CHAPTER VII.

_SPONGES AND ANIMALCULES._

The Sponges are regarded as a group standing on the borderland between the Polyps and the lowly organisms which follow. The familiar BATH- and TOILET-SPONGES of commerce represent but an insignificant fraction in comparison with the many hundred species which find no place in the world's market. Toilet-sponges owe their intrinsic value to the relative fineness and elasticity of their component fibrous skeletons. In these particular species the skeleton is composed of a substance akin to horn. In other sponges the skeleton may consist of horny fibres mixed with flinty spicules, or it may be of flint only, or of spicules of carbonate of lime. Finally, there are sponges which possess no internally supporting skeleton, fibrous or spicular, and whose substance is consequently little more than gelatinous. All these numerous forms, however, agree with one another in the identity of their most essential vital elements. In the living sponge the skeleton, fibrous or otherwise, is embedded within a gelatinous matrix by whose component cells it is excreted. Externally the sponge-body is perforated over the greater portion of its extent by minute holes or pores, while one or more holes of relatively large size occupy the summit of the sponge, or are scattered here and there among the numerous smaller pores. The smaller pores represent incurrent apertures, and lead to chambers within the sponge's substance lined by cells. Each of these is provided with a long whip-like appendage, with a transparent wineglass-shaped cup or collar, which is a beautifully constructed food-trap. The lashings of the whips of the collar-cells cause currents of water bearing nutrient particles to flow in at all the smaller pores. Arriving at the chambers, these particles are caught by the outstretched collar-traps and absorbed into the cell's substance. The water, together with rejected and waste materials given off by the sponge-body, is carried forward, and passes out at the larger orifices or vents.

Among the more remarkable sponges may be mentioned the NEPTUNE'S-CUP SPONGE, like a huge chalice 3 or 4 feet high, indigenous to the South Seas; the wonderful cornucopia-shaped LACE-SPONGE, consisting of a lace-like reticulation of flinty fibres; and its near ally the GLASS-ROPE SPONGE, forming a cup- or bird's-nest-shaped body, supported on a long cylindrical stalk of flinty fibres that may be over a foot in height. One of the compound or social sea-anemones is in the habit of forming bark-like encrustations on this glassy stem, and it was for a long time doubtful whether the sea-anemone or the sponge produced the supporting-stalk.

The ANIMALCULES, which represent the simplest and lowest forms of living animals, consist chiefly of organisms which are the equivalents of one of the single cells, or, as they might be termed, the "life-bricks," out of which all the higher animals, and also plants, are built up. They are of minute dimensions, and require the aid of the microscope for their proper investigation. Among the most highly organised members of this sub-kingdom mention must be made of the CILIATED ANIMALCULES, or INFUSORIA, so called because they were first discovered inhabiting decaying vegetable and animal infusions. The so-called SLIPPER-ANIMALCULE is one of the commonest forms which makes its appearance amidst such environments. The length of this single-celled animal scarcely averages the one-hundredth part of an inch, but within this restricted space an amazing degree of structural and functional differentiation is included. Its outer surface is, in the first place, densely clothed with hairs, which represent its organs of locomotion. This outer cell-wall has a subjacent somewhat softer layer, in which are developed as crowded a series (as compared with the hairs) of minute rod-like bodies, which, under various stimuli, can be shot out like darts through the skin, and are adjudged to be offensive and defensive weapons, partaking much of the same nature as the thread- or stinging-cells of sea-anemones. Among other noteworthy structures, the slipper-animalcule has a distinct throat-opening, two rhythmically contracting cavities fulfilling a respiratory function and a complex reproductive nodule, or nucleus. Compared with a host of its kindred, this animalcule is a giant, the longest diameter of many of the smaller varieties measuring no more than the 1/5000th part of inch, or even less.

The elegant little BELL-ANIMALCULE, with its crystal wineglass-shaped body, crown of vibrating hairs, and long spirally contractile foot-stalk, is a familiar object to the possessor of a microscope. Most commonly these single-celled organisms, like the single-celled elements of organic tissues, multiply by repeated sub-division, the number that can be reproduced in a short space of time by this simple process being almost incredible. As many as a million, it has been calculated, of some species may be thus derived from an original single individual within twenty hours. In this connection these lowly organisms can among living animals most logically lay claim to immortality. The individual, in point of fact, never dies. Finding itself growing old and obese at the ripe age of, say, sixty minutes, it has simply to split itself up into two offsets, which swim away and repeat the process. Occasionally, for the rejuvenescence of the race, two individuals coalesce completely with one another, and multiplication by splitting takes place.

Some near relations of the little bell-animalcule, while sub-dividing so far as their bodies are concerned, remain united by their foot-stalks, and thus in time build up beautiful tree-like structures, laden as it were with crystal bells or fruit. In some of these the common branching foot-stalk is erect and rigid, while in others it is flexible, and contains, as in the ordinary species, a central elastic ligament. Under these circumstances the whole tree-like structure, with its crystal bells, collapses and expands again under the slightest stimulus, and constitutes one of the most beautiful objects that can be viewed through the microscope.

In lower forms of the infusorial animalcules one or more long, lash-like organs take the place of locomotive hairs. In this category are included the COLLAR-BEARING ANIMALCULES. Some of these build up tree-like growths by repeated sub-divisions and imperfect separation, after the manner of the bell-animalcules, while others excrete tubular dwelling-cases, inhabited by the resultants of the splitting process. Such forms can with difficulty be distinguished from skeletonless sponges.

The animalcule NOCTILUCA, which by its countless myriads is the chief constituent of ocean phosphorescence, is a member of the Lash-bearing group. This noteworthy form invites a somewhat more extended notice. It is to the presence of the Noctiluca in countless myriads upon the upper stratum of the water on calm summer nights that is especially due the diffused form of phosphorescence which is more essentially characteristic of temperate latitudes. Under the most favourable of these conditions, the waves falling upon the strand leave as they retreat a glittering carpet of scintillating points; the oars of the passing boat seem as it were to dip into molten silver; while on the high seas the revolving screw or paddle of the steam-vessel leaves in its wake a broad, luminous track as far as the eye can reach. A glassful of water taken from the sea at such times immediately reveals the origin of these wonderful phenomena. Here and there will be seen floating minute bladder-like transparent spheres, resembling as nearly as possible small granules of boiled sago. Investigated more closely with the microscope, each individual speck will be found to exhibit a pouch-like contour, having a central furrow, from which the lash projects, and upon which the minute mouth-aperture opens. Irritated by agitation in any shape or form, the Noctilucas at once respond by, as it were, angry flashes of silvery-greenish light, and it is to the coruscations in their aggregate condition of many millions of these minute organisms that the several phenomena above recounted are produced.

One other characteristic manifestation of ocean phosphorescence dependent upon the presence in countless numbers of these minute animalcules may be recorded. To those accustomed to a seafaring life the spectacle is a common one, on nights when the luminosity is most in evidence, of fishes following or darting away from the sides of the vessel apparently aglow themselves with phosphoric light, and leaving behind them, in accordance with their size, a more or less conspicuous luminous path in the murky waters. It is commonly supposed that such form of luminosity is emitted by the fishes themselves; but on closer investigation it will be found that this also is due to the presence of the animalcules under notice in countless numbers, which are disturbed into a sudden display of their phosphoric properties by the passage of the fishes through their midst. This light is reflected, as from a mirror, by the fishes' glittering scales, while the Noctilucas continue scintillating for several seconds in the path or wake through which the fishes have passed.

There are other animalcules nearly allied to Noctilucas which sometimes occur in such vast abundance in both salt and fresh water as to visibly affect its character. In addition to a very long lash they have a girdle of vibratile hairs. The fresh-water representatives of this group are sometimes brilliant green, at others bright scarlet. That instance among the Biblical Egyptian plagues in which the water of the Nile was as it were "turned to blood, and all the fish died," has been attributed to a phenomenal development of these animalcules, which, on dying, polluted and putrefied the water. Instances of fishes being destroyed in vast quantities through a like agency throughout even extensive sea-areas have been occasionally recorded. While these pages are going to press an account has appeared in an American journal of red water caused by these flagellate animalcules, which occurred last July for an extent of at least 200 miles along the coast of California, producing with their decomposition a most sickening odour, and the death of shoals of fishes, octopods, sea-cucumbers, and other organisms.

Next to the Flagellates come the ROOT-FOOTED ANIMALCULES, which possess no mouth and no hairs or lashes, but progress by pushing out lobes of their jelly-like substance in any desired direction, into which the rest of the body flows. Food is picked up at any point with which an acceptable morsel may be brought in contact. The little gelatinous animal known as an AMOEBA is one of these. Related forms of this jelly animalcule secrete shells of varying form and structure. Some of these, known as FORAMS, are of carbonate of lime, and wonderfully like nautiluses and other of the higher molluscan shells in aspect. Though so minute, scarcely visible to the unassisted eye, they occur in the sea in such numbers as to form by their aggregations the more considerable ingredients of vast areas of the earth's strata, both past and present. The chalk cliffs of Albion and the white tenacious ooze of the broad Atlantic are thus to a large extent composed of the shells of minute organisms, which formerly flourished near the surface of the ocean, but sank on their death to its abysmal depths.

The simplest of the forams fabricate shells with a single chamber, which are often elegantly vase- or flask-shaped. More usually, however, the shell represents the product of repeated buddings or outgrowths, and may attain considerable dimensions. Flattened circular forms of this type much resemble time-worn coins, and are hence called NUMMULITES. Their fossil-shells enter mainly into the composition of rocks which extend through North Africa and Asia to the Himalaya, and supplied the stone of which the Pyramids are built.

Allied to the Forams, but distinguished by the radiating, needle-like contour of their false feet and the flinty texture of their shells, are an equally numerous assemblage of organisms known as RADIOLARIANS. Like the Forams, they are inhabitants of the sea, and their discarded shells enter extensively into the constitution of strata. A little globular fresh-water form, devoid of a shell, and with slender bristle-like feet radiating in every direction, is known as the SUN-ANIMALCULE, and forms a connecting-link between the last two groups.

From Man to Egg-laying Mammals, Molluscs to Animalcules, the vast scheme of the Animal Creation has now been successively portrayed. With such simple gelatinous life-specks as the Amoeba and its allies THE LIVING ANIMALS OF THE WORLD make their exit: unorganised organisms, groping blindly in the darkness--"Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything."

END OF VOL. II.

INDEX.

A _MAMMALS_ Aard-vark, Cape, 342 " Ethiopian, 342 Aard-wolf, 82 Addax, 256 Agutis, 161-2 Alpaca, 308-9 Anoas, 219 Ant-eaters, Banded, 376-7 " Great, 338 " Tamandua, 339 " Two-toed, 339-40 Antelopes, Broad-horned, 255 " Harnessed, 255-8 " Indian four-horned, 242-4 " Roan, 250-2 " Sable, 251 " Saiga, 245-6 Apes, i (Introd.), 1 " Barbary, 14-5 " Man-like, i, iv, v, _cont._ (Introd.), 1 Argali, Siberian, 222 " Tibetan, 222-3 Armadillos, 339 " Kapplers', 341 " Peba, 341 Asses, Wild, African, 195-6 " " Baluchi, 196 " Domesticated, 206 Aurochs, or Wild Ox, 208 Aye-aye, 32

_BIRDS_ Albatross, 433-4 Argus-pheasant, 408 Auk Tribe, 417 Avocet, 423

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Adder, 588 " Death-, 594-6 " Puff-, 595-6 Alligator, Chinese, 551 " Mississippi, 551 Anaconda, 591 Asp, Egyptian, 594 Axolotl, 608

_FISHES_ Amphiprion, 633 Anchovy, 659 Anthias, 613 Arapaimas, 654

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Ant-lion, 698, 700 Ants, 705 " Solitary, 706 " White, 696-8 Aphides, 729

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Anemones, Sea-, Dahlia, 760 " " Giant, 763 " " Strawberry, 760 Animalcules, Amoeba, 768 " Bell-, 766 " Ciliated, 765 " Collar-bearing, 766 " Root-footed, 768 " Slipper-, 765 " Sun-, 768 Argus, Shetland, 749

B _Battell, Andrew_, 1, 4

_MAMMALS_ Babirusa, 313-5 Baboons, 15, 27 " Abyssinian, 19 " Anubis, 17 " Arabian, 1, 17 " Chacma, 15, 20-1 " Drill, 18, 22 " Gelada, 13-7 " Mandrill, 18-9, 22 " Stories of, 16-7-9 Badgers, 129 " European, 130 Bandicoots, Australian, 368 " Banded or Striped-backed, 370 " Indian, 160 " Long-nosed, 368-70 " Pig-footed, 368 " Rabbit-, 368-71 Banting, 212 Barb, 201 Bats, v (Introd.), 165-6 " Australian Fruit-, 165-6 " Indian Fruit-, 167 " Insect-eating, 167 " Leaf-nosed, 167 " Naked, 168 " Pipistrelle, 167 " Sucker-footed, 168 " Tube-nosed Fruit-, 166-7 " Vampire, 168 " Welwitsch's, 168 " White, 168 Bears, American Black, 117-8 " " Brown, 117 " Common Brown, 113-5-6-7 " European Brown, 115 " Grizzly, 116 " Himalayan Black, 96_a_, 120 " Indian Sloth-, 119 " " " Anecdotes, 119 " Malayan Sun-, 122 " Peculiarities of, 114-5 " Polar, 120-1-2 " " Anecdotes, 124 " " Habits of, 123 " Russian Brown, 116 " Syrian, 116-8 " " Stories, 117 " Varieties of, 114 Beavers, 152-3-4 " American, 152-4 " at work, 155 " Habits of, 154 Beisa, 252-3-4 " Tufted, 253 Bison, 213 " American, 213-7 " " Bull, 215 " European, 213-6 Blackbuck, 246 Blesbok, 240 Bluebuck, 250 Boar, Senaar, 313 " Wild, 311 " " Indian, 312 Bontebok, 240 Bosch-vark, 314 Brockets, Pygmy, 298 " Red, 298 Buffaloes, 214 " African, 216-8 " Cape, 216-8 " Congo, 219 " Domestic Indian, 218 " Indian, 217 Bushbucks, 254 " Cape, 255 " Cumming's, 255 " Decula, 255

BIRDS Barbets, 510-1 Bee-eaters, 506-7 Bell-bird, 541-3 Bird of Paradise, 515-6 " " " King, 517 " " " " of Saxony's, 517 " " " Red, 518 Bishop-bird, 522 Bittern, Common, 447-8 Blackbirds, 536 Blackcock, 399 Bob-white, 399, 410 Bower-birds, 517 " Golden, 518 " Spotted, 517 Broad-bills, 544 Bullfinch, 524-5 Buntings, 525 " Reed-, 526 " Snow-, 525 Bustard-quail, Indian, 411 Bustards, Denham's, 422 " Great, 422-4-6 " Indian, 423 Butcher-birds, 533 Buzzard, Rough-legged, 470

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Boa-constrictor, 587-8-90 Bush-master, 597-8

_FISHES_ Barracudas, 630 Bass, Black, 612 " Sea-, 611 " Stone-, 613 Bichir, 663-4 Blennies, 630 Bonito, 624 Bow-fin, 662 Bream, Sea-, Red, 615 Brill, 645 Bull-heads, 627 " Armed, 628 Bummaloe, 654-5 Butter-fish, 630

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Barnacles, 670 " Acorn-, 671 " Goose-, 671 Bees, 705 " Bumble-, 706-7-8 " Carpenter-, 706-8 " Hive-, 706-7-8 " Solitary, 706-8 Beetles, 681 " Blister-, 685 " Bombardier-, 682 " British Musk-, 686-8 " Burying-, 682-3 " Cardinal, 688 " Cellar-, 688 " Colorado, 687 " Devil's Coach-horse, 682 " Diamond-, 686 " Dor, 684 " Drury's Goliath, 683 " Ground-, 682 " Harlequin, 686-7 " Hercules, 683-4 " Jumping-, 686 " Leaf-horned, 683 " Oil-, 685 " Reed-, 687 " Rhipiphorus, 688 " Rose-, 684 " Skipjack, 684 " Stalk-eyed, 688 " Tiger-, 681 " Tortoise-, 687 " Wasp-, 687 " Water-, Black, 682 " " Brown, 682 Bugs, Lace-wing, 725-6 " Masked, 726 " Red, 726 " Shield-, 725 " True, 725 " Water-, 726-7 " " Boatmen, 726 " " Scorpions, 726 Butterflies, 709-11 " Angle-winged, 714 " Australian, 715 " Blue, 712-3 " " Morpho, 712 " Brush-footed, 712 " Copper, 714-5 " Croesus, 715-6 " Danaids, 712 " Diana Fritillary, 710 " Fritillaries, 712-4 " Hair-streaks, 715 " Leaf-, 709 " Long-winged, 710-2 " Monarch, 712 " Orange-tip, 715-7 " Queen of Spain, 710 " Red Admiral, 714 " Satyrs, 713 " Skippers, 716-7 " Swallow-tailed, 715-7 " Tawny Admiral, 711-4 " White, 716 " " Cabbage-, 715

C _Cunningham, Dr._, vi (Introd.)

_MAMMALS_ Cachalot, or Sperm-whale, 333 Camels, Arabian, 302-4 " Bactrian, 304-5-6 " Disposition of, 304 " Half-breed, 303 " Tribe, 302 " True, 303 " White, 302 " Wild, 306 Camel-plough, 301 Capybara, 146-63 Caribou, Barren-ground, 274 " Newfoundland, 274 " Woodland, 272 Carnivora, Comparison of, 79 Cats, Australian Spotted, 375 " Black-footed, 56 " Chaus, 57 " Golden, 55-6 " Jungle-, 57 " " Habits of, 58 " Kaffir, 56-7 " Rusty-spotted, 56 " Serval, 56-8-9, 60 " " 33 " " Comparative Intelligence with Apes, etc., 80 " " New World, 50 " Wild, 56, 62 " " Common, 60-1 " " " Range of, 61 " " " Stories of, 60 Cats, Domestic, 68-9 Abyssinian, 73 Black, 70 Blue, 70-1-2 Chinchilla, 63 Farm, 68 Long-haired, 73 Manx, 72-3 Orange, 71 Peculiarities of, 68 Persian, 72-3 Siamese, 72-3 Stories of, 70-1 Tabby, 70-1-2 Tortoiseshell, 68, 70 White, 68, 70 Cattle, Angus, 210 " Cow, Jersey, 209 " Devon, 210 " Domesticated, 209 " English Park-, 207 " " " Bull, 208 " " " Calf of, 208 " Hereford 210 " Highland, 192a " Humped, 210 " " Bull, Indian, 212 " Long-horn, 210 " Spanish, 209 " Sussex, 210 " Welsh, 210 Cavies, 162-3 Cheeta, 49, 65-6-7 " Hunting with, 67 " Range of, 66 " Taming of, 66 Chevrotains, 302-9 Chimpanzee, viii (Introd.), 1 " Disposition of, 2, 3 " Home of, 2 " "Jenny," 2 " Physical Description of, 2 " "Sally," 2, 3 " Soko, 1, 3 " Young, 3 Chinchilla, 161-2 Civets, 75 " African, 75-6 " Bennett's, 76 " Binturong, 76-9 " Genet, 75-7 " Hemigales, 76 " Indian, 74 " Linsangs, 76 " Palm-, 78 " Rasse, 75 " Sumatran, 76 Coatis, 126 Cobego, 168-9-70 Coypu, 158-61 Crocodiles, vii (Introd.) " Prehistoric, v (Introd.) Cuscus, Phalangers, Black, 365 " " Geogr. dist., 366 " " Grey, 365 " " Spotted, 364-6

_BIRDS_ Capercallie, 398 Cassowary, 384_a_ " Sclater's, 393 Chaffinch, 523-4 Chatterers, 531 " Thick-billed, 542 Chough, 515 " Cornish, 517 Cockatoos, Australian, 448_a_, 489-90 " Black, 490 " Leadbeater's, 491 Cock-of-the-rock, 541-4 Condor, 464 Coots, 413 Cormorants, 451-2 Corn-crake, 412 Cow-birds, 520 Cranes, Crowned, 416_a_, 427-8 " Common, 425-6-7 " Manchurian, 426 " Stanley, 424 " Wattled, 426 " White, 427 " Whooping-, 427 Crow, American, 513 " Carrion-, 515 Cuckoo, Bronze, 497 " Common, 492 " Emerald, 497 " Golden, 497 " Great Spotted, 496 " Ground-, 497 " Lark-heeled, 497 " Pheasant-, 495 " Young, 494-6-7-8 Curassow, Crested, 411 " Razor-billed, 411 Curlew, 420

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Caiman, Great, 551 Chamæleons, 581-2-3 Cobra, 593-4 " Giant, 594 Craits, Indian, 594 Crocodile, American, 550 " Broad-snouted, 546 " Long-snouted, 550 " Nile, 550

_FISHES_ Carp, 650 " Common, 651 " King-, 651 " Leather-, 651 " Mirror-, 651 Char, 657 Chiasmodus, 641 Chimæra, Bottle-nosed, 610 " Sea-cat, 610 Chromids, 635 Cod, 641-2 " Family, 641 " Scarlet Rock-, 608_a_ Coffer-fishes, 638-40 Comber, 613 Coral-fish, 633 " Gold-finned, 634

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Caterpillars, 709-10-1 Centipedes, 679 " Electric, 679 Cicadas, 728-30 Coch-y-bonddhu, 684 Cockchafer, 683-5 Cockroach, 689-90 Crab, Blue, 673 " Edible, 672 " Fighting, 674 " Fresh-water, 672 " Hermit-, 672 " King-, 674 " Shore-, 674 " Spider-, 673 Crayfish, 672 Cricket, Field-, 692 " House-, 691-2 " Mole-, 691-2

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Chitons, or Multivalve Molluscs, 744 Clams, Giant, 743 Corals, Bleached, 761 " Brain-, 761 " Flexible, 762 " Mushroom-, 758-61 " of Commerce, 762 " Stag's-horn, 760-1 " Star-, 761-2 " Stony, 762 Cowries, Money-, 742 " Panther-, 742 " Tiger-, 742 Cuttle-fish, 738

D Discoveries, iv, v (Introd.) _Dubois, Monsieur_, v (Introd.)

_MAMMALS_ Deer, Bavian, 290 " Black-tailed, 297 " Bokhara, 284 " Calamianes, 290 " Chinese Water-, 290-2 " Fallow, 285-8_a_ " " Mesopotamian, 286 " Hog-, 288-90 " Indian Spotted, 282-3-90-9 " Japanese, 284-99 " Manchurian Roe, 295 " Marsh-, 297-9 " Pampas-, 297 " Père David's, 294-5 " Red, 275-99 " " Caspian, or Maral, 280 " " Hunting, 276-8 " Siberian Roe, 291-2-3 " Spotted Oriental, 284-90 " Swamp-, 289-91 " Thorold's, 281 " Tribe, Acclimatisation of, 299, 300 " " Domestication of, 300 " True's, 296 " Tufted, 292 " " Michie's, 292 " " Tibetan, 292 " Virginian, 295-6-7 Dibatag, 249 Dik-diks, 242 Dingoes, 94-5-6 Dog, Azara's, 96 " Cape Hunting-, 94-6 " Dingoes, 94-5-6 " Family, 84 " Indian, 94 " " Red, 96 " Pariah, 112 " Raccoon-, 96 " Wild, 94 Dogs, Domestic, 101 African Sand-, 112 Bull-dogs, 105-7 Chows, 110 Cockers, 104 Collies, 106 Dachshunds, 104-5 Dalmatians, 106 Great Danes, 104-5 Griffons Brusselois, 112 Hounds, Basset-, 104 " Blood-, 101-4 " Grey-, 102 " " Italian, 112 " Otter-, 101 " Stag-, Puppies, 101 Mastiffs, 105-8 Newfoundlands, 105-6 Non-sporting, 105 Old English Sheep-dogs, 106-8 Pointers, 101-9 Pomeranians, 109-10 Pugs, 110-1 Retrievers, 102-3 Saint Bernards, 104-5 Schipperkes, 110 Setters, 102-4 Spaniels, 102 " Black, 104 " Clumber, 104 " Japanese, 110-1 " Pekin, 111 " Sussex, 104 " Toy, 111-2 Terriers, Bedlington, 108 " Black-and-tan, 108 " Bull-, 108 " Dandie Dinmont, 110 " Fox-, 108-11 " Irish, 108 " Maltese, 109-11 " Scottish, 108-9 " Skye, 109-10 " White English, 108 " Yorkshire Toy, 111 Dolphins, v (Introd.), 333 " Bottled-nosed, 335 " Elliott's, 334 " Heavyside's, 335 " Risso's, 334 " Short-beaked River-, 331 Donkey, 205 Donkeys, Egyptian, 206 Dormice, 156 Dromedary, 303-4 Dugong, 327 Duikers, 242 " Red-flanked, 241

_BIRDS_ Darter, 452 Dipper, 538 Divers, 428-30 Doves, Scaly, 416 Ducks, Aylesbury, 457 " Eider-, 458 " Paradise-, 459 " Wild, 457 Dunlin, 421

_FISHES_ Dab, 645 Dentex, 613 Dories, John, 622-3-4 " Long-finned, 623 Drum, 618

JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS ETC. Drummers, 690

E _Ewart, Professor_, 194

_MAMMALS_ Echidna, or Porcupine Ant-eater, 380-1-2-3 Elands, 260-1-2 " Derbian, 262 Elephants, 172 " African, 178-9 " Asiatic, Range, 176 " Comparison of African and Asiatic, 172-4-6 " Disposition of, 177 " Domestication of, 178 " East African, vi (Introd.) " Indian, 172-3-4-6-7 " Intelligence of, 179 " Strength of, 178 " Timber-, 175 " Tusks, 175 Elk, American, or Moose, 274 " Irish, 286 " Scandinavian, 273 Ermine, 133

_BIRDS_ Eagles, African Sea-, 475 " Chilian Sea-, 475 " Crested, 475 " Golden, 471 " Harpy-, 472 " Imperial, 475 " Martial Hawk-, 476 " White-tailed, 472 " Wedge-tailed, 473 Egret, 445-6 " Indian Cattle-, 447 Emeu, 394-5

_FISHES_ Eels, 646 " Common Fresh-water, 646 " Conger-, 647-8 " Deep-sea, 646-8 " Electric, 646-50 " Painted, 646-8-9 " Sand-, 643 " Serpent-, 646-8 " Sharp-nosed, 647

JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC. Earwigs, Common, 689

F _MAMMALS_ Finners, or Rorquals, 333 Fossa, 74 Foxes, 97 " Arctic, 100 " Common, 98-9 " Cubs, 97 " Fennec-, 100 " Leicestershire, 98 " Mountain-, 98 " Skins, 98 Flying-fox, v (Introd.)

_BIRDS_ Falcons, Jer-, 474-7 " Peregrine, 474-7 Finches, Indigo, 512_a_ Fin-feet, 413 Flamingo, 439-40 Flower-peckers, 533 Fly-catchers, 538-9 " Tyrant, 544 Fowls, Domestic-- Andalusians, 407 Black Spanish, 407 Cochins, 404-7 Dark Bramas, 405 Dorking, 407 Japanese Bantams, 408 Leghorns, 407 " Brown, 404 Minorcas, 407 Pencilled Hamburgs, 408 Plymouth Rock, 407 Polish, 408 Sebright Bantams, 408 Silver-spangled Hamburgs, 405 " Wyandotte, 406 Frigate-birds, 453-6

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Frogs, Blue Tree-, 603 " Bull-, 598, 600 " " American, 598 " Common, Röntgen ray photograph of, 600 " Edible, 599, 600 " European Green Tree-, 602 " Flying-, 601 " Golden Tree-, 603 " Guppy's, 600 " Matlamitlo, 600 " Pouched Tree-, 604 " Queensland Tree-, 603-4 " Short-headed, 601 " Tiger-like, 599 Flying-dragons, 565-6

_FISHES_ Father-lasher, 627 Flat-heads, 627 " Bar-tailed, 628 " Rock, 628 Fish, Angler-, 626 " Archer-, 614 " Boar-, 613 " Butter-, 612 " Cat-, 648-9-50 " Cave-, 643 " " British, 667 " " Ocellated, 667 " Emperor-, 614 " Flat-, 644 " Frog-, 625 " Gold-, 651 " Lung-, 609-60 " Monk-, 668 " Mud-, 610 " Nurse, 667 " Picked Dog, 667 " Pilot-, 622 " Reed-, 664 " Rough Hound, 667 " Scabbard-, 620 " Scorpion-, 616 " Sheath-, 650 " Silver Dog-, 667 " Smooth Hound, 667 " Stone-, 616-9 " Sucking-, 624-5 " Sun-, 613 " Sword-, 618-20 " Tassel-, 618-9 " Telescope-, 651 " Thick-rayed, 616 " Torpedo-, 669 " Weaver-, 618 " Zebra-, 613 Fishes, File-, 638 " Flying-, 632-3 Flounders, 645

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Feather-star, 748 " Rosy, 748 Fleas, Dog-, 736 " Sand-, 736 " Turnip-, 687 Flies, Alder-, 701 " Bee-, 736 " Bee-killer, 734-6 " Bird-, 735 " Blue-bottle or Blow fly, 733-5 " Bot-, 734 " Caddis-, 701-2 " Candle-, 728 " Daddy-long-legs, 730-3 " Dragon-, 695 " Fire-, 685 " Forest-, 735 " Gad-, 733 " Gall-, 702-3-30 " Green-bottle, 735 " House-, 733-4 " Hover-, 734 " Ichneumon-, 704 " Lace wing, or Golden-eye, 700-1-33 " Lantern-, 728 " Mantis-, 699 " May-, 695-6 " Noon-day, 734 " Rain-, Blood-sucking, 733 " Robber-, 734 " " Hornet, 731-4 " Ruby-tailed, 704-5 " Sand-, or Piúm, 732 " Saw-, 702-3 " Scorpion-, 699, 700 " Snake- or Camel-, 699 " Tsetse-, 735 " Uses of, 736 Frog-hoppers, 728-9

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Forams, Shells of, 767

G _Garner, Professor_, 20 _Gibson, Walter M._, vi (Introd.)

_MAMMALS_ Gaur, 210 " Hunt, 211 Gayal, 212 " Cow, 211 Gazelles, Arabian, 246 " Dama, 247 " Dorcas, 248 " Edmi, 248 " Goitred, 247 " Grant's, 248 " Heuglin's, 247 " Isabella, 247 " Loder's, 248 " Marica, 248 " Mhorr, 247 " Mongolian, 247 " Muscat, 248 " Pelzeln's, 247 " Persian, 247 " Peters's, 248 " Prejevalski's, 247 " Red-fronted, 247-8 " " necked, 247 " Soemmerring's, 247 " Speke's, 247-8 " Thomson's, 248 " Tibetan, 247 Gemsbuck, 252 Gerenuk, 249-55 Gibbons, 8 " Disposition of, 8 " Habits of, 9 " Hulock, 9 " Siamang, 8 " Silvery, 9 " White-handed, 9 Giraffe, 264-6-7 " Description of, 265 " East African, iv (Introd.) " Hunting, 260 " Northern, 256a, 264 " Southern, 263-4-5 Goats, Angora, 231-2 " British, 232 " Italian, 237 " Nubian, 236 " Persian Wild, 233 " Rocky Mountain, 238 " Schwartzals, 234 " Toggenburg, 233 Glutton, 134 Gnu, 240-1 " Brindled, 242 " White-bearded, 242 " " tailed, 241 Gophers, 160 " Pocket-, 156 Goral, Female, 258 Gorilla, ii (Introd.), 4, 5, 8a " First accounts of, 4 " Habits of, 5 " Range of, 4 " Physical description of, 4 " Pongo, 1, 4 Grampus, 330 Guanaco, 307 Guemals, 297

_BIRDS_ Gallinule, Mantell's, 413 Gannets, 452-4-5 Gardener-bird, 517 Geese, Australian Pygmy, 461 " Cape, 460 " Chinese, 461 " Domestic, 461 " Grey, 461 " Half-webbed, 461 " Spur-winged, 461 Gold-crest, 530 Goldfinch, 524 Grackles, 520 Grebes, Dabchick, 430 " Great Crested, 428-30 Greenfinch, 524-5 Grey-hen, 399 Grouse, Red, 397 " Ruffed, 402 " Sage-, 400 " Sand-, Pallas's, 416 Guans, 411 Guillemot, 417 Guinea-fowl, Black, 410 " Crested, 408 " Vulture-like, 410 Gull, Black-backed, 420 " " headed, 449 " Herring-, 419 " Skua-, 421 " Tribe, 418-9

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Gavial, 550 Gecko, Burmese, 564 " Madeiran, 565

_FISHES_ Garpikes, 632 Gilt-head, 616 Globe-fish, 636-7-40 Gobies, 628 " Pellucid, 629 " Spotted, or Pole-wing, 629 Grayling, 657 Groper, 616-7 Gunnel, 630 Gurnard, Armed, 608_a_ " Butterfly-, 627 " Flying-, 628 " Red, 627

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS ETC._ Glow-worm, 685 Gnats, 730-1 " Piping-, 732 Grasshopper, Cape, 692 " Great Green, 692 " Long-horned, 692 " Short-horned, 694 " Wart-eating, 694 Gru-gru, 686

H _MAMMALS_ Hamsters, 156-7 Hares, 103 " Habits of, 164 " Wood-, 163 Hartebeests, 239 Hedgehogs, 169-70 Hippopotamus, 318-9-24-5-6 " Anecdotes, 322 " Common, 318 " Fossil remains, 326 " Habits of, 320-1 " Hunting, 323-4-5 " Pygmy or Liberian, 326 Hog, Pygmy, 312 " River-, Red, 314 Horses, 197 Arab Mare, 199 " Mares and Foals, 200 " Yearling Colts, 198 Cart-, 205 Champion Shire Stallion, 203 Cleveland Bay, 205 English Race-, 202 "Florizel II.," 202 Hackney and Foal, 201 Hunter, 205 "Ladas," 202 Levant and Persian, 202 Percheron, 201 Shire Mare and Foal, 204 Trotting-, 203 Humpback, 333 Hutia, 159-61 Hyænas, vi (Introd.), 79, 80 " Brown, 81 " Spotted, 81 " Stories of, 81-2 " Striped, 81 " Use of, 80 Hyrax, 181

_BIRDS_ Hang-nests, 520 Hawfinch, 522 Hawk, Carrion-, 473 " Curassow-, 473 " Fishing-, 468 " Gos-, 472 " Sparrow-, 472-4-6 Herons, Buff-backed, 445-6 " Common Night-, 444-5 " Goliath, 444 " Great Blue, 443 " Green, 445-7 " Young, 442 Hoatzin, 412 Honey-buzzard, 467 Honey-eaters, 532 Honey-guides, 509-10-1 Hoopoe, 480_a_, 505-6 Hornbills, 502 " Concave-casqued, 505 " Crested, 504 " Ground-, 505 " Habits of, 504 " Helmet-, 503 Huia, 515 Humming-bird, 486

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Heloderm, 571 " Mexican, 571-6

_FISHES_ Halibut, 644-5 Herring, 658-9-60 " Ox-eyed, 659 Horse-mackerel, 621 " Fringed, 621-2

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Hornet, 706

I _MAMMALS_ Ibex, Alpine, 234-5 " Arabian, 234 " Asiatic, 234 " Abyssinian, 234 Impala, or Palla, 244-6 Insect-eating Mammals, 165 Insectivora, 169 Inyala, 256

_BIRDS_ Ibis, Glossy, 442 " Sacred, 441 " Scarlet, 442

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Iguana, Banded, 570-5 " Tuberculated, 570-4

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Insects, 681 " Nerve-winged, 695 " Noxious, in Britain, 680 " Scale-, 729 " Sheath-winged, 681 " Snow-, 700 " Two-winged, 730

J _MAMMALS_ Jackal, 92 " Black-backed, 92 " Hunting, 92-3 " Indian, 92 " North African, 92 " Striped, 92 " Turkish, 93 Jaguar, 50 Jerboa, 157-60

_BIRDS_ Jacamars, 510 Jacana, 424 Jackass, Laughing-, 448_a_, 503 Jackdaws, 514-5 Jay, 515 Jungle-fowl, 406 " Game Breed, 407

_FISHES_ Jelly-fish, 762 " Comb-bearing, 763 " Portuguese Man-of-war, 763

K _MAMMALS_ Kangaroo, Albino Red, 346 " Brown Tree-, 352-3 " Great Grey, 343-5 " " Leaping, 352a " Rat-, 354 " " Gaimard's, 354 " Silver-grey, 344 Kiang, 196-7 Kinkajou, 126-7 Klipspringer, 242-4 Koala, or Australian Native Bear, 355-6-7 Kudu, 224_a_ " Greater, 258 " Lesser, 258-9 " Male, 259

_BIRDS_ Kaka, 489 Kea, 487-8 Kestrel, 474 Kingfisher, 500 " Common, 500-2 " Laughing-, 499, 500-1-2 " Racket-tailed, 502 " Wood-, 502 Kites, 467 " Egyptian, 468 Kittiwake, 420 Kiwi, Mantell's, 396 " Owen's, 396

L _MAMMALS_ Langur, Himalayan, 11-2 Lemmings, 158 Lemurs, 27-8 " Black-and-white, 30 " Chirogales, 30 " Coquerel's, 29, 30 " Crowned, 29 " Dwarf, 28 " Galagos, 30 " " Garnett's, 30 " " Maholi, 30 " Indris, 28 " Makis, 28 " Pottos, 31 " Ring-tailed, Catta, 27-8-9 " Ruffed, 29 " Sifakas, 28-9 " "Slender" and "Slow" Loris, 28,31 " Tarsiers, 31-2 " True, 29 " Woolly, 29 Leopards, 46-7 " African, iv (Introd.) " Clouded, 54 " Hunting-, 49 " Puma Hybrid, 46 " Range of, 47 " Snow-, 48 " Stories of, 47-8 " Variations of, 47 Lion Adventures, 40 " and Tigress, Cross between, 38 " Man-eating, 41 Lioness, 34-7, 40 " Algerian, 35 " and Cub, 36 Lions, vi (Introd.), 39 " African, 32-3-4 " Comparison of Wild and Tame, 38 " Cubs, 36 " Mane of, 37 " Performing, 36 " Range of, 34 " Selous on, 34 Llamas, 306-8-9 Lynxes, 62-3 " Canadian, 64 " Caracal, 62-3 " Common, 63 " European, 64 " Red, 64 " Siberian, 64

_BIRDS_ Land-rail, 412 Lark, Meadow-, 521 Linnet, 524-5-6 Lories, 488-9 Lyre-birds, 540-2

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Lizards, Bearded, 568-70 " Blue-tongued, 580 " Diamond-, 574 " Frilled, 566-7 " Girdle-tailed, 571-5 " Greaved, 574 " Green and Ocellated, 544_a_, 576-7-8 " Lace-, 572 " Sand-, 576 " Sea-, 570 " Spine-tailed, 580 " Spiny, 569 " Stump-tailed, 579 " Tree-, 568 " Viviparous, 574 " Wall-, 574 " Water-, 569

_FISHES_ Leather-jacket, Lace-finned, 639 Long-fin, 616 Lump-suckers, 628-9

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Ladybirds, Seven Spot, 687 " Twenty-two Spot, 687 " Two Spot, 687 Lice, Fish-, 671 " True, 729 " Whale-, 671 " Wood-, 671 Lobsters, 672 Locusts, Cyprian, 694 " Egyptian, 693 " Red-legged, 694 " Rocky Mountain, 694

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Leeches, Medicinal, 756 Lingula, 746 Liver-flukes, 756

M _MAMMALS_ Man, ii (Introd.) Manatee, American, 328 Marine Carnivora, 136 Marmots, 150-2 " Alpine, 151-2 " Bobac, 152 Martens, 131 " Pine-, 132 Markhor, 235 Meerkats, 78, 80 Mice, Jumping-, 160 " Typical, 159 Microcephalous Idiot, vi (Introd.) Mink, 132 "Missing Link," iv (Introd.) Moles, 170-1 " Golden, 171 " North American, 171 Mongoose, Cusimanses, 78 " Family, 77 " Ichneumon, 78 " Indian, 77-9 " " _v._ Cobra, 77 " Kaffir, 78 Monkeys, Bonnet, 14-7 " Capuchin, 20-2-3 " Dog-shaped, 9 " Entellus, 10 " Grivet, 14-7 " Guenon, 12 " " Diana, 12-5 " Guereza, 12-4 " Humboldt's Woolly, or Lagothrix, 26 " Macaques, 14-7 " Magot, or Barbary Ape, 14 " Mangabey, 14-6-7 " Marmosets, 24-6 " " Lion, 24 " " Pinché, 24 " New World, 22 " " " Howler, 22-3 " " " Spider, 22-3 " " " Waita, 23 " Oukari, 24 " Patas, 24 " Pig-tailed, 19, 27 " Proboscis, 10 " Rhesus, 14-6-8 " Sacred, 10-1 " Saki, 24 " Snub-nosed, 12-8 " Speech of, 20 " Squirrel, 24-5 " Stories of, 11-2 " Tcheli, 14 " Temperament of, 26 " Wanderoo, 24 " White-bearded Wanderoo, 12 Moufflon, 222 Mouse Tribe, 156 Mule-deer, 296-8 Mules, 206 Muntjac, Chinese, 291 " Hairy-fronted, 291 " Indian, 290-1 " Tenasserim, 291 " Tibetan, 291 Musk-deer, Himalayan, 300 " Kansu, 298 Musk-ox, 220 Musk-rat, 154

_BIRDS_ Macaw, 448_a_, 492 " Hyacinthine, 489 " Long-tailed, 489 Magpie, 515-6 " Australian, 533 Manakins, 542 " Bailador or Dancer, 542-3 Martins, 539-40 " Sand-, 539-41 Mavis, 535 Megapode, Nicobar, 411 " Wallace's, 410-1 Monals, 403-6 More-porks, 482-3 Motmots, 507 " Racket-tailed, 507-8

_REPTILE AND AMPHIBIANS_ Monitors, 572 " Nile, 572 " White, 576 Mountain-devil, 568-71

_FISHES_ Mackerel, Common, 624 Meagres, 618 Miller's-thumb, 627 Mullets, Grey, 630-1 " Red, 614-31 " Striped, 614-15 Musket-lunge, 652

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Meal-worm, 688 Millipedes, 679 " Giant, 680 " Slimy, 680 Mites, 674-8 Mosquitoes, 730-2 Moths, 709-10-6-20 " Cecropia, 718-9 " Clothes-, 721 " Cypress-, 719-20-1 " Death's-head, 722 " Emperor-, 717 " Great Peacock-, 723 " Hawk-, 717-8-22 " Imperial, 719 " Looper-, 720 " Luna, 718 " Plume-, 721-4 " Polyphemus, 719-23 " Red-underwing, 720 " Swallow-tailed, 724 " Tiger-, 719

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Madrepores, 761 Moss-animals, 753-4 Mussels, Pearl-, 743 " Pond-, 744 " River-, 744

N _MAMMALS_ Narwhal, 329-33-4 Nilgai, or Blue Bull, 254-6

_BIRDS_ Namaqua, 416 Night-hawk, 482 Nightingale, 537 Night-jar, Common, 481 " Eared, 482 " Pennant-winged, 481 Nuthatches, 528 " English, 528-9

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Natterjack, 605 Newt, Common or Smooth, 605-6 " Crested, 605-6 " Marbled, 606

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Nautilus, Shell of Paper-, or Argonaut, 740 " Shell of Pearly, 739 Nereids, or Sea-worms, 755-6 Noctilucas, 766-7 Nummulites, 768

O _MAMMALS_ Ocelot, 52-3 " Central America, (Frontis., Vol. I.), 53 Octodont Family, 158-61 Okapi, iv (Introd.), 267-9 " Head of, 270 Onager, 196 Oorial, or Sha, 224 Opossums, 359 " Australian Grey, 363 " Black or Sooty, 359 " Common Grey, 362-3-4 " Meriam's, 378 " Murine, 378-80 " Philander, 379 " Ring-tailed, 364-5 " Virginian, 377-81 " Woolly, 378-80 " Young (natural size), 379 Orang-utans, vii, viii (Introd.), 6-7-8 " First mention of, 5 " Habits of, 6 " Physical Description of, 5 Oribis, 242 Orloff, 203 Oryx, Beatrix, 250 " White, 252-4 Otters, 127 " Common, 127-8 " North American, 127 " Sea-, 128

_BIRDS_ Oil-bird, 482 Orioles, 520 Ortolan, 525 Osprey, 468-9 Ostrich, 389-92 Ouzel, Water-, 538 Oven-birds, 543 " Casarita, 544 Owl, Barn-, 480 " " Virginian, 478 " Burrowing-, 479 " Eagle-, 478-9 " Long-eared, 479 " Pygmy, 480 " Screech-, 480 " Snowy, 479 " Spectacled, 477 " Tawny, 478-9 Ox-pecker, 520 Oyster-catcher, 421

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Olm, 608

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Octopods, 738 Octopus, 737-8-9 Oyster-bank, Queensland, 744 Oysters, Pearl-, 743 " Rock-, 743

P _MAMMALS_ Pacas, 162 Pacer, 203 Pandas, 126 Pangolins, or Scaly Ant-eaters, 341 Panthers, 48 Peccary, Collared, 316-7 " White-lipped, 317 Pekin Deer, i (Introd.) Peludo, 340 Phalangers, 359 " Crescent-toothed, 362 " Cuscuses, 364 " Flying-, Larger, 359-61 " " Lesser, 360 " " Pygmy, 361-2 " Striped, 362 Pichiciago, or Fairy Armadillo, 340 Pigs, Bush-, 314 " Diving-, 312-3 " Domestic, 310 " Japanese Masked, 313 " Javan Wild, 313 " Tribe, 310 Pikas, 163 Platypus, Duck-billed, 381-2-3-4 Polecat, 132-3 Pony and Foal, Shetland, 203 " Polo-, 205 " Shetland, 205 " Welsh, 204 Porcupine, 159-61 Porpoise, 333-4 Pouched Moles, 371-2 " " Under surface of, 372 " Mice, 375 " " Jerboa, 375 Prairie-dogs, 150-1 Primates, Comparison of, 32 Prongbucks, 257 Pudus, Chilian, 298 " Ecuador, 298 Puma, 50-1 " Stories, 52

_BIRDS_ Parrakeets, Grass-, 490 " Long-tailed Ground-, 490 Parrots, Amazon, 490 " Blue Mountain-, 493 " Grey African, 490 " Hanging-, 490 " Hawk-billed, 490 " Owl-, 491 Partridge, Common, 398, 403 " French, 402 Peacocks, 407-8-9 Pelicans, Australian, 451 " Crested, 450 " Egyptian, 449 Penguins, Black-footed, 430-1 " Blue, 432 " Emperor-, 431 " Gentle, 432 " Humboldt's, 432 " Jackass-, 432 " King-, 432 " Rock-hopper, 429 Petrel, Diving-, 435 " Fulmar, 435 " Giant, 434 " Storm-, 435 Phalaropes, 423 Pheasants, Amherst's, 401 " English, 401-4 " Golden, 400-1-6 " Impeyan, 406 " Peacock-, 401 " Reeves's, 401-4 " Silver, 401 " Water-, 424 Pigeons, Crowned, 415 " Domestic: " Carrier, 416 " English Pouter, 416 " Indian Frill-back, 416 " Jacobin, 416 " Short-faced Tumbler, 416 " Eugène's, 414 " Fruit-, 414-5 " Green, 414 " Grey-naped Ground-, 416 " Nicobar, 415 " Painted, 414 " White Nutmeg-, 414 " Wonga-wonga, 415 Plant-cutters, 543 Plantain-eaters, 496 Plover, Grey, 421, " Tribe, 421 Pochard, 457 Prairie-hen, 399 Ptarmigan, 398 Puff-birds, 510 Puffin, 417

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Pythons, 576_a_, 588-9 " Indian, 589 " Reticulated, 589

_FISHES_ Paddle, Cock and Hen, 628-9 Parrot-fish, 634-5 " Black-spotted, 635 " Satin, 634 Perch, Dusky, 613 " Pike-, 613 " Sea-, 613 " White, 611 Pike, Bony, 662 " Common, 652 Pikerel, 653 Pilchards, 659 " Australian, 661 Pipe-fish, 632-6-7 Plaice, 645 Pope, 613 Powan, 657

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Parasites, Bat-, 735 " Bee-, 735 Plant-eaters, 687 Prawns, 671

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Pearls and Pearl-shells, 745 Pholas, 744 Polycysts, 768 Polyps, Fresh-water, 762

Q _MAMMALS_ Quagga, 195

_BIRDS_ Quail, 403-4 Quezal, 508

_FISHES_ Quinnat, 656

R _MAMMALS_ Rabbits, 164 Raccoon, American, 125, 128a " Family, 125 " Habits of, 126 Ratels, 130-1 Rats, Bamboo-, 160 " Gambian Pouched, 155 " Mole-, 160 " Musk-, 154-8-9 " South American, 157 " Typical, 159 " Water-, 158 Reedbuck, Common, 245 " Mountain, 244 Reindeer, Scandinavian, 271, 300 Rhinoceros, 182 " African, 184 " " Black, 185-7 " " Black, Disposition of, 188 " " White, 184 " " Habits of, 186 " " Range of, 185 " Indian, 182-3-4 " Javan, 182 " Sumatran, 182-4-8 Rodents, 146 " Murine, 160 Rooi Rhebuck, 246 Ruminants, Hollow-horned, 207 Rusa, Moluccan, 289 " Timor, 289

_BIRDS_ Ravens, 514 Razor-bill, 417 Reed-warbler, 534 Rhea, 385-6-7-8 Rice-birds, 520 Rifle-bird, Australian, 518 Robin, 537 Rollers, 498, 500 Rook, 515 Ruff, 422, 448_a_

_FISHES_ Ray, Eagle-, 668 " Horned Ox-, or Devil-fish, 668 " Whip-tailed Sting-, 668

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Radiolarians, 768

S _MAMMALS_ Sable, 131 Sambar, 286-99 " Basilan, 288 " Formosan, 288 " Javan, 288 " Luzon, 288 " Malayan, 288 Sea-lions, 137-8-41 " Californian, 135 " Patagonian, 138-9 " Steller's, 136-8 Seals, Bladder-nosed, 142 " Common, 141-4 " Elephant-, 142-5 " " Habits and range of, 144 " Fur-, 137-8 " Grey, 142-3-4 " Hair-, 138 " Harp-, 141-4 " Ringed, 142 " True, 140 Selva, 379 Sheep, Barbary, 221-35 " Bighorn, 223-4 " Black-faced, 228 " Border Leicester, 229 " Burhal Wild, 224-6 " Cheviot, 230 " Cotswold, 229 " Cross-bred, 229 " Domestic, 226 " English breeds of, 229-30 " Fat-tailed, 225-7 " Four-horned, 226 " Leicester Ewe, 228 " " Long-wool, 230 " Littledale's, 223 " Marco Polo's, 223 " Merino Rams, 227-8-9 " Punjab, 225 " South Down, 226-9 " Wallachian, 228 Shorthorn, 209 Shou, 281 Shrews, 169-71 Sika, Formosan, 285-7 " Manchurian, 284 " Pekin, 285 Sitatungas, 257 Skeletons, ii (Introd.) Skunks, 129 Sloths, iv (Introd.) " Northern Two-toed, 336 " Three-toed, 337 Springbuck, 248 " Male, 250 Springhaas, 157-60 Squirrels, 146 " Dorsal, 148 " Flying-, 146-7-50, 359 " " Pel's, 150 " " Polatouche, 149 " " South African, 150 " " Tanguan, 149 " Fox-, 149 " Grey, 148 " " Habits of, 149 " Ground, 149-50 " " Chipmunks, 148-50 " " Siberian, 150 " Red, 147-8 " Sugar-, 359-60 Stag, Barbary, 280 " Kashmir, 280 " Sikhim, 281 " Yarkand, 281 Stoat, 133-4 Suricates, 78 Susliks, 151 Swine, 310-3

_BIRDS_ Satin-bird, 517 Screamer, Crested, 456-7 Sea-swallows, iii (Introd.) Secretary-bird, 466-7 Seriema, 427-8 Sheldrake, 458-60 Shrike Family, 533 " Great Grey, 534 " Red-backed, 533-4 Skimmers, 419 Skylark, 526-7-8 Snipe, 423 " Painted, 423 Sparrows, Baya, 522 " House-, 523 Spoonbill, 441-2 Starling, 518-9-20 " Glossy, 520 " " African, 520 " " Green, 520 " " Long-tailed, 520 " Rose-coloured, 519 Stilts, 424 Stone-chat, 537-8 Stork, Adjutant-, 436-8 " African Saddle-billed, 439 " Black, 436 " Jabiru, 436-8-9 " Whale-headed, 436-9 " White, 435-6-7 Sun-birds, 532 Swallows, 539-40 Swans, Black, 463 " Black-necked, 461-3 " Coscoroba, 462 " Mute, 462 Swifts, Common, 484 " Edible, 485 " Salvin's, 484

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Salamanders, Furrowed, 608 " Giant, 608 " Siren, 608 " Spotted, 607 " " Yellow Phase of, 608 Skink, Common, 578-9 Snakes, Æsculapian, 589 " Australian Black, 594-6 " Blind-, 588 " Carpet-, 589 " Common Ringed, 588-92 " Dark Green, 585-6 " Diamond-back Rattle-, 595 " Earth-, 591 " Egg-eating, 593 " Fer-de-lance, 597-8 " Garter-, 590-93 " Glass-, 563 " Hooded, 594 " Indian Rat-, 593 " " Whip-, 594 " Leopard-, 591 " Mocassin-, 593-7 " Natal Rock-, 590 " Pine-, 592 " Rattle-, 596-7 " Sea-, 593-6 " Smooth, 588-93 " Spitting, 594 " Tesselated, 591-93 " Tiger-, 596 " Tree-, 593 " Viperine, 593 " Water-, 592 Snappers, 556 " Temminck's, 557-60

_FISHES_ Salmon, 640_a_ " Atlantic, 655 " Beaked, 654 " Dawson River, 654-60 Sardine, Phosphorescent, 654 Scopelids, 654 Sea-bats, 623 Sea-horses, 636-8-40 Sea-scorpion, Ragged, 618-27 "Sergeant Baker," 653 Shad, 658 " Allis, 659 " Twaite, 660 Shark, Basking-, 666 " Blue, 666 " Fox-, 666 " Hammer-head, 666 " Porbeagle-, 666 " Port Jackson, 667 Skate, Painted, 669 " Shovel-nosed, 669 Slime-heads, 617 Smelts, 657-8 " Queensland, 654-5 " Sand-, 630 Snapper, 616 " Brown, 615 " King-, 616 Snoek, 620-22 Sole, 645 Spotted Box-fish, 639 Sprat, 658 Steelhead, 656 Sterlet, 663-4 Sticklebacks, 630-2 Sturgeon, 663 " Giant, 663 Sun-fishes, viii (Introd.), 640

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Scorpions, 674-5 " Egyptian, 675 " False, 675-6 " Whip-, 676 Shrimp, 672 " Brine-, 671 Silkworms, 721-2-4 " Mulberry-, 717-24 Soothsayers, 691 Spiders, 676-7-8 " Bird-catching, 676 " Garden-, 677 " House-, 676 " Jointed, 675 " Tarantula, 678 " Trap-door, 676 Stick-insects, 691

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Scallops, 744 Sea-cucumbers, 748-50-1-2 " Black, 753 " Prickly, 752 Sea-lemon, 763 Sea-mouse, 755-6 Sea-urchin, 746 " Long-spined, 747 " Thick-spined, 748 Shells, Clam-, 741 " Harp-, 742 " Helmet-, 742 " Lamp-, 744 " Melon-, 742 " Pelican's-foot, 742 " Scorpion-, 743 " Top-, 741 " Trumpet-, 742 Slugs, Sea-, Naked-gilled, 742 " Shell-less, 740 Snails, Fresh-water, 740 " Garden-, 740 " Land- or Agate-, 740 " Sea-, Tongue of, 742 Sponges, Bird's-nest, 765 " Chalina, 765 " Frilled, 764 " Glass-rope, 764 " Lace-, 764 " Neptune's-cup, 764-6 " Reticulated, 764 " Toilet-, 764 Squids, 739 Star-fish, 749 " Brittle, 750-1 " Common, 749 " Sun, 749 Stone-lilies, 748

T _MAMMALS_ Tahr, Himalayan, 238 " Nilgiri, 236 Tamarau, 219 Tapirs, 179 " American, 180-1 " Hunting of, 180 " Malayan, 180 Tarpans, 197 Tasmanian Devil, 373-4 " Wolf or Tiger, 372-3 Tenrecs, 169 Thamin, 291 Tigers, vi (Introd.), 33-8, 40-1-2-5 " Cubs, 42-4 " Hill-, 44 " Range of, 42 " Royal Bengal, 43 " Skins, 46 " Stories of, 44 Tigress, 41 " and Lion, Cross between, 38 Tur, East Caucasian, 233 " Spanish, 233 " West Caucasian, 233

_BIRDS_ Tanagers, 522 " Crimson-headed, 522 " Scarlet, 522 " White-capped, 522 Terns, iii (Introd.), 418 " White, 417 Thrushes, 536 " Ant-, or Pittas, 543 " Ground-, 543 " Song-, 535 " Tribe, 537 Tinamous, Great, 386 " Rufous, 385 Titmice, 529 " Bearded, 530 " Coal-, 532 " Great, 531 " Marsh-, 530 " Todies, 507 Toucans, 508-9 " Curl-crested, 509 Tragopans, 402-4-6 Tree-creepers, 528 Trogons, 508-9 Tropic-bird, 456 Trumpeters, White-backed, 427 Turkey-buzzard, 465 Turkeys, 409 " American, 410 " Honduras, 410 " Mexican, 410 Tyrant-bird, 544

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Terrapins, 556 " American Mud-, 556-62 " Diamond-backed, 556 " Painted, 556 Toads, Common, 603-4 " Horned, 572-3 " " Ornamented, 601-2 " Water-, 605 Tortoises, Asiatic, 552 " Box-, 554 " European, 552 " Giant or Elephant-, vii (Introd.), 552-7 " Grecian, 554 " Hinged, 554 " Land-, 552 " Margined, 554 " Matamata, 558 " Pond-, 554 " Side-necked, 558 Tuatera, 584 Turtles, Green, 560 " Hawksbill, 560 " Leathery, 560 " Marine, 559 " Newly hatched, 561 " Snapping-, 559

_FISHES_ Tarpon, 658 Teuthis, 617 Thornback, 668 Tortoise-fishes, 632 Trigger-fish, 637-8 Trout, Brook-, 657 " Bull-, 656 " Rainbow-, 657 " Salmon-, 656-7 Tube-mouths, 636 Tumpeters, 616 Tunnies, 624 Turbot, 645

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Termites, 696-7-8-9 Ticks, 678 " Sheep-, 735 Timberman, 687

U _BIRDS_ Umbrella-bird, 541

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Urchins, Cake-, 750 " Heart-, 750 " Leather-, 750

V _Virchow, Dr._, vi (Introd.)

_MAMMALS_ Vicuña, 306 Viscacha, 160-2 Voles, 157-8

_BIRDS_ Vultures, Angolan, 472 " Bearded, 470 " Black, 465-70 " Californian, 466 " Egyptian, 471-3 " Griffon-, 471 " King-, 465 " Pondicherry, 472 " Rüppells', 471

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Vipers, English, 594 " Horned, 596 " Pit-, 597 " Water-, 597

_FISHES_ Vendace, 657 Venus's Girdle, 763

W _MAMMALS_ Wallaby, Albino Red-bellied, 348 " Bennett's, 345 " Black-striped, 345 " Parry's, 350 " Rock-, 349 " Tasmanian, 347 Walrus, 139-40-1 Wapiti, Altai, 230 " American, 277-8-9-81-2 " Asiatic, 276 " Manchurian, 281 Wart-hog, 314-5-6 Waterbucks, 245 " Common, 245 " Sing-sing, 243 Weasel, Himalayan, 133 " Tribe, 131-3 Whales, Southern, 333 " Sowerby's, 332 " Sperm-, 333 " Toothed, 333 " Whalebone-, 333 Wildebeests, Blue, 242 Wolf, Anecdotes, 84-5-6 " Carpathian, 89 " Central Europe, 64_a_ " Coursing, 87 " Cubs, 84-5-8 " European, 88 " Grey, 83 " Hounds, 81 " " Borzoi, 87 " Hunting, 91 " Indian, 84-5-90 " Maned, 93 " Music, 90 " Northern, 85 " Prairie-, 86-8-9 " Range of, 84 " Russian, 88-91 " Siberian, 91 " Tame, 90 " White, 86 Wolverine, 134 Wombat, Common, 367-9 " Hairy-nosed, 368 " Tasmanian, 367

_BIRDS_ Wagtails, 527 Warblers, 536 " Black-cap, 536 " Garden-, 536 " Reed-, 536 Water-hens, 413 Water-rail, 412-3 Wax-bills, 512_a_ Wax-wings, 534 Weaver-bird, Sociable, 522 Weka-rail, 413 Widow-bird, 521 Woodcock, 421-3 Wood-hewers, 543 Woodpeckers, 511-2 " Black, 512 " Green, 511 " Sap-suckers, 512 " Spotted, 512 Wrens, 538-9 Wryneck, 512

_REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS_ Worms, Blind-, 563 " Common Earth-, 754 " Indiarubber-, 756 " Lob-, 755 " Tape-, 756 " Thread-, 756 " Tube-, 755

_FISHES_ Walking-fish, 629 Weaver, Common, 625 " Larger, 625 Wels, 650 Whitebait, 661 Whiting, 641 " Pollack-, 642 Wolf-fish, 630 Wrasses, 634-5 " Ballan, 634 " Spotted, 634 " Striped, 634

_JOINTED ANIMALS: INSECTS, ETC._ Wasps, Burrowing-, 705 " Pine-boring, 704 " Tree-, 703 " Wood-, 703 Weevils, 685 " Corn-, 686 " Nut-, 686 " Osier-, 686 " Palm-, 686 " Rice-, 686 " Sugar-, 686

_SHELL-FISH, ETC._ Whelks, Common, 742 " Giant, 742 Winkle, 742 Worm, Ship-, 744

Y _MAMMALS_ Yak, 212 " Domesticated, 214 Yapok, 377

Z _MAMMALS_ Zebras, Burchell's, 191 " " Habits of, 193-4 " Chapman's, 160a " Grevy's, 190 " " Habits of, 192 " Mountain-, 189 " on Table Mountain, 195 " Somali, viii (Introd.) Zubr, 213

NOTE.

The Publishers are glad to take this opportunity of offering their sincere thanks to the many naturalists who have helped them to make this book as comprehensive as possible. In addition to the names of those mentioned in the Introduction, valuable photographs and other help have been received during the progress of this work from Sir Joseph Fayrer, Bart., F.R.S., The Lady Decies, Lady Alexander, Sir Harry Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., D.Sc., Miss E. J. Beck, and the following gentlemen: Messrs. E. C. Atkinson, Harold W. Atkinson, M. E. F. Baird, B. H. Bentley, J. H. Bonhote, A. H. P. Cruickshank, E. Connold, James B. Corr, J. Edwards, C. B. Hausburg, C. N. Martin, H. Noble, Percy Leigh Pemberton, Norman B. Smith, H. G. F. Spurrell, Paul Thomas, and J. Turner-Turner.

Thanks are also due to Mr. Percy Ashenden, of Cape Town; Mr. Billington, of Queensland; Professor Bumpus, of New York; Mr. Robert D. Carson, of Philadelphia; Mr. William Cross, of Liverpool; Mr. Glenday, of Cape Town; Mr. W. T. Hornaday, of New York; Mr. L. H. Joutel and Mr. N. Lazarnick, both of New York; Mr. H. V. Leckmann, of New York; Mr. C. N. Mavroyeni, of Smyrna; Dr. Robert T. Morris, of New York; Mr. Frans Mouwen, of Breda; Mr. William Rau, of Philadelphia; Mr. S. Sinclair, of Sydney; Mr. D. Le Souef, of Melbourne; to the Dublin Zoological Society, to the Hearst Syndicate of New York, and to the New York Zoological Society; also to Mr. W. P. Dando, Mr. T. Fall, and other professional photographers, whose names are acknowledged under their respective photographs.

ERRATA.

Page 469. The photograph on this page, inadvertently attributed to an Australian Osprey, is of an Australian White-bellied Sea-eagle.

" 490. Mr. Saville-Kent writes: "The Black Cockatoo is notable for assembling in large flocks, from twenty to as many as fifty or sixty being commonly seen."

" 512. The photograph on this page, inadvertently attributed to the Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers, is of the Greater Spotted Woodpeckers.

" 594. The Hon. Walter Rothschild, Ph.D., F.Z.S., writes: "You state that the African Cobra spits out its poison. The South African snake which spits out poison is the Ringhals Snake, and this is the only snake of which this is recorded with certainty."

" 605, 606. For "Smooth Newt" read "Warted or Crested Newt, with crest undeveloped."

" 627. For "Reel-gurnard" read "Red Gurnard."

" 660. For "Queensland Lung-fish" read "Barbelled Arapaima."

" 767, line 20. For "pouch-like" read "peach-like."

_Printed by Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury._