Part 19

At the thirteenth annual dinner of that unique organization, the Thirteen Club, held in New York city, January 13, 1895, at 7.13 o’clock, P. M., the custodian delivered an address in which were recounted the circumstances of the club’s formation. So prevalent was the apprehension of evil likely to result from the assembling together of thirteen persons that, when at length the requisite number were seated at table, it was found desirable to lock the doors of the banquet-room, lest some faint soul should retire abruptly.

Field-Marshal Lord Roberts, in his “Forty-One Years in India” (vol. i. p. 24), mentions a circumstance occurring in his own experience, which affords evidence, were any needed, of the falsity of the superstition in question. On New Year’s Day, A. D. 1853, Lord Roberts was one of a party of thirteen who dined together at a staff-officers’ mess at Peshawer, on the Afghan frontier. Eleven years later all these officers were alive, the greater number having participated in the suppression of the great Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, during which several of them were wounded.

In Italy shrewd theatrical managers have found it expedient to change the number of Box 13 to 12A, and in many streets of Rome and Florence one may search in vain for house-numbers between 12½ and 14. A gentleman of the writer’s acquaintance, living in Washington, D. C., sent a formal petition to the authorities asking leave to change the number of his house, for the sole reason that it contained the ominous figures.

As an illustration of the popular distrust of the number thirteen among the villagers of the Department of Ille-et-Villaine, France, may be cited the following custom, which is in vogue in that district. Children are there usually taught the art of knitting by devout elderly women. The little ones are first seated in a circle, and, to facilitate the work, on the completion of the first round of knitting they are made to repeat the following words: “_One_, the Father;” at the close of the second round, “_Two_, the Son;” and so on, as follows: “_Three_, the Holy Spirit; the _four_ Evangelists; the _five_ wounds of our Lord; the _six_ commandments of the church; _seven_ sacraments; _eight_ beatitudes; _nine_ choirs of angels; _ten_ commandments of God; _eleven_ thousand virgins; _twelve_ apostles;” and at the close of the _thirteenth_ round, the children mention the name of Judas.[546]

This remarkable and unreasonable prejudice against an innocent number seems to pervade all classes and communities. The possession of intelligence and culture is no effective barrier against it. Arguments and reasoning are alike vain. Even at this writing, an evening journal records that at a recent meeting of a newly elected board of aldermen in an enlightened city of eastern Massachusetts, one of the members objected to casting lots for seats because he did not relish the idea of drawing number thirteen. However, his scruples having been in a measure overcome, he was much relieved to find that the number eleven, which is both uneven and lucky, had fallen to his share.[547]

Brand quotes as follows from Fuller’s “Mixt Contemplations” (1660) in reference to this subject:—

A covetous Courtier complained to King Edward the sixt of Christ Colledge in Cambridge, that it was a superstitious foundation, consisting of a Master and twelve Fellowes, in imitation of Christ and His twelve Apostles. He advised the King also to take away one or two Fellowships, so as to discompose that superstitious number. “Oh, no!” said the King, “I have a better way than that to mar their conceit; I will add a thirteenth Fellowship unto them;” which he did accordingly, and so it remaineth unto this day.

Persians regard the number thirteen as so unlucky that they refrain from naming it. When they wish to allude to this number, instead of mentioning the proper term, they use words meaning “much more” or “nothing.”[548]

The Moors, or Arabs, of northern Africa have similar prejudices, whereas the American negro, ordinarily a most credulous being, appears to be quite indifferent to the evil influences of the fateful number;[549] but in Turkey, so great is the popular dislike of it that the word for thirteen is seldom used.[550]

In Scotland this number is known as the “Deil’s Dozen,” a phrase which has been supposed to have some connection with card-playing, there being thirteen cards in each suit of the “Deil’s Books.” John Jamieson, in his Scottish Dictionary, avows his inability to trace the superstition to its source, but believes that it includes the idea of the thirteenth being the Devil’s lot. The number thirteen is also sometimes known as a “baker’s dozen,” because it was formerly a common practice to give thirteen loaves for twelve, the extra piece being called the _in-bread_ or _to-bread_. This custom is supposed to have originated at a time when heavy fines were imposed for short weights, the additional bread being given by bakers as a precautionary measure.[551]

In certain cases, contrary to the general rule, thirteen is accounted a fortunate numeral, or even as one possessing extraordinary virtues.

Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, in “A Primer of Mayan Hieroglyphics” (p. 25), says that in the old language of the Mayas, an aboriginal tribe of Yucatan, the numbers nine and thirteen were used to denote indefinite greatness and supreme excellence. Thus a very fortunate man was possessed of nine souls, and the phrase, “thirteen generations old,” conveyed the idea of perpetuity. The “Demon with thirteen powers” was a prominent figure in the mythology of the Tzentals, a Mayan tribe.

According to a widely prevalent popular impression, a brood is usually odd in number, and therefore it is folly to set an even number of eggs under a hen. In spite of the falsity of this idea, it is still quite customary to set thirteen eggs, an even number in this case being accounted unlucky.

Gerald Massey, in “The Natural Genesis,” remarks that “there were thirteen kinds of spices set out in the Jewish religious service, along with the zodiacal number of twelve loaves of shew-bread. There are thirteen articles to the Hebrew faith, and the Cabalists have thirteen rules by which they are enabled to penetrate the mysteries of the Hebrew Scriptures. Thirteen are the dialectical canons of the Talmudical doctors for determining the sense of the law in all civil and ecclesiastical cases.”

In England the day of twenty-four hours was formerly divided into thirteen parts, as follows:—

1. After midnight. 2. Cock-crow. 3. Between the first cock-crow and daybreak. 4. The dawn. 5. Morning. 6. Noon. 7. Afternoon. 8. Sunset. 9. Twilight. 10. Evening. 11. Candle-time. 12. Bed-time. 13. Dead of night.

Recurring now to the prevalent notions regarding the sinister and portentous character of this number, one may well inquire in all seriousness whether the harboring of this and other firmly rooted superstitious fancies is compatible with a deep and abiding Christian faith. The answer is plainly in the negative. Therefore it is doubtless true—and the truth should make us free—that the greater our indifference to the various alleged omens and auguries which so easily beset us, the more readily shall we acquire and retain a firm and enduring dependence on Divine Providence.

FOOTNOTES

[1] _New Cabinet Cyclopædia._

[2] _Archæologia_, vol. iii. 1775.

[3] John Kitto, D. D., _Cyclopædia of Biblical Art_.

[4] John Beckman, _A History of Inventions_.

[5] Carmen XVIII. 26.

[6] Suetonius: “Soleis mularum argenteis.”

[7] Pliny: “Jumentis suis soleas ex auro induere.”

[8] Fosbroke, _Dictionary of Antiquities_.

[9] _Knight’s Mechanical Dictionary._

[10] Alexander Adam, LL. D., _Roman Antiquities_.

[11] _Archæologia_, vol. xlvii.

[12] _Scribner’s Magazine_, November, 1894.

[13] John Beckman, _A History of Inventions_.

[14] Fosbroke, _Archæologia_, vol. iii.

[15] _Notes and Queries_, series 3, vol. v. 1864.

[16] _Leicestershire and Rutland Notes and Queries_, vol. i. 1889-91.

[17] Margaret G. Finch, _The History of Oakham Castle_. Oakham, 1897.

[18] _Chambers’ Journal_, March 10, 1866.

[19] Cameron’s _Across Africa_.

[20] W. Crooke, B. A., _North Indian Folk-Lore_.

[21] Clara Erskine Clement, _Naples_.

[22] George Borrow, _The Zincali_.

[23] A. Certeux and E. Henry Carnoy, _L’Algérie traditionnelle_, tome i. p. 159.

[24] _Folk-Lore_, June, 1896, p. 148.

[25] Lieutenant-Colonel N. Prejevalsky, _Mongolia_, vol. ii. p. 207.

[26] William M. Thomson, D. D., _The Land and the Book_.

[27] S. S. Thorburn, _Bannú_.

[28] Sir John Bowring, F. R. S., _The Kingdom and People of Siam_, vol. i. p. 145.

[29] Clara Erskine Clement, _Naples_.

[30] Elworthy, _Evil Eye_, p. 261.

[31] _Popular Science Monthly_, November, 1896.

[32] Goblet D’Alviella, _La migration des symboles_, p. 25.

[33] Rennell Rodd, _The Customs and Lore of Modern Greece_. 1892.

[34] _Revue des traditions populaires_, tome viii. 1892.

[35] _Mélusine_, tome viii. No. 4. 1896.

[36] M’Clintock and Strong’s _Cyclopædia_, art. “Head-Dress.”

[37] Lucy M. J. Garnett, _The Christian Women of Turkey_.

[38] _L’Algérie traditionnelle_, tome i. p. 159. 1884.

[39] H. Clay Trumbull, _The Threshold Covenant_, p. 74.

[40] _Folk-Lore_, March, 1898, p. 10.

[41] _Mélusine_, tome viii. No. 3. 1896.

[42] _L’Algérie traditionelle_, tome i. p. 159. 1884.

[43] Richard Folkard, Jr., _Plant-Lore_.

[44] Rev. Timothy Harley, _Moon-Lore_, p. 192.

[45] Isaiah iii. 18.

[46] _Cornhill_, March, 1877.

[47] Thomas Inman, M. D., _Ancient Faiths embodied in Ancient Names_.

[48] Barclay V. Head, _Historia Numorum_. Oxford, 1887.

[49] _A Dictionary of Roman Coins._ London, 1889.

[50] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, vol. 84. 1814.

[51] _Popular Science Monthly_, November, 1895.

[52] _Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland_, vol. 19. 1890.

[53] Bernard de Montfaucon, _L’antiquité expliquée_.

[54] Ph. Charles Berjean, _The Horses of Antiquity, Middle Ages, and Renaissance_. London, 1864.

[55] Theodore Andrea Cook, B. A., _Old Touraine_.

[56] Professor C. H. Rochholz, _Alt-deutsches Bürgerleben_.

[57] Richard Folkard, Jr., _Plant-Lore_.

[58] Laisnel de la Salle, _Croyances et legendes du centre de la France_. Paris, 1875.

[59] Merlin, _Book of Charms_.

[60] William A. Craigie, M. A., _Scandinavian Folk-Lore_, p. 396.

[61] Rudolph Keyser, _The Religion of the Northmen_, p. 299.

[62] _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. 44. 1894.

[63] Dr. Karl Sittl, _Archäologie der Kunst_, p. 210. 1895.

[64] Edward B. Tylor, LL. D., _Primitive Culture_.

[65] William S. Walsh, _Handy Book of Literary Curiosities_.

[66] Rev. Justus Doolittle, _Social Life of the Chinese_.

[67] _Rennell Rodd_, p. 165.

[68] William George Black, _Folk-Medicine_. London, 1883.

[69] J. B. Friedrich, _Die Symbolik und Mythologie der Natur_.

[70] F. Nork, _Mythologie der Volkssagen und Volksmärchen_. Stuttgart, 1848.

[71] Paul Sébillot, _Légendes et curiosités des métiers_.

[72] _The Folk-Lore Journal_, vol. vii. 1889.

[73] Jacob Larwood and John C. Hotten, _The History of Signboards_.

[74] William Mackay, _Urquhart and Glenmoriston_, p. 434.

[75] Daniel Wilson, _The Archæology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland_.

[76] Thomas Keightley, _The Fairy Mythology_, p. 352.

[77] F. S. Bassett, _Sea Phantoms_.

[78] James W. Mackinlay, _Folk-Lore of Scottish Lochs and Springs_, p. 6.

[79] William Jones, _Credulities Past and Present_.

[80] Giuseppe Pitré, _Usi e costumi, credenze, e pregiudizi del popolo Siciliano_. Palermo, 1889.

[81] A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_, p. 92.

[82] _Cornhill_, N. S. vol. xix. 1892.

[83] Dr. H. Ploss, _Das Kind in Brauch und Sitte der Völker_, p. 122.

[84] A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_, p. 336.

[85] _Natural History_, book xxviii. ch. 81.

[86] Dr. G. Lammert, _Volksmedizin in Bayern_, p. 120.

[87] Campbell.

[88] W. Crooke, B. A., _Popular Religion and Folk-Lore of Northern India_.

[89] Letter to the writer from H. Clay Trumbull.

[90] _The Folk-Lore Journal_, vol. vi. p. 77.

[91] Jones and Kropf, _Folk-Tales of the Magyars_, p. 410, note.

[92] Thomas Keightley, _The Fairy Mythology_, p. 148.

[93] Moise Schuhl, _Superstitions et coutumes populaires du Judaisme_.

[94] John Gregorson Campbell, _The Fians_, p. 52.

[95] Fräulein Helene Raff.

[96] _L’Initiation_, 19ᵉ volume, April, 1893.

[97] J. C. Brown, LL. D., _People of Finland in Archaic Times_, p. 112.

[98] W. A. Craigie, _Scandinavian Folk-Lore_.

[99] T. F. Thiselton Dyer, M. A., _British Popular Customs_, p. 424.

[100] _Mélusine_, tome iv. p. 367.

[101] R. G. Haliburton, _The Dwarfs of Mount Atlas_.

[102] Dr. Ludwig Beck, _Die Geschichte des Eisens_, p. 879.

[103] A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_, p. 263.

[104] For this legend, and for other information regarding the traditions and customs of the Bavarian and Tyrolese peasantry, the writer is indebted to Fräulein Helene Raff, of Munich.

[105] Crooke, p. 199.

[106] Gregor, _Scotch Folk-Lore_, p. 45.

[107] E. Daumas, _The Horses of the Sahara_, pp. 150 _et seq._

[108] Rev. James Macdonald, _Religion and Myth_, p. 92.

[109] Dr. O. Schrader, _Prehistoric Antiquities_.

[110] Richard Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, p. 155.

[111] Chambers’ _Encyclopædia_.

[112] Banier, _Mythology_, vol. ii. p. 570.

[113] Brinton, _Religions of Primitive Peoples_, p. 142.

[114] Henry Yule, _Cathay and the Way Thither_.

[115] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, vol. 281, p. 514. 1896.

[116] _The Comical Pilgrim’s Pilgrimage into Ireland_, 1723, p. 92.

[117] Dyer, _British Popular Customs_, p. 322.

[118] W. K. Kelly, _Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition and Folk-Lore_, p. 48.

[119] Campbell, p. 24.

[120] Campbell, p. 318.

[121] L. Maria Child, _The Progress of Religious Ideas_, vol. i. p. 276.

[122] Theophilus Hahn, Ph. D., _Tsuni-Goam_, p. 77.

[123] The Werner Company, _Art Treasures from the World’s Fair_. Chicago, 1895.

[124] _All the Year Round_, N. S. vol. xxxix. 1887.

[125] _Indian Antiquary_, vol. xv. 1886.

[126] _Cornhill Magazine_, vol. xix. 1869.

[127] E. G. Squier, A. M., _The Serpent Symbol_.

[128] Sir John Lubbock, _The Origin of Civilization_.

[129] Marc Monnier, _Les contes populaires en Italie_.

[130] _Grosses Universal Lexicon._

[131] Astley, _Collection of Voyages_.

[132] Dr. Friedrich S. Krauss, _Sréca, Glück und Schicksal im Volksglauben der Südslaven_. Wien, 1886.

[133] A. W. Buckland, _St. Paul’s Magazine_, vol. i. 1874.

[134] _Amer. Antiq._, vol. xviii. p. 141. 1896.

[135] Lucy M. J. Garnett, _The Christian Women of Turkey_.

[136] _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. 35. 1889.

[137] _Mélusine_, tome viii. No. 2. 1896.

[138] _The Myths of the New World_, p. 132.

[139] John Newton, _Notes and Queries_, 7th series, vol. iii. April, 1887.

[140] W. Crooke, B. A., _Popular Religion and Folk-Lore of Northern India_.

[141] Jacob Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_.

[142] Friedrich Creuzer, _Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker_, vol. iv. p. 380.

[143] _Das Kloster_, vol. ix. p. 97.

[144] Friedrich, p. 454.

[145] L. Austine Waddell, M. B., _The Buddhism of Tibet_, p. 413.

[146] Campbell, p. 457.

[147] Schuyler, _Turkistan_, p. 30.

[148] _Mélusine_, tome viii. No. 1, p. 17. 1896.

[149] Max Jähns, _Ross und Reiter_, i. 371.

[150] _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, vol. vii. p. 69.

[151] _Cornhill Magazine_, article on “Comparative Folk-Lore,” vol. lxxvi.

[152] Thomas A. Wise, M. D., _History of Paganism in Caledonia_.

[153] Mallet, _Northern Antiquities_, p. 154.

[154] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, vol. 278, p. 417. 1895.

[155] Fräulein Helene Raff.

[156] Professor Dr. Sepp, _Die Religion der alten Deutschen_, p. 340. 1890.

[157] Jähns, i. pp. 294-296.

[158] Wuttke, p. 185.

[159] Wuttke, p. 423.

[160] Richard Andree, _Braunschweiger Volkskunde_, p. 128.

[161] Grimm, vol. i. p. 47.

[162] S. Baring-Gould, M. A., _Strange Survivals_.

[163] J. Scheible, _Das Kloster_, Band ix. p. 101; Thomas Carlyle, _Early Kings of Norway_, p. 8.

[164] Dr. Karl Weinhold, _Altnordisches Leben_, p. 145. 1856.

[165] Brand, vol. ii. p. 664.

[166] Fräulein Helene Raff.

[167] J. B. Friedrich, _Die Symbolik und Mythologie der Natur_.

[168] E. Rolland, _Faune populaire de la France_, tome iv.

[169] C. G. Leland, _Gypsy Sorcery_.

[170] Gerald Massey, _A Book of Beginnings_.

[171] _Folk-Lore_, vol. iv. p. 6. 1893.

[172] _Mélusine_, tome viii. No. 1, p. 17. 1896.

[173] Professor Dr. Sepp, _Die Religion der alten Deutschen_, p. 263. 1890.

[174] Jähns, vol. i. p. 373.

[175] _Das Buck der ritterlichen Reutterkunst._

[176] Heinrich von Wlislocki, _Aus dem Volksleben der Magyaren_, pp. 9, 10.

[177] Heinrich von Wlislocki, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner_.

[178] M’Clintock and Strong’s _Encyclopædia_, art. “Shamanism;” E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, vol. ii. p. 142.

[179] _Gentleman’s Magazine._ 1867.

[180] Rev. T. Thiselton Dyer, _Domestic Folk-Lore_.

[181] _Museum of Foreign Literature_, vol. xxvi. 1835.

[182] The Rev. E. Cobham Brewer, LL. D., _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_.

[183] Robert Ford, _Thistledown_.

[184] _Boston Transcript_, May 9, 1898.

[185] Turner’s _Anglo-Saxons_.

[186] John Brooks Felton, _The Horse-Shoe_, a Poem. Cambridge, 1849.

[187] James Napier in _Folk-Lore_.

[188] H. Clay Trumbull, _The Threshold Covenant_, chap. i.

[189] Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 136.

[190] Bonami, _Nineveh and its Palaces_, p. 159.

[191] _Popular Science Monthly_, vol. 44, p. 520. February, 1894.

[192] C. G. Leland, _Etruscan Roman Remains_, p. 282.

[193] Petersen, _Hufeisen_, p. 7.

[194] Waddell, p. 484.

[195] Edmond O’Donovan, _The Merv Oasis_, vol. ii. p. 141.

[196] A. Featherman, _Social History of Mankind_.

[197] Rev. Charles Rogers, D. D., _Social Life in Scotland_, vol. iii. p. 229.

[198] Robert Ford, _Thistledown_, p. 262.

[199] Gregor, _Scotch Folk-Lore_.

[200] A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_. Berlin, 1869.

[201] Robert Thorne, M. A., _A Dictionary of Rare and Curious Information_.

[202] _The Denham Tracts._

[203] _Fortnightly Review._

[204] Sidney Oldall Addy, M. A., _Household Tales_. 1895.

[205] Edward W. B. Nicholson, M. A., _Golspie_. Edinburgh, 1897.

[206] _Notes and Queries_, 5th series, vol. ix. p. 65. January, 1878.

[207] Rev. James Macdonald, _Religion and Myth_, p. 92.

[208] _Novellenzeitung_, sechster Jahrgang, No. 51, p. 812.

[209] C. G. Leland, _Etruscan Roman Remains_.

[210] Thomas A. Wise, M. D., _History of Paganism in Caledonia_.

[211] _The Scottish Gallovidian Encyclopædia._ London, 1824.

[212] Petersen, _Hufeisen_, p. 8.

[213] Camden’s _Britannia_.

[214] Thorpe’s _Northern Mythology_.

[215] Francis Parry, F. R. G. S., _The Sacred Symbols and Numbers of Aboriginal America in Ancient and Modern Times_.

[216] _The American Antiquarian_, vol. xii. p. 356; vol. xiii. p. 58.

[217] Leopold Wagner, _Manners, Customs, and Observances_.

[218] S. H. Killikelly, _Curious Questions_.

[219] _Leicestershire and Rutland Notes and Queries_, vol. ii. 1891-93.

[220] Grimm, p. 34.

[221] J. Scheible, _Das Kloster_, vol. ix. p. 422.

[222] Arnold Frost, _The Ballad of the Wind, the Devil, and Lincoln Minster_. Lincoln, 1897.

[223] J. W. Wolf, _Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie_, p. 91.

[224] Ignaz V. Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des tiroler Volkes_. Innsbruck, 1857.

[225] Herman Schmid and Karl Stieler, _The Bavarian Highlands and the Salzkammergut_.

[226] Anton Birlinger, _Sagen, Legenden und Volksaberglauben_, vol. i. p. 49.

[227] _Belgravia_, vol. iv. 1887.

[228] _Yule-Tide Stories_, edited by Benjamin Thorpe. London, 1853.

[229] J. Scheible, _Das Kloster_.

[230] Thorpe’s _Northern Mythology_, vol. ii. p. 190.

[231] Ernst Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_. Stuttgart, 1852.

[232] Friedrich Panzer, _Bayerische Sagen und Bräuche_, vol. i. p. 127.

[233] _Cyclopædia of Arts._ Philadelphia.

[234] F. Allègre, _Étude sur la déesse grecque Tyché_. Paris, 1889.

[235] Plutarch’s _Opinions of Philosophers_.

[236] Lyon, _Nouveau dictionnaire historique_. 1804.

[237] _History of Rome._

[238] George Crabb, _English Synonymes_.

[239] Andrew Tooke, A. M., _The Pantheon_. Dublin, 1792.

[240] Anthon’s _Classical Dictionary_.

[241] F. Noel, _Dictionnaire de la fable_. Paris, 1803.

[242] P. Galtruchius, _History of the Heathen Gods_. 1671.

[243] Daniel Watson, A. M., _A History of the Gods and Goddesses_.

[244] Plutarch’s _Roman Questions_.

[245] Roscher, _Lexicon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie_, p. 1523.

[246] _The Antiquarian Repertory_, vol. iv. p. 256. London, 1784.

[247] Basil H. Chamberlin, _Things Japanese_.

[248] L. Austine Waddell, B. A., _The Buddhism of Tibet_, p. 512.

[249] _Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens._

[250] Rodolfo Lanciani, _Pagan and Christian Rome_.

[251] Thomas Wright, _The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon_.

[252] Read at the Annual Meeting of the American Folk-Lore Society, New York, December 29, 1896.

[253] Banier’s _Mythology_. London, 1739.

[254] Bancroft, _Native Races_, vol. ii. p. 353.

[255] J. J. L. Ratton, M. D., M. C., _A Hand-Book of Common Salt_.

[256] J. B. Friedrich, _Die Symbolik und Mythologie der Natur_.

[257] Calmet’s _Dictionary of the Holy Bible_.

[258] Philemon Holland, _The Morals or Miscellane Works of Plutarch_.

[259] Horst, _Dæmonomagie_. Frankfurt, 1818.

[260] Richalmus, _Liber Revelationum de Insidiis et Versutiis Dæmonum adversus Homines_.

[261] Dr. Heinrich von Wlislocki, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Magyar_, p. 151.

[262] W. Mannhardt, _Germanische Mythen_. Berlin, 1858.

[263] W. Crooke, B. A., p. 147.

[264] Alexander Adam, LL. D., _Roman Antiquities_.

[265] _Grosses Universal Lexicon._ Leipzig and Halle, 1742.

[266] John Borrow, F. R. S., _Travels in China_.

[267] _Natural History_, book xxxi. ch. 41.

[268] Elias Artista Hermetica, _Das Geheimniss vom Salz_.

[269] _Il a répandu le sel à pleines mains dans ses écrits._

[270] Baret, 1580.

[271] Brewer’s _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_.

[272] _Edinburgh Monthly Magazine_, June, 1817.

[273] Chevalier d’Arvieux, _Memoir_. Paris, 1735.

[274] J. J. Manley, M. A., _Salt and Other Condiments_, p. 90.

[275] Karl Baedeker, _The Eastern Alps_, p. 124. 1895.

[276] _Spectator_, vol. 66. 1891.

[277] _Gentleman’s Magazine_, part i. 1833.

[278] Felix Liebrecht, _Die Symbolik und Mythologie der Natur_.

[279] Owen on _Serpents_.

[280] The writer is indebted for this translation to John P. Hopkinson, Esq.

[281] Felix Liebrecht, _Zur Volkskunde_. 1877.

[282] Shakespeare refers to this subject in several passages, and among them the following:—

How came her eyes so bright? Not with salt tears.

_Midsummer Night’s Dream._

With tears as salt as sea.

_2 Henry VI._

[283] _Current Superstitions_, edited by Fanny D. Bergen.

[284] Clifton Johnson, _What they say in New England_, p. 92. 1896.

[285] M. J. Schleiden, _Das Salz_, p. 73.

[286] _The Study of Sociology_, p. 5.

[287] _Revue des traditions populaires_, tome i. 1886.

[288] _A Theological and Philosophical Treatise of the Nature and Goodnesse of Salt._ Imprinted by Felix Kyngston for Richard Boyle at London, 1612.

[289] James Napier, _Folk-Lore_, p. 33.

[290] Pitré, vol. iv. p. 102.

[291] R. T. Hampson, _Medii Ævi Kalendarium_. London, 1841.

[292] Pitré, vol. ii. p. 161.

[293] Dr. Heino Pfannenschmid, _Das Weihwasser im heidnischen und christlichen Cultus_.

[294] _Notes and Queries_, 6th series, vol. ix. p. 428. May, 1884.

[295] _Century Dictionary._

[296] Francis Grose, _Popular Superstitions_.

[297] Spenser’s _Faerie Queene_.

[298] Clara Erskine Clement, _Naples_.

[299] Grimm’s _Teutonic Mythology_.

[300] _The Folk-Lore Journal_, vol. vii. 1889.