Part 3

For more complete bibliographical data relating to publications referred to in abbreviated form in the key and for an explanation of the abbreviations, see pp. 63-67. In bibliographical references volume numbers are indicated in lower case Roman, book numbers in upper case Roman, and chapter and page numbers in Arabic type.

On the key maps where there are long rows of place names the first and last numbers only are indicated, with an arrow connecting them. This is done to avoid overcrowding.

The Arabic numerals are in general placed in positions corresponding to those of the legends on the original. This leads in some instances to the separation of the numbers from the symbols to which they relate (_e.g._, 73).

I. Northern Asia

Mountains

1 _M^o. alani_: Alani Montes in Scythia intra Imaum Montem, NE of Caspian Sea, Ptol. (VI, 14: 3 (FA 22));=Mugodzhar hills in the Kirghiz steppes, a southern continuation of the Ural Mountains (PW, i, 1281).

2 _M^o. ripei_: Rhipaei Montes, in which the Don rises, between Sea of Azof and Baltic, Ptol. (III, 5:15 (FA 17)). See also 596 and PW, 2nd ser., i, 902-904.

3 _M^o. norosus_: Norossus Mons, NE of Caspian Sea, Ptol. (VI, 14:5 (FA 22)).

4 _M^o. gaspio_: Caspii Montes, between Greater Armenia and Media, Ptol. (V, 13:3 (FA20)); transferred to the far northeast as the haunt of Gog and Magog on medieval maps, including CA and CE. See Kret., CE, 202-206.

Rivers

5 _f. Tanai_: Tanais Fluvius, Ptol. (V, 9:1, etc. (FA17));=Don.

6 _f. rumus_: ?Rhymmus Fluvius, which enters the Caspian E of the Rha (Volga), Ptol. (VI, 14:2, 4 (FA22));=Volga.

7 _f. ras_: Rha Fluvius, Ptol. (V, 9:12, etc. (FA22)); see PW, 2nd ser., i, 1-8;=upper Volga.

8 Unnamed eastern tributary of the Ras;=Kama or Viatka.

Other Natural Features

9 _zizera_: Zizera, shown as an island on CD and CA;=the _jazira_ or island of Peskov in the Volga near Tsaritsin (Yule, Cath., i, 308); Hamy (395) suggests Sizran.

10 _dixerto de zornade_ | _trenta_ (desert of thirty days). Marco Polo’s desert of Lop, said to take one month to cross (Polo, i, 196); a long inscription on CA in the same locality describes this desert and the devils’ voices heard in it. See 33.

11 On this gulf as it is shown on CE appears the legend: “On these islands there are many beautiful griffons and falcons, and the inhabitants of the islands do not venture to seize them without the permission of the Grand Khan, lord of the Tatars” (Kret., CE, 208; from Polo, i, 270).

Edifices

(A) North of the River Ras and its Eastern Tributary

12 _zimachi_|_a_(?): ?Sarmatia;=Russia. See also 600.

13 Tomb of the Grand Khan, beneath which an inscription reads thus: _q ... li sie El sepulchro del_ | [gran can] _et fano questa_ | ... _che quando El uen_ | _portato a sepelir El uen acom|pagniato da_ _molti homeni | armadi Iquali ozideno queli(?) | Itrouano su le strade et | dicono che le anime de coloro sono Benede|te per che Le aconpa|gniano Lanima del gran | can aunaltra uita_. Similar inscription in corresponding position on CE (209-210) from Polo (i, 246, 250-251).

14 _R^o. de mas_ ... (?): ?Moscaor, CD;=Moscow (Hamy, 394).

15 _cast. | ra._(?): ?Castrama, CA; Castrema, CE;=Kostroma (Hamy, 395).

16 _ezina_(?): ?duplicate of 18.

17 _alla_ ... (?): ?Allania, N of Black Sea, CA;=country of the Alans (Hallb., 13, 14). See also 604.

18 _etzi|na_: Polo (i, 223-225); Cordier (Ser M. P., 53-55) places Polo’s Etzina in SW Mongolia, “on the river Hei-shui, called Etsina [=Etsin Gol] by the Mongols.” See also 16.

(B) Between the Rivers Ras, Rumus, and Tanai

19 _trachia_: Torachi, CA;=Torjok (Hamy, 395).

20 _tufer_: Tifer, CA;=Tver, capital of an important Russian principality and seat of a bishop in the Middle Ages.

21 _botnia_(?):=?Bothnia; ?duplicate of 608.

22 _zitere|ae_(?): ?[Ar]çetreca, Vat.;=Astrakhan (Pullé, Vat., 8).

23 _racoba_(?): =?

(C) South Side of East Branch of River Rumus

24 _borga_: Borgar, CA; Bolgara, Polo (i, 4, 6-8);=med. Bolghar, on the Volga 90 m. below Kazan (Yule, Polo, i, 7).

25 _Iornâ_: Ioram, CA;=?Churmansk (Shurminsk) on the Viatka (Yule, Cath., i, 307).

26 _paschati_(?): Pascherti, CA;=Bashkir. See Hallb., 69-70; Yule, Polo, ii, 492.

27 _fasa_(?): Fachatim, CA; =?Viatka (Yule, Cath., i, 307).

28 _sebur_(?): Sebur, CA;=?Sibir, Siberia. See Hallb., 465-466; Yule, Cath., i, 307.

(D) North and Northeast of Mt. Gaspio

29 _Marm|orea_: Marmorea, CA;=? See Yule, Cath., i, 308.

30 _la ... |te_(?):=?

31 _fugur_(?): Sugur, CA. See Hallb., 489;=?

32 _zin.. |lel_(?): Cigicalas, CA; ?Province of Chingintalas, Polo, (i, 212-213);=?region between Lake Baikal and Kamul (Yule, Polo, i, 214-215; Cordier, Ser M. P., 51-52).

33 _Lop_: On CA Ciutat de Lop N of Lake Yssicol; also a long legend (from Polo, i, 196-197) describing Lop as a city where travelers rest themselves and their beasts and supply themselves with provisions before crossing the desert. See Hallb., 316-318;=vicinity of Lob Nor between Chinese Turkestan and the Gobi. See also 10.

34 _findaz|ion_: ?Sindachu, Polo (i, 285); Sinacius, CA;=modern Hsüan-hua, not far from Kalgan on the Great Wall (Yule, Polo, i, 295).

(E) Row West and South of the Gulf of the Three Islands

35 _canp|iton_: Campicion, Polo (Pauthier’s edit., i, 165); Campichu, Polo (Yule’s edit., i, 219); Campicion=Chancjo of CA (Cordier, CA, 35);=?Kan-chou in Kan-su (Yule, Polo, i, 220; Pauthier, l. c.; Cordier, l. c.; see also Hallb., 107).

36 _sia ... r_(?):?Siacur, CA;=?

37 _tand|uc_: Tanduch, CA; Tanduc or Tenduc was the name of a plain, a province, and a city belonging to Prester John; in the province was the country of Gog and Magog (Polo, i, 240, 284);=? See Yule, Polo, i, 285-288; Paul Pelliot in Journ. Asiatique, May-June, 1922, pp. 595-596.

38 _suchc|hur_(?): ?Sukchur in Tangut, Polo (i, 217);=Su-chou in Kan-su (Yule, Polo, i, 218).

39 _rabo|.ibi_(?):=?

40 _tign|infor_: ?Chingianfu, Polo (ii, 176-177);=Chinkiang-fu (Yule, Polo, ii, 177-178).

Legend Between Rivers Ras and Tanai

41 _Idolatri_: On CE a legend applying to city of Castrema (see 15) explains that idolaters there worship a metal idol without head or hands (Kret., CE, 210).

II. Far Eastern Asia

The surface of the map northwest of the Terrestrial Paradise has been rubbed in such a way that many of the names are illegible.

Mountains

The mountain system here corresponds essentially with that of CE; Ptolemaic names have been given to mountains and rivers.

42 _sa ... s_(?):=?

43 _M^o. osmire_(?): Asmiraei Montes in Serica, Ptol. (VI, 16: 2 (FA23));=?eastern end of T‘ien Shan with the small low hill chains to the south (PW, ii, 1702).

44 _M^o. Tagurus_: Tagurus Mons in Serica (Θάγουρον ὄρος), Ptol., l. c.

45 _M^o. otorocoras_: Ottorocoras Mons in Serica (ibid.).

46 _M^o. semantinus_: Semanthini Montes in India intra Gangem, Ptol. (VII, 2:8 (FA26));=?coast range of Annam (PW, iv, 2050; see also Gerini, 376).

47 _M^o. anibi_: Annibi Montes, Ptol. (VI, 16:2 (FA23));=?eastern T‘ien Shan above Qara Shar and Turfan (PW, i, 2258).

48 _M^o. Tanacomedo_: ?[Mon-]Tana Comedo [rum] (ἣ ὀρεινὴ Κωµηδών) in Sogdiana, Ptol. (VI, 12: 3 (FA22)).

Rivers

No rivers are shown in this region on either CA or CE; Leardo was evidently impelled to add them by the study of Ptolemy’s Geography.

49 _f. ocardis_: Oechardes Fl. of Serica, Ptol. (VI, 16: 3 (FA23)).

50 _f..._(?)=?

51 _f. danas_: Demus Fl. of Sogdiana, a branch of the Jaxartes (see 117), Ptol. (VI, 12: 3 (FA22)).

52 _f. bascatis_: Bascatis Fl. of Sogdiana, also a branch of the Jaxartes (ibid.).

Lake

53 Illeg.: Lacus Issicol, Leardo, 1448; Yssicol, CA;=?either Lake Balkash or Issiq Köl (Hallb., 563-564).

Edifices

(A) Northwest of the Terrestrial Paradise

54 _sachai_: ?Sacae, Ptol. (VI, 13 (FA22)).

55 _s ... de | iaca_(?): =?

56-62 All illeg.

63 _PARADIXO TERESTO_: The Terrestrial Paradise is placed in Africa on the earlier Leardo maps as well as on CE. See Wright, Lore, 261-263.

(B) West of Terrestrial Paradise

64 _sina_: ?Sinae, Ptol. (VII, 3 (FA26));=China (see Wright, op. cit., 271).

65 _R^o de ...|.ge_(?): =?

66 _Tango | ... ti_(?): ?Tangut, Polo (i, 203-205);=Kansu and southern Mongolia (Hallb., 507-508).

67 _R^o Tarse_: CA and CE have legends to the effect that from Tarsia came the three Magi (Kret., CE, 197-198; Hallb., 515-517, 267-268);=vicinity of the T‘ien Shan (Hallb., l.c.);=eastern Turkestan (Kret., l.c.).

Place Names

68 _pinca_(?): ?Pinzu, Mauro (Zurla, 36; name omitted on Santarem’s copy of Mauro map in his Atlas, 45); ?Piju, Polo (ii, 141; see Hallb., 409);=P‘ei-chou (Yule, Polo, l.c.).

69 _ruoenci_(?):=?

Longer Inscriptions

70 _prouinzia de og magog doue | foron(?) serati molti Trib ... de | Judei_ (province of Gog and Magog where many tribes of Jews were enclosed): Related legends on CA (Buchon and Tastu, 145-146) and CE (Kret., CE, 202-206); see Hallb., 260-265. On legend of Gog and Magog see also Wright, Lore, 287-288.

71 _Idolatri_: A reflection of the idolaters of the Grand Khan’s domains frequently mentioned by Marco Polo.

72 _porte de fero_: The iron gates erected by Alexander the Great to enclose Gog and Magog, shown on CE; see 70.

73 _statoe de alesandr^o_: The statues of trumpeters set up by Alexander to keep guard over Gog and Magog, shown on CA and CE; see 70.

74 _dixerto doue eno | molti grifoni_: Griffons were placed in Scythia by many classical and medieval writers; see Hallb., 232-234.

75 _qu ... si manza | carne de omo_ (here they eat the flesh of man); Cannibals were placed in these regions by many classical and medieval writers; they were often associated with Gog and Magog; see Hallb., 30-32.

III. India

Mountain

76 _M^o. meandrus_: Maeandrus Mons in Farther India, Ptol. (VII, 2:8 (FA26));=?Mahudaung mountains in Upper Burma (Gerini, 51, 832). No corresponding mountain shown on either CA or CE.

Rivers

The river system is more elaborate than, although somewhat analogous in its general pattern to, that of CA and CE. The Indus and its branches seem to be lacking on the Catalan maps. I am unable to trace the origin of several of the river names.

77 _f. priolada_:=?

78 _f. tindarus_:=?

79 _f. masa|rus_:=?

80 _f. sumas_:=?

81 _f. bindas_: Bindas Fl. of India intra Gangem Fluvium (Ptol., VII, 1, 6 (FA25)); possibly the name is related to that of Bhiwandi near Bassein, N of Bombay (Tomaschek, in PW, iii, 268-269).

82 _f. madus_: Namadus Fl. of India intra Gangem Fluvium, Ptol. (VII, 1:5 (FA25)).

83 _f. amarus_: Amarus is given as another name for the Indus on Vat. (Pullé, Vat., 16-17); no Amarus Fl. in Ptol.

84 _f. Indicus_: The course of the Indus as Leardo draws it is derived from Ptol. (VII, 1:2 (FA25)).

Edifices

85 _predon | corcon_(?): =?

86 _terisin|ti_(?): =?

87 _zatin_(?): ?Zayton, CA; Zaytom, CE; Zayton, Polo (ii, 234-237), an important medieval Chinese seaport;=? See Yule, Polo, ii, 237-242; Cordier, CA, 48-49.

88 _cansai_(?): Ciutat de Cansay, CA; Kinsay, Polo (ii, 185-193, 200-208, 215-216);=Hangchow (Yule, Polo, ii, 193; Cordier, CA, 41-42).

89 _India._

90 _R^o de col|onbi_: Pruuinesa Columbo, CA; Coilum, Polo (ii, 375-376); see Hallb., 153-156;=Quilon (Yule, Polo, ii, 377-380).

91 _balesan_: Balaxan (Polo, Ramusio’s edit., 1583, according to Hallb., 62); Cjutat de Baldassia, CA; Baldacia, CE;=Badakshan (see Yule, Polo, i, 157-163).

92 _taseta_: ?Rey del Tauris, CA; Rey Tauris, CE;=Tabriz (Hallb., 518-522).

Place Names on Coast

93 _penta_: Penta, next place E of Bangala, CA; Pentam, an island, Polo (ii, 280); see also Hallb., 411-413;=Bintan (Yule, Polo, ii, 280);=“the Be-Tumah (Island) of the Arab Navigators, the Tamasak Island of the Malays; and, in short, the Singapore Island of our day” (G. E. Gerini, in Journ. Royal Asiatic Soc., July, 1905, p. 509; see also Cordier, Ser M. P., 105); Gerini, 740, suggests that Penta of CA “might have been the historical continuation of the Ptolemaic” Pentapolis (Ptol., VII, 2:2), which he places near the mouth of the Chittagong, at the head of the Bay of Bengal.

94 _taine_: ‘cjutat de cayna | acj finis catayo,’ CA; see Cordier, CA, 39.

95 _bangala_: Bangala, CA; Polo (ii, 98-99);=Bengal.

96 _ianpa_: Janpa, CA; Chamba, Polo (ii, 266-268); see Hallb., 173-174;=Annamite coast (Cordier, in Yule, Polo, ii, 270);=C‘ha-ban, the ancient Cham capital (Gerini, 240).

97 _ligo_: Lingo, CA; ?Locac, Polo (ii, 276) (this identification suggested by Pullé, CE, 46);=?Siam, Borneo, or Malay Peninsula (see Yule, Polo, ii, 277-280; Hallb., 486; Cordier, Ser M. P., 104-105).

98 _macabin_: ?Mahabar, Mauro; Maabar, Polo (ii. 331-332);=Coromandel Coast (Hallb., 320-323).

99 _gr_ ... (?): =?

100 _darsi_: =?

101 _caruzia_: =?

102 _butifilli_: Butifilis, CA; Mutfili, Polo (ii, 362);=Motupalli (Yule, Polo., ii, 362).

103 _caclur_(?): =?

104 _coluto_: =Quilon (see also 90).

105 _cormos_: ?Hormuz (see 158) misplaced: “The c is constantly substituted for an aspirate by the Italian travellers (e.g. Polo’s Cormos for Hormuz)” (Yule, Cath., ii, 242). See Hallb., 242-246;=Ormuz.

106 _elli_: Elly, CA; Ely, Polo (ii, 385-386);=Mt. D’Eli or Delly (Yule, Cath., iv, 74-75).

107 _maganor_: Manganor, CA;=Mangalore (Yule, Cath. iv, 73).

108 _diegei_: Diogil in interior of India, CA;=Deogiri, med. name of Daulatabad (see Yule, Cath. i, 310; iv, 21).

109 _cora_: ?Cory Promontorium, Ptol. (VII, 1:11(FA25));=Cape Calymere (E. H. Bunbury, A History of Ancient Geography (2 vols., London, 1879), ii, 474).

110 _pez.mor_(?): Pescamor, CA;=“perhaps Barçelor” (Yule, Cath., i, 309; iv, 73).

111 _zitabor_: Chintabor, CA;=St. John’s Point (Yule, Cath., i, 309; iv, 64-65).

112 _parzinar_(?): Paychinor, CA;=Barkur (Yule, Cath., i. 309; iv, 73).

Longer Inscriptions

113 _qui predico | san Tom|axo_ (here preached St. Thomas): On the traditions regarding St. Thomas in India see Yule, Polo, ii. 353-359; Wright, Lore, 74, 272, 275, 279.

114 _qui nase|le noxe | dindia_ (here grow the nuts of India): In the Ramusian version of Polo (ii, 354) occurs the following statement in connection with the shrine of St. Thomas: “The Christians who have charge of the church have a great number of Indian Nut trees, whereby they get their living.”

115 _India dixer|ta._

IV. Central Asia

_Mountain_

116 _M^o. caropanus_: Paropanisus Mons, Ptol. (VI, 11:5, etc. (FA25));=Hindu Kush (Hallb., 393). See also 123.

Rivers

117 _f. Ixartes_: Jaxartis Fl., Ptol. (VI, 12:1, etc. (FA22)); shown but not named on CE; Flum d’Organçi, CA; see Hallb., 280-281. On ancient and medieval knowledge of the Aral Sea, into which the Jaxartes flows, see W. Barthold, Aral, in Encycl. of Islam, Vol. 1, Leiden and London, 1913, pp. 419-420.

118 _f. Oxius_: Oxus Fl., Ptol. (VI, 9:1, etc. (FA22)); ?Flum Amo, CA; not shown on CE; see Hallb., 24-26.

119 _f. rius_: Areios or Arius Fl., Ptol. (VI, 17:2 (FA24)); see Hallb., 25, 47; PW, ii, 623;=?Hari Rud.

Edifices

120 _organa_: ?Dupl. of 121.

121 _organ|zia_: Flum d’Organçi, CA; see Hallb., 547-549; Yule, Cath., iii, 82;=Urganj, famous medieval city of Khorasmia on the lower Oxus.

122 _sagom|oa_(?):=?Samarkand (see Hallb., 445-448).

Place Names

123 _paraponixa_; Paropanisades, Ptol. (VI, 18, etc. (FA24));=northern Afghanistan (Besnier, 573). See also 116.

124 _archuxia_: Arachosia, Ptol. (VI, 20, etc. (FA24));=Afghanistan (Besnier, 69). See Hallb., 33-34.

125 _arzeglia_: =? See 129.

126 _dragiana_: Drangiana, Ptol. (VI, 19, etc. (FA24));=Seistan (Hallb., 192).

127 _margana_: Margiana, Ptol. (VI, 10, etc. (FA22));=environs of modern Merv (Besnier, 464).

128 _archuxia_: Dupl. of 124.

129 _arzegia_: Dupl. of 125.

130 _mesagit_: Massagitae, Ptol. (VI, 10:2 (FA22)); a people of Scythia mentioned also by Pliny, Solinus, etc. (Hallb., 339-340).

131 _bocasan_: ?Bocar, CA;=Bukhara (Hallb., 79-80).

132 _orcania_: Probably a repetition of 120 and 121; might, however, be Hyrcania, Ptol. (VI, 9 (FA22)); see Hallb., 253-254;=part of Mazanderan (Besnier, 376).

133 _samaria_:=?Samarcand (see 122); Hallb., 448, suggests Samaria in Palestine misplaced, but adds: “pourtant la chose n’est pas probable.”

134 _zagaspia_: Zaraspa, CA; Zariaspa or Zarispa in Bactriana, Ptol. (VI, 11:7 (FA22));=Balkh (Besnier, 117). See also Kret., Walsp., 385.

135 _amol_: This name is applied to various towns and to a river in central Asia on CA and Mauro. Perhaps it represents a confusion of the name of the town of Amol in Mazanderan with that of the Amu Daria (Oxus). See Hallb., 24-26.

136 _seno_: ?Sena or Sina in Margiana, Ptol. (VI, 10:3 (FA22)).

137 _lidazel_:=?

V. Persia

Lake and River

138, 139 Unnamed lake and river. On CA and CE the river rises in two lakes, the eastern and western being named on CA Mar Dargis (=Lake Van) and Mar de Marga (=Lake Urmia) respectively (Hallb., 43-44, 337-338). On Piz. the river is Flum Chexi; if Chexi is Khuzistan (see 164) the river possibly represents the Karun.

Desert

140 _Sarmania | dixerta_: Carmania Deserta, Ptol. (VI, 6(FA20));=interior of the modern Kerman. See also 153.

Edifices

(A) South Shore of Caspian Sea

141 _dise.n_(?): Deystam, CA;=?Dehistan, a district of Mazanderan (Hallb., 188).

142 _mexa|ndra_: Masandra, CA;=Mazanderan.

143 _galen_: Cap de Cilan, Cillam, Gellam, CA;=Gilan (Hallb., 217-218).

144 _aspaur_(?): Achdio, CA; Asidio, CE;=?

145 _godasp|i_: Gudaspu, Con. (59); Codaspi, Piz.;=?

146 _Turis_: Rey del Tavris in central Persia, CA;=Tabriz (Hallb., 518-522). See also 92.

(B) Interior

147 _trachse_: ?Dupl. of 67.

148 _zarma|tia_: ?Sarmatia, misplaced; see, however, 12, 600.

149 _siria_: Ciutat de Ssiras, CA; Siras, CE;=Shiraz (Hallb., 470-471).

150 _parthi|a_: Parthia, Ptol. (VI, 5 (FA20));=Khurasan (Hallb., 394-395)

151 _R^o odmi|n_(?): =?

152 _R^o de persia_: Persis, Ptol. (VI, 4 (FA20));=Persia.

(C) Persian Gulf Coast

153 _Sarmania abitada_: Carmania, Ptol. (VI, 8 (FA20));=Kerman. See also 140.

Place Names, North Coast of Persian Gulf

154 _semenar_: Femenat, CA; Semenat, Polo (ii, 398-399);=Somnath (Yule, Polo, ii, 400).

155 _demonela_: Damonela, CA;=Daibul (Yule, Cath., i, 309).

156 _chetimo_: Chetimo, CA;=Kij (ibid.).

157 _oncon_: Nocran, CA (omitted on Choix de doc. reproduction of CA);=Makran (ibid.).

158 _ormixon_: Hormision, CA;=“Old Hormuz on the Continent” (ibid.). See 105.

159 _traman_: Creman, CA;=Kerman. See 153.

160 _usu_: Ussn, CA; “Husn Amarat? (see Edri., 1, 379 [this reference is to P. A. Jaubert, Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite de l’arabe en français (Recueil de voyages et de mémoires publié par la Société de Géographie, Vols. 5 and 6, Paris, 1836-1840), i, 363, 390]) Any castle is Husn” (ibid.);=Essina (Lelewel, ii, 55).

161 _cadome_(?): =?

162 _seros_: Serans, CA; Sustar, Piz.;=?Siraf (Yule, l.c.); Sustar, Mediceo;=Shushtar (ibid.);=?“rivière Schirin” (Lelewel, l.c.).

163 ... _ch_ ... (?): =?

164 _chesi_: Chesi, CA;=Khuzistan (Yule, Cath., i, 308); shown as an island on Piz.;=“Scheich”(?Sheikh Shu‘aib Island) (La R., i, 65).

VI. Mesopotamia and Syria

Rivers and Lakes

165-168 The river system is more accurately drawn than on CA and CE, inasmuch as the Euphrates and Tigris join before reaching the Persian Gulf. On CA they enter the Gulf separately; on CE the Euphrates swings around into Egypt, entering the Nile just above Babilonia (Cairo). All three maps show a connection between the Euphrates and Mediterranean through the Orontes, but only Leardo makes the Jordan communicate with the Euphrates. On CA and CD an island, Zizera (see also 9), on CD said to be the site of Nineveh, is shown in the Euphrates, but on CE and Leardo this has become a lake. On CA the three lakes along the Jordan are labeled from N to S: Aquaron (=Lake Hule), Mar de Gallilea (=Sea of Galilee), and Mar Gamora (sea of Gomorrah,=Dead Sea).

165 _f. tigris_.

166 _f. eufrates_.

167 _f. Jordano_.

168 _f ... soldi|no_: =Orontes (Kret., Port., 670).

Edifices

(A) Along the Tigris

169 _moxor_: Moror, CA; Moxor, Dalorto map (La R., i, 64);=Mosul (ibid.).

170 _apfes_: Aipsa, Vat.; Suq al-Ahvaz of the Arabic itineraries (Pullé, Vat., 13, 31, 34).

171 _Inporio | asiriorum_ (empire of the Assyrians); Assyria, Ptol. (VI, 1 (FA20)).

172 _seruxia|na_: Susiana, Ptol. (VI, 3 (FA20));=Khuzistan (Besnier, 726).

173 _babilo_ ...(?): Babylon or Babylonia. See also 323.

(B) In Syria

174 _ga_ ...| _a_(?).

175 _Jeruxalem_: On the placing of Jerusalem at the center of the earth’s surface see Wright, Lore, 259-261.

176 _c ...r_(?): =?

Place Names

(A) In Mesopotamia

177 _baldac_: Ciutat de Baldach, CA;=Baghdad.

178 _mexapo_: =?Mesopo[tamia].

179 _birzi_: =?Birejik.

180 _megan_: ?Mogan, Jordanus of Sévérac (Jourdain Catalani de Sévérac, Mirabilia descripta: Les merveilles de l’Asie, edit. by Henri Cordier, Paris, 1925, 93-94; Hallb., 356-357);=plain of Mugan near junction of Araxes and Kur.

181 _malaxim_: Malasia, CA:=Malatia.

(B) Interior of Syria

182 _alepo_: =Aleppo.

183 _antozia_(?): =?Antioch.

(C) Syrian Coast

184 _soldin_: =Suweidiyeh, near ancient Seleucia (Kret., Port., 670).

185 _laliza_: =Latakia (ibid.).

186 _tortoxa_: =Tartus (ibid.).

187 _tripoli_: =Tripoli (ibid., 671).

188 _zibele_: =Jebeleh (ibid.).

189 _baruto_: =Beirut (ibid.).

190 _achre_: =Acre (ibid., 672).

191 _gafo_: =Jaffa (ibid.).

192 _larixa_: =El-‘Arish (ibid., 673).

VII. Arabia

Mountains

193 _M^o. sinai_.

194 _M^o. felizis arabie_: Montana Arabiae Felicis, which, according to Ptol. (V, 17: 3; V, 19: 1 (FA19)), divides Arabia Petraea and Arabia Deserta on the north from Arabia Felix on the south;=Ash-Shera’ mountains (see Alois Musil, The Northern Heǧâz, New York, 1926, 255; the same, Arabia Deserta, New York, 1927, 502-503).

195 _M^o. prionous_: Prionotus Mons on S coast of Arabia, Ptol. (VI, 7:10 (FA21));=?

Edifices

(A) On Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean

196 _bazar_: Bassara, CA;=Basra.

197 _golfta|ta_: Golfaca, CA; Golfathan, Con. (42);=? See Jiménez de la Espada, 205.

198 _Ieita_ (?): Jepta, CA; Egepta, Con. (42);=?

199 _cabat_: Cabat, CA; Con. (42); ?Calatu, Polo (ii, 449-451);=Qalhat in ‘Oman (Yule, Polo, ii, 451; Hallb., 97-98).

200 _letrob_(?): Ietrib, CA;=?Yathrib, the ancient name for Medina, misplaced.

201 _arabia_.

(B) Red Sea Coast

202 _senea_: Seneha, CA;=San‘a (Hallb., 468-469).

203 _fidom|at_: Adromant, CA;=?Hadhramaut.

204 _amei_: Mey, CA; =?

205 _ald.|p_(?): Adep, Adem, CA;=Aden (Hallb., 8-10).

206 _eta_|...(?): =?

207 _gaida_(?): Guja, CA;=?Jidda.

208 _naba|tes_: =Nabataeans (Besnier, 509).

209 (?) Illeg.: =?

(C) Interior

210 _sabea_: Arabia Sebba, CA (which gives an illustration and legend relating to the Queen of Sheba);=Saba or Sheba.

211 _La mecha_: Ciutat de Mecha, with legend, CA;=Mecca.

Regional Names

212 _Arabia | dixerta_: Arabia Deserta, Ptol. (V, 19 (FA19)).

213 _Arabia | petroxa_: Arabia Petraea, Ptol. (V, 17 (FA19)).

VIII. Asia Minor

River

214 _ff. rosso_: Odoric of Pordenone, Palatine version (Yule, Cath., ii, 102, n. 4); Pegalotti, 7 (ibid., iii, 164);=“the tributary of the Araxes, the Kizil Chai which waters Khoi” (Cordier, in the same, iii, 164, n. 1).

Edifice

215 _Tr..._(?): Troia;=Troy.

Place Names

(A) Interior

216 _saustia_: Sauasto, CA;=anct. Sebastea, mod. Sivas.

217 _Tabaca|san_: =?

218 _suilia_ (?): =?

219 _sis_: Scisia, CA;=Sis.

220 _almesia_: =Amasia.

221 _laranda_: =anct. Laranda, mod. Karaman.

222 _anguri_(?): =Angora.

223 _aladachia_: =anct. Laodicea Combusta, mod. Ladik.

224 _filadelfi|a_: =anct. Philadelphia, mod. Ala Shehr.

225 _castamena_: =Kastamuni.

226 _congre_: =Changri.

227 _achrioteri_(?): =?Ak Shehr.

228 _Jachrie_(?): =?

229 _Janisari_: =Yeni Shehr.

230 _cariacasar_: =?Afiun Qarahisar.

231 _nicomidia_.

232 _bursa_: =Brusa.

233 _lizia_: =anct. Lycia.

234 _perga|mo_: =anct. Pergamum.

235 _licn|ia_(?): =?anct. Lycaonia, misplaced.

(B) Black Sea Coast

236 _Tripoli_: =Tireboli (Kret., Port., 648).

237 _cirisonda_: =Kiresün (ibid.).