Part 1
Transcriber’s note:
Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
Small capitals are represented in upper case as in SMALL CAPS.
THE LIFE OF LAZARILLO DE TORMES
* * * * * *
AGENTS
AMERICA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64 & 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
AUSTRALASIA THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, MELBOURNE
CANADA THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD. 27 RICHMOND STREET WEST, TORONTO
INDIA MACMILLAN & COMPANY, LTD. MACMILLAN BUILDING, BOMBAY 309 BOW BAZAAR STREET, CALCUTTA
* * * * * *
THE LIFE OF LAZARILLO DE TORMES
THE LIFE OF LAZARILLO DE TORMES
His Fortunes & Adversities
Translated from the Edition of 1554 (Printed at Burgos)
by
SIR CLEMENTS MARKHAM, K.C.B. D.SC. (CAMB.)
With a Notice of the Mendoza Family, a Short Life of the Author, Don Diego Hurtado De Mendoza, a Notice of the Work, and Some Remarks on the Character of Lazarillo de Tormes
London Adam and Charles Black 1908
ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTORY
THE FAMILY OF MENDOZA
PAGE Descent of the author of Lazarillo de Tormes xv A Mendoza saved the life of King Juan I. of Castille xvi The poet Marquis of Santillana xvii Children of the Marquis xviii Counts of Tendilla xix Antiquity of the family xxi
DON DIEGO HURTADO DE MENDOZA, AUTHOR OF “LAZARILLO DE TORMES”
Born in the Alhambra xxiii At Salamanca xxiv Services in Italy xxiv Library xxiv The “Guerra de Granada” xxv Last days xxv Death xxv
THE BOOK, “LAZARILLO DE TORMES”
Ticknor’s opinion xxvii First edition xxvii Value of copies xxviii Spurious second parts xxviii English translations xxix
NOTES ON THE CHARACTER OF LAZARO
His age coincides with the Author’s xxxi Two destinies xxxii Baneful surroundings as a child xxxiii Good stories well told xxxiii Higher qualities xxxv Development of character xxxv Merits of the work xxxvi
PROLOGUE
Lazaro’s reason for relating all the circumstances of his life 1 Motives _not_ to gain money but to win fame 2 Success of the poor should be a lesson to the rich 3
I
LAZARO RELATES THE WAY OF HIS BIRTH AND TELLS WHOSE SON HE IS
Parentage of Lazaro 4 Reason of his surname 4 Death of father. Mother in service 6 Stepfather. Little brown brother 6 Living on stolen goods 7 Helps at the inn 8
FIRST MASTER
HOW LAZARO TOOK SERVICE WITH A BLIND MAN
Service with the blind man 11 Farewell to his mother 11 Cruel trick of the blind man 12 Sagacity of the blind man 15 The blind man’s resources and avarice 16 Inside of the knapsack 17 Contrivance with half blancas 17 Ways of getting at the wine 18 Blind man’s cruel revenge 19 Coolness between them 20 Lazaro beaten. Blind man in the mud 21 Sharing a bunch of grapes 22 Trouble about the sausage 25 Lazaro’s revenge 28
SECOND MASTER
HOW LAZARO TOOK SERVICE WITH A CLERGYMAN, AND OF THE THINGS THAT HAPPENED TO HIM
Out of the frying-pan into the fire 31 Nothing to eat in the house 31 Lazaro sinking into the silent tomb 32 Stinginess of the clergyman 33 Lazaro longs for the funeral feasts 33 An angel in form of a locksmith 35 Lazaro happy for a time 35 The priest counts the loaves 36 It was the rats 37 Rat-hole boarded up 38 Rat-hole reappears 41 Lazaro undid the repairs at night 41 Rat-trap adds cheese to Lazaro’s meal 42 It must be a snake 42 The key turns traitor 43 Lazaro half killed, and shown the door 44
THIRD MASTER
HOW LAZARO TOOK SERVICE WITH A GENTLEMAN, AND WHAT HAPPENED TO HIM
Lazaro reaches Toledo and seeks for a master 47 He enters the service of an esquire 48 Taken to the esquire’s house 51 Nothing to eat in the house 51 Trouble ahead about food 52 Shares his bread with his master 53 Philosophical views of starvation 55 A wretched night 55 The esquire’s outward appearance 56 Secrets under the esquire’s cloak 59 Lazaro goes for water. What he sees 60 Lazaro waits for his master and food 61 Successful begging expedition 61 What touches the esquire’s honour 65 The esquire longs to share with Lazaro 65 Lazaro’s kindness and tact 66 Provides a supper for his master 67 Examines the esquire’s clothes 68 Kindly feeling for his master 68 Begging prohibited 69 Kept alive by shop-girls 69 Misery and starvation 70 The esquire bemoans his fate 70 Lazaro’s terror at the dead body coming 71 Lazaro bars the door 72 Door unbarred 73 The esquire’s story 73 His ideas of honour 74 The esquire disappears when asked for the rent 77 Creditors search the house 78 Lazaro taken into custody 81 Lazaro deserted by his master 82
FOURTH MASTER
HOW LAZARO TOOK SERVICE WITH A FRIAR OF THE ORDER OF MERCY, AND WHAT HAPPENED TO HIM
The fourth master does not suit 83
FIFTH MASTER
HOW LAZARO TOOK SERVICE WITH A SELLER OF PAPAL INDULGENCES
The seller of Indulgences curries favour with the parochial clergy 84 Subtle contrivances 85 A sham quarrel 85 The sermon begun 87 Interruption 87 Hypocritical prayer 88 Sham miracle 89 The people taken in 90 The farce continued 91 Lazaro behind the scenes 92
SIXTH MASTER
HOW LAZARO TOOK SERVICE WITH A CHAPLAIN, AND HOW HE PROSPERED
Lazaro becomes a water-carrier 95 Is able to wear good clothes 96
SEVENTH MASTER
HOW LAZARO TOOK SERVICE WITH A CONSTABLE, AND WHAT HAPPENED AFTERWARDS
Lazaro’s prosperity continues 97 Gets a Government appointment 97 The archpriest of St. Saviour’s 98 Lazaro married 98 Evil tongues 99 A good understanding 100 Conclusion 103
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
BY STEPHEN BAGHOT DE LA BERE
PAGE Lazarillo begging _Frontispiece_ Lazarillo helps at the Inn 9 “He answered that he received me, not as his servant but as his son” 13 Tailpiece 29 “‘It is the rats,’ he declared” 39 Tailpiece 46 “I followed him over a great part of the city” 49 “What there was we spread out” 57 “Gave me a piece of a cow’s foot and several pieces of boiled tripe” 63 “They returned in the afternoon” 79 “The news soon spread to the neighbouring villages” 93 Tailpiece 96 “But evil tongues are never wanting” 101
_Sketch Map of Route at end of Volume._
INTRODUCTORY
THE FAMILY OF MENDOZA
[Sidenote: Descent of the author of _Lazarillo de Tormes_.]
The author of _Lazarillo de Tormes_ was a scion of one of the noblest families of Spain, and some account of it should precede a notice of the author’s life.[1]
[1] Doubt has been thrown on the authorship, but without sufficient reason. See Antonio, _Bib. Nov._ i. 291.
Don Diego Lopez, Lord of Mendoza, in 1170 married Doña Eleanor Hurtado, heiress of Mendibil. She was the daughter of Fernan Perez de Lara called Hurtado, son of Pedro Gonzalez de Lara and of the Queen Urraca of Castille and Leon.
Don Lopez and Eleanor Hurtado had four sons: Inigo, Lord of Mendoza; Diego, Lord of Mendibil; Pedro Diaz, who was ancestor of the Mendozas of Seville; and Fernando, who founded the line in Portugal.
Inigo Lopez de Mendoza married Maria de Haro, and was father of Maria, the wife of her first cousin, Juan de Mendoza, son of her uncle Diego. Their son, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, in the time of Fernando II., married Maria Gonzalez de Aguero, and had a son Gonzalo.
This Gonzalo Hurtado de Mendoza married Juana Fernandez de Orozco, and was the father of a very distinguished son--of Pedro Gonzalez.
[Sidenote: A Mendoza saved the life of King Juan I. of Castille.]
Pedro Gonzalez Hurtado de Mendoza married Aldonza, daughter of Fernan Perez de Ayala. He was with Juan I., of Castille, at the battle of Aljubarrota. In the flight the King’s horse was killed. Mendoza dismounted and said to the King:--
El cavallo vos han muerto,[2] Subid Rey en mi cavallo.
[2]
They have killed the horse of thine, Save _thy_ life and mount on mine.
The King rode away. Mendoza was overtaken and slain. The date of the battle was August 14, 1385. His father survived him, dying in 1405.
The son of this chivalrous knight and successor to his grandfather was Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, married first to Maria, daughter of Enrique II., King of Castille, and secondly to Eleanor de la Vega. His son, Inigo Lopez, was by his second wife.
[Sidenote: The Poet Marquis of Santillana.]
Inigo Lopez Hurtado de Mendoza was born in 1396. He served with distinction at the battle of Olmedo, and was created Marquis of Santillana in 1445. He was opposed to Alvaro de Luna, the famous Minister of Juan II.
Born in the Asturias, the Marquis was a poet. Among his writings was a little _Serranilla_.
Moza tan fermosa No vi en la frontera Como una vaquera De la Finojosa.
En un verde prado De rosas y flores Guardando ganado Con otros pastores,
La vi tan fermosa Que apenas creyera Que fuese vaquera De la Finojosa.
TRANSLATION
The sweetest girl without compare In all my days I’ve ever seen Was that young maid, so lithe and fair, On Finojosa’s frontier green.
In pleasant shade of beech and pine A verdant meadow did appear; And here she watched the browsing kine With other girls, but none like her.
By nature deck’d and well arrayed She looked like some bright Summer Queen; And not a common village maid Of Finojosa’s frontier green.
But the chief poetical work of the Marquis of Santillana was the _Comedieta de Ponza_, founded on the story of a great sea-fight, near the island of Ponza, in 1435, between the Aragon fleet and the Genoese. At the request of King Juan II. he also made a _collection of proverbs_ for his son Enrique IV. This was the earliest collection of proverbs made in modern times.
[Sidenote: Children of the Marquis of Santillana.]
The noble poet married Catalina Suarez de Figueroa, daughter of Don Lorenzo Suarez de Figueroa, Lord of Feria and Zafra. The Marquis died in 1454, leaving ten children:--
1. Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, first Duke of Infantado.
2. Don Pedro Laso de Mendoza, married to Ines Carillo, Lady of Mondejar. They had two daughters:--
1. Maria, married to the second Count of Tendilla.
2. Catalina, married to Luis de la Cerda, Duke of Medina Celi.
3. Don Inigo Lopez de Mendoza, first Count of Tendilla, of whom we treat.
4. Don Lorenzo de Mendoza, first Count of Coruña.
5. Don Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, Archbishop of Toledo and Cardinal.
6. Don Juan de Mendoza, Lord of Colmenar.
7. Don Pedro de Mendoza, Lord of Sazedon.
8. Doña Mencia, wife of Don Pedro de Velasco, Count of Haro, Constable of Spain.
9. Doña Maria, married to Don Ajan de Ribero.
10. Doña Eleanor, wife of Gaston de la Cerda, second Count of Medina Celi, representative of the eldest son of Alfonso X. and therefore rightful King of Spain; the reigning family descending from the second son, the usurper Sancho.
Don Inigo Lopez de Mendoza was created first Count of Tendilla in 1465. He was Captain-General of Andalusia. [Sidenote: The Counts of Tendilla.] He married Doña Elvira de Quiñones, daughter of Don Diego Fernandez, Lord of Luna. Their children were:--
1. Don Inigo Lopez de Mendoza, second Count of Tendilla.
2. Don Diego de Mendoza, Archbishop of Seville.
3. Don Pedro de Mendoza, married to Juana Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca.
4. Doña Catalina, wife of Don Diego de Sandoval, Marquis of Denia.
5. Doña Mencia, wife of Don Pedro Carillo, Lord of Toralva.
Don Inigo Lopez de Mendoza, second Count of Tendilla and first Marquis of Mondejar, Grandee of Spain and Viceroy of Granada. He married his first cousin, Doña Maria Laso de Mendoza, but had no children by her. He married, secondly, Doña Francisca Pacheco, daughter of the Duke of Escalona, by whom he had eight children:--
1. Don Luis de Mendoza, third Count of Tendilla, Viceroy of Navarre, President of the Council of the Indies, second Marquis of Mondejar, Captain-General of Granada.
2. Don Bernardo de Mendoza, slain at St. Quentin, 1557.
3. Don Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy of Peru, 1550.
4. Don Francisco de Mendoza, Bishop of Jaen.
5. Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, of whom we treat.
6. Don Bernardino de Mendoza, General of the galleys.
7. Doña Maria de Mendoza, wife of the Count of Monteagudo.
8. Doña Maria Pacheco, married to Don Juan de Padilla.
Veinte y tres generaciones La prosapia de Mendoza No hay linage en toda España De quien conozca Tan notable antiguedad. LOPE DE VEGA.
DON DIEGO HURTADO DE MENDOZA, AUTHOR OF “LAZARILLO DE TORMES”
Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza was the fifth son of the Marquis of Mondejar and Count of Tendilla, first Spanish Governor of Granada, by Francisca Pacheco, daughter of the Duke of Escalona.
The Governor had a palace in the Alhambra near the Torre de Picos, which is now demolished. But the smaller house of his esquire, Antasio de Bracamonte, still stands in a garden, built against the exquisite little mosque on the walls. There are three shields of arms carved on the walls of Bracamonte’s house.
The palace and the esquire’s house, both within the walls of the Alhambra, looked across the valley of the Darro to the Albaicín. Both buildings were surrounded by gardens and fruit-trees. [Sidenote: Birth of Don Diego in the Alhambra.] In this romantic spot Diego was born in the year 1503, and he passed his early years with his brothers and sisters there. Pedro Martir de Angleria was his tutor. At an early age he went to the university of Salamanca, where he learnt Latin, Greek, and Arabic, and studied canon and civil law.
[Sidenote: Don Diego at Salamanca.]
While he was a student at Salamanca Don Diego wrote _Lazarillo de Tormes_.
On leaving the university Don Diego went to serve with the Spanish armies in Italy. [Sidenote: His services in Italy.] He also attended lectures at Rome, Bologna, and Padua, and was a profound scholar as well as a statesman and a soldier. Charles V. appreciated his ability and his acquirements. In 1538, at the age of thirty-five, he was appointed Ambassador at Venice. He assisted and patronised the Aldi, and Josephus was first printed complete from his library. Afterwards he was for some time Military Governor of Sienna; and he was sent to the Council of Trent to maintain the imperial interests there. His next employment was at Rome, as special Plenipotentiary to rebuke and overawe Pope Julius III., which he did.
Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza returned to Spain in 1554 at the age of fifty. [Sidenote: The library.] He was not appreciated by Philip II. and seldom came to Court, living, with his splendid library, in his house at Granada.
In his retirement he wrote a good deal of poetry. But his great work was the _Guerra de Granada_, a narrative of the rebellion of the Moors in 1568-1570. [Sidenote: The _Guerra de Granada_.] He did the Moors such impartial justice that his book could not be published until many years after his death. Sallust was his model. The first edition appeared in 1610, and the second more complete edition at Valencia in 1776. It is one of the finest pieces of prose-writing in the Spanish language.
In his last years Don Diego found much pleasant employment in his library. [Sidenote: Last days.] He corresponded with Zurita, the historian of Aragon, telling him how the work of looking over his books reminded him of many long-forgotten things, and supplied him with much food for thought. While in Italy he had been diligent in obtaining Greek MSS., and in other respects his library was quite unique. He bequeathed it to Philip II., and it is now in the Escurial.
[Sidenote: Death of Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza.]
Don Diego died at Madrid in April 1575, aged 72.
THE BOOK, “LAZARILLO DE TORMES”
Ticknor[3] describes _Lazarillo de Tormes_ as “a work of genius unlike anything that had preceded it. [Sidenote: Ticknor’s opinion of the work.] Its object is to give a pungent satire on all classes of society. It is written in a very bold, rich, and idiomatic Castilian style. Some of its sketches are among the most fresh and spirited that can be found in the whole range of prose works of fiction. Those of the friar and the seller of Indulgences were put under the ban of the Church.” They were expurgated by the Inquisition in 1573, when an expurgated edition was published at Madrid, and in the _Index Expurgatorius_ of 1667.
[3] _History of Spanish Literature_, i. 469-71.
The first edition in Spain was published at Burgos in 1554.[4] It is excessively rare. [Sidenote: First edition.] There is a copy at Chatsworth, but none in the British Museum. The Duke of Devonshire allowed the late Mr. H. Butler Clarke to transcribe his copy of the first edition. This was done with great care, exactly as it was printed. In 1897 Mr. Butler Clarke printed 250 copies at Oxford, with a facsimile of the old title-page.
[4] Brunet mentions an Antwerp edition of 1553.
Many other editions followed the first of 1554.[5] In Mr. Grenville’s library there is an Antwerp edition (12mo) of 1555, [Sidenote: Value of copies.] for which he paid seven guineas. Colonel Stanley’s copy fetched £31:10s.; Mr. Hanroth’s, £20:10s. The Paris editor of 1827 could only find a 1595 edition.
[5] At Tarragona, 1586; Zaragoza, 1595; Medina del Campo and Valladolid, 1603; Zaragoza again, 1652, with Luna’s second part; Madrid, 1664, without the second part. There was a new edition published at Paris in 1847, with the second parts.
A second part, by some wretched scribbler, soon appeared, without any merit. It makes Lazarillo go to sea in the Algiers expedition of 1541. The ship founders, he sinks to the bottom, crawls into a cave, and is turned into a tunny fish. [Sidenote: Spurious second parts.] He is then caught in a seine, returns by an effort of will to the human form, and finally goes to live at Salamanca. There was another second part by Juan de Luna, a teacher of Spanish at Paris. It continues the story by making Lazaro serve several other masters, and then become a religious recluse. Both second parts are miserable rubbish, and ought never to be reprinted.
Yet they are included in recent Spanish editions, which is much to be deplored. For the work itself is a classic. In at least two instances the Dictionary of the Spanish Academy refers to _Lazarillo de Tormes_ as an authority for the meaning of words.
ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS
_Lazarillo de Tormes_ was first translated into English by David Rowlands of Anglesey. He called it _The Pleasant History of Lazarillo de Tormes drawn out of Spanish_. It was published by Abel Jeffes in the Fore Street without Grepell-gate near Groube Street at the sign of the Bell, and dedicated to Sir Thomas Gresham. It contains the Prologue, and a short chapter at the end about Lazaro’s continued prosperity, which is not in the first edition of 1554. This is the best translation. It was published in 1586.