CHAPTER XIV

1889--1895

In this Institute, which Pasteur entered ill and weary, he contemplated with joy those large laboratories, which would enable his pupils to work with ease and to attract around them investigators from all countries. He was happy to think that the material difficulties which had hampered him would be spared those who came after him. He believed in the realization of his wishes for peace, work, mutual help among men. Whatever the obstacles, he was persuaded that science would continue its civilizing progress and that its benefits would spread from domain to domain. Differing from those old men who are ever praising the past, he had an enthusiastic confidence in the future; he foresaw great developments of his studies, some of which were already apparent. His first researches on crystallography and molecular dissymmetry had served as a basis to stereo-chemistry. But, while he followed the studies on that subject of Le Bel and Van t’Hoff, he continued to regret that he had not been able to revert to the studies of his youth, enslaved as he had been by the inflexible logical sequence of his works. “Every time we have had the privilege of hearing Pasteur speak of his early researches,” writes M. Chamberland, in an article in the _Revue Scientifique_, “we have seen the revival in him of a smouldering fire, and we have thought that his countenance showed a vague regret at having forsaken them. Who can now say what discoveries he might have made in that direction?” “One day,” said Dr. Héricourt--who spent the summer near Villeneuve l’Etang, and who often came into the Park with his two sons--“he favoured me with an admirable, captivating discourse on this subject, the like of which I have never heard.”

Pasteur, instead of feeling regret, might have looked back with calm pride on the progress he had made in other directions.

In what obscurity were fermentation and infection enveloped before his time, and with what light he had penetrated them! When he had discovered the all-powerful rôle of the infinitesimally small, he had actually mastered some of those living germs, causes of disease; he had transformed them from destructive to preservative agents. Not only had he renovated medicine and surgery, but hygiene, misunderstood and neglected until then, was benefiting by the experimental method. Light was being thrown on preventive measures.

M. Henri Monod, Director of Hygiene and Public Charities, one day quoted, à propos of sanitary measures, these words of the great English Minister, Disraeli--

“Public health is the foundation upon which rest the happiness of the people and the power of the State. Take the most beautiful kingdom, give it intelligent and laborious citizens, prosperous manufactures, productive agriculture; let arts flourish, let architects cover the land with temples and palaces; in order to defend all these riches, have first-rate weapons, fleets of torpedo boats--if the population remains stationary, if it decreases yearly in vigour and in stature, the nation must perish. And that is why I consider that the first duty of a statesman is the care of Public Health.”

In 1889, when the International Congress of Hygiene met in Paris, M. Brouardel was able to say--

“If echoes from this meeting could reach them ... our ancestors would learn that a revolution, the most formidable for thirty centuries, has shaken medical science to its very foundations, and that it is the work of a stranger to their corporation; and their sons do not cry Anathema, they admire him, bow to his laws.... We all proclaim ourselves disciples of Pasteur.”

On the very day after those words were pronounced, Pasteur saw the realization of one of his most ardent wishes, the inauguration of the new Sorbonne. At the sight of the wonderful facilities for work offered by this palace, he remembered Claude Bernard’s cellar, his own garret at the Ecole Normale, and felt a movement of patriotic pride.

In October, 1889, though his health remained shaken, he insisted on going to Alais, where a statue was being raised to J. B. Dumas. Many of his colleagues tried to dissuade him from this long and fatiguing journey, but he said: “I am alive, I shall go.” At the foot of the statue, he spoke of his master, one of those men who are “the tutelary spirits of a nation.”

The sericicultors, desiring to thank him for the five years he had spent in studying the silkworm disease, offered him an artistic souvenir: a silver heather twig laden with gold cocoons.

Pasteur did not fail to remind them that it was at the request of their fellow citizen that he had studied pébrine. He said, “In the expression of your gratitude, by which I am deeply touched, do not forget that the initiative was due to M. Dumas.”

Thus his character revealed itself on every occasion. Every morning, with a step rendered heavy by age and ill-health, he went from his rooms to the Hydrophobia Clinic, arriving there long before the patients. He superintended the preparation of the vaccinal marrows; no detail escaped him. When the time came for inoculations, he was already informed of each patient’s name, sometimes of his poor circumstances; he had a kind word for every one, often substantial help for the very poor. The children interested him most; whether severely bitten, or frightened at the inoculation, he dried their tears and consoled them. How many children have thus kept a memory of him! “When I see a child,” he used to say, “he inspires me with two feelings: tenderness for what he is now, respect for what he may become hereafter.”

* * * * *

Already in May, 1892, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway had formed various Committees of scientists and pupils of Pasteur to celebrate his seventieth birthday. In France, it was in November that the Medical and Surgical Section of the Academy of Sciences constituted a Subscription Committee to offer Pasteur an affectionate homage. Roty, the celebrated engraver, was desired to finish a medal he had already begun, representing Pasteur in profile, a skull cap on his broad forehead, the brow strongly prominent, the whole face full of energy and meditation. His shoulders are covered with the cape he usually wore in the morning in the passages of his Institute. Roty had not time to design a satisfactory reverse side; he surrounded with laurels and roses the following inscription: “To Pasteur, on his seventieth birthday. France and Humanity grateful.”

On the morning of December 27, 1892, the great theatre of the Sorbonne was filled. The seats of honour held the French and foreign delegates from Scientific Societies, the members of the Institute, and the Professors of Faculties. In the amphitheatre were the deputations from the Ecoles Normale, Polytechnique, Centrale, of Pharmacy, Vétérinaires, and of Agriculture--deep masses of students. People pointed out to each other Pasteur’s pupils, Messrs. Duclaux, Roux, Chamberland, Metchnikoff, in their places; M. Perdrix, a former Normalien, now an _Agrégé-préparateur_; M. Edouard Calmette, a former student of the Ecole Centrale, who had taken part in the studies on beer; and M. Denys Cochin, who, thirteen years before, had studied alcoholic fermentation in the laboratory of the Rue d’Ulm. The first gallery was full of those who had subscribed towards the presentation about to be made to Pasteur. In the second gallery, boys from _lycées_ crowned the immense assembly with a youthful garland.

At half past 10 o’clock, whilst the band of the Republican Guard played a triumphal march, Pasteur entered, leaning on the arm of the President of the Republic. Carnot led him to a little table, whereon the addresses from the various delegates were to be laid. The Presidents of the Senate and of the Chamber, the Ministers and Ambassadors, took their seats on the platform. Behind the President of the Republic stood, in their uniform, the official delegates of the five Academies which form the Institut de France. The Academy of Medicine and the great Scientific Societies were represented by their presidents and life-secretaries.

M. Charles Dupuy, Minister of Public Instruction, rose to speak, and said, after retracing Pasteur’s great works--

“Who can now say how much human life owes to you and how much more it will owe to you in the future! The day will come when another Lucretius will sing, in a new poem on Nature, the immortal Master whose genius engendered such benefits.

“He will not describe him as a solitary, unfeeling man, like the hero of the Latin poet; but he will show him mingling with the life of his time, with the joys and trials of his country, dividing his life between the stern enjoyment of scientific research and the sweet communion of family intercourse; going from the laboratory to his hearth, finding in his dear ones, particularly in the helpmeet who has understood him so well and loved him all the better for it, that comforting encouragement of every hour and each moment, without which so many struggles might have exhausted his ardour, arrested his perseverance, and enervated his genius....

“May France keep you for many more years, and show you to the world as the worthy object of her love, of her gratitude and pride.”

The President of the Academy of Sciences, M. d’Abbadie, was chosen to present to Pasteur the commemorative medal of this great day.

Joseph Bertrand said that the same science, wide, accurate, and solid, had been a foundation to all Pasteur’s works, each of them shining “with such a dazzling light, that, in looking at either, one is inclined to think that it eclipses all others.”

After a few words from M. Daubrée, senior member of the Mineralogical Section and formerly a colleague of Pasteur’s at the Strasburg Faculty, the great Lister, who represented the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, brought to Pasteur the homage of medicine and surgery. “You have,” said he, “raised the veil which for centuries had covered infectious diseases; you have discovered and demonstrated their microbian nature.”

When Pasteur rose to embrace Lister, the sight of those two men gave the impression of a brotherhood of science labouring to diminish the sorrows of humanity.

After a speech from M. Bergeron, Life-Secretary of the Academy of Medicine, and another from M. Sauton, President of the Paris Municipal Council, the various delegates presented the addresses they had brought. Each of the large cities of Europe had its representative. The national delegates were called in their turn. A student from the Alfort Veterinary School brought a medal offered by the united Veterinary Schools of France. Amongst other offerings, Pasteur was given an album containing the signatures of the inhabitants of Arbois, and another coming from Dôle, in which were reproduced a facsimile of his birth-certificate and a photograph of the house in which he was born. The sight of his father’s signature at the end of the certificate moved him more than anything else.

The Paris Faculty of Medicine was represented by its Dean, Professor Brouardel. “More fortunate than Harvey and than Jenner,” he said, “you have been able to see the triumph of your doctrines, and what a triumph!...”

The last word of homage was pronounced by M. Devise, President of the Students’ Association, who said to Pasteur, “You have been very great and very good; you have given a beautiful example to students.”

Pasteur’s voice, made weaken than usual by his emotion, could not have been heard all over the large theatre; his thanks were read out by his son--

“Monsieur le Président de la République, your presence transforms an intimate fête into a great ceremony, and makes of the simple birthday of a savant a special date for French science.

“M. le Ministre, Gentlemen--In the midst of all this magnificence, my first thought takes me back to the melancholy memory of so many men of science who have known but trials. In the past, they had to struggle, against the prejudices which hampered their ideas. After those prejudices were vanquished, they encountered obstacles and difficulties of all kinds.

“Very few years ago, before the public authorities and the town councils had endowed science with splendid dwellings, a man whom I loved and admired, Claude Bernard, had, for a laboratory, a wretched cellar not far from here, low and damp. Perhaps it was there that he contracted the disease of which he died. When I heard what you were preparing for me here, the thought of him arose in my mind; I hail his great memory.

“Gentlemen, by an ingenious and delicate thought, you seem to make the whole of my life pass before my eyes. One of my Jura compatriots, the Mayor of Dôle, has brought me a photograph of the very humble home where my father and mother lived such a hard life. The presence of the students of the Ecole Normale brings back to me the glamour of my first scientific enthusiasms. The representatives of the Lille Faculty evoke memories of my first studies on crystallography and fermentation, which opened to me a new world. What hopes seized upon me when I realized that there must be laws behind so many obscure phenomena! You, my dear colleagues, have witnessed by what series of deductions it was given to me, a disciple of the experimental method, to reach physiological studies. If I have sometimes disturbed the calm of our Academies by somewhat violent discussions, it was because I was passionately defending truth.

“And you, delegates from foreign nations, who have come from so far to give to France a proof of sympathy, you bring me the deepest joy that can be felt by a man whose invincible belief is that Science and Peace will triumph over Ignorance and War, that nations will unite, not to destroy, but to build, and that the future will belong to those who will have done most for suffering humanity. I appeal to you, my dear Lister, and to you all, illustrious representatives of medicine and surgery.

“Young men, have confidence in those powerful and safe methods, of which we do not yet know all the secrets. And, whatever your career may be, do not let yourselves become tainted by a deprecating and barren scepticism, do not let yourselves be discouraged by the sadness of certain hours which pass over nations. Live in the serene peace of laboratories and libraries. Say to yourselves first: ‘What have I done for my instruction?’ and, as you gradually advance, ‘What have I done for my country?’ until the time comes when you may have the immense happiness of thinking that you have contributed in some way to the progress and to the good of humanity. But, whether our efforts are or not favoured by life, let us be able to say, when we come near the great goal, ‘I have done what I could.’

“Gentlemen, I would express to you my deep emotion and hearty gratitude. In the same way as Roty, the great artist, has, on the back of this medal, hidden under roses the heavy number of years which weigh on my life, you have, my dear colleagues, given to my old age the most delightful sight of all this living and loving youth.”

The shouts “Vive Pasteur!” resounded throughout the building. The President of the Republic rose, went towards Pasteur to congratulate him, and embraced him with effusion.

* * * * *

Hearts went out to Pasteur even from distant countries. The Canadian Government, acting on the suggestion of the deputies of the province of Quebec, gave the name of Pasteur to a district on the borders of the state of Maine.

A few weeks after the fête, the Governor-General of Algeria, M. Cambon, wrote to Pasteur as follows--

“Sir--Desirous of showing to you the special gratitude which Algeria bears you for the immense services you have rendered to science and to humanity by your great and fruitful discoveries, I have decided that your name should be given to the village of Sériana, situated in the _arrondissement_ of Batna, department of Constantine. I am happy that I have been able to render this slight homage to your illustrious person.” “I feel a deep emotion,” replied Pasteur, “in thinking that, thanks to you, my name will remain attached to that corner of the world. When a child of this village asks what was the origin of this denomination, I should like the schoolmaster to tell him simply that it is the name of a Frenchman who loved France very much, and who, by serving her, contributed to the good of humanity. My heart is thrilled at the thought that my name might one day awaken the first feelings of patriotism in a child’s soul. I shall owe to you this great joy in my old age; I thank you more than I can say.” The origin of Sériana is very ancient. M. Stéphane Gsell relates that this village was occupied long before the coming of the Romans, by a tribe which became Christian, as is seen by ruins of chapels and basilicas. It is situated on the slope of a mountain covered with oaks and cedars, and giving rise to springs of fresh water. A bust of Pasteur was soon after erected in this village, at the request of the inhabitants.

Enthusiasm for Pasteur was spreading everywhere. Women understood that science was entering their domain, since it served charity. They gave magnificent gifts; clauses in wills bore these words: “To Pasteur, to help in his humanitarian task.” In November, 1893, Pasteur saw an unknown lady enter his study in the Rue Dutot, and heard her speak thus: “There must be some students who love science and who, having to earn their living, cannot give themselves up to disinterested work. I should like to place at your disposal four scholarships, for four young men chosen by you. Each scholarship would be of 3,000 fr.; 2,400 for the men themselves, and 600 fr. for the expenses they would incur in your laboratories. Their lives would be rendered easier. You could find amongst them, either an immediate collaborator for your Institute or a missionary whom you might send far away; and if a medical career tempted them, they would be enabled by their momentary independence to prepare themselves all the better for their profession. I only ask one thing, which is that my name should not be mentioned.”

Pasteur was infinitely touched by the scheme of this mysterious lady. The scholarship foundation was for one year only, but other years were about to follow and to resemble this one.

Many letters brought to Pasteur requested that he should study or order the study of such and such a disease. Some of these letters responded to preoccupations which had long been in the mind of Pasteur and his disciples. One day he received these lines:

“You have done all the good a man could do on earth. If you will, you can surely find a remedy for the horrible disease called diphtheria. Our children, to whom we teach your name as that of a great benefactor, will owe their lives to you.--A MOTHER.”

* * * * *

Pasteur, in spite of his failing strength, had hopes that he would yet live to see the defeat of the foe so dreaded by mothers. In the laboratory of the Pasteur Institute, Dr. Roux and Dr. Yersin were obstinately pursuing the study of this disease. In their first paper on the subject, modestly entitled _A Contribution to the Study of Diphtheria_, they said: “Ever since Bretonneau, diphtheria has been looked upon as a specific and contagious disease; its study has therefore been undertaken of late years with the help of the microbian methods which have already been the means of finding the cause of many other infectious diseases.”

In spite of the convictions of Bretonneau, who had, in 1818, witnessed a violent epidemic of croup in the centre of France, his view was far from being generally adopted. Velpeau, then a young student, wrote to him in 1820 that all the members, save two, of the Faculty of Medicine were agreed in opposing or blaming his opinions. Another brilliant pupil of Bretonneau’s, Dr. Trousseau, who never ceased to correspond with his old master, wrote to him in 1854: “It remains to be proved that diphtheria always comes from a germ. I hardly doubt this with regard to small-pox; to be consistent, I ought not to doubt it either with regard to diphtheria. I was thinking so this morning, as I was performing tracheotomy on a poor child twenty-eight months old; opposite the bed, there was a picture of his five-year-old brother, painted on his death-bed. He had succumbed five years ago, to malignant angina.”

Knowing Bretonneau’s ideas on contagion, Trousseau wrote further down: “I shall have the beds and bedding burnt, the paper hangings also, for they have a velvety and attractive surface; I shall tell the mother to purify herself like a Hindoo--else what would you say to me!”

A German of the name of Klebs discovered the bacillus of diphtheria in 1883, by studying the characteristic membranes; it was afterwards isolated by Loeffler, another German.

Pure cultures of this bacillus, injected on the surface of the excoriated fauces of rabbits, guinea-pigs, and pigeons, produce the diphtheritic membranes: Messrs. Roux and Yersin demonstrated this fact and ascertained the method of its deadly action.

Dr. Roux, in a lecture to the London Royal Society, in 1889, said: “Microbes are chiefly dangerous on account of the toxic matters which they produce.” He recalled that Pasteur had been the first to investigate the action of the toxic products elaborated by the microbe of chicken-cholera. By filtering the culture, Pasteur had obtained a liquid which contained no microbes. Hens inoculated with this liquid presented all the symptoms of cholera. “This experiment shows us,” continued M. Roux, “that the chemical products contained in the culture are capable by themselves of provoking the symptoms of the disease; it is therefore very probable that the same products are prepared within the body itself of a hen attacked with cholera. It has been shown since then that many pathogenic microbes manufactured these toxic products. The microbes of typhoid fever, of cholera, of blue pus, of acute experimental septicæmia, of diphtheria, are great poison-producers. The cultures of the diphtheria bacillus particularly are, after a certain time, so full of the toxin that, without microbes, and in infinitesimal doses, they cause the death of the animals with all the signs observed after inoculation with the microbe itself. The picture of the disease is complete, even presenting the ensuing paralysis if the injected dose is too weak to bring about a rapid death. Death in infectious diseases is therefore caused by intoxication.”

This bacillus, like that of tetanus, secretes a poison which reaches the kidneys, attacks the nervous system, and acts on the heart, the beats of which are accelerated or suddenly arrested. Sheltered in the membrane like a foe in an ambush, the microbe manufactures its deadly poison. Diphtheria, as defined by M. Roux, is an intoxication caused by a very active poison formed by the microbe within the restricted area wherein it develops.

It was sufficient to examine a portion of diphtheritic membrane to distinguish the diphtheritic bacilli, tiny rods resembling short needles laid across each other. Other microbes were frequently associated with these bacilli, and it became necessary to study microbian associations in diphtheria. The Klebs-Loeffler bacillus, disseminated in broth, gave within a month or three weeks a richly toxic culture; the bottom of the vessel was covered with a thick deposit of microbes, and a film of younger bacilli floated on the surface. By filtering this broth and freeing it from microbes, Messrs. Roux and Yersin made a great discovery: they obtained pure toxin, capable of killing, in forty-eight hours, a guinea-pig inoculated with one-tenth of a cubic centimetre of it.

Now that the toxin was found, the remedy, the antitoxin, could be discovered. This was done by Behring, a German scientist, and by Kitasato, a Japanese physician. Drs. Richet and Héricourt had already opened the way in 1888, while studying another disease.

M. Roux inoculated a horse with diphtheritic toxin mitigated by the addition of iodine, in doses, very weak at first, but gradually stronger; the horse grew by degrees capable of resisting strong doses of pure toxin. It was then bled by means of a large trocar introduced into the jugular vein, the blood received in a bowl was allowed to coagulate, and the liquid part of it, the serum, was then collected; this serum was antitoxic, antidiphtheritic--in one word, the long-desired cure.

At the beginning of 1894, M. Roux had several horses rendered immune by the above process. He desired to prove the efficiency of the serum in the treatment of diphtheria, with the collaboration of MM. Martin and Chaillou, who had, both clinically and bacteriologically, studied more than 400 cases of diphtheria.

There are in Paris two hospitals where diphtheritic children are taken in. It was decided that the new treatment should be applied at the hospital of the _Enfants Malades_, whilst the old system should be continued at the Hôpital Trousseau.

From February 1, MM. Roux, Martin, and Chaillou paid a daily visit to the _Enfants Malades_; they treated all the little diphtheria patients by injection, in the side, of a dose of twenty cubic centimetres of serum, followed, twenty-four hours later, by another dose of twenty, or only of ten cubic centimetres. Almost invariably, not only did the membranes cease to increase during the twenty-four hours following the first injection, but they began to come away within thirty-six or forty-eight hours, the third day at the latest; the livid, leaden paleness of the face disappeared; the child was saved.

From 1890 to 1893 there had been 3,971 cases of diphtheria, fatal in 2,029 cases, the average mortality being therefore 51 per 100. The serum treatment, applied to hundreds of children, brought it down to less than 24 per 100 in four months. At the Trousseau Hospital, where the serum was not employed, the mortality during the same period was 60 per 100.

In May, M. Roux gave a lecture on diphtheria at Lille, at the request of the Provident Society of the Friends of Science, which held its general meeting in that town. Pasteur, who was president of the Society, came to Lille to thank its inhabitants for the support they had afforded for forty years to the Society.

The master and his disciple were received in the Hall of the Industrial Society. Pasteur listened with an admiring emotion to his pupil, whose rigorous experimentation, together with the beauty of the object in view, filled him with enthusiasm. He who had said, “Exhaust every combination, until the mind can conceive no others possible,” was delighted to hear the methodical exposition of the manner in which this great problem had been attacked and solved.

At the Hygiene and Demography Congress at Buda-Pesth, M. Roux, repeating and enlarging his lecture, made a communication on the serotherapy of diphtheria which created a great sensation in Europe.

In France, prefects asked the Minister of the Interior how local physicians might obtain this antidiphtheritic serum. The _Figaro_ newspaper opened a subscription towards preserving children from croup; it soon reached more than a million francs. The Pasteur Institute was now able to build stables, buy a hundred horses, render them immune, and constitute a permanent organization for serotherapy. In three months, 50,000 doses of serum were about to be given away.

Pasteur, who was then at Arbois, followed every detail with passionate interest. Sitting under the old quinces in his little garden, he read the lists of subscribers, names of little children, offering charitable gifts as they entered this life, and names of sorrowing parents, giving in the names of dear lost ones.

When he started again for Paris, October 4, 1894, Pasteur was seized again with the melancholy feeling which had attended his first departure from his home, when he was sixteen years old. He saw the same grey sky, the same fine rain and misty horizon, as he looked for the last time upon the distant hills and wide plains he loved, perhaps conscious that it was so. But he remained silent, as was his wont when troubled by his thoughts, his sadness only revealing itself to those who lovingly watched every movement of his countenance.

On October 6, the Pasteur Institute was invaded by a crowd of medical men; M. Martin gave a special lecture in compliance with the desire of many practitioners unaccustomed to laboratory work, who desired to understand the diagnosis of diphtheria and the mode in which the serum should be used. Pasteur, from his study window, was watching all this coming and going in his Institute. A twofold feeling was visible on his worn features: a sorrowing regret that his age now disarmed him for work, but also the satisfaction of feeling that his work was growing day by day, and that other investigators would, in a similar spirit, pursue the many researches which remained to be undertaken. About that time, M. Yersin, now a physician in the colonies, communicated to the _Annals of the Pasteur Institute_ the discovery of the plague bacillus. He had been desired to go to China in order to study the nature of the scourge, its conditions of propagation, and the most efficient means of preventing it from attacking the French possessions. Pasteur had long recognized very great qualities in this pupil whose habits of silent labour were almost those of an ascete. M. Yersin started with a missionary’s zeal. When he reached Hong-Kong, three hundred Chinese had already succumbed, and the hospitals of the colony were full; he immediately recognized the symptoms of the bubonic plague, which had ravaged Europe on many occasions. He noticed that the epidemic raged principally in the slums occupied by Chinese of the poorer classes, and that in the infected quarters there were a great many rats which had died of the plague. Pasteur read with the greatest interest the following lines, so exactly in accordance with his own method of observation: “The peculiar aptitude to contract plague possessed by certain animals,” wrote M. Yersin, “enabled me to undertake an experimental study of the disease under very favourable circumstances; it was obvious that the first thing to do was to look for a microbe in the blood of the patients and in the bubonic pulp.” When M. Yersin inoculated rats, mice, or guinea-pigs with this pulp, the animals died, and he found several bacilli in the ganglions, spleen, and blood. After some attempts at cultures and inoculations, he concluded thus: “The plague is a contagious and inoculable disease. It seems likely that rats constitute its principal vehicle, but I have also ascertained that flies can contract the disease and die of it, and may therefore become agents for its transmission.”

At the very time when M. Yersin was discovering the specific bacillus of the plague in the bubonic pulp, Kitasato was making similar investigations. The foe now being recognized, hopes of vanquishing it might be entertained.

And whilst those good tidings were arriving, Pasteur was reading a new work by M. Metchnikoff, a Russian scientist, who had elected to come to France for the privilege of working by the side of Pasteur. M. Metchnikoff explained by the action of the white corpuscles of the blood, named “leucocytes,” the immunity or resistance, either natural or acquired, of the organism against a defined disease. These corpuscles may be considered as soldiers entrusted with the defence of the organism against foreign invasions. If microbes penetrate into the tissues, the defenders gather all their forces together and a free fight ensues. The organism resists or succumbs according to the power or inferiority of the white blood-cells. If the invading microbe is surrounded, eaten up, and ingested by the victorious white corpuscles (also named _phagocytes_), the latter find in their victory itself fresh reserve forces against a renewed invasion.

* * * * *

On November 1, in the midst of all this laborious activity and daily progress, Pasteur was about to pay his daily visit to his grandchildren, when he was seized by a violent attack of uræmia. He was laid on his bed, and remained nearly unconscious for four hours; the sweat of agony bathed his forehead and his whole body, and his eyes remained closed. The evening brought with it a ray of hope; he was able to speak, and asked not to be left alone. Immediate danger seemed avoided, but great anxiety continued to be felt.

It was easy to organize a series of devoted nurses; all Pasteur’s disciples were eager to watch by his bedside. Every evening, two persons took their seats in his room: one a member of the family, and one a “Pastorian.” About one a.m. they were replaced by another Pastorian and another member of the family. From November 1 to December 25, the laboratory workers continued this watching, regulated by Dr. Roux as follows:--

Sunday night, Roux and Chantemesse; Monday, Queyrat and Marmier; Tuesday, Borrel and Martin; Wednesday, Mesnil and Pottevin; Thursday, Marchoux and Viala; Friday, Calmette and Veillon; Saturday, Renon and Morax. A few alterations were made in this order; Dr. Marie claimed the privilege. M. Metchnikoff, full of anxiety, came and went continually from the laboratory to the master’s room. After the day’s work, each faithful watcher came in, bringing books or notes, to go on with the work begun, if the patient should be able to sleep. In the middle of the night, Mme. Pasteur would come in and send away with a sweet authority one of the two volunteer nurses. Pasteur’s loving and faithful wife was straining every faculty of her valiant and tender soul to conjure the vision of death which seemed so near. In spite of all her courage, there were hours of weakness, at early dawn, when life was beginning to revive in the quiet neighbourhood, when she could not keep her tears from flowing silently. Would they succeed in saving him whose life was so precious, so useful to others? In the morning, Pasteur’s two grandchildren came into the bedroom. The little girl of fourteen, fully realizing the prevailing anxiety, and rendered serious by the sorrow she struggled to hide, talked quietly with him. The little boy, only eight years old, climbed on to his grandfather’s bed, kissing him affectionately and gazing on the loved face which always found enough strength to smile at him.

Dr. Chantemesse attended Pasteur with an incomparable devotion. Dr. Gille, who had often been sent for by Pasteur when staying at Villeneuve l’Etang, came to Paris from Garches to see him. Professor Guyon showed his colleague the most affectionate solicitude. Professor Dieulafoy was brought in one morning by M. Metchnikoff; Professor Grancher, who was ill and away from Paris, hurried back to his master’s side.

How often did they hang over him, anxiously following the respiratory rhythm due to the uræmic intoxication! movements slow at first, then rapid, accelerated, gasping, slackening again, and arrested in a long pause of several seconds, during which all seemed suspended.

* * * * *

At the end of December, a marked improvement took place. On January 1, after seeing all his collaborators, down to the youngest laboratory attendant, Pasteur received the visit of one of his colleagues of the Académie Française. It was Alexandre Dumas, carrying a bunch of roses, and accompanied by one of his daughters. “I want to begin the year well,” he said: “I am bringing you my good wishes.” Pasteur and Alexandre Dumas, meeting at the Academy every Thursday for twelve years, felt much attraction towards each other. Pasteur, charmed from the first by this dazzling and witty intellect, had been surprised and touched by the delicate attentions of a heart which only opened to a chosen few. Dumas, who had observed many men, loved and admired Pasteur, a modest and kindly genius; for this dramatic author hid a man thirsting for moral action, his realism was lined with mysticism, and he placed the desire to be useful above the hunger for fame. His blue eyes, usually keen and cold, easily detecting secret thoughts and looking on them with irony, were full of an expression of affectionate veneration when they rested on “our dear and great Pasteur,” as he called him. Alexandre Dumas’ visit gave Pasteur very great pleasure; he compared it to a ray of sunshine.

As he could not go out, those who did not come to see him thought him worse than he really was. It was therefore with great surprise that people heard that he would be pleased to receive the old Normaliens, who were about to celebrate the centenary of their school, and who, after putting up a memorial plate on the small laboratory of the Rue d’Ulm, desired to visit the Pasteur Institute. They filed one after another into the drawing-room on the first floor. Pasteur, seated by the fire, seemed to revive the old times when he used to welcome young men into his home circle on Sunday evenings. He had an affectionate word or a smile for each of those who now passed before him, bowing low. Every one was struck with the keen expression of his eyes; never had the strength of his intellect seemed more independent of the weakness of his body. Many believed in a speedy recovery and rejoiced. “Your health,” said some one, “is not only national but universal property.”

On that day, Dr. Roux had arranged on tables, in the large laboratory, the little flasks which Pasteur had used in his experiments on so-called spontaneous generation, which had been religiously preserved; also rows of little tubes used for studies on wines; various preparations in various culture media; microbes and bacilli, so numerous that it was difficult to know which to see first. The bacteria of diphtheria and bubonic plague completed this museum.

Pasteur was carried into the laboratory about twelve o’clock, and Dr. Roux showed his master the plague bacillus through a microscope. Pasteur, looking at these things, souvenirs of his own work and results of his pupils’ researches, thought of those disciples who were continuing his task in various parts of the world. In France, he had just sent Dr. Calmette to Lille, where he soon afterwards created a new and admirable Pasteur Institute. Dr. Yersin was continuing his investigations in China. A Normalien, M. Le Dantec, who had entered the Ecole at sixteen at the head of the list, and who had afterwards become a curator at the laboratory, was in Brazil, studying yellow fever, of which he very nearly died. Dr. Adrien Loir, after a protracted mission in Australia, was head of a Pasteur Institute at Tunis. Dr. Nicolle was setting up a laboratory of bacteriology at Constantinople. “There is still a great deal to do!” sighed Pasteur as he affectionately pressed Dr. Roux’ hand.

He was more than ever full of a desire to allay human suffering, of a humanitarian sentiment which made of him a citizen of the world. But his love for France was in no wise diminished, and the permanence of his patriotic feelings was, soon after this, revealed by an incident. The Berlin Academy of Sciences was preparing a list of illustrious contemporary scientists to be submitted to the Kaiser with a view to conferring on them the badge of the Order of Merit. As Pasteur’s protest and return of his diploma to the Bonn University had not been forgotten, the Berlin Academy, before placing his name on the list, desired to know whether he would accept this distinction at the hands of the German Emperor. Pasteur, while acknowledging with courteous thanks the honour done to him as a scientist, declared that he could not accept it.

For him, as for Victor Hugo, the question of Alsace-Lorraine was a question of humanity; the right of peoples to dispose of themselves was in question. And by a bitter irony of Fate, France, which had proclaimed this principle all over Europe, saw Alsace tom away from her. And by whom? by the very nation whom she had looked upon as the most idealistic, with whom she had desired an alliance in a noble hope of pacific civilization, a hope shared by Humboldt, the great German scientist.

* * * * *

It was obvious to those who came near Pasteur that, in spite of the regret caused in him by the decrease of his physical strength, his moral energy remained unimpaired. He never complained of the state of his health, and usually avoided speaking of himself. A little tent had been put up for him in the new garden of the Pasteur Institute, under the young chestnuts, the flowers of which were now beginning to fall, and he often spent his afternoons there. One or other of those who had watched over him through the long winter nights frequently came to talk with him, and he would inquire, with all his old interest, into every detail of the work going on.

His old friend Chappuis, now Honorary Rector of the Academy of Dijon, often came to sit with him under this tent. Their friendship remained unchanged though it had lasted more than fifty years. Their conversation now took a yet more exalted turn than in the days of their youth and middle age. The dignity of Chappuis’ life was almost austere, though tempered by a smiling philosophy.

Pasteur, less preoccupied than Chappuis by philosophical discussions, soared without an effort into the domain of spiritual things. Absolute faith in God and in Eternity, and a conviction that the power for good given to us in this world will be continued beyond it, were feelings which pervaded his whole life; the virtues of the Gospel had ever been present to him. Full of respect for the form of religion which had been that of his forefathers, he came to it simply and naturally for spiritual help in these last weeks of his life.

On June 13, he came, for the last time, down the steps of the Pasteur Institute, and entered the carriage which was to take him to Villeneuve l’Etang. Every one spoke to him of this stay as if it were sure to bring him back to health. Did he believe it? Did he try, in his tenderness for those around him, to share their hopes? His face almost bore the same expression as when he used to go to Villeneuve l’Etang to continue his studies. When the carriage passed through Saint Cloud, some of the inhabitants, who had seen him pass in former years, saluted him with a mixture of emotion and respectful interest.

At Villeneuve l’Etang, the old stables of the Cent Gardes had reverted to their former purpose and were used for the preparation of the diphtheria antitoxin. There were about one hundred horses there; old chargers, sold by the military authorities as unfit for further work; racehorses thus ending their days; a few, presents from their owners, such as Marshal Canrobert’s old horse.

Pasteur spent those summer weeks in his room or under the trees on the lawns of the Park. A few horses had been put out to grass, the stables being quite full, and occasionally came near, looking over their hurdles towards him. Pasteur felt a deep thankfulness in watching the busy comings and goings of Dr. Roux and his curator, M. Martin, and of the veterinary surgeon, M. Prévôt, who was entrusted with the bleeding operations and the distribution of the flasks of serum. He thought of all that would survive him and felt that his weakened hand might now drop the torch which had set so many others alight. And, more than resigned, he sat peacefully under a beautiful group of pines and purple beeches, listening to the readings of Mme. Pasteur and of his daughter. They smiled on him with that valiant smile which women know how to keep through deepest anguish.

Biographies interested him as of yore. There was at that time a renewal of interest in memories of the First Empire; old letters, memoirs, war anecdotes were being published every day. Pasteur never tired of those great souvenirs. Many of those stories brought him back to the emotions of his youth, but he no longer looked with the same eyes on the glory of conquerors. The true guides of humanity now seemed to him to be those who gave devoted service, not those who ruled by might. After enjoying pages full of the thrill of battlefields, Pasteur admired the life of a great and good man, St. Vincent de Paul. He loved this son of poor peasants, proud to own his humble birth before a vainglorious society; this tutor of a future cardinal, who desired to become the chaplain of some unhappy convicts; this priest, who founded the work of the _Enfants Trouvés_, and who established lay and religious alliance over the vast domain of charity.

Pasteur himself exerted a great and charitable influence. The unknown lady who had put at his disposal four scholarships for young men without means came to him in August and offered him the funds for a Pasteur Hospital, the natural outcome, she said, of the Pastorian discoveries.

Pasteur’s strength diminished day by day, he now could hardly walk. When he was seated in the Park, his grandchildren around him suggested young rose trees climbing around the trunk of a dying oak. The paralysis was increasing, and speech was becoming more and more difficult. The eyes alone remained bright and clear; Pasteur was witnessing the ruin of what in him was perishable.

How willingly they would have given a moment of their lives to prolong his, those thousands of human beings whose existence had been saved by his methods: sick children, women in lying-in hospitals, patients operated upon in surgical wards, victims of rabid dogs saved from hydrophobia, and so many others protected against the infinitesimally small! But, whilst visions of those living beings passed through the minds of his family, it seemed as if Pasteur already saw those dead ones who, like him, had preserved absolute faith in the Future Life.

The last week in September he was no longer strong enough to leave his bed, his weakness was extreme. On September 27, as he was offered a cup of milk: “I cannot,” he murmured; his eyes looked around him with an unspeakable expression of resignation, love and farewell. His head fell back on the pillows, and he slept; but, after this delusive rest, suddenly came the gaspings of agony. For twenty-four hours he remained motionless, his eyes closed, his body almost entirely paralyzed; one of his hands rested in that of Mme. Pasteur, the other held a crucifix.

Thus, surrounded by his family and disciples, in this room of almost monastic simplicity, on Saturday, September 28, 1895, at 4.40 in the afternoon, very peacefully, he passed away.

THE END.

INDEX

A

Abbadie, d’, presents medals to Pasteur, 449

Abdul Aziz, Sultan, 141

About, Edmond: On Pasteur, 383 On Pasteur’s lecture at Sorbonne, 122 Pamphlet quoted, 177

Académie des Sciences, 29 _note_, 81 During siege of Paris, 186

Académie Française, Pasteur’s reception at, 345

Aërobes, 99

_Agrégation_, 31 _note_

Alais: Pasteur goes to, 115, 117, 129, 138, 155, 166 Statue to J. B. Dumas at, 446

Alexandria, French mission to, 377

Alfort, experiments on sheep at, 306

Alsace-Lorraine question, 461

Amat, Mlle., 170

Anaërobes, 99, 220

Andral, Dr., 160 Advice to Pasteur, 247

Anglada, work “On Contagion” quoted, 80

_Anguillulæ_, 150

_Anthrax_ (splenic fever, charbon), 257 _seqq._, 292 Hens and, 267, 277 Commission on, 278 Vaccination against, 311, 312 Experiment, 315, 317, 318, 320, 328, 367, 368 Results, 325, 367, 368

Antirabic inoculation on man, 414 Discussion on, 434

Anti-vivisection, Virchow on, 332

Aosta, Duke and Duchess of, 141

Arago, 27, 356 On Monge, 195 Speech before Chamber of Deputies, 245

Arbois: Pasteur at, 6, 7, 180, 420, 437 Presentation to Pasteur from, 449 Prussians at, 202

Arboisian characteristics, 8

Arcis-sur-Aube, battle of, 4

Ardèche, 32

Ardouin, Dr., 380

Aristotle, allusions to hydrophobia, 407

Arsonval, M. d’, 280

Aselli, discoveries through vivisection, 336

Aspartic acid, 57, 70

_Aspergillus niger_, 204

Aubenas, tribute to Pasteur, 350, 351

Augier, Emile, 174

Aurillac, testimonial to Pasteur, 373

B

“Baccalauréat,” 10 _and note_

Baciocchi, Princess, leaves Villa Vicentina to Prince Imperial, 173

Bagnères-de-Luchon, 104

Balard, lecturer at Ecole Normale, 29, 31, 56, 59, 100, 106 Advice to Pasteur, 217 Appeal to Pasteur, 217 Discovers bromin, 32 Inspector-General of Higher Education, 145 On Pasteur’s discovery, 40

Bar-sur-Aube, 3rd Regiment at, 3

Barbet Boarding School, 10, 12, 21

Barbet, M., 10, 22

Barbier, Captain, 10

Barrnel, Dumas’ Curator, 25

Bastian, Dr., attacks Pasteur, 253 _seqq._

Baudry, Paul, 127

Bazaine at Metz, 186

Beauce, 147 _note_ Splenic fever in, 257, 276, 284, 314

Béchamp, theory of fermentation, 241

Béclard, Permanent Secretary of Académie de Médecine, 309 On Commission on hydrophobia, 395

Beer, Pasteur studies manufacture of, 207 _seqq._

Béhier, Dr., 233

Behring discovers antitoxin for diphtheria, 455

Bellaguet, M., 137

Belle, Jeanne, wife of Claude Pasteur, 2

Bellevue, Château, Napoleon and William of Prussia meet at, 182

Belotti, M., 206

Berchon, sanitary director, Bordeaux, 340

Bergeron, Jules: Annual Secretary of Académie de Médecine, 309 On Pasteur’s treatment of hydrophobia, 424 Speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Bernard, Claude, 42 At Académie de Médecine, 225 At Tuileries, 154 Discoveries, 135 Experiment on dog, 335 Experiments on fermentation, 280 Illness, 134 Joins in Pasteur’s experiments, 104 Letter to Deville, 137 Letter to Pasteur, 136 On fermentation, 80 -- Medicine, 226 -- Pasteur’s researches, 72, 87 -- Primary causes, 244 -- Vivisection, 336 Posthumous notes, 280, 287 Senator, 174 Studies cholera, 126

Bersot, Ernest, quoted on spontaneous generation, 92

Bert, Paul, 279, 374 Classifies Pasteur’s work, 375 Experiments, 263, 392 On Commission on hydrophobia, 395 Speech on Pasteur’s discoveries, 245, 246

Berthelot, M.: Consulted by Pasteur, 439 On alcoholic fermentation, 286

Berthollet, M., 248, 356 Discoveries, 195

Bertillon, candidate for Académie de Médecine, 225

Bertin, M., 354 At Ecole Normale, 19, 145, 161, 180, 188 Character, 45, 145 Professor of Physics, Strasburg, 45 Welcomes Pasteur to Paris, 212

Bertrand, Joseph: Letters to Pasteur, 138 Sketch of, 419 Speech at inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 441 Speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Berzelius, 195 Studies paratartaric acid, 25 Theories of fermentation, 80, 241

Besançon, Jean Henri Pasteur at, 2, 4

Besson, candidature for Senate, 249

Beust, Baron von, superintendent of factories, 65

Bigo manufactures beetroot alcohol, 79

Biot, J. J., 27, 42, 55, 59, 204 Attitude towards spontaneous generation, 89, 100 Death, 101, 102 Interview with Pasteur, 41 Last letter, 103 Letters to Joseph Pasteur, 57, 58, 71, 81 Letter to Louis Pasteur, 59 Oldest member of Institute, 81 Passion for reading, 89 Praises Pasteur, 55

Biot, M., veterinary surgeon, at Pouilly le Fort experiment, 316, 320

Bischoffsheim, Raphael, lends villa to Pasteur, 433

Bismarck, Prince: Armistice with France, 193 Interview with Jules Favre, 184 On Napoleon III, 182

Blondeau, registrar of mortgages, 13

Bollène, Pasteur at, 360

Bonaparte, Elisa, at Villa Vicentina, 173

Bonn, _sous-préfecture_, 189 University, 189

Bonnat, portrait of Pasteur, 440

Bordeaux, Pasteur at, 338

Bordighera: Earthquake at, 436 Pasteur at, 434

Borrel attends on Pasteur, 459

Bouchardat, M.: On Commission of Hygiene, 186 Report on remedies for hydrophobia, 408

Bouillaud, Dr., 229, 262, 294

Bouillier, M. F., Director of Ecole Normale, 145, 180

Bouley, H., 264, 278, 323, 354 At experiment on earthworms, 304 Chairman of Commission on hydrophobia, 395, 396, 397, 398 Report, 398 Death, 424 Letters to Pasteur, 324, 329 -- on Colin, 320 -- germ of hydrophobia, 398 -- methods of Delafond and Pasteur, 275 -- microbes, 365, 367 -- Pasteur’s treatment of hydrophobia, 423 -- remedies for hydrophobia, 408 -- virulence of bacteridia, 311 Sketch of, 262 Statistics of death from hydrophobia, 428 Vaccinates sheep against anthrax, 306

Bourbaki, General: Death, 193 Retreat of Army Corps, 192

Bourboulon, Commandant, gives Pasteur news of his son, 193

Bourgeois, Philibert, 3

Bourrel sends dogs to laboratory, 390, 396

Boussingault, M., 354

Boutet, veterinary surgeon, 261, 283, 329 On splenic fever, 276 Report of vaccinated sheep, 363

Boutroux, curator in Pasteur’s laboratory, 255

Boyle, Robert, on fermentation, 223

Brand, Dr., treatment of typhoid, 364

Breithaupt, Professor of Mineralogy, 65

Bretonneau, on diphtheria, 453

Brie cattle suffer from anthrax, 257, 314

Brochin, candidate for Académie de Médecine, 225

Brongniart, Alexandre, 42 On Commission on spontaneous generation, 106

Brouardel, Professor: On antirabic cure, 434, 437 Speech at Congress of Hygiene, 446 Speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Broussais, surgery under, 235

Bruce, Mrs., presents Pasteur with _Life of Livingstone_, 389

Buda-Pesth, Hygiene and Demography Congress at, 456

Budberg, M. de, Russian Ambassador, 127

Budin and antisepsis, 290

Buffon, theory of spontaneous generation, 90

Buonanni, recipe for producing worms, 89

Butyric fermentation, 99

C

Cagniard-Latour studies yeast, 80, 81

Cailletet invents apparatus for liquefaction of gases, 384

Cairo, cholera at, 377

Calmette, Edouard: At Lille, 461 At Pasteur Jubilee, 447 Attends on Pasteur, 459

Cambon, Governor-General of Algeria, letter to Pasteur, 451

Cardaillac, M. de, 163

Cardinal cultivates silkworms, 139

Carnot, President, 248 At inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 440 At Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Caro, deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Casabianca, Comte de, 168, 169

Celsus on hydrophobia, 407, 409

Chaffois, 192, 193

Chaillou collaborates with Roux, 455

Chamalières brewery, 207

Chamberland, M.: At Pasteur Jubilee, 447 Collaborates with Pasteur, 260, 269, 271, 283, 289, 303, 305, 306, 308, 311, 317, 319, 321, 359, 420, 424 Cross of Legion of Honour, 326 On Pasteur’s early researches, 445 Vaccinations against anthrax, 440

Chambéry, Pasteur at, 131

Chamecin, wood merchant, 3

Chamonix, Pasteur at, 97

Chantemesse, Dr.: Attends on Pasteur, 459, 460 On antirabic cure, 434 Performs inoculations, 432

Chanzy, General, open letter, 190

Chappuis, Charles, 33 Letter to Pasteur, 20 On national testimonial to Pasteur, 246 Sketch of, 18 Visits Pasteur, 462

Chaptal, discoveries of, 195

Charbon. (_See Anthrax_)

Charcot on Pasteur’s antirabic cure, 438

Charrière, schoolfellow of Louis Pasteur, 7, 37

Charrin, Dr., performs inoculations, 432

Chartres: Experiment on vaccination against anthrax near, 328 Pasteur at, 284, 303 Scientific congress at, 276

Chassaignac, Dr., on “laboratory surgery,” 228

Chauveau on contagion, 366

Chemists and Physicians, 224, 233

Chevreul, M., 59 On siege of Paris, 188, 189

Chicken cholera, 297 _seqq._

Chiozza, letter to Pasteur, 200

Cholera, 126 At Damietta and Cairo, 378

Christen, town councillor at Vaucresson, 406

Christophle, speech at inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 441

Clermont Ferrand, Pasteur at, 206

Clouet invents system of manufacturing steel, 195

Coblentz, _préfecture_, 189

Cochin, Denys, at Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Colin, Professor G., 277, 278 Advice to Biot, 319 Experiments on anthrax, 264, 267, 268

Collège de France, 40 _note_, 146

Compiègne, Pasteur at, 127

Comte, Auguste, 124, 125 Doctrine, 342

Conseil-Général de département, 78 _note_

Contagious diseases, problem of, 223 _seqq._

Conti, Napoleon III’s secretary, 153

Copenhagen Medical Congress, Pasteur at, 398

Coquelin: Acts in _Plaideurs_, 128 Recites at Trocadéro fête, 431

Cornil, on acarus of itch, 366

Coulon, schoolfellow of Louis Pasteur, 7, 36

Cribier, Mme., 161

Cuisance River, 6, 7, 181

Cuvier, 356

D

Daguerre, national testimonial to, 245

Dalimier, Paul, Pasteur’s advice to, 109

Dalloz, editor of _Moniteur_, 158

Damietta, cholera at, 378

Darboux, “doyen” of Faculty of Science, 31

Daremberg, Dr., on Pasteur at Medical Congress, 332

Darlay as science master, 14

Darwin: On earthworms, 304 On vivisection, 337

Dastre, M., 279

Daubrée, speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Daunas, sketch of, 14

David, Jeanne, wife of Denis Pasteur, 1

Davaine, Dr. C., 272, 278, 354 At experiment on earthworms, 304 Experiments on septicæmia, 229, 265 On butyric ferment, 228, 258

Davy, Sir H., 195

Debray, M., 327

Déclat, Dr., on Pasteur’s experiments, 223 Prescribes carbolic solution for wounds, 239

Delafond, Dr.: On charbon blood, 258 Studies anthrax, 275

Delafosse, Professor of Mineralogy, 33, 36

Delaunay acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Delesse, Professor of Science at Besançon, 45

Delort, General Baron, 30 Native of Arbois, 202

Demarquay, Dr., prescribes carbolic solution for wounds, 239

Denmark, King and Queen of, at Medical Congress, 399

Denonvilliers, surgery under, 235

_Départements_, 52 _note_

Descartes in Holland, 200

Despeyroux, Professor of Chemistry, 171

Dessaignes, chemist, 70

Deville, Henri Sainte Claire, 42, 45, 137, 160 Admiration for Pasteur’s precision, 287 At Compiègne, 162 At Tuileries, 154 Character, 146 Congratulates Pasteur on Testimonial, 246 Death, 327 Laboratory, 84 Letter to Mme. Pasteur, 174 On Académie and Science, 196 On Commission of Hygiene, 186 Scientific mission in Germany, 179 Studies cholera, 126

Devise, speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Diabetes, 135

Diderot on spontaneous generation, 90

Didon, gratitude to Pasteur, 144, 161

Dieffenbach, M., 335

Dieulafoy, Professor, attends Pasteur, 459

Diphtheria, 453 Statistics of mortality, 456

Disraeli quoted on public health, 446

Dôle: Jean Joseph Pasteur settles at, 5 Memorial plate on Pasteur’s house at, 376 Presentation to Pasteur from, 450

Douay village, 1

Doucet, Camille, on Pasteur’s speech, 345

Dresden, Pasteur at, 65

Droz, Joseph, his moral doctrine, 16

Dubois, Alphée, engraves medal for Pasteur, 354

Dubois, Paul, 127 Bust of Pasteur, 401

Duboué, Dr., theory on hydrophobia, 393

Duc, Viollet le, 127, 128

Du Camp, Maxime, 346

Duchartre elected member of Académie, 100

Duclaux, M., 102, 103, 104, 131, 138, 169, 170, 204, 205 Accompanies Pasteur to Milan, 250 Advice to Pasteur, 217 _Annals of Pasteur Institute_, 434 At Pasteur Jubilee, 448 Class of biological chemistry, 440 Congratulates Pasteur on testimonial, 246 On Bastian, 253 On heating liquids, 255 Professor of Chemistry at Clermont Ferrand, 206

Ducret, Antoine and Charles, shot, 202

Ducrot, General, 155

Dujardin-Beaumetz, on antirabic cure, 434

Dumas, Alexandre, 106, 107 Pasteur and, 341 Visits Pasteur, 460

Dumas, J. B., 418 Académie sponsor for Pasteur, 344 Advice to Pasteur, 89, 103 Appreciation of Pasteur, 252 At Alais, 170 Death, 384 Interest in sericiculture, 117 _La Vie d’un Savant_, 383 _note_; letter on, 383 Laboratory, 42 Letter to Bouley, 312 Letters to Pasteur, 60, 166, 169 On Académie and Science, 196 -- Commission on spontaneous generation, 106 -- _Critical Examination_, 287 -- Destruction of Regnault’s instruments, 191 -- Fermentation, 79, 80 Presents Pasteur to Napoleon III, 104 President of Monetary Commission, 145 Requests Pasteur for article on Lavoisier, 121, 122 Senator, 174 Sketch of, 356 Sorbonne lecturer, 21, 25, 40, 44, 55, 59 Speech at Péclet’s tomb, 328 Speech to Pasteur, 354 Statue at Alais to, 446

Dumont, Dr., 8

Dupuy, Charles, speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Duran, Carolus, portrait of Pasteur, 439

Duruy, M., 106 At inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 441 At Tuileries, 154 Attitude towards Germany, 178 Letter to Pasteur, 139 Minister of Public Instruction, 130 System of National Education, 140 Visits Pasteur, 165

E

Earthworms, pathogenic action of, 304

Eastern Army Corps, 192, 193

_Ecole Normale_, 10 _and note_, 154 An ambulance, 180, 188 Disturbances at, 143 _Scientific Annals of_, 110 Students enlist, 180

Ecole Polytechnique, 43 _note_, 154

Edelfeldt, portrait of Pasteur, 440

Eggs, researches on alteration of, 231

Ehrenberg, discoveries on infusories, 214

Electric telegraph, birth of, 76

Elsinore, congress visit, 402

Emperor of Brazil, interest in Pasteur’s experiments, 403

Empress Eugénie: At Bordighera, 436 Interview with Pasteur, 127, 128 Regent, 182

_Enfants Malades_ hospital: diphtheritic treatment at, 455

English commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430 Report, 437

Erdmann, M., 64

Exhibition reward distribution, 141

F

_Facultés_, 31 _note_

Falloux, attitude towards liberty of teaching, 52

Fauvel, on Pasteur’s inductions, 369

Favé, General, 133, 147, 162, 163

Favre, Jules, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 182 Armistice, 193 Interview with Bismarck, 184

“February days,” 37 _note_

Feltz on puerperal fever, 292

Fermentation, teaching on, 80, 101, 222, 240 Alcoholic, 85, 104, 113, 286 Butyric, 99, 220, 228, 258 Lactic, 83, 215 of tan, 186 Virus, 223 _seqq._

Ferrières Château, interview between Bismarck and Favre at, 184

Fikentscher, obtains racemic acid, 62

Fleming, Mr., 430 On commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Flesschutt, Dr., 131

Fleys, Dr., proposes toast of Pasteur, 373

Flourens, on spontaneous generation, 105, 106

Fontainebleau, Napoleon at, 4

Formate of strontian crystals, 50

Fortoul, Minister of Public Instruction, 75

Fouqué, M., 327

Fourcroy, M., 248 Discoveries of, 195

Foy, General, works of, 183

Franco-German War, 177 _seqq._

Franklin on scientific discovery, 76

Frederic III, sketch of, 330

Frémy, M.: On origin of ferments, 216, 218 Theory of fermentation, 241

French character, 207

G

Gaidot, Father, 12

Gaillard, M. de, 361

Galen: Discoveries through vivisection, 336 Remedy for hydrophobia, 407

Galtier, experiments on hydrophobia, 393

_Garde Nationale_, 37 _note_

Gardette, M. de la, 361

Gautier, Théophile, 125

Gay-Lussac, 356 Lectures at _Jardin des Plantes_, 419 Speech before Chamber of Peers, 245 Studies racemic acid, 26

Gayon, researches on alteration of eggs, 231

Geneva Congress of Hygiene, 357

Germs, Pasteur’s theory of, 187

Gernez, M., 104, 161, 166, 169, 170, 327 _Centenary of Ecole Normale_, 110 Collaborates with Pasteur, 130, 138, 156, 204

Gérôme, Knight of Legion of Honour, 142

Gille, Dr., attends Pasteur, 459

Girard on vineyard labourers and Pasteur, 420

Girardin, St. Marc, 82

Girod, Henry, Royal Notary of Salins, 1

Glénard adopts Brand’s treatment of typhoid, 364

Godélier, Dr., 160

Goltz, M. de, Prussian Ambassador, 127

Gosselin, Dr., 240

Got acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Gounod conducts _Ave Maria_ at Trocadéro fête, 431

Grancher, Dr.: Admiration for Pasteur’s experiments, 417, 424 Advises Pasteur to winter in South, 432 Attends Pasteur, 459 On antirabic cure, 434 Pasteur consults, 415 Performs inoculations, 432 Speech at inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 441

Grandeau, M., 327 Letter to Pasteur, 341

Gravière, Admiral Jurien de la, 433

Gréard, deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Greece, King and Queen of, at Medical Congress, 399

Grenet, Pasteur’s curator, 213

Gressier, M., Minister of Agriculture, 275

Grévy, Jules, supports Tamisier and Thurel, 248

Gridaine, Cunin, Minister of Agriculture, 275

Gsell, Stéphane, on origin of Sériana, 452

Guérin, Alphonse, on cause of purulent infection, 236

Guérin, Jules, on vaccine, 308

Guillaume, Eugène, deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Guillemin, M., 77 Schoolfellow of Louis Pasteur, 7

Guizot, M.: Deputy to Edinburgh, 384 Quoted on spontaneous generation, 112 Welcomes Biot to Académie, 82

Guyon, Professor: Accepts Pasteur’s advice, 232 Attends Pasteur, 459

H

Hankel, Professor of Physics at Leipzig, 64

Hardy, M., welcomes Pasteur to Académie de Médecine, 370

Harvey, discoveries through vivisection, 336

Hautefeuille, M., 327

Heated wine, experiments on, 157

_Hemiorganism_, 216

Henner, portrait of Pasteur, 439

Henri IV plants mulberry trees, 116, 172

Hens and anthrax, 267, 277 Commission on, 278

Héricourt, Dr., 455 At Villeneuve l’Etang, 445

Hervé, Edouard, 427

Heterogenia. (_See_ Spontaneous generation)

Hippocrates, allusions to hydrophobia, 407

Horsley, Victor, secretary to Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 431, 437

Houssaye, Henry, on ovation to Pasteur, 426

Hugo, Victor, _Année Terrible_, 191

Huguenin, portrait of Bonaparte, 181

Humbert of Italy, Prince, 141

Humboldt, Alexander von, interview with J. B. Dumas, 356

Husson, M., 166 _Researches on Vaccine_, 405

Huxley on Pasteur’s discoveries, 374, 375

Hydrophobia: Dogs inoculated against, 395; Commission, 395, 410 English Commission on inoculation for, 430 Report, 437 Experiments on, 318, 363, 383, 390, 410, 422 _seqq._ Former remedies, 407 Origin of, 409

Hygiene: Central Commission, 186 International Congress of, 446

I

Iceland spar, 27

Ingenhousz, 100

_Institut de France_, 29 _note_

J

Jacobsen, J. C., founds Carlsberg Brewery, 401

Jacquinet, sub-director of Ecole Normale, 84, 144, 145

Jaillard, experiments on _anthrax_, 258, 261

Jamin, M., 354 On heterogenist dispute, 111

Jarry, Claude, royal notary, 2

Jenner, national rewards to, 374

Joinville, Prince de, 53 _and note_

Joly, Nicolas, professor of physiology, Toulouse, 95, 104, 138, 216, 255 Demands Commission on spontaneous generation, 105, 111 Lecture at Faculty of Medicine, 111

Jouassain, Mlle., acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Joubert, professor of physics at Collège Rollin, 254, 265, 269, 271

Jourdan, Gabrielle, wife of Jean Henri Pasteur, 2

_Journal de la Médecine et de la Chimie_ quoted, 310

Joux, forest of, 1

Jupille, J. B., bitten by mad dog, 421; inoculated, 422

K

Kaempfen, director of fine arts, Dôle, 376

Kestner, produces paratartaric acid, 26, 62, 65, 68

Kitasato, discovers antitoxin for diphtheria, 455 Studies plague, 458

Klebs, discovers bacillus of diphtheria, 454

Klein, Dr., _pneumo-enteritis of swine_, 362

Koch, Dr.: At Thuillier’s funeral, 381 Campaign against Pasteur, 357, 359, 363, 367 Finds bacillus of tuberculosis, 227 On _bacillus anthracis_, 259, 260 Studies cholera, 379, 382

Kuhn, Chamalières brewer, 207

L

Laboratories, 42, 84, 153

Lachadenède, M. de, 121, 171

Lactic fermentation, 83, 99

Lagrange, quoted on Lavoisier’s execution, 195

Lamartine, 36 _and note_

Lambert, Françoise, wife of Claude Etienne Pasteur, 2

Lamy, Auguste, 161

Landouzy, on ambulance ward (1870), 235

Lannelongue, Dr., 289, 391

Laplace, M., 356

Lapparent, M. de, Chairman of Commission on wine, 156, 157

Larrey Baron, 309 On Jupille and Pasteur’s discovery, 423 Surgery under, 235, 240

Laubespin, Comte de, 427

Lauder-Brunton, Dr., on Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Laurent, Auguste, 55 Sketch of, 31, 33

Laurent, Madame, 47

Laurent, Maria. (_See_ Pasteur, Mme. Louis)

Laurent, M., Rector of Academy of Strasburg, 47, 156 Sketch of, 47, 54

Lavoisier, death, 195 Edition of his works, 122

Le Bel, studies on stereo-chemistry, 445

Le Dantec, studies on yellow fever in Brazil, 461

Le Fort, Léon: On puerperal fever, 290 Surgery under, 235, 270

Le Roux, _Dissertation sur la Rage_, 407

Le Verrier, 129 _note_, 131

Leblanc, statistics of deaths from hydrophobia, 428

Lechartier, M., 104, 327

Lefebvre, General, 4

Lefort, Mayor of Arbois, 202

Lemaire, Jules, prescribes carbolic solution for wounds, 239

Lemuy, situation of, 1

Leplat, experiments on _anthrax_, 258, 261

Lereboullet, on anthrax, 269

Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 142 Deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Leval Division: At Arcis-sur-Aube, 4 At Bar-sur-Aube, 3

Lhéritier, candidate for Académie de Médecine, 225

Liberty of teaching, law on, 52

Liebig: Ideas on fermentation, 175, 215, 222 Interview with Pasteur, 176 Theory of fermentation, 80, 81, 241

Lille: Pasteur Dean of Faculté at, 75 Pasteur Institute at, 461

Lister, Sir Joseph: Appreciation of Pasteur, 252 At Pasteur Jubilee, 449 Letter to Pasteur, 238 Method of surgery, 238, 239 On Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430 Surgical method, 187, 216

Littré: _Medicine and Physicians_, 294 On _Microbe_, 267 On primary causes, 244 Sketch of, 342

Loeffler, isolates bacillus of diphtheria, 454

Loir, Adrien, 54, 58, 360, 362, 402 Dean of Lyons Faculty of Science, 194 Head of Pasteur Institute, Tunis, 461

London, Pasteur visits, 210

London Medical Congress, Pasteur at, 329

London Society for Protection of Animals, complaints on vivisection, 336

Longet, Dr., _Treatise on Physiology_, 127

Lons-le-Saulnier, 192, 248

Louis XI introduces mulberry tree into Touraine, 116

Louis XVI, 171 Proposal for balloon ascent, 405

Lucas-Championnière, Just: Edits _Journal de la Médecine_, 310 On dressing of wounds, 238

Lycée St. Louis, 11, 21, 22

Lyons, Pasteur at, 194

Lyons Commission on silkworm disease, 170

M

MacDonald, General, 4

Magendie, M.: Experiment with rabic blood, 392 Interview with Quaker, 334

Maillot, M.: Accompanies Pasteur to Milan, 249 Collaborates with Pasteur, 130, 138, 166, 169

Mairet, Bousson de, sketch of, 8

Maisonneuve, Dr., prescribes carbolic solution for wounds, 239

Malic acid, optical study of, 57, 59

Malus, Etienne Louis, discovers polarization of light, 27

Marat, conduct to Lavoisier, 195

Marchoux, attends on Pasteur, 459

Marcou, geologist, 161

Marie, Dr., attends on Pasteur, 459

Marie, Grand Duchess of Russia, 141

Marmier, attends on Pasteur, 459

Marnoz, Jean Joseph, Pasteur at, 6

Martin, M.: Attends on Pasteur, 459 Collaborates with Roux, 455 Lecture on diphtheria, 457

Maternité, mortality at, 290

Mathilde, Princesse, 107 Salon, 125

Maucuer, at Bollène, 360

Maunory, M., 284, 303

Maury, A., 137

Medici, Catherine de, plants mulberry tree in Orléannais, 116

Medicine, general condition (1873), 226, 233

Meissonier, Knight of Legion of Honour, 142

Meister, Joseph, 432 Bitten by mad dog, 414 Inoculated, 415, 429

Melun Agricultural Society, tribute to Pasteur, 350

Melun, experiment on vaccination of anthrax near, 314, 316

Méricourt, Le Roy de, 225

Méry, on anatomists, 226

Mesnil, M. du, 163 Attends on Pasteur, 459

Metchnikoff: At Pasteur Jubilee, 448 Directs private laboratories, 440 Work on “leucocytes,” 458

Metz surrendered, 185

Meudon, proposed laboratory at, 398

Mézières, mission to Edinburgh, 384

Michelet quoted on his friendship with Poinsat, 18

Microbe: Rossignol on, 314 Word invented, 266

Microscope, results of its invention, 90

Mièges, near Nozeroy, registers of, 1

Milan Congress of Sericiculture, Pasteur at, 249

Miller, M., 66

Milne-Edwards: At Tuileries, 154 On Commission on spontaneous generation, 106

Mina, Espoz y, sketch of, 3

Mitscherlich, chemist and crystallographer, 26 In Paris, 61 Theory of fermentation, 241

Moigno, Abbé, on spontaneous generation, 112

Molecular dissymmetry, 38, 72, 88, 199, 445

Monge, method of founding cannon, 195, 248

Monod, Henri, quotes Disraeli on public health, 446

Montaigne quoted on friendship, 18

Montalembert, attitude towards liberty of teaching, 52

Montanvert, 97, 105

Montpellier, Pasteur at, 353

Montrond, Pasteur at, 192

Moquin-Tandon, on Pasteur’s candidature for Académie, 100

Morax, attends on Pasteur, 459

Moreau, Armand, 278, 279

Moritz, on chicken cholera, 297

Morveau, Guyton de, 195, 248

Mount Poupet, Pasteur climbs, 97

Mouthe Priory, 1

Mucors, Raulin’s experiments on, 204

Mulberry tree, 116

Musset, Charles, 120, 216, 255 Demands Commission on spontaneous generation, 105 New _Experimental Researches on Heterogenia_, 94

Mussy, Dr. Henry Gueneau de: Congratulates Pasteur, 337 Deputy to Edinburgh, 384 Paper on contagium germ, 263

Mussy, Dr. Noël Guineau de, 160

Mycoderma, 101, 128

_Mycoderma aceti_, 148, 215, 230

_Mycoderma vini_, 218, 219, 230

N

Napoleon I: At Fontainebleau, 4 Respect for Science, 195 Restores silk industry, 116

Napoleon III: Distributes exhibition rewards, 141 Grants laboratory to Pasteur, 147 Interest in sericiculture, 128, 133, 174 Interview with Pasteur, 104 Invites Pasteur to Compiègne, 127 Leaves Sedan and Paris, 181 Letter on Pasteur’s laboratory, 162 Summons scientists to Tuileries, 154

Napoleon, Prince, interviews with Pasteur, 436

National Testimonials, 245

Naumann, Dr. Maurice, 197 Professor of mineralogy, 286

Needham, partisan of spontaneous generation, 90

Nélaton, on surgery (1870), 236

Ney, General, 4

Nicolle, Dr., laboratory of bacteriology at Constantinople, 461

Niepce, national testimonial to, 245

Nîmes, Pasteur at, 352, 354

Nisard, Professor: Academic sponsor for Pasteur, 344 Director of Ecole Normale, 84, 143 Letters to Pasteur, 119, 303 Sketch of, 345

Nocard, M., 307 Goes to Alexandria, 379 On hydrophobia, 403, 409

O

Oersted and modern telegraph, 76

“Ordonnances,” 8 _and note_.

Orleans, Pasteur lectures on vinegar at, 148

Oudinot, General, 4

Ovariotomy, fatal results of, 235

P

Pagès, Dr., Mayor of Alais, 121, 172

Paget, Sir James: At Copenhagen Medical Congress, 399 President of Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430 Speech at Medical Congress, 330

Paillerols, near Digne, 169

Panum, President of Copenhagen Medical Congress, 399

Parandier, M., 43

Paratartaric (_racemic_) acid, 26, 38, 41, 62 Pasteur in search of, 63 _seqq._

Pareau, Mayor of Arbois, 13

Parieu, M. de, Minister of Public Instruction, 54

Paris: Bombarded, 188 Capitulation, 193 Prepares for siege, 183

Parmentier on potato, 171

Pasteur, Camille, 119, 121, 123

Pasteur, Cécile, 130

Pasteur, Claude, 1 Marriage contract, 1

Pasteur, Claude Etienne, 2 Enfranchised, 2

Pasteur, Denis, marries Jeanne David, 1

Pasteur Hospital, project for, 464

Pasteur Institute: _Annals of_, 434, 435, 457 Founded, 428 Inauguration, 440 Scholarships, 452 Trocadéro fête for, 431

Pasteur, Jean Henri, at Besançon, 2

Pasteur, Jean Joseph, 250 Character, 7, 22, 58 Conscript, 3 Death, 118 In Paris, 12, 57 Marriage, 5 Sergeant-major, 4 Studies, 31

Pasteur, Jeanne, death of, 86, 118

Pasteur, Josephine, 18, 30, 50

Pasteur, Louis: Administration of Ecole Normale, 84, 109, 112 Advice to Paul Dalimier, 109 Advice to Raulin, 203 Article on Claude Bernard’s works, 134 -- indifference of public authorities, 151 -- Lavoisier, 122, 124 At Arbois, 7, 180, 420, 437 -- Besançon Royal College, 14 _seqq._ -- Bordeaux, 339 -- Compiègne, 127 -- Copenhagen Medical Congress, 398 Speech, 399 -- Geneva Congress of Hygiene, 358 -- London Medical Congress, 357 Lecture, 331, 337 -- Milan Congress of Sericiculture, 250 Speech, 251 -- Villa Vicentina, 173 -- Villeneuve l’Etang, 462 Birth, 6 Candidate for Academy of Sciences, 81, 100 Candidature for Senate, 247 Characteristics, 9, 10, 12, 16, 22, 23, 25, 32, 60, 151, 223, 246, 252, 295, 325, 462 Chemistry and Physics theses, 34 Consulted on inoculation for peripneumonia, 350 Criticism of Bernard’s posthumous notes, 281, 287 Curator in Balard’s laboratory, 32 Crystallographic researches, 26, 38, 57, 60, 445 Lecture on, 102 Dean of Lille Faculté, 75, 249 Death, 464 Delegation to, 354 Deputy to Edinburgh, 384 Speech, 386 Discovers constitution of partartaric acid, 39 Discussion with Bastian, 253 Dispute with Rammelsberg, 102 Experiments on atmospheric air, 93 _seqq._ Friendship for Charles Chappuis, 18, 20, 22 Grand Cross of Legion of Honour, 326 His masters, 146, 252 His name given to district in Canada and to village in Algeria, 451 His teaching, 77, 79 Illness, 433, 439, 446, 458, 464 Watchers, 459, 462 In hospitals, 289, 291 -- London, 210 -- Paris, 11, 20, 57 -- Strasburg, 45, 177 Influence of his labours, 445 _Influence of Oxygen on Development of Yeast_, 221 Interview with Biot, 41 -- Liebig, 176 -- Mitscherlich and Rose, 61 -- Napoleon III, 104, 128 Jubilee celebration, 447 Speech, 450 Knight of Legion of Honour, 70 Laboratory (new), 157, 162, 164, 194, 232, 445 Laureat of Exhibition, 140 Lecture on germ theory, 271 Lectures on vinegar at Orleans, 148 Letters, 23, 24, 28 On experiment at Pouilly le Fort, 322, 323 To Bellotti, 207 -- Chappuis on Lille Faculty, 77 -- Dumas, 141, 166, 250 -- Duruy, 131 -- Emperor of Brazil, 404 -- Jupille, 427 -- Laurent, 48 -- Napoleon III, 146 -- Raulin, 199 -- Sainte Beuve, 126 M.D. of Bonn, 154 Returns diploma, 189, 190, 197 Marks of gratitude from agriculturists, 372 Marriage, 51 Medal from Society of French Agricultors, 312 Member of Académie de Médecine, 225 Speech, 241, 242, 243 -- Académie des Sciences, 103, 272 -- Académie Française, 341, 345 Memorial plate on house at Dôle, 376 National testimonial, 245 Obtains racemic acid, 69 Offered professorship at Pisa, 200 On chicken cholera, 299, 308 -- Littré and Positivism, 342 -- Science and religion, 244 -- Scientific supremacy of France, 195 -- Vaccine, 309, 311 of anthrax, 311, 312 -- Experiment, 314, 317, 318, 320, 323, 367 Results, 325 Paper on Plague, 301 Paralytic stroke, 160, 439 Pastel drawings, 12, 20 Pension augmented, 374 Permanent Secretary of Académie des Sciences, 439 Portraits, 439 Professor of Chemistry, Strasburg, 45 Professor of Physics at Dijon, 42 Proposed studies, 198 Refuses German decoration, 461 Reply to Dumas, 355 “_Researches on Dimorphism_,” 36 Researches on spontaneous generation, 87 _seqq._, 216, 222, 277 Lecture at Sorbonne on, 106 Speech on, 242 Researches on stereo-chemistry, 445 _Science’s Budget_, 153 _Scientific Annals of Ecole Normale_, 110 Searches for his son, 192 Solicitude for patients, 416, 425, 427 Speech at Aubenas, 351 Speech at inauguration of Institute, 442 Speech on Deville, 327 Speech on Joseph Bertrand, 419, 426 Studies beer, 207 _seqq._, 219, 229, 232, 282, 285 Book on, 214, 219, 339 -- Cholera, 126 -- Contagious diseases, 224 _seqq._ -- Fermentations, 79, 83, 85, 99, 113, 224, 240 -- Hydrophobia, 318, 363, 383, 390 _seqq._ Inoculates dogs, 395, 410 Inoculates Joseph Meister, 416 Inoculates Jupille, 422 -- _Silkworm Disease_, 117, 120, 129, 139, 155, 168 -- on Wine, 113, 158, 283 Book on, 133 -- Rouget of pigs, 360 Report on, 362 -- Splenic fever, 257, 259, 275, 284 Travels in search of racemic acid, 62 _seqq._ Trephines dog, 318 Turin veterinary school and, 367, 371 Vintage tour, 104 Visitors, 420 Visits Duclaux, 206

Pasteur, Madame Louis, 49, 52, 59, 108, 160, 172, 432, 459 Goes to Alais, 130 Letters to daughter, 318, 322, 325, 396

Paul, St. Vincent de, Life of, 463

Payen, paper on beer, 208

Pecquet, discoveries through vivisection, 336

_Peers of France_, 30 _note_

Pelletier, Louise, bitten by mad dog, 425

Pellico, Silvio, _Miei prigioni_, 16

Pelouze, M., 335

_Penicillium glaucum_, 204, 230

Perdrix, at Pasteur Jubilee, 448

Perraud, J. J., bust at Monay to, 421

Perreyve, Henri, on Poland, 184

Perroncito, on microbe of chicken cholera, 297

Perrot, deputy to Edinburgh, 384

Persoz, Professor of Chemistry, Strasburg, 45

Peter, M.: Dispute with Pasteur, 364, 366, 369, 370 On antirabic cure, 434

Philomathic Society, Pasteur member of, 102

Phthisis, theory of, 227

Phylloxera, 295

Physicians, attitude towards chemists, 224, 233

Picard, General, candidature for Senate, 249

Pidoux and Trousseau, _Traité de Thérapeutique_, 224

Pidoux, Dr.: On disease, 227 On tuberculosis, 227

Pierrefonds Castle restored, 127

Pierron, on Laurent at Riom, 47

Piorry, Dr.: On disease and patient, 264 On tuberculosis, 228

Pisa, Pasteur offered professorship at, 200

Pitt, on vote to Jenner, 374, 375

Plague bacillus discovered, 457

Plague, Pasteur’s paper on, 301

_Plaideurs_ acted at Compiègne, 128

Plénisette village, 1

Pliny the Elder, remedy for hydrophobia, 407

Poggiale, speech on spontaneous generation, 242

Pointurier, M., 12

Polarisation of light, 27

Polignac, Cardinal of, _Anti-Lucretius_, 90

Poligny, 192 _Sous-préfet_ of, 9

Polytechnician, 43 _note_

Pontarlier, retreat to, 192

Positivist doctrine, 342

Potatoes, prejudice against, 171

Pottevin, attends on Pasteur, 459

Pouchet, M., 98, 104, 138, 216, 255 _Note on Vegetable and Animal Proto-organisms_, 92 _The Universe_, 214 Theory of fermentation, 241

Pouillet, Professor of Physics at Sorbonne, 27, 29, 43

Pouilly le Fort, experiment on vaccination of anthrax, 315, 316, 317, 319, 323 Results, 324

Prague, Pasteur at, 66

Prévôt, at Villeneuve l’Etang, 462

Primary teaching, law on reorganization, 140

Prince Imperial, Villa Vicentina, 173

_Prix de Rome_, 191 _note_

_Prix Montyon_, 16 _note_

Provost, acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Provostaye, de la, work on crystallography, 33, 38

Prussia, Crown Prince of, 141

Puerperal fever, 290 _seqq._

Puiseux, Professor of Science at Besançon, 45

Putrefaction, 104

Q

Quain, Dr., on Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Quatrefages, essay on history of silkworm, 116

Queyrat, attends on Pasteur, 459

R

Rabies and hydrophobia, 409

Rabies, Commission. (_See under_ Hydrophobia)

Rabourdin, M., 284

Racemic. (_See_ Paratartaric acid)

Raibaud-Lange, M., 169

Rammelsberg, dispute with Pasteur, 102

Randon, General, 166

Raspail, F. V., researches on origin of itch, 374

Rassmann, Dr., obtains racemic acid, 67

Raulin, Jules, 93, 130, 161, 166, 173, 209 Accompanies Pasteur to Milan, 250 Sketch of, 204

Raulin’s liquid, 205

Ravaisson, F., 137

Rayer, on charbon blood, 258

Raynaud, Dr. Maurice, 289 On hydrophobia, 391

Reaudin, Auguste, on Lister’s methods, 239

Reclus, Dr., on purulent infection, 237

Reculfoz village, 1

Redi, Francesco, experiment on spontaneous generation, 89

Redtenbacher, M., 66

“Régiment Dauphin,” 4

Regnault, Henri, 50, 59 Death, 191

Regnier acts in _Plaideurs_, 128

Renan, E., 137 On state of France, 199 Quoted from _Revue Germanique_, 110 Sketch of, 348 Speech to Pasteur on hydrophobia, 390 Welcomes Pasteur to Académie Française, 346

Renaud, M., 7

Renault, experiments with rabic blood, 392

Rencluse, 105

Renon, attends on Pasteur, 459

Répécaud, Headmaster of Royal College, Besançon, 14

Rhenish provinces, 189

Richet, Dr., 455

Rigault, lectures at Collège de France, 82

Robin, Charles, sketch of, 124

Rochard, Dr., on plague, 303

Rochette, Baron de la, sketch of, 314

Rochleder, professor of chemistry, Prague, 67

Roger, on Pasteur’s services, 245

Rollin College, experiments in laboratory at, 411, 415, 432

Romanet, Headmaster of Arbois College, 9, 13, 30, 36

Romieu, sketch of, 53

“Rouget” of pigs (swine fever), 360, 362

Roqui, Jean Claude, 6

Roqui, Jeanne Etiennette, wife of Jean Joseph Pasteur, 6, 7 Death, 40

Roscoe, Sir Henry, on Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 430

Rose, G., crystallographer, in Paris, 61

Rossignol, M.: Article in _Veterinary Press_ on microbe, 313 Vaccination of sheep against anthrax and, 315, 321, 323

Rotz, Pasteur medal, 447

Rouher, at Tuileries, 154

Roux, Dr.: Account of Thuillier’s death, 381 At Pasteur Jubilee, 448 Attends Pasteur, 459 Collaborates with Pasteur, 289, 291, 303, 305, 308, 317, 318, 321, 338, 359, 372, 393, 420, 424 Cross of Legion of Honour, 326 Goes to Alexandria, 379 Inoculates horse with diphtheritic toxin, 455 Lectures on diphtheria, 456 Lectures on technical microbia, 440 Lecture to London Royal Society, 454 On Pasteur’s medical work, 283 Performs inoculations, 432 Sketch of, 233 Studies diphtheria, 453

Roziers, Pilâtre de, balloon ascent, 405

Russian mujiks bitten by wolf, 429

S

Saccharimeter, 28

Sadowa, battle of, 178

Sainte Beuve: Letters to Pasteur, 125 On Biot’s character, 56 Opinion of Joseph Droz, 14 Pasteur attends his lectures, 123 Philosophy, 123 Speech at Senate, 143

St. Dizier, 4

St. Hippolyte la Fort, 165, 174

St. Victor, Paul de, on Germany, 188

Salimbeni, treatise on sericiculture, 159

Salins, 97 Claude Etienne Pasteur settles at, 2

Sand, George, 107

Sandeau, Jules, 127

Sanderson, Professor Burdon, on Commission on inoculation for hydrophobia, 431

Sarcey, Francisque, 37

Saussure, Théodore de, 100

Sauton, speech at Pasteur Jubilee, 449

Say, Léon, Pasteur’s reply to, 417

Scheele discovers tartaric acid, 26

Schrotter, Professor, 66

Schwann, Dr., observations on fermentations, 80

Science and Religion, 244

Scientists meet at Tuileries, 154

Sedan, 181

Sédillot, Dr.: Correspondence of Institute, 186 Sketch of, 266

Senarmont, M. de, 50, 58, 59, 101 Advice to Pasteur, 69 Confidence in Pasteur, 89

Septicæmia, 229, 234, 263, 308, 368

Sériana village, Algeria, 451

Sericiculture, 115

Serotherapy. (_See_ Diphtheria)

Serres, Olivier de, 172 Statue to, 350, 352 _Théâtre d’Agriculture_, 172 _Treatise on Gathering of Silk_, 116, 120

Seybel, M., 66

Signol, experiments, 262

Silkworm disease, 116 _seqq_., 139, 155, 156, 168 Lyons Commission on, 170

Simon, Jules, 144, 418 At inauguration of Pasteur Institute, 441 On Ecole Normale, 23

Sorbonne, 21 _note_, 146 Inauguration of new, 446 Pasteur Jubilee celebration, 447

Spallanzani, Abbé, experiments on animalculæ, 91

Splenic fever (charbon). (_See Anthrax_)

Spontaneous generation, 87 _seqq._, 216, 222, 227, 232, 277 Commission on, 106, 111 Pasteur’s lecture at Sorbonne on, 106

Stoffel, Colonel Baron, 155

Strasburg, Pasteur at, 45, 71

Strasburg arsenal, 179, 185

Strasburg University, 189

Straus, M.: Goes to Alexandria, 379 On Cholera Commission, 382

Sully, opposes silk industry, 116

Sully-Prudhomme, love of France, 191

Supt village, 2

Surgery before Pasteur, 234 _seqq._

Susani, S., 250

Swine fever. (_See_ Rouget of pigs)

T

Talmy, Dr., at Bordeaux, 339

Tamisier, candidature for Senate, 249

Tantonville brewery, 213

Tarnier, Dr., 289 On puerperal fever, 289

Tartaric acid, constitution of, 26, 38

Teaching: Law on liberty of, 52 Law on primary, 140

Terrillon, Dr., 432

Thenard, Baron, 59, 356 Sketch of, 45

Thierry, M., at Pouilly le Fort experiment, 316, 319

Thiers, M.: Letter to Pasteur, 144 On bravery of 3rd Regiment, 3

Third Regiment of Line, 3 “Régiment Dauphin,” 4

Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen, 402

Thuillier, Louis, 317 Collaborates with Pasteur, 357, 359, 360, 362 Death, 380 Goes to Alexandria, 379 Studies hydrophobia, 391

Thurel, candidature for Senate, 249

Tisserand, M., 354 Director of Crown Agricultural establishments, 173 On Commission on hydrophobia, 395

Toscanelli, S., 200, 201

Toul, on second line of fortifications, 179

Tourtel brewery at Tantonville, 213

Toussaint, professor at Toulouse Veterinary School, 264, 284 Studies microbe of chicken cholera, 297 Vaccinates sheep against anthrax, 306, 307

Traube, Dr., on ammoniacal fermentation, 232

Trécul, Dr., 230 On heterogenesis, 216, 218 Theory of fermentation, 241

Trélat, Dr., surgeon at Maternité, 290 On Commission of Hygiene, 186

Trocadéro fête for Pasteur Institute, 431

Troost, M., 327

Trousseau and Pidoux, _Traité de Thérapeutique_, 224

Trousseau, Dr.: Lecture on ferments quoted, 229 On diphtheria, 453 On puerperal fever, 290

Tsar, sends Cross of St. Anne of Russia to Pasteur, 430

Tuberculosis, researches on, 227

Tuileries, scientists meet at, 154

Tunis, Pasteur Institute at, 461

Turin Veterinary School and Pasteur, 368, 371

Tyndall, Professor: _Dust and Diseases_, 239 Letter to Pasteur, 353

Typhoid fever, medical methods of treating, 364

U

Udressier, Claude François, Count of, 1

Udressier, Philippe-Marie-François, Count of, 2

Université, 44 _note_, 155

University of Edinburgh, Tercentenary, 384 Degrees, 385

V

Vaccination, 300, 309, 311 Against anthrax, 312 Experiment, 314, 317, 318, 320, 328, 367 Results, 325 Against swine fever, 382

Vaillant, Field-Marshal, 142, 168 At Tuileries, 154 Silkworm nursery, 173

Vallisneri, medical professor of Padua, 90

Van Holmont, recipe for producing mice, 89

Van t’Hoff, studies on stereo-chemistry, 445

Van Tieghem, 217, 232

Vauquelin, tanning process, 29

Veillon, attends on Pasteur, 459

Velpeau: On diphtheria, 453 On pin prick, 234

Venasque Pass, 105

Vercel, Jules, 7, 36, 97, 192, 266 Accompanies Pasteur to Paris, 10

Verneuil, M.: On antirabic cure, 434 On surgery (1870), 236

Vescovato, 169

Veuillot, Louis, 36 On liberty of teaching, 53

Viala, Eugène: Attends on Pasteur, 459 Preparations for inoculations, 424 Sketch of, 402

Vialla, M., Vice-President of Agricultural Society, Montpellier, 353

Vicat, national testimonial to, 245

Villa Vicentina, Illyria, 173

Villemin, Dr.: Advises Pasteur to winter in south, 433, 434 At experiment on earthworms, 304 On Commission on hydrophobia, 395 On contagion of tuberculosis, 367 Researches on tuberculosis, 226, 227

Villeneuve l’Etang, branch establishment of laboratory at, 398, 406, 410 Stables, 463

Villers-Farlay, Mayor of, writes to Pasteur, 421

Vinegar, Pasteur lectures on manufacture of, 148

Virchow, Professor: At Copenhagen Medical Congress, 399 At Edinburgh, 386 On anti-vivisection, 332

_Virulent Diseases--Chicken Cholera_, 298

Virus ferments, 223 _seqq._

Vivisection: Discoveries made through, 337 Virchow on, 332

Volta, S., 195

Voltaire: _Philosophic Dictionary_ quoted on God, 92 _Singularities of Nature_, 92

Vone, Théodore, consults Pasteur, 414

Vulpian, 278 Champions Pasteur, 435, 436 Death, 438 On Brand’s treatment of typhoid, 365 On Commission on hydrophobia, 395 Pasteur consults, 415 Speech on Pasteur’s experiments on hydrophobia, 422, 438

W

Wales, Prince of, 141

Wallace, Sir Richard, founds dogs’ cemetery at Bagatelle, 411

Wasserzug, Etienne, interprets for Pasteur, 424

Weber, Dr., advises Mme. Meister to consult Pasteur, 414

William, King of Prussia, meets Napoleon, 182

Wine, studies on, 113, 158

Wissemburg, 178

Wolf-bites, statistics of death from, 430

Wurtz: Laboratory, 42 On Commission of Hygiene, 186

Y

Yeast, 80 Pasteur’s paper on, 221, 230. (_See also_ Fermentation)

Yellow fever, Pasteur studies, 338

Yersin, Dr.: Studies diphtheria, 453 Studies plague in China, 458, 461

Younger, welcomes Pasteur to Edinburgh, 38

Z

Zevort, M., 47, 130

Zimmern, _sous-préfecture_, 189

FOOTNOTES:

[1] A great nation, said Disraeli, is a nation which produces great men.

[2] _Ordonnances du 26 Juillet_, 1830. A royal Decree issued by Charles X under the advice of his minister, Prince de Polignac; it was based on a misreading of one of the articles of the Charter of 1814, and dissolved the new Chamber of Deputies before it had even assembled; it suppressed the freedom of the Press and created a new electoral system to the advantage of the royalist party. These _ordonnances_ were the cause of the 1830 Revolution, which placed Louis Philippe of Orleans on the Throne. [Trans.]

[3] _Ecole Normale Supérieure_, under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, founded in 1808 by Napoleon I, with the object of training young professors. Candidates must (1) be older than eighteen and younger than twenty-one; (2) pass one written and one vivâ voce examination; (3) be already in possession of their diploma as _bachelier_ of science or of letters, according to the branch of studies which they wish to take up; and (4) sign an engagement for ten years’ work in public instruction. The professors of the Ecole Normale take the title of _Maître des Conférences_. [Trans.]

[4] Baccalauréat (low Latin _bachalariatus_), first degree taken in a French Faculty; the next is _licence_, and the next _doctorate_. It is much more elementary than a bachelor’s degree in an English university. There are two baccalauréats: (1) the baccalauréat _ès lettres_ required of candidates for the Faculties of Medicine and of Law, to the Ecole Normale Supérieure and to several public offices; (2) the baccalauréat _ès sciences_, required for admission to the Schools of Medicine and of Pharmacy, to the Ecole Normale Supérieure (scientific section), and the Polytechnic, Military and Foresters’ Schools. [Trans.]

[5] Philosophie class. In French secondary schools or _lycées_ the forms or classes, in Pasteur’s time, were arranged as follows, starting from the bottom--

1º huitième. 2º septième. 6º sixième (French grammar was begun). 5º cinquième (Latin was begun). 6º quatrième (Greek was begun). 7º troisième. 8º seconde. ------------------------------------------------- | 9º Mathématiques élémentaires. Rhétorique. 10º Mathématiques spéciales. Philosophie.

The seconde students who intended to pass their _baccalauréat ès sciences_ went into the mathématiques élémentaires class, whilst those who were destined for letters or the law entered the rhétorique class, from which they went on to the philosophie class. [Trans.]

[6] Prix Montyon: a series of prizes founded at the beginning of the nineteenth century by Baron de Montyon, a distinguished philanthropist, and conferred on literary works for their moral worth, and on individuals for acts of private virtue or self-sacrifice. The laureates are chosen every year by the Académie Française, and in this way many obscure heroes are deservedly rewarded, and many excellent books brought to public notice. [Trans.]

[7] Sorbonne. Name given to the Paris Faculty of Theology and the buildings in which it was established. It was originally intended by its founder, Robert de Sorbon (who was chaplain to St. Louis, King of France, 1270) as a special establishment to facilitate theological studies for poor students. This college became one of the most celebrated in the world, and produced so many clever theologians that it gave its name to all the members of the Faculty of Theology. It was closed during the Revolution in 1789, and its buildings, which had been restored by Richelieu in the seventeenth century, were given to the Université in 1808. Since 1821 they have been the seat of the Universitarian Academy of Paris, and used for the lectures of the Faculties of Theology, of Letters, and of Sciences. [Trans.]

[8] Accessit. A distinction accorded in French schools to those who have come nearest to obtaining the prize in any given subject. [Trans.]

[9] Concours Général. An open competition held every year at the Sorbonne between the _élite_ of the students of all the colleges in France, from the highest classes down to the _quatrième_. [Trans.]

[10] _Institut de France._ Name given collectively to the five following societies--

1. _Académie Française_, founded by Richelieu in 1635 in order to polish and maintain the purity of the French language. It is composed of forty Life members, and publishes from time to time a dictionary which is looked upon as a standard test of correct French.

2. _Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres_, founded by Colbert in 1663.

3. _Académie des Sciences_, also founded by Colbert in 1666. It has published most valuable reports ever since 1699.

4. _Académie des Beaux-Arts_, which includes the Academies of Painting, of Sculpture, of Music, and of Architecture.

5. _Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques._

It was in 1795 that these ancient academies, which had been suppressed two years before by the Revolution, were reorganized and combined together to form the _Institut de France_. [Trans.]

[11] _Peers of France._ A supreme Council formed originally of the First Vassals of the Crown; became in 1420 one of the Courts of Parliament. In 1789 the Peerage was suppressed, but reinstated in 1814 by the Restoration, when it again formed part of the Legislative Corps; there were then hereditary peers and life-peers. In 1831 the hereditary peerage was abolished and life-peers were nominated by the King under certain restrictions. This House of Peers was suppressed in 1848, and in 1852 the Senate was instituted in its stead. [Trans.]

[12] _Facultés_, Government establishments for superior studies; there are in France Faculties of Theology, of Law, of Medicine, of Sciences and of Letters, distributed among the larger provincial towns as well as in Paris. The administrator of a faculty is styled _doyen_ (dean) and is chosen among the professors. [Trans.]

[13] _Agrégation._ An annual competition for recruiting professors for faculties and secondary schools or _lycées_. A candidate for the _lycées agrégation_ must have passed his _licence_ examination, and a candidate for the superior _agrégation_ must be in possession of his doctorate. [Trans.]

[14] This celebrated poet took a large share in the Revolution of 1848, when his popularity became enormous. His political talents, however, apart from his wonderful eloquence, were less than mediocre, and he retired into private life within three years.

His “Meditations,” “Jocelyn,” “Recueillements,” etc., etc., are beautiful examples of lyrical poetry, and may be considered as forming part of the literature of the world. [Trans.]

[15] Garde Nationale. A city militia, intended to preserve order and to maintain municipal liberties; it was improvised in 1789, and its first Colonel was General Lafayette, of American Independence fame. Its cockade united the King’s white to the Paris colours, blue and red, and thus was inaugurated the celebrated Tricolour.

The National Guard was preserved by the Restoration, but Charles X disbanded it as being dangerously Liberal in its tendencies. It re-formed itself of its own accord in 1830, and helped to overthrow the elder branch of Bourbon. It proved a source of disorder in 1848 and was reorganized under the second Empire, but, having played an active and disastrous part in the Commune (1871), it was disarmed and finally suppressed. [Trans.]

[16] February days. The Republicans had organized a banquet in Paris for February 22, 1848. The Government prohibited it, with the result that an insurrection took place. Barricades were erected and some fighting ensued; on the 24th, the insurgents were masters of the situation. Louis Philippe abdicated (vainly) in favour of his grandson, the Comte de Paris, and fled to England. [Trans.]

[17] Collège de France. An establishment of superior studies founded in Paris by Francis I in 1530, and where public lectures are given on languages, literature, history, mathematics, physical science, etc. It was formerly independent, but is now under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Instruction. [Trans.]

[18] Polytechnician. A student of the Ecole Polytechnique, a military and engineering school under the jurisdiction of the Minister of War, founded in 1794. Candidates for admission must be older than sixteen and younger than twenty, but the limit of age is raised to twenty-five in the case of private soldiers and non-commissioned officers. They must also have passed their _baccalauréat ès lettres_ or _ès sciences_--preferably the latter. After two years’ residence (compulsory) students pass a leaving examination, and are entered according to their list number as engineers of the Navy, Mines, or Civil Works, or as officers in the military Engineers or in the Artillery; the two last then have to go through one of the military training schools (Ecoles d’Application). [Trans.]

[19] _Université._ The celebrated body known as Université de Paris, and instituted by Philippe Auguste in 1200, possessed great privileges from its earliest times. It had the monopoly of teaching and a jurisdiction of its own. It took a share in public affairs on several occasions, and had long struggles to maintain against several religious orders. The Université was suppressed by the Convention, but re-organized by Napoleon I in 1808. It is now subdivided into sixteen _Académies Universitaires_, each of which is administered by a Rector. The title of Grand Master of the Université always accompanies that of Minister of Public Instruction. [Trans.]

[20] _Départements._ The present divisions of French territory, numbering eighty-seven in all. Each department is administered by a _préfet_, and subdivided into _arrondissements_, each of which has a _sous-préfet_. [Trans.]

[21] _Prince de Joinville._ Third son of Louis Philippe, and an Admiral in the French navy. It was he who was sent to fetch Napoleon’s remains from St. Helena. [Trans.]

[22] Of the Legion of Honour.

[23] Hectare: French measure of surface, about 2⅓ acres. [Trans.]

[24] _Conseil-Général de département._ A representative assembly for the general management of each département, somewhat similar to the County Councils in England. [Trans.]

[25] Le Verrier, a celebrated astronomer, at that time Director of the Paris Observatory. His calculations led him to surmise the existence of the planet Neptune, which was discovered accordingly. Adam, an English astronomer, attained the same result, by the same means, at the same time, each of the two scientists being in absolute ignorance of the work of the other. Le Verrier was the first to publish his discovery. [Trans.]

[26] Ancient name of the high flat ground surrounding Chartres and including parts of the Departments of Eure et Loir, Loir et Cher, Loiret and Seine et Oise. These plains are very fertile, the soil being extremely rich, and produce cereals chiefly. [Trans.]

[27] _Val-de-Grâce._ A handsome monument of the seventeenth century, now a military hospital. [Trans.]

[28] By Dr. Smiles. [Trans.]

[29] Ps. cxxxvii. 9.

[30] _Prix de Rome._ A competition takes place every year amongst the students of the _Ecole des Beaux Arts_ for this prize; the successful competitor is sent to Rome for a year at the expense of the Ecole. [Trans.]

[31] _Assistance Publique_, official organisation of the charitable works supported by the State. [Trans.]

[32] _La Vie d’un Savant_, by the author of the present work. [Trans.]

End of Project Gutenberg's The life of Pasteur, by René Vallery-Radot