Chapter 9

1861

Conservative overtures to Lord Palmerston--Illness of King of Prussia--His death--The absorption of Naples--Garter for new King of Prussia--The Provostship of Eton--Lord John and Garibaldi--Death of Duchess of Kent--Bereavement--The war in America--Recognition of the South--Death of Cavour--Death of Lord Campbell--The new Foreign Office--Earldom for Lord John Russell--Swedish politics--The Emperor Napoleon's aims--At Frogmore--Visit to Ireland--Tranquillity of Ireland--The Orleans Princes--The Prussian Coronation--Fêtes at Berlin--_The Times_ and Prussia--Death of King of Portugal--The affair of the _Trent_--The Compiègne interview--An ultimatum--The Prince's last letter--Illness of the Prince--The Crisis--Sympathy--Bereavement--Death of Lady Canning--A noble resolve--Comfort and hope 420-478

INDEX 479-520

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

H.M. QUEEN VICTORIA, H.R.H. THE PRINCE CONSORT, AND CHILDREN. _From the picture by F. Winterhalter at Buckingham Palace_ _Frontispiece_

H.M. EUGÉNIE, EMPRESS OF THE FRENCH. _From a miniature by Sir W. K. Ross at Windsor Castle_ _Facing p._ 120

VISCOUNT PALMERSTON, K.G. _From the drawing by Sir George Richmond, R.A., in the possession of the Earl of Carnwath_ " 232

H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. _From a drawing by F. Winterhalter, 1859_ " 320

H.R.H. THE PRINCE CONSORT, 1861. _From the picture by Smith, after Corbould, at Buckingham Palace_ " 472

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

TO CHAPTER XXIII

At the meeting of Parliament, on the 31st of January 1854, the Ministry were able triumphantly to refute the charge of illegitimate interference in State affairs which had been made by a section of the Press against Prince Albert; they were, however, severely attacked for not acting with greater vigour in Eastern affairs. In February, the Russian Ambassador left London, the Guards were despatched to the East, and the Russian Government was peremptorily called upon by Great Britain and France to evacuate the Principalities. The Peace Party, Bright, Cobden, and others, were active, but unheeded; the Society of Friends sending a pacific but futile deputation to the Czar. In March, the demand for evacuation being disregarded, war was declared, and a treaty of alliance signed between England and France; Lord Raglan and Marshal St Arnaud were appointed to command the respective armies, Vice-Admiral Sir James Dundas and Sir Charles Napier having command of the Mediterranean and Baltic Fleets respectively. The attitude of Austria was ambiguous, and, after England and France were committed to war, she contracted an offensive and defensive alliance with Prussia, each country engaging to make limited preparations for war. At home, with a view to greater efficiency, the duties of the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, till then united in a single Secretaryship, were divided, the Duke of Newcastle assuming the former office, while Sir George Grey became Colonial Secretary; Lord John Russell also resumed office as President of the Council. The Russians were unsuccessful in their operations against the Turks, notably at Silistria and Giurgevo, while, as the summer advanced, public opinion in support of an invasion of the Crimea rose steadily, the _Times_ indicated the taking of Sebastopol as indispensable, and Lord Aberdeen's hand was forced. On the 28th of June, the Cabinet sanctioned a despatch to Lord Raglan, urging (almost to the point of directing) an immediate attack upon Sebastopol; the French Emperor was in favour of the plan, though both Commanders-in-Chief entertained doubt as to whether it was immediately feasible. On the 7th of September, the allied forces (58,000 strong) sailed from Varna, a landing being effected a few days later at Old Fort, near Eupatoria; at about the same time an important interview took place at Boulogne between Prince Albert and the Emperor Napoleon. The signal victory at the Alma, on the 20th of September, was followed by the death of St Arnaud, and the appointment of Canrobert as his successor. Decisive successes were next obtained at Balaklava on the 25th of October, and at Inkerman on the 5th of November; but on the 14th a fierce gale did immense damage to life and property, both at Balaklava and on the sea. Meanwhile, indignation at home was aroused by the tidings of the breakdown of the commissariat and transport departments, and the deplorable state of the hospitals; Miss Florence Nightingale, who had sailed from England with a number of nurses, arrived at Scutari early in November, and proceeded to remedy deficiencies as far as possible; while Lord John Russell vainly urged on the Premier the substitution of Lord Palmerston for the Duke of Newcastle as Secretary for War. Sir Charles Napier, who, previously to his departure with the Baltic Fleet, had been fêted at the Reform Club, and extravagantly lauded by Cabinet Ministers, was by the month of October engaged in a recriminatory correspondence with the First Lord of the Admiralty. At about the same time the Patriotic Fund was established under the presidency of Prince Albert.

In Parliament, the last vestige of the old Navigation System, limiting the coasting trade to British ships, was repealed, and a Bill also passed for preventing corrupt practices at elections. Owing to the war, the Reform Bill was withdrawn, Lord John Russell, on announcing the fact in Parliament, being overcome, and giving way to tears. In the short session, which took place during the latter half of December, a Foreign Enlistment Act was passed, providing for a force of 10,000 foreigners, to be drilled in this country.

The Exhibition Building, which had been constructed in Hyde Park in 1851, and had been re-erected at Sydenham, was opened with great ceremony by the Queen, and was henceforth known as the Crystal Palace.