Part 4
=75. Whereabouts.= Whereabouts =is=, which is never =are=, is often written with the plural verb, but it should not be considered a plural. The error doubtless occurs from some fancied resemblance to =headquarters=, which may be either singular or plural.
=76. Women.= Women’s names should never be preceded by their husbands’ titles, as: Mrs. Governor Pardee, Mrs. General John Jones, Mrs. Doctor Charles Ketchum.
=77. Variations.= In many of the job offices of the country, also in newspaper offices where composition is done by the linotype, there will be many variations from the style expounded in this little manual. For example, it will not be practical to follow the italic citations of books, magazines, newspapers, etc., in offices where the equipment does not contain italic magazines. In such cases the use of roman is recommended, without quote-marks, which are unnecessary and unsightly. If the equipment does not carry small capitals, newspapers should run their own names in roman, making no distinction between their own and other publications.
When there is no italic, it may be well to quote the names of books and plays, also the names of vessels and characters in novels, plays, etc. This should not be the custom with vessels and characters, except when it is necessary to indicate that a vessel or a character, rather than a person, is meant.
Offices not able to carry out the code as set forth in detail in these pages, should make notes of deviations, abiding by such portions of the code as their equipments make possible. By a few interlineations, notations, etc., or by an office card of deviations this work will be made useful even where it is not followed to the letter.
=78. Wave-lines, etc.= The custom is almost too well known to record that one line under a word or words means that the underscored matter is to be set in italics, that two lines mean small capitals, and that three signify capitals. Similarly, a wave-line under a word or words means that the portions of the manuscript thus underscored are to be set in lower-case bold-faced type. Two wave-lines under matter mean that it is to be set in bold-faced capitals. A single line down the left side of matter means that it is to be set in type smaller than the body of the article, and two lines indicate that the matter is to be set in type of still smaller face.
=79. Writers’ Absurdities.= Book-offices have their own intricacies of style, with the additional bother of having to suit the varying whims of authors and publishers. “Many men of many minds” write for the papers, but their various whims need not be humored as those of book-writers need be. Authors of books frequently insist upon having things their own way, and too often the printers have to make that way for them, in opposition to what the authors write. This is certainly something for which the authors should be made to pay. If an author is determined to have certain matters of style conform to a certain set of whims, or even of good, logical opinions, he should write accordingly, or pay extra for the necessary changes. _Teall._
=80. Work of Stenographers.= If stenographers would master the principles of the system explained herein they would increase their efficiency. As conducted nowadays there is great lack of system in the work turned out by stenographers and others who use typewriting machines.
Though many of the principles and rules herein set forth are with reference to the work of printing-houses, the fact remains that the principles that make for good printing make also for good composition in general. The De Vinne system should be mastered by typewriters, and used by them on all work that is left to their own judgment.
=81. Words Spelled Anew.= There has been considerable recent (September, 1906) discussion of the reformed spelling as recommended by the Simplified Spelling Board, of New York City. The list has been recommended by eminent scholars of both Europe and America, and many of the words have been in general use for many years. In adopting the list recently, President Roosevelt said: “It is not an attack on the language of Shakespeare and Milton, because it is in some instances a going back to the forms they used, and in others merely the extension of changes which, as regards other words, have taken place since their time. It is not an attempt to do anything far-reaching or sudden or violent, or, indeed, anything very great at all. It is merely an attempt to cast what slight weight can properly be cast on the side of the popular forces which are endeavoring to make our spelling a little less foolish and fantastic.”
82. THREE HUNDRED WORDS.
The complete list is as follows:
=Use= =Instead of=
abridgment abridgement accouter accoutre accurst accursed acknowledgment acknowledgement addrest addressed adz adze affixt affixed altho although anapest anapaest anemia anaemia anesthesia anaesthesia anesthetic anaesthetic antipyrin antipyrine antitoxin antitoxine apothem apothegm apprize apprise arbor arbour archeology archaeology ardor ardour armor armour artizan artisan assize assise ax axe
bans banns bark barque behavior behaviour blest blessed blusht blushed brazen brasen brazier brasier bun bunn bur burr
caliber calibre caliper calliper candor candour carest caressed catalog catalogue catechize catechise center centre chapt chapped check cheque checker chequer chimera chimaera civilize civilise clamor clamour clangor clangour clapt clapped claspt clasped clipt clipped clue clew coeval coaeval color colour colter coulter commixt commixed comprest compressed comprize comprise confest confessed controller comptroller coquet coquette criticize criticise cropt cropped crost crossed crusht crushed cue queue curst cursed cutlas cutlass cyclopedia cyclopaedia
dactyl dactyle dasht dashed decalog decalogue defense defence demagog demagogue demeanor demeanour deposit deposite deprest depressed develop develope dieresis diaeresis dike dyke dipt dipped discust discussed dispatch despatch distil distill distrest distressed dolor dolour domicil domicile draft draught dram drachm drest dressed dript dripped droopt drooped dropt dropped dulness dullness
ecumenical oecumenical edile aedile egis aegis enamor enamour encyclopedia encyclopaedia endeavor endeavour envelop envelope Eolian Aeolian eon aeon epaulet epaulette eponym eponyme era aera esophagus oesophagus esthetic aesthetic esthetics aesthetics estivate aestivate ether aether etiology aetiology exorcize exorcise exprest expressed
fagot faggot fantasm phantasm fantasy phantasy fantom phantom favor favour favorite favourite fervor fervour fiber fibre fixt fixed flavor flavour fulfil fulfill fulness fullness
gage gauge gazel gazelle gelatin gelatine gloze glose glycerin glycerine good-by good-bye gram gramme gript gripped
harbor harbour harken hearken heapt heaped hematin haematin hiccup hiccough hock hough homeopathy homoeopathy homonym homonyme honor honour humor humour husht hushed hypotenuse hypothenuse
idolize idolise imprest impressed instil instill
jail gaol judgment judgement
kist kissed
labor labour lacrimal lachrymal lapt lapped lasht lashed leapt leaped legalize legalise license licence licorice liquorice liter litre lodgment lodgement lookt looked lopt lopped luster lustre
mama mamma maneuver manoeuver materialize materialise meager meagre medieval mediaeval meter metre mist missed miter mitre mixt mixed mold mould molder moulder molding moulding moldy mouldy molt moult mullen mullein
naturalize naturalise neighbor neigh nipt nipped
ocher ochre odor odour offense offence omelet omelette opprest oppressed orthopedic orthopaedic
paleography palaeography paleontology palaeontology paleozoic palaeozoic parlor parlour partizan partisan past passed patronize patronise pedagog pedagogue pedobaptist paedobaptist phenix phoenix phenomenon phaenomenon pigmy pygmy plow plough polyp polype possest possessed practise (v. and n.) practice prefixt prefixed prenomen praenomen prest pressed pretense pretence preterit preterite pretermit praetermit primeval primaeval profest professed program programme prolog prologue propt propped pur purr
quartet quartette questor quaestor quintet quintette
rancor rancour rapt rapped raze rase recognize recognise reconnoiter reconnoitre rigor rigour rime rhyme ript ripped rumor rumour
saber sabre savior saviour scepter sceptre septet septette sepulcher sepulchre sextet sextette silvan sylvan simitar cimeter sipt sipped skilful skillful skipt skipped slipt slipped smolder smoulder snapt snapped somber sombre specter spectre splendor splendour stedfast steadfast stept stepped stopt stopped strest stressed stript stripped subpena subpoena succor succour suffixt suffixed sulfate sulphate sulfur sulphur sumac sumach supprest suppressed surprize surprise synonym synonyme
tabor tabour tapt tapped teazel teasel tenor tenour theater theatre tho though thoro thorough thorofare thoroughfare thoroly thoroughly thru through thruout throughout tipt tipped topt topped tost tossed transgrest transgressed trapt trapped tript tripped tumor tumour
valor valour vapor vapour vext vexed vigor vigour vizor visor
wagon waggon washt washed whipt whipped whisky whiskey wilful willful winkt winked wisht wished wo woe woful woeful woolen woollen wrapt wrapped
83. FORMS OF ADDRESS.
The following correct forms of address are believed to conform to the recognized custom, as indorsed by official, social, and scholarly sources of authority. Most of the examples are from Westlake’s “How to Write Letters,” but some are from Harper’s Cyclopedia:
=Army Officers.= See Military, Colonel, etc.
=Associate Justice= of the Supreme Court of the United States, or of the supreme court of any state. To Honorable John Brown, justice. Sir:
=Assistant Secretaries= of Federal departments, heads of bureaus, etc. To John Brown, Esq., secretary of state. Sir:
=Bishop.= Except in the case of Methodists address a bishop as the Right Reverend John Brown. Salutation--Right Reverend Sir: or Right Reverend and Dear Sir:
=Board of Education, Board of Trade, etc.= To the President and Members of the ----. Sirs: or Honorable Sirs: or May it Please Your Honorable Body. Other organizations of similar character are addressed after this style.
=Cabinet Members.= To the Honorable E. M. Stanton, secretary of war. Another form is Honorable E. M. Stanton. The salutation is simply Sir:
=Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.= To the Honorable Joseph McKenna, chief justice of the Supreme Court, or To the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Sir: or Mr. Chief Justice:
=College Presidents.= Either Dear Sir: or Reverend and Dear Sir: as the case may be.
=Company, President of.= John Jones, president of the North German Cracker Company. Sir: or Dear Sir:
=Court or Judge.= Honorable Thomas F. Graham, judge of the Superior Court. Sir: Dear Sir: or Your Honor:
=Colonel.= Colonel John Brown, commanding the First Cavalry. Or Colonel John Brown, U. S. A. Colonel:
=Doctors.= Women doctors may be addressed as Doctor Mary Walker, or as Mary Walker, M. D. See physicians.
=Dentists.= Doctor John Brown. Sir: or Dear Sir:
=Excellency.= Excellency, Your Excellency, His Excellency, etc., were formerly applied to the President, but now such use is wrong. Foreign ministers and governors are addressed as Excellency.
=General.= General John Brown, commanding the armies of the U. S. General: or Sir: The former is preferred.
=Governor of a State.= To His Excellency Governor George C. Pardee, Governor of the State of California, or His Excellency Governor George C. Pardee. Sir: or Your Excellency:
=Foreign Ministers.= To His Excellency Edward Everett, Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of St. James. Your Excellency: or Sir:
=Heads of State Departments, Members of State Senates, etc.= Honorable John Brown, Attorney General, etc. Sir:
=House of Representatives.= To the Honorable the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Sir: or Mr. Speaker:
=Honorable.= This title is applicable to judges, mayors, senators, representatives in Congress, the heads of government departments and others of similar rank below that of governor or President. It is improper to thus designate the chiefs of bureaus, and other subordinates. In official communications the official designation only should be employed.
=Judges in General.= Honorable John Brown. Sir: Dear Sir:
=Justice of the Peace.= John Brown, Esq. Dear Sir:
=Mayor.= Honorable John Brown, Mayor of ----. Sir: or Your Honor:
=Navy Officers.= Admiral Bowman McCalla, Commanding U. S. N. Sir: Commodores and others are addressed similarly, changing title to suit the office.
=Mr. and Esq.= These terms are somewhat interchangeable in America, but an ignorant man should not be addressed as Esq. It is proper to confine the title to persons of refinement.
=My Dear Sir.= This implies closer friendship than Dear Sir.
=Miss.= Miss Clara Barton. Dear Madam: or Dear Miss: or Miss Barton:
=Mrs.= May be used, contrary to views expressed elsewhere in this volume, before such titles as Mrs. General Sheridan, Mrs. Admiral Porter. This custom has the sanction of good usage at the National Capital, though critics condemn it.
=Mrs.= Do not address a married woman as Mrs. Jane Smith. Address her as Mrs. Erastus Smith if Erastus is her husband’s name.
=Mr.= Mr. is sometimes used before such titles as President, Chief Justice, Attorney General, etc.
=Military and Naval.= Those who rank under captain in the Army, and commodore in the Navy, are addressed as Mr., Sir, or Dr., with U. S. N. or U. S. A. after their names.
=Physicians and Surgeons.= Doctor John Brown. Dear Sir: See Doctor for women.
=President of a Board of Education, Directors, Commissions, etc.= To John Brown, Esq., President of ----. Sir:
=President of the Senate.= To Honorable John Brown, President of the Senate of the U. S. Sir: or Honorable Sir:
=President of the U. S.= To the President, Washington, D. C., or To the President, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C. Salutation is Sir: or Mr. President: Omit all further ceremony.
=Professor.= This title is conferred by election or by courtesy to men of just scholarship. The title should not be applied to barbers, horse trainers, dancing teachers and like persons.
=Rector, Minister, Priest, Rabbi, or Reader.= The Reverend. Salutation--Sir: Reverend Sir: Reverend and Dear Sir:
=Reverend.= Always write =the= before the title Reverend. Never use Rev. immediately before the surname.
ROMAN CATHOLIC CLERGY.
=The Pope.= To Our Most Holy Father, Pope Pius IX:, or To His Holiness Pope Pius IX. Most Holy Father:, or Your Holiness: Catholics write at the end of the letter: Prostrate at the feet of Your Holiness, and begging the Apostolic Benediction, I protest myself now and at all times to be of Your Holiness the most obedient son, JOHN BROWN.
Those who are not Catholics should trust to good sense to conclude respectfully.
=Cardinals.= To His Eminence Cardinal Brown, Bishop of ----: or To His Eminence the Most Reverend Cardinal Brown. Most Eminent Sir: or Most Eminent and Most Reverend Sir: Conclude thus: Of Your Eminence the most obedient and most humble servant; or, I have the honor to remain, Most Eminent Sir, with profound respect your obedient and humble servant.
=Archbishop.= Most Reverend Archbishop Riordan, or Most Reverend John Brown, Archbishop of ----. Most Reverend and Respected Sir:, or Most Reverend and Dear Sir: Conclude thus: Most Reverend Sir, or Most Reverend Archbishop, or Most Reverend and Dear Sir, Your obedient servant. Most Reverend and Dear Sir: should be used by a clergyman or a friend only.
=Bishop.= Right Reverend John Brown, Bishop of ----. Right Reverend Sir: Conclude: I have the honor to remain, Right Reverend Sir, Your obedient servant.
=Women Superiors.= Mother Angelica, Superior of ----. (Sisters of Charity.)
=Priests.= See Rector, etc.
=Legal Titles.= Members of the bar should always be addressed with Esq. following their names.
=State Legislatures.= Same as the houses of Congress, except the name and the phrase, in Congress assembled.
=Senate of the United States.= To the Honorable the Senate of the United States in Congress assembled. Honorable Sirs: or May It Please Your Honorable Body: or The Honorable Senate:
=Vice President.= To the Honorable Henry Wilson, Vice President of the U. S., or (unofficial) Honorable Henry Wilson. Sir:
INDEX.
Unless otherwise designated the citations are to paragraphs.
Abbreviations in general, 13 to 26
Abbreviations of names of states, 29
Address, forms of, 83
Ages of persons, 19
A. M., and like references, 18
Anno Domini, 13
Apostrophes to be omitted, when, 15
Apostrophe in possessives, 16
Apostrophe wrong for plurals, 14
Arabic numerals, 17
Authors are supreme, 12
Authority, sources of, 1
Books, how cited, 22, 36, 52 and (12) under 27
Brick or bricks as plural, (h) 74
Cantos, how cited, 37
Capital letters, when needed, 33, 34
Chemical terms, 35
Co. and Company, 21
Company, singular verb, (d) 74
Collective nouns, 74
Compounds in detail, 10, 27, 41, 42, 43 to 47
Commas essential, (18) under 27
Copymaking is an art, 6
Credits, how printed, 52
Dashes, when omitted, 48
Dates, 23, 24
Dep’t and similar abbreviations, (2) under 27
De Vinne’s System, 1
De Vinne violated, 49