Part 5

604 _alana_: Allania, CA;=the Alans (Hallb., 13-14).

605 _albana_: Albania, NW of Caspian Sea, Ptol. (V, 12 (FA18)); see Hallb., 14-15;=Shirvan and Daghestan (Besnier, 29).

606 _br . . ica_(?): Branchicha, CA; Brancica, Piz.;=Briansk (Hamy, 392).

607 _brachi_|_at_: ?Dupl. of 606.

608 _bthnia_: =?Bothnia.

609 _rossia_: Dupl. of 601.

610 _transil_|_uana_: =Transylvania, misplaced.

Place Names

(A) Crimean Peninsula

611 _gotia_: =“A small stretch of land between the Yaila Range and the coast, in the hands of the Genoese after the fourteenth century” (Kret., Port., 643); see also Yule, Polo, ii, 492.

612 _soldaia_: =Sudak, important trading post in Genoese hands after 1365 (ibid., 644).

613 _gafa_: =Kafa, Feodosia (ibid.).

614 _soronti_(?): =?

615 _uospe_|_ro_: =Kerch (ibid.).

(B) At Eastern End of the Baltic.

616 _piaha_(?): =?Pinsk.

617 _letefa_|_n_ _paga_|_n_: Litefanie Pagans, CA;=Lithuania (Hamy, 398-399).

(C) On Lake at Headwaters of Neva, Don, and Volga

618 _perana_: Perum, CA; CE=Murom (Hamy, 394).

XXIV. Far North

619 _DIXERTO DEXABITADO PER FREDO_ (desert uninhabited because of cold): See 305.

LIST OF REFERENCES

The publications listed here are those to which frequent reference only is made in the Notes and Appendix. The abbreviations there employed precede each reference.

Besnier: Maurice Besnier, _Lexique de géographie ancienne_, Paris, 1914.

Buchon and Tastu: J. A. C. Buchon and J. Tastu, _Notice d’un atlas en langue catalane, manuscrit de l’an 1375, conservé parmi les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Royale sous le N^o 6816, fonds ancien, in-folio maximo_, in _Notices et extraits de manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi et autres bibliothèques_, Vol. 14, Paris, 1841, pp. 1-152.

Only complete transcription and commentary on the Catalan Atlas. See CA.

CA: Catalan Atlas (i. e. map divided into six parchment sheets) of 1375; sometimes called Catalan Atlas of Charles V, to whose library it belonged. Facsimile in: _Choix de documents géographiques conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale_, Paris, 1883.

See Kret., Port., pp. 123-124; Buchon and Tastu; Cordier, CA.

CD: Map of Angellino Dulcert, 1339. See E. T. Hamy, _La mappemonde d’Angelino Dulcert, de Majorque_ (1339), 2nd edition, Paris, 1903 (with photographic reproduction).

See Kret., Port., pp. 118-119.

CE: Catalan map of fifteenth century in Biblioteca Estense, Modena. Colored reproduction accompanying Konrad Kretschmer, _Die Katalanische Weltkarte der Biblioteca Estense zu Modena_, in _Zeitschr. Gesell. für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, Vol. 32, 1897, pp. 65-111, 191-218 (=Kret., CE). Photographic reproduction in F. L. Pullé, _Studi italiani di filologia indo-iranica_, Vol. 5, Atlas, Florence, 1905.

Con.: _Libro del conosçimiento de todos los reynos y tierras ... escrito por un franciscano español à mediados del siglo XIV._ Our references are to the pages of Sir Clements Markham’s translation and edition (of Jiménez de la Espada’s edition, q. v.) entitled _Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms...._, Hakluyt Society [Publs.], Ser. 2, Vol. 29, London, 1912.

Cordier, CA: Henri Cordier, _L’Extrême-Orient dans l’atlas catalan de Charles V, Roi de France_, in _Bulletin de géographie historique et descriptive_, Vol. 10, 1895, pp. 19-64.

Cordier, Ser M. P.: Henri Cordier, _Ser Marco Polo: Notes and Addenda to Sir Henry Yule’s Edition, Containing the Results of Recent Research and Discovery_, London and New York, 1920.

FA: See Ptolemy.

Fischer: Theobold Fischer, _Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und Seekarten italienischen Ursprungs und aus italienischen Bibliotheken und Archiven herausgegeben und erläutert_, Venice, 1886.

Text accompanying Raccolta.

Gerini: G. E. Gerini, _Researches on Ptolemy’s Geography of Eastern Asia_ (_Further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago_), constituting _Asiatic Society Monographs No. 1_, London, 1909.

Hallb: Ivar Hallberg, _L’Extrême Orient dans la littérature et la cartographie de l’Occident des XIII^e, XIV^e, et XV^e siècles: étude sur l’histoire de la géographie_, Göteborg, 1906.

Alphabetical list of place names throughout Asia as a whole (not merely the Far East) with variant forms, references to the sources, and identifications.

Hamy: E. T. Hamy, _Les origines de la cartographie de l’Europe septentrionale_, in _Bulletin de géographie historique et descriptive_, Vol. 3, 1888, pp. 333-432.

Jiménez de la Espada: Márcos Jiménez de la Espada, editor, _Libro del conosçimiento de todos los reynos y tierras ... escrito por un franciscano español á mediados del siglo XIV_, Madrid, 1877.

See also Con.

Kret., CE: See CE.

Kret., Port.: Konrad Kretschmer, _Die italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kartographie und Nautik_, constituting _Veröffentlichungen, Instit. für Meereskunde und Geographisches Instit. an der Universität Berlin_, No. 13, Berlin, 1909.

This fundamental study includes a descriptive list of the principal portolan charts and a list of the names shown on them along the coasts of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, with identifications with modern names.

La R.: Charles de La Roncière, _La découverte de l’Afrique au moyen âge, cartographes et explorateurs_, Vols. 1 and 2, Cairo, 1925.

Lelewel: Joachim Lelewel, _Géographie du moyen age_, 5 vols. and atlas, Brussels, 1852-1857.

Mauro: Fra Mauro’s map of the world, c. 1458, in Doge’s Palace, Venice. Much reduced photographic reproduction in Raccolta, No. 15; copy in Santarem, Atlas.

See Zurla; Kret., Port., p. 140.

Miller, Arab.: Konrad Miller, _Mappae arabicae: arabische Welt- und Länderkarten des 9.-13. Jahrhunderts_, 6 vols. (of which Vols. 3, 4, and 5 have not yet appeared), Stuttgart, 1926-1927.

Miller, Mappaemundi: Konrad Miller, _Mappaemundi: die ältesten Weltkarten_, 6 vols., Stuttgart, 1895-1898.

Müller: Carl Müller, editor, _Claudii Ptolemaei geographia_, Vol. 1, Parts 1 and 2, and Atlas, Paris 1883, 1901. Covers Bks. I-V only. See Ptol.

Nordenskiöld, Periplus: A. E. Nordenskiöld, _Periplus, an Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing-Directions_, transl. by F. A. Bather, Stockholm, 1897.

Piz.: Francesco Pizigano’s map, 1367, in National Library, Parma. Copy in [E.-F.] Jomard, _Les monuments de la géographie, ou recueil d’anciennes cartes...._ Paris, [1862].

See Kret., Port., pp. 121-122.

Polo: Marco Polo, _The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East_, translated and edited with notes by Sir Henry Yule, 3rd edition revised by Henri Cordier, 2 vols., London, 1903.

Except where otherwise indicated all references are to volumes and pages of this edition.

Ptol.: Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), _Geographia_, edited by C. F. A. Nobbe, 3 vols., Leipzig, Vol. 1, 1898; Vol. 2, 1913; Vol. 3, n. d.

References are to book, chapter, and section of this edition. References indicated by FA are to the plates on which reproductions from the Rome, 1490, edition are given in A. E. Nördenskiöld, _Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography with Reproductions of the Most Important Maps Printed in the XV and XVI Centuries_, translated from the Swedish Original by J. A. Ekelöf and C. R. Markham, Stockholm, 1889.

Pullé, Vat.: See Vat.

PW: _Paulys Real-encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft_, new edition begun by Georg Wissowa. 15 vols, and 4 supplements have appeared (1927), Stuttgart, 1894-.

Raccolta: _Raccolta di mappamondi e carte nautiche del XIII al XVI secolo_, (H. F. and M. Münster, succeeded by) Ferd. Ongania, Venice, (1869?), 1881. (Series of photographic facsimiles of 17 maps, also known as Ongania Collection. See Fischer.)

Rainaud: Armand Rainaud, _Le continent austral: hypothèses et découvertes_, Paris, 1893.

Santarem: Le Vicomte de Santarem, _Essai sur l’histoire de la cosmographie et de la cartographie pendant le moyen-age...._, 3 vols. and atlas, Paris, 1849-1852.

Spruner-Menke: K. von Spruner and Th. Menke, _Hand-atlas für die Geschichte des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit_ (third edition of Spruner’s atlas revised by Menke), Gotha, 1880.

Vat.: Map in Vatican Library, fondo Museo Borgiano, No. V. Photographic reproduction with commentary in: F. L. Pullé, _Una carta itineraria del secolo XV_ [_Vaticana Borgiana_], constituting _Studi italiani di filologia indo-iranica_, Vol. 5, _La cartografia antica dell’ India_, Part 2, Appendix 4, Florence, 1905 (=Pullé, Vat.).

Vilad.: Map of Mecia de Viladestes, 1413. Colored reproduction of African portion as frontispiece of La R., Vol. 1.

See Kret., Port., p. 126.

Vivien de St. Martin: [Louis] Vivien de St. Martin, _Le nord de l’Afrique dans l’antiquité grecque et romaine: étude historique et géographique_, Paris, 1863.

Wright, Lore: J. K. Wright, _The Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades: a Study in the History of Medieval Science and Tradition in Western Europe_, constituting _American Geographical Society Research Series No. 15_, New York, 1925.

Yule, Cath.: Sir Henry Yule, _Cathay and the Way Thither_, 2nd edit., edited by Henri Cordier, 4 vols., Hakluyt Society [Publs.], Ser. 2, Vols. 33, 37, 38, 41, London, 1913-1916.

Yule, Polo: See Polo.

Zurla: Placido Zurla, _Il mappamondo di Fra Mauro Camaldolese_, Venice, 1806.

THE REPRODUCTION OF THE LEARDO MAP

By A. B. Hoen A. Hoen & Company, Baltimore, Md.

[One of the first things usually asked in regard to the reproduction or facsimile of an old map is: “How was it made?” To answer this question and to give some idea of the difficult technical problems involved, Mr. Hoen, under whose direction the Society’s reproduction of the Leardo Map was made, has been kind enough to furnish the following note.—J. K. W.]

The Leardo Map is painted on parchment. Some of the colors have faded, and others here and there have separated from the skin, leaving blanks in the painting. The latter defects are especially noticeable in the yellow zones encircling the map proper. To avoid the injection of the personal element into the reproduction, no attempt was made to restore the missing letters or symbols. It is further to be noted that in cases of partial legibility the very palest parts of the faded manuscript may have failed to register in the reproduction, although great care was bestowed on this part of the work.

As a first step in the reproduction of the map, color separation negatives were made on photographic plates sensitized for all the colors. By interposing proper light filters and by making separate exposures for each color, negatives giving red, yellow or green, and blue or purple values were made, together with a fourth negative giving neutral tones—black and grays.

As the last negative comprehends almost the entire base of the map, special attention was devoted to its conversion into a printing plate. The process employed is known in Germany as “Albertype” or “Lichtdruck,” in England as “collotype,” and in America as “heliotype” or “photogelatin.” Of these names, “collotype” seems to be the most fitting. Briefly, this process consists of sensitizing a gelatin film with a chromic salt and exposing it to light under a negative. In proportion to the amount of light passing the negative there will be a reaction in the chromated gelatin. In this reaction the gelatin loses its power of absorbing water and takes on the opposite property of holding “non-watery” substances, such as printing ink. The action of the light is a graded one, varying from full effect under the clear parts of the negative to nil under the very dense parts. A similar gradation in ink-retaining powers is acquired by the exposed gelatin film. Thus, where the light exerts full effect the gelatin will be completely hardened and will hold the ink in its greatest intensity (solid); the parts which receive less light or none at all will hold the ink in attenuated quantity. The lights and shades of the monochrome picture are thus reproduced.

In order that the film may exercise this selective power of taking on or rejecting ink it is necessary that the unaltered parts be kept moist. Therefore, after exposure under the negative, the film is washed to free the gelatin of the unused chromates. While still moist it is rolled with a roller carrying printing ink. This roller will discharge its ink on the hardened parts of the film in proportion to the amount of light that each part has received through the negative. If a sheet of paper is then pressed on the inked film it will lift the ink and the resulting impression will be of the same character as the base color of the Leardo Map.

It is of interest to note that as the light-affected and hardened surface of the film accommodates itself to the unaffected underlying gelatin (as the latter swells in washing) it breaks up into a net of lines. This reticulation is barely perceptible in the high lights of the picture but gradually increases in strength until the mesh fuses into the solid color of the deepest shades.

It will now be apparent that the feasibility of printing these colloid plates hinges on the fact that the graded ink-attracting mesh is separated by inversely graded ink-repelling, interstitial, unaltered, and moist gelatin.

Its mesh not being apparent to the unaided eye, the collotype approaches the fidelity of a true photograph in the rendering of details. For this reason, the collotype process has been selected as best suited for the reproduction of the Leardo base.

The coloring of the map was done by overprinting, in lithography, as many colors as were deemed necessary to convey a fair idea of the original. Lithographic plates were made from the color separation negatives mentioned above. The principles underlying the lithographic process are, broadly, similar to those described for gelatin printing, the essential elements in the process being a water-absorbing ground mass (limestone) in place of the gelatin and a water-repelling and ink-attracting surface affection similar to that created by the action of light on the chromated gelatin film.

Lithographic stone is an amorphous carbonate of lime of fine, close texture. It has an affinity for water—that is, it is easily kept damp. This affinity may be destroyed by changing the carbonate of lime to some water-resisting salt, such as the oleate, or by adding to the surface of the stone a film having the same power. Both of these methods were utilized in making the color plates of the Leardo Map.

A number of lithographic stones were properly surfaced and this surface covered with very thin, light-sensitive, colloid films. The color separation negatives were exposed over these sensitive films and the resulting photographs on stone gave the red, yellow, blue, and other values of the original as they had been analyzed by the light filters.

No color separation process, however, can eliminate from the areal coloring the black and grays of the base. Similarly, the colors themselves absorb a certain amount of white light so that the effect of the areal coloring is also felt in the monochrome reproduction of the base map (e. g., gray lettering is lost in heavily colored areas). For this reason, it is necessary to correct by hand the unnatural effect produced by the overprinting of all the color plates in the darker portions of the picture. Lithography is best suited for the control of these difficulties, and for this reason the color plates were made on stone.

The mechanical printing of the edition from gelatin or stone embraces three essential operations: (1) moistening the plate by damping rollers; (2) inking the plate by inking rollers; (3) pressing of suitable paper on the inked plate. After the base is printed, the base plate is taken from the press, another plate, carrying one of the map colors, is placed in position, and the proper color put on the inking rollers. The printing of the second color is then done as was that of the base. Similar changes of the printing plates and colored inks follow in order for each of the colors which make up the complete map.

Eight color printings in addition to the base color were found necessary for the proper rendering of the Leardo painting. One of these, a light gray-buff, covers the area of the parchment and serves to bring it out from the white paper background.

In selecting a suitable paper for this reproduction, certain qualities had to be considered. Among these were good printing surface, durability, and as much strength as could be had along with the above essentials. A chart plate paper of high rag content was made especially for the work.

KEY MAPS

Transcriber’s Notes

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.

—Corrected a few palpable typographical errors.

—In the Detailed Contents, broke paragraphs up so that each number (label) is on a separate line.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.