiah 40-48. _St. O. T_., Ill, 27-30; Cobb, in _Jour, of Bib. Lit_., XXVII, 48-64; Box, _Isaiah_, 179-237.

Section XCVII. Conditions and Problems in the Jewish Community. GENERAL QUESTIONS: I. What is the probable date of the book of Malachi? 2. Describe its teachings regarding the temple service. 3. The need of a great moral awakening. 4. The doubts expressed by the faithful in the community. 5. The encouraging promises held out to them. 6. Presentation of the problem of the faithful in the psalms of the period.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. Contemporary Greek history and literature. Goodspeed, _Anc. Hist._, 159-96; Bury, _Hist. of Greece_, 507-90; Jebb, _Greek Lit._, 109-20. 2. The earliest psalms. Briggs, _Psalms_, I, LXXXIX-XCII; Cobb, _Bk. of Pss._, XI-XIV; Driver, _Lit. of the O.T._, 371-2; McFadyen, _Introd. to O.T._, 238-50. 3. Psalm literature among contemporary peoples. Breasted, _Hist. of Anc. Egyptians_, 273-7; Jastrow, _Relig. of Bab. and Assyr._, 294-327.

Section XCVIII. The Problems and Teachings of the Book of Job. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the structure of the book of Job. 2. The different literary units which have entered into it. 3. The probable dates of these different sections. 4. Contents of the original prose story. 5. The theme and contents of the great poem in 3-31, 38:1-42:6. 6. The different lines of progress in Job's thought. 7. The meaning of the speeches of Jehovah. 8. The contribution of the book to the solution of the problem of evil.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The Babylonian prototype of Job. Jastrow, in _Jour. of Bib. Lit._, XXV, Pt. II, 135-91. 2. Comparison of Job with other great skeptical dramas. Owen, _The Five Great Skeptical Dramas of History_. 3. The modern explanations of the problem of evil. Royce, _Studies of Good and Evil_.

Section XCIX. The Training and Mission of the True Servant of Jehovah. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the different characteristics of Jehovah's servant in Isaiah 49-53. 2. What was the prophet's purpose in presenting this vivid portrait of Jehovah's ideal servant? 3. Describe the class to whom the prophet appealed. 4. His interpretation of the task of the servant. 5. His training. 6. The different methods whereby he was to accomplish his mission. 7. Did the prophet have in mind an individual, a class, or simply an ideal character? 8. In what ways were his predictions fulfilled? 9. In what sense is his ideal of service of present-day application?

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The meaning and history of the different messianic titles. _St. O.T._, III, 39, 47; _En. Bib._, III, 3057-61. 2. Contents and unity of Isaiah 49-55. _St. O.T._, III, 28-30; Box, _Isaiah_, 238-83. 3. How far was Jesus influenced by the ideal of the suffering servant?

Section C. Nehemiah's Work in Rebuilding the Walls of Jerusalem. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. What is the historical value of Nehemiah's memoirs? 2. In what way was he informed of conditions in Jerusalem? 3. How did he secure permission to go to Jerusalem? 4. Describe the obstacles that there confronted him. 5. His plan of work. 6. His diplomacy in dealing with his opponents. 7. The task of rebuilding the walls. 8. Their dedication. 9. The significance of the rebuilding of the walls.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. Contemporary events in Greek history. Goodspeed, _Anc. Hist._, 141-72; Bury, _Hist, of Greece_, 336-75; Botsford, _Hist, of Greece_, 151-85. 2. The topography of Jerusalem. Kent, _Sib. Geog. and Hist._, 64-72; Smith, _Jerusalem_, I, I-249; Hastings, _D.B._, II, 591-6. 3. Recent excavations at Jerusalem. _Jerusalem Vol. of P. E. F. Memoirs_; Bliss and Dickey, _Excavations at Jerusalem_; Smith, _Jerusalem_, I.

Section CI. Nehemiah's Social and Religious Reforms. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the cruel oppression of the leaders of the Jewish community. 2. The effect upon the mass of the people. 3. The way in which Nehemiah corrected these evils. 4. The evidence for and against the historical accuracy of Nehemiah 13. 5. Nehemiah's measures to improve the temple service. 6. His emphasis upon Sabbath observance. 7. His opposition to foreign marriages. 8. The importance of his work as a whole.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: I. In what respects was Nehemiah a worthy successor of the earlier Hebrew prophets? 2. The later Jewish laws regarding the Sabbath. _St. O.T._, IV, 263-4. 3. Regarding marriage with foreigners. _St. O.T._, IV, 54-5.

Section CII. Traditional Account of the Adoption of the Priestly Law. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the present literary form of the tradition regarding Ezra. 2. Its probable history. 3. Its historical value. 4. The facts underlying it. 5. Origin of the later priestly laws. 6. Their general purpose. 7. Their more important regulations. 8. Their transforming influence upon the Jewish community.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The difficulties in accepting the Ezra narrative as strictly historical. Torrey, _Ezra Studies_, 208-78; Smith, _O.T. Hist._, 390-8. 2. History of the later priestly codes. _St. O.T._, IV, 43-8. 3. Income and duties of the priests and Levites according to the late priestly codes. _St. O.T._, IV, 187-92, 197-202.

Section CIII. The Jewish State during the Last Century of Persian Rule. GENERAL QUESTIONS: I. Describe the indications that the Judean community enjoyed unusual prosperity during the half-century following the work of Nehemiah. 2. The effect of this prosperity upon the intellectual life of the Jews. 3. The growth of the Psalter during this period. 4. The date of the prophecy of Joel. 5. Its theme. 6. The hopes of the Jews at this time. 7. Nature of the rule of the high priests. 8. The evidence regarding the date of the Samaritan schism. 9. Its causes. 10. Its effect upon Judaism.

SUBJECTS FOB SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. History of the Persian Empire between 400 and 332 B.C. Cox, _The Greeks and the Persians_. 2. Contemporary events in Greek history. Goodspeed, _Hist. of Anc. World_, 173-204; Meyer, _Anc. Hist._, 244-74. 3. The history of the Samaritans. _En. Bib._, IV, 4256-64; Montgomery, _The Samaritans_.

THE GREEK AND MACCABEAN AGE

Section CIV. The Jews under Their Greek Rulers. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the character of the Jewish historian, Josephus. 2. The extent of his histories. 3. Their historical value. 4. Alexander's Asiatic conquests. 5. His attitude toward the Jews. 6. The Jews in Alexandria. 7. The general character of the rule of the Ptolemies. 8. Their policy in the treatment of the Jews. 9. Fortunes of the Jews of Palestine during the first century of Greek rule. 10. The Seleucid kingdom with its capital at Antioch. 11. The subjugation of Palestine by the Seleucids.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. Josephus's rank as a historian. Hastings, _D.B._, extra Vol., 461-73. 2. Alexander the Great. Mahaffy, _The Story of Alexander's Empire_, 1-11; Hogarth, _Philip and Alexander of Macedon_; Wheeler, _Alexander the Great_. 3. Character of the Ptolemaic rulers. Bevan, _Jerusalem under the High Priests_, 21-30; Mahaffy, _The Ptolemaic Dynasty_, Vol. IV of Petrie's _Hist. of Egypt_.

Section CV. The Wise and Their Teachings. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the literary structure of the book of Proverbs. 2. The evidence that it is the work of many different wise men. 3. The probable date of the different collections. 4. The references to the wise in the pre-exilic literature. 5. The influence of the Babylonian exile upon their activity. 6. The reasons why they attained their greatest prominence in the Greek period. 7. The character of the wise. 8. Their aims. 9. Their methods. 10. Their important social and moral teachings.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The book of Proverbs. McFadyen, _Introd. to O.T._, 256-63; Driver, _L. O.T._, 392-407; Toy, _Proverbs_, Introd. 2. The sages of Egypt and Greece. The Wisdom of Ptah-hotep, in the _Wisdom of the East Series_; Symonds, _Studies of the Greek Poets_, I, 161-273; Jebb, _Classical Greek Poetry_. 3. The social teachings of the book of Proverbs. _St. O. T_., VI, _in loco_; Kent, _The Wise Men of Ancient Israel and Their Proverbs_, 100-14, 158-75; Root, _The Profit of the Many_, 17-126.

Section CVI. The Different Currents of Thought in Judaism during the Greek Period. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Why were there many different currents of thought in Judaism during this period? 2. Describe the character and aims of the ritualists. 3. Of the legalists. 4. Of those who laid especial emphasis upon the teaching of the earlier prophets. 5. The evidence regarding the date of the book of Jonah. 6. The meaning of the story. 7. Its teaching. 8. The history of the book of Ecclesiastes. 9. Its point of view. 10. Its philosophy of life.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The Chronicler's conception of the origin of Israel's institutions. Curtis, _Chronicles_, Introd.; Torrey, _Ezra Studies_, 208-38; _St. O. T_., II, 22-8. 2. Greek myths parallel to the story of Jonah. _En. Bib_., II, 2568-9; Taylor, _Primitive Culture_, I, 306. 3. A comparison of Koheleth's philosophy and teaching with those of the author of Omar Khayyam.

Section CVII. The Teachings of Jesus the Son of Sirach. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the evidence regarding the date of Jesus the son of Sirach. 2. The character of the man. 3. The history of his writings. 4. The nature of the Greek translation. 5. The recovery of the Hebrew original. 6. Its picture of the Jewish life of the period. 7. Its description of the wise men and scribes. 8. Its social teachings. 9. Its religious teachings.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The Hebrew fragments of Ben Sira. Cowley and Neubauer, _The Original Heb. of a Portion of Ecclus._; Schechter and Taylor, _The Wisdom of Ben-Sira;_ Hastings, _D.B._, IV, 546-9; _En. Bib._, II, 1166-9. 2. The character of Ben Sira as revealed in his writings. Hastings, _D.B._, IV, 550; _En. Bib._, II, 1175-8; Bevan, _Jerusalem under the High Priests_, 49-51. 3. A comparison of the moral and social teachings of Ben Sira with those of the book of Proverbs. Bevan, _Jerusalem under the High Priests_, 52-68.

Section CVIII. The Causes of the Maccabean Struggle. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the general character of I Maccabees. 2. Its historical value. 3. II Maccabees. 4. The attractive and aggressive qualities in the contemporary Hellenic culture. 5. Its superiority to the teachings of Judaism. 6. The elements in which Judaism was superior. 7. The conquest of Hellenism in the ranks of Judaism. 8. The influence of the apostate Jewish high priests. 9. The history and character of Antiochus Epiphanes. 10. Reasons why he attempted to hellenize the Jews. 11. The measures which he adopted.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The characteristics of Greek religion. Gulick, _Life of the Ancient Greeks_, 262-83; Dyer, _The Gods in Greece_; Goodspeed, _Hist. of Anc. World_, 148-51; Hastings, _D.B._, extra Vol., 109-56. 2. The historical value of II Maccabees. Hastings, _D.B._, III, 189-92; _En. Bib._, III, 2869-79. 2. Contemporary portraits of Antiochus Epiphanes. _Livy_, XLI-XLV; _Polybius_, XXVI-XXXI; _Appian, Syr._, 45, 66; _Justin_, XXIV, 3.

Section CIX. The Effect of Persecution on the Jews. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the uprising led by Mattathias. 2. The methods adopted by the rebels. 3. The origin and political principles of the Hasideans or Pious. 4. The evidence regarding the date of the visions in Daniel 7-12. 5. Their literary character. 6. Their meaning and aims. 7. The identification of the four heathen kingdoms. 8. The message of hope presented in these chapters. 9. Its effect upon the persecuted Jews.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The town of Modein. Kent, _Bib. Geog. and Hist._, 210-2; Smith, _Hist. Geog. of Holy Land_, 212. 2. Contents and literary history of the book of Daniel. McFadyen, _Introd. to O.T._, 316-31; Driver, _L. O.T._, 438-515; Hastings, _D.B._, I, 552-7.

Section CX. The Victories that Gave the Jews Religious Liberty. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the characteristics that fitted Judas to be a great political leader. 2. The odds against which he and the Jews contended. 3. The physical contour of western Palestine. 4. The defeat of Apollonius. 5. Of the Syrian army under Seron. 6. The details of the battle of Emmaus. 7. The significance of the victory at Bethsura. 8. The restoration of the temple service. 9. The effect of the persecutions upon the Jews.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. Greek military equipment and methods of warfare. Gulick, _Life of the Anc. Greeks_, 188-205. 2. The western headlands of Judah. Kent, _Bib. Geog. and Hist._, 40-2; Smith, _Hist. Geog. of Holy Land_, 286-320. 3. Comparison of Judas with other great military commanders. Conder, _Judas Maccabaeus_; Bevan, _Jer. under the High Priests_, 97-9; Smith, _O.T. Hist._, 465.

Section CXI. The Long Contest for Political Independence. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the attitude of the heathen nations toward the Jews. 2. The political problems that confronted them. 3. The Jewish attitude toward the heathen reflected in the book of Esther. 4, Judas's east-Jordan campaign. 5. Results of the battle of Beth-zacharias. 6. The re-establishment of Syrian authority. 7. The victories over Nicanor. 8. The causes which resulted in the death of Judas. 9. Conditions in the Syrian court which gave the Jews their great opportunity. 10. The character and policy of Jonathan. 11. The honors and authority granted him by the rival Syrian kings.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The history and value of the book of Esther. Paton, _Esther_; Hastings, _D. B., I_, 773-6; _En. Bib._, II, 1400-5. 2. The Syrian history of the period. Bevan, _Jer. under the High Priests_, 100-6; Smith, _O.T. Hist._, 465-9. 3. The scenes of Judas's east-Jordan campaign. Kent, _Bib. Geog. and Hist._, 214-7.

Section CXII. Peace and Prosperity under Simon. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the political intrigues which resulted in the death of Jonathan. 2. The character and rule of Simon. 3. His extension of the Jewish territory. 4. The authority granted him by the Jews. 5. His development of the temple service. 6. The causes that led to the completion of the Psalter. 7. The religious life and faith reflected in the later psalms.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. Compare the characters of the three brothers, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon. 2. The guilds of temple singers. Hastings, _D.B._, IV, 92-3; Wellhausen, _The Book of Psalms_ (in _S.B. O.T._), 217-9. 3. The evidence that many of the psalms come from the Maccabean period. Hastings, _D.B._, IV, 152-3; Cheyne, _Origin of the Psalter_.

Section CXIII. The Rule of John Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the intrigue that resulted in the death of Simon. 2. The Syrian invasion under Antiochus Sidetes. 3. The character of John Hyrcanus. 4. His military policy. 5. His conquests in the north and south. 6. The reasons why he lost the support of the Pharisees. 7. The significant events in the reign of Aristobulus.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. Contemporary conditions in the Syrian kingdom. _En. Bib._, IV, 4356-60; Gardner, _The Seleucid Kings of Syria_. 2. The history of the Idumeans. Hastings, _D.B._, I, 644-6; _En. Bib._, II, 1181-8; Buhl, _Edomites._ 3. Compare the policy of John Hyrcanus with that of David.

Section CXIV. The Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes. GENERAL QUESTIONS: I. Describe the influences that gave rise to the party of the Pharisees. 2. Of the Sadducees. 3. The characteristics and beliefs of the Pharisees. 4. Of the Sadducees. 5. The political influence of these parties. 6. The characteristics of the sect of the Essenes. 7. Their beliefs.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The party of the Pharisees. Hastings, _D.B._, III, 821-8; _En. Bib._, IV, 4321-9. 2. The Sadducees. Hastings, _D.B._, IV, 349-51; _En. Bib._, IV, 4234-40. 3. The points of contact between Essenism and Christianity. Hastings, _D.B._, I, 767-72; _En. Bib._, II, 1396-1400; Thomson, _Books which Influenced Our Lord_, 75-122; Cheyne, _Origin of the Psalter_, 418-21, 446-9.

Section CXV. The Life and Faith of the Jews of the Dispersion. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the life of the Jews in Antioch and Asia Minor. 2. The privileges granted them by the Syrian king. 3. The number of the Jews in Egypt. 4. The privileges granted them by the Ptolemies. 5. The founding of the Jewish temple at Leontopolis. 6. Its significance. 7. The occasion of the translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. 8. The important apologetic Jewish writings. 9. The theme and date of the Wisdom of Solomon. 10. Its important teachings. 11. Its reflections of Greek and Jewish thought.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. Characteristics and value of the Greek translation of the Old Testament. Hastings, _D.B._, IV, 864-6; Swete, _Introd. to the Old Testament in Greek_; _En. Bib._, IV, 5016-22. 2. The history and contents of the Wisdom of Solomon. Hastings, _D.B._, IV, 928-31; _En. Bib._, IV, 5336-49; Deane, _The Book of Wisdom_, 1-41; Gregg, _The Wisd. of Sol._

Section CXVI. The Decline of the Maccabean Kingdom. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the character of Alexander Janneus. 2. His military policy. 3. His treatment of his subjects. 4. The extension of Jewish territory. 5. The effects of his rule. 6. Alexandra's policy. 7. The fatal mistakes of the Pharisees. 8. The suicidal quarrels between her sons, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. 9. The intrigues of Antipater. 10. The appeal to Rome. 11. Pompey's intervention and capture of Jerusalem. 12. The causes of the fall of the Maccabean kingdom. 13. The political effects of the Maccabean struggle. 14. The impression which it made upon Israel's faith. 15. The new spirit that it inspired in the Jews.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. Rome's policy and campaigns in the East. Goodspeed, _Hist. of Anc. World_, 311-9; Seignobos, _Hist. of Rom. People_, 126-30. 2. Rome's earlier relation to the Jewish kingdom. 3. The character and career of Pompey. Goodspeed, _Hist. of Anc. World_, 343-9; Botsford, _Hist. of Rome_, 175-80, 183-9; Morey, _Outlines of Roman Hist._, ch. 20.

THE RULE OF ROME

Section CXVII. The Rise of the Herodian House. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the repeated rebellions against Rome that were instigated and led by Aristobulus and his sons. 2. The reasons why the Jews rallied about their standard. 3. Antipater's character and policy. 4. Herod's career as governor of Galilee. 5. The Parthian conquest and the temporary restoration of the Maccabean rule. 6. The immediate effect upon Herod and his family. 7. Reasons why he was appointed king of the Jews by Antony and Octavian.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The fortresses of Alexandrium and Macherus. Smith, _Hist. Geog. of the Holy Land_, 352-3, 569-71; Kent, _Bib. Geog. and Hist._, 229, 244-5; Schurer, _H.J.P._, I, i, 250-1. 2. The history of Rome from 60 to 40 B.C. Botsford, _Hist. of Rome_, 183-97; Fowler, _Julius Caesar_; Mahaffy, _Gk. World under Roman Sway_, ch. IV. 3. The Parthians. Hastings, _D.B._, III, 680-1.

Section CXVIII. Herod's Policy and Reign. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the strength and weakness of Herod's character. 2. The ways in which he won the favor of Augustus. 3. His building activity within his kingdom. 4. Outside of Palestine. 5. His treatment of his subjects. 6. His record as husband and father. 7. The effects of his reign.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. Rome under Augustus. Botsford, _Hist. of Rome_, 204-22; Bury, _Student's Rom. Emp._, chs. I-XIV; Capes, _Early Empire_, chs. I-III, XII-XIX. 2. Herod's Caesarea. Smith, _Hist. Geog. of the Holy Land_, 138-41; _En. Bib._, I, 617-8; Kent, _Bib. Geog. and Hist._, 233. 3. The various sides of Herod's character. Hastings, _D.B._, II, 356-7; _En. Bib._, II, 2025-9; Bevan, _Jer. under the High Priests_, 148-51.

Section CXIX. Herod's Temple. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the motives that inspired Herod to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. 2. His preparations for the work. 3. The extension of the temple area. 4. The different gates leading to it. 5. The surrounding porches. 6. The temple proper. 7. The temple officials. 8. The temple service.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The detailed plan and dimensions of Herod's temple. Hastings, _D.B._, IV, 711-6; _En Bib._, IV, 4943-7; Warren, _The Temple and the Tomb_; Smith, _Jerusalem_, II, 499-520. 2. The administration of the temple finances. Hastings, _D.B._, IV, 92-7; _En. Bib._, IV, 4949-51; Smith, _Jerusalem_, I, 351-66. 3. The inscription forbidding foreigners to enter the inner courts. Hastings, _D.B._, IV, 713-4.

Section CXX. The Messianic Hopes and Religious Beliefs of Judaism. GENERAL QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the influences that determined the growth of Israel's messianic hopes. 2. The different forms which these hopes assumed. 3. The kingly nationalistic type of messianic hope. 4. The characteristics and development of the apocalyptic, catastrophic type of hope. 5. The type proclaimed by the great ethical prophets. 6. The broadening and universalizing of Israel's messianic hopes. 7. The influence of the Maccabean struggle upon Israel's messianic beliefs. 8. The messianic expectations of the Jews at the beginning of the Christian era.

SUBJECTS FOR SPECIAL RESEARCH: 1. The origin of Israel's messianic hopes. _St. O. T_., Ill, 39-48; Goodspeed, _Israel's Messianic Hope_; Oesterley, _Evolution of the Messianic Idea_. 2. The Sibylline Oracles. Deane, _Pseudepigrapha_; Hastings, _D.B._, extra vol., 66-8. 3. The Psalms of Solomon. Ryle and James, _The Pss. of Sol._; Deane, _Pseudepigrapha_, 25-48.