Chapter 22

68. General questions. _The mission of the seventy_. Luke records two missions, that of the twelve (ix. 1-6), and that of the seventy (x. 1-24). Many regard these as doublets, similar to the two feedings in Mark. So WeissLX II. 307 ff., BeysLJ I. 275, WendtLJ I. 84f. In favor of this conclusion emphasis is given to the fact that in Jewish thought seventy symbolized the nations of the world as twelve symbolized Israel. It is suggested that in his search for full records Luke came upon an account of the mission of disciples which had already been modified in the interests of Gentile Christianity, and failing to recognize its identity with the account of the mission furnished by Mark, he added it in his peculiar section. The similarity of the instructions given follows from the nature of the case. A second sending out of disciples is suitable in view of the entrance into a region hitherto unvisited. As Dr. Sanday has remarked, the sayings connected by Luke with this mission bear witness to the authenticity of the account. There is therefore no need to identify the two missions. See particularly SandayHastBD II. 614, also GilbertLJ 226-230, Plummer's _Comm. on Luke_, 269 ff. Luke probably gives the correct place for the thanksgiving, self-declaration, and invitation of Jesus, in which the synoptists approach most nearly to the thought of John (Lk. x. 21, 22; Mt. xi. 25-30). The return of the seventy (Lk. x. 17-20) followed the woes addressed to the unbelieving cities (Lk. x. 13-16; Mt. xi. 20-24).

69. _The destination of the seventy_. It is customary to think of them as sent to the various cities of Perea (see AndLOL 381-383). Were it not for the words "whither he himself was about to come" (Lk. x. I), it would be natural to conclude that they were sent E to Gerasa and Philadelphia, and S to the regions of the Dead Sea. If John's account is accepted, Jesus spent not a little time of the interval between his departure from Galilee and his final arrival in Bethany in and near Jerusalem. It may be that after the withdrawal from the Dedication he went far into the Perean districts. But John x. 40 is against it. The question must be left unanswered. The messengers may have visited places in all parts of Palestine.

VI

The Controversies of the Last Week

70. See GilbertLJ 311-335; WeissLX III. 224-270; AndLOL 421-450; KeimJN V. 65-275; BeysLJ II. 422-434; EdersLJM II. 363-478; SandayHastBD II 632f.

71. _The supper at Bethany_. John is definite, "six days before the passover" (xii. I). Synoptists place it after the day of controversy, on the Wednesday preceding the Passover (Mk. xiv. I, 3-9; Mt. xxvi. 2, 6-13). John is probably correct. The rebuke of Judas (Jn. xii. 4-8) was probably associated in the thought of the disciples with his later treachery; consequently the synoptists report the plot of Judas and this supper in close connection.

72. _The Messianic entry into Jerusalem_ is regarded by Réville as a surrender by Jesus of his lofty Messianic ideal in response to the temptation to seek a popular following. Keim with finer insight says, "Even if it had certainly been his wish to bring the kingdom of heaven near in Jerusalem quietly and gradually, and with a healthy mental progress, as in Galilee, yet ... in the face of the irritability of his opponents, in the face of the powerful means at their disposal of crushing him ... there remained but one chance,--reckless publicity, the conquest of the partially prepared nation by means, not of force, but of idea.... He came staking his life upon the venture, but also believing that God must finish his work through life or death" (JN V. 100f.).

73. _The question about the resurrection_ was probably a familiar Sadducean problem with which they made merry at the expense of the scribes. On the resurrection in Jewish thought see Charles, _Eschatology, Hebrew, Jewish, and Christian_, by index. For the scepticism of the Sadducees see also Ac. xxiii. 8; Jos. Wars, ii, 8. 14.

74. On the "_great commandment_" see EdersLJM II. 403 ff.

75. The eschatological discourse presents serious exegetical difficulties. Many cut the knot by assuming that Mk. xiii. and ∥s contain a little Jewish apocalypse written shortly before the destruction of Jerusalem, which has been blended with genuine predictions of Jesus concerning his second coming. See Charles, _Eschatology_, 323-. 329; WendtLJ I. 9-21; HoltzmannNtTH I. 325 ff.; and Bruce's criticism in _Expos. Gk. Test_. I. 287f., also Sanday's note in HastBD II. 635f.

76. On _the relation of proselytes_ to Judaism see SchürerJPTX II. ii. 291-327. The synagogue in heathen lands drew to itself by its monotheism and its pure ethics the finest spirits of paganism. But few of them, however, submitted to circumcision, and became thus proselytes. Most of them constituted the class of "them that fear God" to whom Paul constantly appealed in his apostolic mission. The Greeks of Jn. xii. 20 ff. were probably circumcised proselytes.

77. On _Judas_ see Plummer in HastBD II. 796 ff.; EdersLJM II. 471-478; WeissLX III. 285-289; AndLOL by index. De Quincey's essay on _Judas Iscariot_ is an elaborate defence.

VII

The Last Supper

78. GilbertLJ 335-354; WeissLX III. 273-318; EdersLJM II. 479-532; AndLOL 450-497; KeimJN V. 275-343; BeysLJ II. 434-448; SandayHastBD II. 633-638.

79. _The day of the last supper_. John seems clearly to place it on the day before the Passover--13 Nisan. See xiii. I, 29; xviii. 28; xix. 14, 31, 42. Synoptists as clearly declare that the supper was prepared on the "first day of unleavened bread, when they sacrificed the Passover" (Mk. xiv. 12; see also Lk. xxii. 15); this is confirmed by the similarity between the Passover ritual as tradition has preserved it, and the course of events at the supper. Unless interpretation can remove the contradiction, John must have the preference. WeissLX III. 273-282, BeysLJ II. 390-399, accept John and correct the synoptists by him; thus the supper anticipated the Passover. Some hold that John can be interpreted harmoniously with synoptists, and be shown to indicate that the supper was on the 14th Nisan. So EdersLJM II. 508, 566f., 612f.; AndLOL 452-481; GilbertLJ 335-339. Others believe that a true interpretation of synoptists shows that in calling the last supper a Passover they correctly represent the character, but misapprehend the time, of the meal. For this argument see Muirhead, _Times of Xt_, 163-169, and read SandayHastBD II. 633-636 and his references. The debate is still on, but the advantage seems to be with those who assign the supper to the 13th and the crucifixion to the 14th Nisan.

80. _Did Jesus institute a memorial sacrament_? Read SandayHastBD II. 636-638, and Thayer, in Jour. Bib. Lit. 1899, 110-131; see also McGiffert, _Apostolic Age_, 68 ff. note; HoltzmannNtTh I. 296-304.

81. _The Passover ritual_. The order according to the rabbis was the following: the first cup of wine and water was taken by the leader, who gave thanks over it, and then it was shared by all (compare Lk. xxii. 17); then the head of the company washed his hands--Dr. Edersheim connects with this the washing of the disciples' feet, which changed the ceremony from an act of distinction into one of humble service; after this the dishes were brought on the table, then the leader dipped some of the bitter herbs into salt water or vinegar, spoke a blessing, and partook of them, then handed them to each of the company; then one of the loaves of unleavened bread was broken; after this a second cup was filled, and before it was drunk the significance of the Passover was explained by the leader in reply to a question by the youngest of the company, after which the first part of the Hallel (Ps. cxiii., cxiv.) was sung, and then the cup was drunk; then followed the supper itself beginning with "the sop,"--a piece of the paschal lamb, a piece of unleavened bread, and bitter herbs, wrapped together and dipped in the vinegar,--which was passed around the company (compare the sop which Jesus gave to Judas); after the supper came a third cup, known as "the cup of blessing" (see I. Cor. x. 16); then followed grace after meat; then a fourth cup, in connection with which the remainder of the Hallel was sung (Ps. cxv. to cxviii.), followed by certain other songs and prayers. See EdersLJM II. 496-512; AndLOL 488-494.

82. _The washing of the disciples' feet_. John (xiii. 1-11) says this occurred "during supper" (v. 2), and before the designation of the traitor. Luke (xxii. 23-30) tells of a dispute about greatness among the disciples. This dispute may have arisen over the assignment of places at table (compare Lk. xiv. 7 ff.; Mk. x. 33-45); if so, the reason for the lesson in humility is apparent. See AndLOL 482-484; EdersLJM II. 492-503.

83. _Did Jesus twice predict Peter's denials_? Mark (xiv. 26-31) and Matthew (xxvi. 30-35) place the prediction after the departure for Gethsemane; Luke (xxii. 31-34) and John (xiii. 36-38), during the supper. AndLOL 494 ff. thinks Peter was warned twice, EdersLJM. II. 535-537 holds to one warning on the way to Gethsemane. Antecedent probability favors this view.

84. _Where in John should the institution of the sacrament be placed_? Probably after the departure of Judas (Mark xiv. 21f.; Matt. xxvi. 26), thus not before xiii. 30. The most likely place is between, verses 32 and 33. There is no break at this point, and it remains a mystery why John's account of the passion omitted this central feature of early Christian belief and practice. The omission argues for rather than against apostolic authorship, as a forger would not have ventured to disregard the leading service of the church in an account of the life of its Lord. See Westcott, _Comm. on John_, 188.

85. On the possible _disarrangement of the last discourses_ (xiii. 31 to xvi. 33) in our text of John see Spitta, _Urchristentum_, I. 168-193; Bacon, Jour. Bib. Lit. 1894, 64-76; Burton, Bib. Wld. 1899 I. 32.

VIII

The Shadow of the Cross

86. See GilbertLJ 354-384; AndLOL 497-588; WeissLX III. 319-381; BeysLJ I. 390-432, II. 448-473; EdersLJM II. 533-620; KeimJN VI. 1-274; SandayHastBD II. 632f.

87. On the location of _Gethsemane and Golgotha_ see AndLOL 499f., 575-588; and HastBD II. 164, 226f.

88. On the progress of _Jesus' trial by the Jewish authorities, _ see AndLOL 505-516; GilbertLJ 359-363. The _legality of the trial_ has been carefully discussed by A. T. Innes, _The Trial of Jesus Christ_.

89. On the form and sequence of _Peter's denials_, see Westcott, _Comm. on John_, 263-266; AndLOL 516-521.

90. The _Words from the Cross_. Matthew (xxvii. 46) and Mark (xv. 34) report one; Luke (xxiii. 34?, 43, 46) adds three, omitting the one found in Matthew and Mark; John adds three more (xix. 26f., 28, 30). Luke xxiii. 34 is bracketed by Westcott and Hort because omitted by a very important group of MSS. ([Hebrew: aleph]^aBD*) and some early versions. The saying is almost certainly authentic, though it may have been added to Luke by some early copyist. See Westcott and Hort, _N.T. in Greek_, II. Appendix, 68; and Plummer, _Comm. on Luke_, 544f.

IX

The Resurrection and Ascension

91. Read SandayHastBD II. 638-643; see KeimJK VI. 274-383, for a still valid criticism of the position of RévilleJN II. 428-478; see also WeissLX III. 382-409; BeysLJ I. 433-481, II. 474-493; BovonNTTh I. 350-375; GilbertLJ 385-405; Loofs, _Die Auferstehungsberichte und ihr Wert_; EdersLJM II. 621-652; AndLOL 589-639.

92. The last twelve verses of Mark (xvi. 9-20) are omitted by the oldest MSS ([Hebrew: aleph]B) and by the recently discovered Sinaitic Syriac, as well as by other versions and fathers. An Armenian MS. has been found ascribing the section to one Ariston, or Aristion, a second century elder, and this explanation of the origin of the verses is widely accepted. The gospel cannot have ended with the words "for they were afraid," but no satisfactory explanation of the condition of its text has been found. For a recent hypothesis see Rohrbach, _Der Schluss des Markusevangeliums_; on Aristion as the author, see Conybeare in Expos. IV. viii. (1893) 241, IV. x. 219, V. ii. 401; see also SandayHastBD II. 638f., Bruce, _Expos. Gk. Test_. I. 454f. For discussion of textual evidence see Westcott and Hort, _NT in Greek_, II. Appendix, 28-51, and Burgon, _The last twelve verses of St. Mark_ (a passionate defence).

Luke xxiv. 51 is omitted by [Hebrew: aleph]*D and several old Latin MSS. See Plummer and Bruce on the passage.

93. "_After three days_." This formula, which appears often in Mark, is altered in parallels in Matthew and Luke to "on the third day" (see Concordance). Jesus died on Friday, lay in the tomb over Saturday, and rose very early Sunday morning. Thus he spent a part of Friday, and a part of Sunday, and all of Saturday in the grave. According to Jewish reckoning this was counted three days.

94. _Emmaus_. A village about 60 furlongs from Jerusalem. Cannot have been the Emmaus in the Shephelah, 20 m. from Jerusalem. May have been el Kubeibeh, 63 furlongs distant on the road from Jerusalem to Lydda. See AndLOL 617-619; but also HastBD I. 700.

Part III.--The Minister

I

The Friend of Men

95. Head Mathews, _The Social Teachings of Jesus, _ especially 132-174; see also Robinson, _The Saviour in the Newer Light_, 343 ff.

II

The Teacher with Authority

96. See WendtTJ I. 106-151; Stevens, _Theol. of the N.T._ 1-16; Beyschlag, _N.T. Theology, I_. 31-34. In particular on the Parables see references in sect. A 56. On the content of Jesus' teaching see WendtTJ 2 vols.; Dalman, _Die Worte Jesu; Stevens, Theol. of the N.T._ 17-244; Beyschlag, _N.T. Theol_. I. 27-299; Mathews, _Social Teaching of Jesus_; Gilbert, _The Revelation of Jesus_; Bruce, _The Kingdom of God_.

III

Jesus' Knowledge of Truth

97. Adamson, _The Mind in Christ_; GilbertRJ 169f., 240-242; Schwartzkopf, _The Prophecies of Jesus Christ_.

IV

Jesus' Conception of Himself

98. BaldSJ 125-282; Stalker, _Christology of Jesus_, HoltzmannNtTh I. 234-304; WendtTJ II. 122-183; GilbertRJ 167-228; Stevens, _Theol. of the N.T._ 41-64, 199-212. On the title "Son of Man" see particularly DalmanWJ I. 191-219; Charles, _Eschatology_, 214f. note; against, A. Meyer, _Jesu Muttersprache_, 91-101, and others. See also HoltzmannNtTh I. 246-264. On the name "Son of God," see Dalman WJ I. 219-237; Holtzmann NtTh I. 265-278; Stalker, _Christology_, 86-123; Gilbert, as above. On the personal religion of Jesus see Burton, Bib. Wld. 1899, II. 394-403. For the total impression of the character of Jesus, read Bushnell, _The Character of Jesus_.

Indexes

Index of Names and Subjects

[References are to pages.]

Ænon, site of, 288. "After three days," 307. Agrapha, 36, 149, 281. Andrew, of Bethsaida, 92, 94, 118. Angels, doctrine of, 10. Annas, 191, 193, 194. Antipas, 4, 192. Apocalypse, 17f., 122, 124, 241. Apocryphal gospels, 37, 281, 282. Archelaus, 4, 5. Aristion, author of Mark xvi. 9-20, 204f., 306f. Assumption of Moses, 75

Baptism of John, see _John the Baptist_. Baptism of Jesus, 83-86, 283f. Barabbas, 174, 192. Bethany beyond Jordan, 92, 284. Bethany, supper at, 169, 301. Bethsaida, site of, 290. Books of reference, 273-277. Brethren of Jesus, 63f., 283.

Cæsarea Philippi;, 4, 291. confession at, see _Peter_. Caiaphas, 191, 193, 194. Cana of Galilee, 95, 222, 286. Cananeans or Zealots, party of, 11, 74. Capernaum, site of, 290. Census under Quirinius, 11, 52-55. Chorazin, site of, 290.

Dalmanutha, 291. Dalmanutha, Books of, 17f., 241, 254f. Decapolis, the, 140, 291. Dedication, feast of, 150, 154. Demoniac possession, 131-133, 245-248, 299. Devout, the, 13, 17. Diatessaron of Tatian, 38, 47, 281. Doublets, 44, 281. Draughts of fish, miraculous, 293.

Emmaus, site of, 307. Enoch, Book of, 241, 256-258. Ephraim, site of, 300. Essenes, manner of living, 11-12; their hope of Messiah, 16; their settlement, 73; relation to John the Baptist, 73, 77.

Five thousand, the feeding of, 135f., 291.

Gadarenes, country of, 247, 290f. Genealogies of Jesus, 282. Gethsemane, 177, 186, 188f., 265, 305. Golgotha, 305.

Herod the Great, 3; began to rebuild temple, 49; census during his reign, 54. Herod Antipas, 4, 192. Herodians, 14, 173.

James, brother of John, 92, 94, 118. Jesus, language of, 19, 62, 279; date of birth, 52-56; the miraculous conception, 58-61; growth, physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual, 61-66; his brothers and sisters, 64; visit to Jerusalem in his twelfth year, 66-68; life in Nazareth, 68f.; his baptism, 83-86; his temptation, 86-91; his first disciples, 92-95; at Cana, 95; his social friendliness, 96, 219f.; the cleansing of the temple, 108-110; talk with Nicodemus, 111; the woman of Samaria, 112; cure of nobleman's son, 113; in retirement in Galilee, 113f.; call of four disciples, 118; popular enthusiasm and pharisaic opposition, 119-121; his withdrawals and injunctions of silence, 122 ff.; blasphemy of the Pharisees, 124; the reply to John's message, 125; his twofold aim in Galilee, 126; his method, 127; the sermon on the mount, 127f.; the parables, 128f., 231f., 296f.; instruction of the twelve, 130, 297; his mighty works, 131f.; his personal influence, 133; the feeding of the five thousand, 135f.; the revulsion in popular feeling, 136; the controversy about hand washing, 139; the withdrawal to the north, 138; the demand for a sign, 139; disciples warned against the Pharisees, 139; the question at Cæsarea Philippi, 141f.; commendation of Peter, 143; announcement of approaching death, 144; rebuke of Peter, 145; the transfiguration, 146f.; the epileptic boy, 147; rebuke of worldly ambition, 147f.; Jesus and his brethren, 148; at the feast of Tabernacles, 148; return to Galilee, 150; final departure from Galilee, 154; the mission of the seventy, 158; visit to the feast of Dedication, 159; in Perea, 160; the summons to Bethany, 161f.; official determination to get rid of him, 161; at Ephraim, 162; question about divorce, 154; blessing little children, 154; the rich young ruler, 154; request of Salome, 163; Bartimeus, 163; Zacchæus, 163; anointing at Bethany, 169; the Messianic entry, 170f.; the barren fig-tree, 172; the questions of the leaders, 173f.; counter question, 175; denunciation of scribes, 175; the widow's mites, 176; visit of the Greeks. 176f.; the eschatological discourse, 178; bargain of Judas, 169, 178f.; the last supper, 181-184; dispute and foot washing, 184; withdrawal of Judas, 184; prediction of Peter's denials, 185; discourse and prayer, 185-187; Gethsemane, 188-190; betrayal and arrest, 190f.; trial by Jews, 191f.; trial by Pilate, 192-194; crucifixion, 195-198; burial of Jesus, 199; the resurrection, 201-210; the ascension, 214f.; Jesus' attitude to common life, 219-223; his hunger for sympathy, 223; Jesus as a teacher, 226f.; his attitude to Old Testament, 227-229; his confidence in men, 230f.; his use of illustration, 231-233; his alertness of mind, 234; his leading ideas, 235 ff.; his supernatural knowledge, 239-244; his confession of ignorance, 243; his kinship with men, 244f.; treatment of demoniac possession, 245-248; his certainty of his Messianic call, 249-254; his adoption of Messianic titles, 254-264; his consciousness of dependence on God, 264-266; the problem of Jesus, 267-269. John, Gospel of, 32-36, 40f., 181, 280, 305. John the Baptist, 70-81; notice by Josephus, 71f., 279f.; his idea of the kingdom of God, 73; his relation to current thought, 73-76; his baptism, 77f., 83; baptism of Jesus, 82-84; the embassy from the priests, 92; testimony--"the Lamb of God," 93, 286; baptizing at Ænon, 112; his self-effacing witness to Jesus, 79, 112; hostility of the Pharisees, 113, 289; arrest by Antipas, 71f., 113; his message to Jesus, 125; death in prison, 134f.; his significance, 79-81, 226; the disciples of John, 112, 283; literature about John, 283. John, son of Zebedee, 36, 92, 94, 118, 193,269. John of Gischals, 121. Joseph of Arimathea, 182, 199. Josephus, 22; notice of John the Baptist, 71, 279f. Judas of Galilee, 11, 121. Judas the betrayer, 169, 181, 302; the bargain, 178; his selection as an apostle, 179; his criticism of Mary at Bethany, 179; his kiss, 190; his remorse, 179. Judea, province of, 6f.

Kingdom of God, 68, 86, 90, 173, 190, 231, 232, 235 ff., 238, 241.

Language used by Jesus, 19, 62, 279. Last supper, the, 181-187, 303-305. Lawyers, see _Scribes_. Length of Jesus' ministry, 45-49. Literature of the Jews, 18f., 279. "Logia," ascribed to Matthew, 32, 42, 158. Luke, Gospel of, 26f., 31f., 280.

Mark, Gospel of, 25f., 27, 29, 32, 40, 42, 280, 294f.; last twelve verses of, 204f., 306f. Mary Magdalene, 134, 208. Mary, the mother of Jesus, 59; had other children, 60, 63f., 283. Matthew, Gospel of, 23 ff., 27, 30f., 32, 280. Messianic entry into Jerusalem, 170, 301f. Messianic hope, the, 16-18, 87, 175, 279. Miracles of Jesus, 96, 267, 286f. Miraculous birth, the, 57-61, 232. Mission of the twelve, 130, 297. Mission of the seventy, 158, 300f.

Nathanael, of Cana, 92, 94, 286. Nazareth, the view from, 65f. rejection at, 292. Nicodemus, 111, 199.

Papias, 22, 29, 34, 47, 102, 281. Parables of Jesus, 128f., 231f., 296f. Passover, the, 181, 187, 304. Paul, 21, 36, 201, 206, 268. Pentateuch, Jesus' references to, 244. Perea, 104, 153f., 158, 299f. Peter, 29, 34, 92, 94, 118, 185, 193, 305, 306; confession of, 136, 142 ff., 297f. Pharisees, the, 8-10; attitude to John the Baptist, 82, 113, 289; their blasphemy, 124, 156; question about divorce, 154; about tribute, 173; about the great commandment, 174, 302. Philip of Bethsaida, 92, 94, 176. Philip the tetrarch, 4. Pliny the younger, 21. Pontius Pilate, 5, 192, 195. Priests, the, 7f., 107; and the temple market, 108. Proselytes, 78, 176, 302. Psalms, Jesus' use of the, 244. Psalms of Solomon, 18, 261. Publicans, 6, 72, 222.

Quirinius, census under, 52-55.

Religion of Jesus, 264 ff., 308. Resurrection, pharisaic doctrine of, 10, 241; Sadducean rejection of 10, 174.

Sadducees, the, 8, 16, 82; the question about the resurrection, 174, 303; attitude towards Jesus, 193. Samaria, 6f. Jesus' journey through, 112. Samaritans, how regarded, 14. Sanhedrin, the great, at Jerusalem, 7, 13, 192. Scribes, their business, 9; power in the sanhedrin, 13; their influence over the religious life, 14; their hope of a Messiah, 16; their washings, 78; chief of them at Jerusalem, 107; their pride of learning and their bondage to tradition, 228. Sermon on the mount, 127, 290, 295f. Signs, essential marks of the Messiah, 95, 131. Soldiers in Palestine, 6, 72, 191. Son of Man, the, 124f., 130f., 254-260, 308. Son of God, the, 260-264, 308. Star of the wise men, 56. Suetonius, 21. Sychar, site of, 288. Synagogue, the, 14. Synoptic gospels, 28. Synoptic problem, 27-32, 279f.

Tabernacles, feast of, 148, 150, 298f. Tacitus, 3, 21, 54. Tatian, 23, 38, 47, 281. Taxes, Roman, in Judea, 6. Temple at Jerusalem, 107; market in 107; cleansing of, 107, 288f. Temptation of Jesus, 86-91, 145, 284; locality of, 285; source of the record, 90, 285. Tertullian, 45, 53. Thomas, 208. Tiberius, 1, 21, 50. Traditions of the elders, 9, 15f., 68, 74, 139. Transfiguration, the, 146f., 292. Trial of Jesus, the, 191-195, 305.

Words from the cross, 196 ff., 306.

Zealots, the, 11, 74, 122, 124.

Index of Scripture References

Ex.

iv. 22 261 xix. 10 78 xxiv. 1-11 183

Lev.

xii. 8 61 xxiii. 5-11 47

Num.

xxiii. 19 254

Deut.

vi. 4-9 62 viii. 3 88 xviii. 15 92 xxi. 23 196

I. Sam.

ii. 26 61

I. Kings.