Chapter 2

Curtesy. Those edited by Weber are-- vol. i. Kyng Alisaunder; Sir Cleges; Lai-le-freine. --vol. ii. Richard Cœur de Lion; Ipomydon; Amis and Amiloun. --vol. iii. Seuyn Sages; Octouian; Sir Amadas; Hunting of the Hare. Beowulf and the Codex Exoniensis are quoted from Thorpe’s editions.

A, 610, 936. Apparently an error of the scribe for _Al_, but perhaps written as pronounced. N.E. and Sc. _aw_. V. Jam.

A before a _noun_ is commonly a corruption of the S. _on_, as proved clearly by the examples in Tyrwhitt’s Gl., Jam., and Gl. Lynds. _Adoun_, q.v. is an exception. _A-two_, 1413, 2643. _See_ On.

Aboven, _prep._ S. above, 1700.

Abouten, _prep._ S. [_on-bútan_] about, 521, 670, 1010, &c. _Abuten_, 2429.

Adoun, _adv._ S. down, 567. _Adune_, 2735. _Doun_, 901, 925, &c. _Dun_, 888, 927. _Dune_, 1815, 2656. A.S. _of-dúne_.

Adrad, _part. pa._ S. afraid, 278, 1048, 1163, 1682, 2304. _Adradde_, 1787. _Adred_, 1258. _Odrat_, 1153. Sir Tr. p. 174; K. Horn, 124. _See_ Dred.

Agen, _prep._ S. [_on-gean_] against, 1792. _Ageyn_, 493, 569, 2024, &c. _Ageynes_, 2153, 2270, &c. _Ayen_, 489, 1210, 2799. _Yen_, 2271. _Ageyn_, toward, 451, 1696, 1947; opposite to, 1809; upon, on, 1828. _Ayen_, towards, 1207. _Ageyn him go_, 934, opposite him, so as to bear an equal weight. _Ageyn hire_, 1106, at her approach. _Ageyn þe lith_, 2141, opposed to the light, on which the light shines. V. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. &c.

Ageyn, _adv._ S. again, 2426.

Al, _adv._ S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, 203, &c.

Al, _adj._ S. all, 203, 264, &c.; every one, 104; every part, 224; _plu._ alle, 2, 150, &c.

Albidene, _adv._ _See_ Bidene.

Als, Also, Also, _conj._ S. [_eal-swá_] as, like, so, 306, 319, &c. _Als_, 1912, as if. _Al so foles_, like fools, 2100. _Als_ is merely the abbreviation of _Al so_; and the modern as is again shortened from _als_. In Laȝamon it is often written _alse_, as in l. 4953.

And he hæfde a swithe god wif & he heo leouede _alse_ his lif.

Cf. Havelok, l. 1663. _Als_ and _Also_ are used indifferently, and universally by the old English and Scotch poets.

Alþer-beste, _adj._ S. best of all, 182, 720, 1040, 1197, 2415. _Alþer-lest_, _Alþer-leste_, 1978, 2666, least of all. It is the gen. c. pl. of _Alle_, joined to an adj. in the superl. degree, and is extensively employed. _Alre-leofust_, _Alre-heudest_, _Alre-kenest_, Laȝamon, _Althe-werste_, K. Horn, MS. _Alder-best_, _Alder-most_, R. Br. _Alther-best_, _Alther-formest_, &c. Web. _Alther-furste_, _Alther-next_, _Alther-last_, Rits. M. R. _Alder-first_, _Alder-last_, _Alder-levest_, Chauc. _Alder-liefest_, Shakesp.

Amideward, _prep._ S. in the midst, 872. _Amiddewart_, K. Horn, 556. _Amydward_, K. Alisaund. 690. _A mydward_, Ly Beaus Desc. 852. _Amydwart_, Doug. Virg. 137, 35.

An. _conj._ S. and, 29, 359, &c. So used by Laȝamon, and still in Somersetsh. V. Jennings. _Ant_, 36, 557, K. Horn, 9, &c.

And, _conj._ if, 2862.

Andelong, _adv._ S. lengthways, i.e. from the head to the tail, 2822.

Ovyrtwart and _endelang_ With strenges of wyr the stones hang. --_R. Cœur de Lion_, 2649.

Chauc. _endelong_, C. T. 1993.

Anilepi, _adj._ S. [_ánlepig_] one, a single, 2107. _Onlepi_, 1094. In the very curious collection of poems in MS. Digb. 86 (written in the Lincolnshire dialect, temp. Edw. I.) we meet with this somewhat rare word:

A! quod the vox, ich wille the telle, _On alpi_ word ich lie nelle.

_Of the vox and of the wolf_ (Rel. Ant. ii. 275).

It occurs also in the Ormulum.

Anoþer, _adj._ S. _Al another_, 1395, in a different way, on another project.

Ah al hit iwruth _on other_ Sone ther after.

_Laȝamon_, l. 21005.

Ac Florice thought _al another_.

_Flor. and Blaunchefl._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 3, p. 125, ed. 1803. (Cf. Horn, ed. Lumby, p. 52, l. 32.)

Anuye, _v._ Fr. to trouble, weary, 1735; R. Gl., K. Alisaund. 876; Chauc. Melibeus. _Noye_, Lynds. Gl. q.v.

Are, _adj._ S. former, 27. Cf. are, _adv._, Sir Tr. p. 32; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot. p. 31. _Air_, _Ayr_, Sc. V. Jam. _See_ Er, Or.

Aren, _1 and 3 p. pl._ S. are, 619, 1321, &c. _Arn_, Chauc.

Arke, _n._ S. Lat. a chest _or_ coffer, 2018. R. Br., Jam.

Armes, _n. pl._ Lat. arms, armor, 2605, 2613, 2925.

Arum for Arm, 1982, 2408.

Arwe, S. [_earg_] timid, 2115. Alter the punctuation, and read--

He calde boþe arwe me{n} and kene, Knithes and serganz swiþe sleie. “Arwe or ferefulle. _Timidus._”

Prompt. Parv. Cf. Stille, q.v.

As for Has, 1174.

Asayleden, _pa. t. pl._ Fr. assailed, 1862.

Asken, _n. pl._ S. ashes, 2841. _Aske_, R. Gl. _Askes_, R. Br. _Ashen_, Chauc. _Assis_, Doug.

Astirte, _pa. t._ leaped, 893. _Astert_, King’s Quair, ap. Jam. _See_ Stirt.

At, _prep._ S. of _or_ to, 1387. Yw. and Gaw. (Rits.) 963. Still existing in Scotland.

At-sitte, _v._ S. contradict, oppose, 2200. It corresponds with the term _with-sitten_, 1683. In R. Gl. it is used synonymously with _at-stonde_.

For ther nas so god knygt non no-wer a-boute France, That in joustes scholde _at-sitte_ the dynt of ys lance. --p. 137.

_See_ Sat.

Aucte, Auchte, Auhte, Authe, _n._ S. possessions, 531, 1223, 1410, 2215.

And alle the _æhten_ of mine londe.

_Laȝamon_, l. 25173.

_Aughtte_, K. Alisaund. 6884. _Aucht_, Doug. Virg. 72, 4; Lynds. Gl.

Aucte, Auht, Auhte, _v. imp._ (originally _pa. t._ of Aw, or Owe) S. [_ágan_, _áhte_] ought, 2173, 2787, 2800. _Aught_, Sir Tr. p. 44. _Ohte_, K. Horn, 418. _Aght_, Yw. and Gaw. 3229. _Aute_, R. Gl. _Aught_, Chauc. Troil. 3, 1801. _Aucht_, Doug. Virg. 110, 33.

Aute, Awcte, (_pa. t._ of the same verb), possessed, 207, 743. _Aught_, Sir Tr. p. 182. Ly Beaus Desc. 1027. _Oght_, Le bone Flor. 650. _Auht_, R. Br. p. 126; Wynt., Lynds. Gl.

Aueden. _See_ Haueden.

Aunlaz, _n._ Anelace, 2554. “A kind of knife or dagger, usually worn at the girdle.” Tyrw. note on Chauc. l. 359. So in Matth. Paris, “Genus cultelli, quod vulgariter _Anelacius_ dicitur.” V. Gl. in voc. and Todd’s Gl. to Illustr. of Chauc. In _Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran_, ii. 4, an _anlas_ signifies a sharp spike fixed in the chanfron of a horse. Probably from the Francic _Anelaz_, _Analeze_. V. Jam.

Auter, _n._ Fr. Lat. altar, 389, 1386, 2373. Sir Tr. p. 61, Octovian, 1312, R. Br., Chauc. _Awter_, Barb.

Ax, _n._ S. axe, 1776, 1894.

Ay, _adv._ S. ever, aye, always, 159, 946, 1201, &c. _Ae_, Sc. V. Jam.

Ayen. _See_ Agen.

Ayþer, _pron._ S. [_Ægþer_] either, each, 2665. _Eþer_, 1882. _Athir_, Sc. V. Jam. _See_ Other.

Awe, _v._ S. to owe, own, possess, 1292. It may also very possibly be a corruption of _Have_. Cf. ll. 1188, 1298.

Bac, _n._ S. back, 1844, 1950, &c; _backes_, _pl._ 2611.

Baldelike, _adv._ S. boldly, 53. _Baldeliche_, R. Glouc. _Baldely_, R. Br., Minot, p. 20.

Bale, _n._ S. sorrow, misery, 327.

Bar. _See_ Beren.

Baret, _n._ (O.Fr. _barat_, Isl. _baratta_) contest, hostile contention, 1932.

Ther nis _baret_, nothir strif, Nis ther no deth, ac euer lif.

_Land of Cokaygne_, ap. Hickes, Thes. 1, p. 231.

In alle this _barette_ the kynge and Sir Symon Tille a lokyng tham sette, of the prince suld it be don.

_R. Brunne_, p. 216. Cf. p. 274.

That mekill bale and _barete_ till Ynglande sall brynge.

_Awntyrs of Arthure_, st. 23.

Barfot, _adj._ S. barefoot, 862.

Barnage, _n._ Fr. barons or noblemen collectively, baronage, 2947. Yw. and Gaw. 1258. Web. Doug. Virg. 314, 48.

Barre, _n._ Fr. bar of a door, 1794, 1811, 1827. Synonymous with Dore-tre, q.v. Chauc. C. T. 552.

Barw. _See_ Berwen.

Baþe, _adj._ S. both, 1336, 2543. _Bethe_, 694, 1680.

Be. _See_ Ben.

Be-bedde, _v._ S. to provide with a bed, 421.

Bede, _n._ S. prayer, 1385.

Bede, _v._ S. to order, to bid, 668, 2193, 2396; to offer, 1665, 2084, 2172. _Beden_, _pa. t. pl._ offered, 2774, 2780. _Bedes_, bids, 2392. Of common occurrence in both senses. _See_ Bidd.

Bedden, _v._ S. to bed, put to bed, 1235. _Bedded_, _Beddeth_, _part. pa._ put to bed, 1128, 2771.

Bedels, _n. pl._ S. beadles, 266. V. Spelm. in v. _Bedellus_, and Blount, _Joc. Ten._ p. 120, ed. 1784.

Beite, Beyte, _v._ to bait, to set dogs on, 1840, 2330, 2440. _Bayte_, R. Br. From the Isl. Beita, incitare; Su. Goth. _Beita biorn_, to bait the bear. V. Jam. and Thomson’s Etymons.

Bem. _See_ Sunne-bem.

Ben, _v._ S. to be, 19, 905, 1006, &c. _Ben_, _pr. t. pl._ are, 1787, 2559. _Be_, _Ben_, _part. pa._ been, 1428, 2799. _Bes_, _Beth_, _imp._ and _fut._ be, shall be, 1261, 1744, 2007, 2246. _Lat be_, 1265, 1657, leave, relinquish, a common phrase in the Old Romances. _Lat abee_, Sc. V. Jam.

Benes, _n. pl._ S. beans, 769.

Beneysun, _n._ Fr. blessing, benediction. 1723. R. Br., Web., Chauc. C. T. 9239. Lynds. Gl.

Bere, _n._ S. bear, 573, 1838, 1840, 2448.

Bere, Beren, _v._ S. to bear, to carry, 581, 762, 805. _Ber_, 2557; _Bar_, _pa. t._ bore, 557, 815, 877. _Bere_, 974. _Beres_, _pr. t. pl._ bear. 2323.

Bermen, _n. pl._ S. bar-men, porters to a kitchen, 868, 876, 885. The only author in which this term has been found is Laȝamon, in the following passages:

Vs selve we habbet cokes, to quecchen to cuchene, Vs sulue we habbet _bermen_, & birles inowe. --l. 3315.

Weoren in þeos kinges cuchene twa hundred cokes, & ne mæi na man tellen for alle þa _bermannen_. --l. 8101.

Bern, _n._ S. child, 571. _Barn_, _bearne_, R. Br. _Bairn_, Sc.

Berwen, _v._ S. [_beorgan_] to defend, preserve, guard, 697, 1426; _burwe_, 2870. _Barw_, _pa. t._ 2022, 2679. The original word is found in Beowulf:

Scyld-weall gebearg Líf and líce. (The shield-wall defended Life and body.) --l. 5134.

So in K. Horn, MS. Laud. 108.

At more ich wile the serue, And fro sorwe the _berwe_. --f. 224_b_, c. 2.

Bes. _See_ Ben.

Bes for Best, 354.

Best, Beste, _n._ Fr. beast, 279, 574, 944, 2691.

Bete, _v._ S. [_beátan_] to beat, fight, 1899, 2664, 2763. _Beten_, _pa. t. pl._ beat, struck, 1876. Chauc. C. T. 4206, to which Tyrwh. gives a Fr. derivation.

Betere, _adv. comp._ S. better, 1758.

Beye, _v._ S. to buy, 53, 1654. _Byen_, 1625.

Beyes, _pr. t._ for Abeyes, S. suffers, or atones for, 2460.

His deth thou _bist_ to night, Mi fo.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 146.

We shulden alle deye Thy fader deth to _beye_.

_K. Horn_, 113.

An of yow schall _bye_ thys blunder.

_Le bone Flor._ 1330.

See Jam. in v. Aby. Web. Gl. and Lynds. Gl.; also Nares, v. Bye.

Bicomen, _pa. t. pl._ became, 2257; _part. pa._ become, 2264. _Bicomes_, _imp. pl._ become (ye), 2303.

Bidd, Bidde, _v._ S. offer, 484, 2530; order, bid, 529, 1733. _Ut bidde_, 2548, order out. _Biddes_, _pr. t._ bids, orders, 1232. _Bidde_, to ask, 910. R. Glouc., Lynds. Gl. _See_ Bede.

Bidene, _adv._ forthwith, 730, 2841.

“Rohand told anon His aventours _al bidene_.”

_Sir Tr._ p. 45.

From Du. _bij dien_, by that.

Bifalle, _v._ S. to happen, befall, 2981. Bifel, _pa. t._ 824. _Fel_, 1009; appertained, 2359.

Biforn, _prep._ S. (1) before, 1022, 1034, 1364, &c.; _bifor_, 1357; _biforen_, 1695; (2) in front of, 2406; _bifor_, 1812.

Bigan, _pa. t._ began, 1357. _Bigunnen_, _pl._ 1011, 1302. _Biginnen_, _pr. t. pl._ begin, 1779.

Bihalue, _v._ S. to divide into two parts, or companies, 1834. _Halue_ occurs as a _noun_ in Chauc. Troil. 4, 945.

Bihel for Beheld, 1645. _Bihelden_, _pa. t. pl._ beheld, 2148.

Bihetet, _pa. t._ S. promised, 677. _Bihight_, Sir Tr. p. 105. _Behet_, _Bihet_, R. Gl. _Be-hette_, R. Br. _Be-hete_, Web., Rits. M. R. _Behighte_, Chauc.

Bihoten, _part. pa._ promised, 564. _Behighte_, Chauc.

Bihoue, _n._ S. behoof, advantage, 1764. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.

Bikenneth, _pa. t._ S. betokens, 1268. _Bikenne_, R. Br.

Bileue, _imp._ tarry, remain, 1228. Bilefte, _pa. t._ remained, 2963. From _v._ S. _belifan_, to be left behind.

Winde thai hadde as thai wolde, A lond _bilaft_ he.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 29. Cf. pp. 38, 60.

He schal wiþ me _bileue_, Til hit beo nir eue.

_K. Horn_, ed. Lumby, 363.

Horn than, withouten lesing, _Bilaft_ at hom for blode-leteing.

_Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 298.

Sojourn with us evermo, I rede thee, son, that it be so. Another year thou might over-fare, But thou _bileve_, I die with care.

_Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 23.

See also the Gl. to R. Gl., R. Br. and Web., to which add _Emare_, 496, and Gower, Conf. Am. This is sufficient authority for the reading adopted in the text, and it may hence be reasonably questioned, whether _bilened_ in Lye, and _belenes_ in _Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran_, i. 6, quoted by Jamieson in v. Belene, be not the fault of the scribe, or of the Editors.

Bimene, _v._ S. mean, 1259.

Binden, _v._ S. to bind, 1961. Used passively, 2820, as _Bynde_, 42. _Bounden_, _pa. t. pl._ 2442. _Bunden_, 2506. _Bounden_, _part. pa._ 545. _Bunden_, 1428.

Binne, _adv._ S. within, 584. _Byn_, Rits. M. R. _But and ben_, Doug., Virg., 123, 40; without and within. V. Jam., in v. Ben.

Birde. _See_ Birþe.

Birþe (_should rather be_ birþ), _3 p. s. pres._ it behoves, 2101. _Hence_ birde, _3 p. s. pt. t._ behoved, 2761. A.S. _býrian_, _gebýrian_, to fit, suit, be to one’s taste. See _Buren_ in Stratmann.

Birþene, _n._ S. burden, 900, 902.

Bise, _n._ Fr. a north wind, 724. _Bise traverse_, a north-west or north-east wind. _Cotgr._

Après grant joie vient grant ire, Et après Noel _vent bise_.

_Rom. de Renart_, 13648.

The term is still in common use.

Biseken, _v._ S. to beseech, 2994.

Biswike, _part. pa._ S. cheated, deceived, 1249.

Hu þu _biswikest_ Monine mon.

_Laȝam._ l. 3412.

_Byswuke_, K. Horn, 296; Yw. and Gaw. 2335. _Bisuike_, R. Br. _Beswyke_, R. Cœur de L. 5918.

Bitaken, _v._ S. [_bitǽcan_, _tǽcan_] to commit, deliver, give in charge, 1226. _Bitechen_, 203, 384, 395. _Bi-teche_, _pr. sing._ 384; _imp. sing._ 395. Laȝam. 5316. _Bitake_, Sir Tr. p. 87. _Byteche_, K. Horn, 577. _Biteche_, Web. _Betake_, _Beteche_, Chauc., Barb., Wall. _Bitaucte_, _pa. t._ delivered, 206, 558. _Bitauhte_, 2212, 2317, 2957. _Bitawchte_, 1224. _Bitawte_, 1408. _Tauhte_, 2214. _Bitæht_, _Bitachet_, Laȝam. _Bitaught_, Sir Tr. p. 85. _Bitoke_, K. Horn, 1103. _Betok_, Ly Beaus Desc. 82. _Betauht_, _bitauht_, _tauht_, _biteched_, R. Br. Bitake, R. Gl. _Betake_, Sir Guy. _Betaught_, Chauc. _Betaucht_, Doug., Lynds.

Bite, _v._ S. to taste, drink, 1731.

Horn toc hit hise yfere, Ant seide, Quene, so dere, No beer nullich _bite_, Bote of coppe white.

_K. Horn_ (Ritson), 1129.

Biþ for By the, 474. Cf. l. 2470.

Bituene, Bitwenen, Bitwene, _prep._ S. between, 748, 2668, 2967.

Blac, _adj._ S. black, 555, 1008. _Pl._ _Blake_, 1909, 2181, &c.

Blakne, _v._ S. to blacken in the face, grow angry, 2165.

And Arthur sæt ful stille, ænne stunde he wes _blac_, and on heuwe swithe wak, ane while he wes reod.

_Laȝam._ l. 19887.

Tho Normans were sorie, of contenance gan _blaken_.

_R. Brunne_, p. 183.

Blawe. _v._ S. to blow, 587. _Blou_, _imp._ blow, 585.

Blede, _v._ S. to bleed, 2403.

Bleike, _pl. adj._ bleak, pale, wan, 470. A.S. _blác_, bleak, Su.-G. _blek_.

Blenkes, _n. pl._ blinks, winks of the eye, in derision, 307. R. Br. p. 270; Sc. V. Jam. Suppl. Derived from S. _blican_, Su.-G. _blænka_, Belg. _blencken_, to glance. _See_ Gl. Lynds.

Blinne, _v. n._ S. to cease, 2367, 2374. Sir Tr. p. 26; Rits. M. R. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.; so in Sc. V. Jam. Gl. Lynds. _Blinne_, _pa. t. pl._ ceased, 2670. _Blinneth_, _pr. t._ ceases, 329.

Blissed, _part pa._ S. blessed, 2873.

Bliþe, _adj._ S. happy, 632, 651.

Blome, _n._ S. bloom, flower, 63.

Bloute, _adj._ soft, 1910. Sw. _blöt_, soft, pulpy.

Bode, _n._ S. command, 2200, 2567. Sir Tr. p. 121, Web.

Bok, _n._ S. book, 1173, 1418, &c. _See_ Messe-bok.

Bole, _n._ [Isl. _bolli_, W. _bwla_. Cf. A.S. _bulluca_] bull, 2438. _Boles_, _pl._ 2330.

Bon, Bone. _See_ O-bone. [[under “On”]]

Bondemen, _n. pl._ S. husbandmen, 1016, 1308. R. Gl.

Bone, _n._ S. [_bén_] boon, request, 1659. Sir Tr. p. 31, and all the Gloss.

Bor, _n._ S. boar, 1867, 1989. _Bores_, _pl._ 2331.

Bord, _n._ S. (1) table, 1722. K. Horn, 259; Rits. M. R., Web., Chauc.; (2) a board, 2106. _See_ the note on l. 2076.

Boren, _part. pa._ S. born, 1878.

Boru, _n._ S. borough, 773, 847, 1014, 1757, 2086, 2826. _Borwes, pl._ 1293, 1444, 1630. _Burwes_, 55, 2277. Sir Tr. pp. 12, 99. Chalmers is certainly mistaken when he says it does not signify _boroughs_, but _castles_. Introd. Gl. p. 200. In Laȝamon the word is always clearly distinguished from _castle_, as it is in many other writers. V. Spelm. in v. _Burgus._

Bote, _adv._ S. but, only, 721. _See_ But.

Bote, _n._ S. remedy, help, 1200. Laȝm., Sir Tr. p. 93; Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc., Doug., Lynds. Gl.

Boþen, _adj. pl._ S. both, 173, 697, 958; _g. c._ of both, 2223.

Bounden, Bunden. _See_ Binden.

Bour, Boure, Bowr, _n._ S. [_búr_] chamber, 239, 2072, 2076, &c. In Beowulf the apartment of the women is called _Bryd-bur_; l. 1846.

Ygarne beh to _bure_ & lætte bed him makien.

_Laȝam._ l. 19042.

Honder hire _boures_ wowe, _K. Horn_, 982, MS., where Rits. Ed. reads _chambre wowe_. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 114; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Doug., V. Jam. _See_ note on l. 2076.

Bouthe, _pa. t._ S. bought, 875, 968. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 104.

Bouth, _part. pa._ bought, 883.

Boyes, _n. pl._ S. boys, men, 1899.

Brayd, _pa. t._ S. (1) started, 1282. Chauc., Gaw. and Gal. iii. 21; R. Hood, ii. p. 83; (2) drew out, 1825, a word particularly applied to the action of drawing a sword from the scabbard.

Sone his sweord he ut _abræid_.

_Laȝam._ l. 26533.

Cf. Am. and Amil. 1163; Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 387. Rauf Coilzear, ap. Laing, and Wall. i. 223.

Brede, _n._ S. bread, 98. _Bred_, 1879.

Breken, _v._ S. to break, 914. _Broken_, _pa. t. pl._ broke, 1238.

Brennen, Brenne, _v._ S. to burn, 916, 1162; Rits. M. R., Rob. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. _Brenden_, _pa. t. pl._ burnt, 594, 2125. _Brend_, _part. pa._ burnt, 2832, 2841, &c. Sir Tr. p. 93.

Brenne. _See_ On brenne.

Brigge, _n._ S. bridge, 875. Sir Tr. p. 148. Still used in Sc. and N.E.

Brihte. _See_ Brith.

Brim, _adj._ S. furious, raging, 2233; R. Br. p. 244; Chauc. Rom. Rose, 1836. _Breme_, Rits. M. R. It originally signified the sea itself, and was afterwards used for the raging of the sea, Beowulf, l. 56; Compl. of Scotland, p. 62. V. Jam.

Bringe, Bringen, _v._ S. to bring, 72, 185, &c.

Brini, Brinie, _n._ S. [Mœso-Goth. _brunjo_] cuirass, 1775, 2358, 2551. _Brinies_, _pl._ 2610. Sir Tr. p. 20. _Burne_, Laȝam. _Brenye_, K. Horn, 719, MS. _See_ Merrick’s Gl. to Ess. on Anc. Armor. The _Brini_ then worn was of _mail_, as appears from l. 2740, _Of his brinie ringes mo_. Hence in Beowulf it is termed _Breostnet_, l. 3100; _Here-net_, 3110; _Hringedbyrne_, 2495. So in the French K. Horn, MS. Douce, _Mes vnc de sun halberc maele ne falsa._ _See_ Rits. Gl. M. R.

Brisen, _v._ S. to bruise, beat, 1835. _See_ To-Brised.

Brith, _adj._ S. bright, 589, 605, &c. _Brihte_, 2610. _Bryth_, 1252. _Brithter_, _comp._ brighter, 2141.

Brittene, _part. pa._ S. destroyed, 2700; R. Br. p. 244. _Pistill of Sussan_, ap. Laing. In Doug., Virg. pp. 76, 5; 296, 1, the verb has the sense of _to kill_, which it may also bear here. See _Bruten_ in _Will. of Palerne_.

Brod, _adj._ S. broad, 1647.

Broucte, _pa. t. and pp._ brought, 767. _Brouht_, 1979. _Broute_, 2868. _Brouth_, 336, 64. _Browt_, 2412. _Browth_, 2052. _Brouct of liue_, 513, 2412, dead. _Brouthen_, _pl._ brought, 2791.

Brouke, _1 p. pres. sing._ S. brook, enjoy, use, 311, 1743, 2545 (cf. Ch. _Non. Pr. Ta._ 480).

So _brouke_ thou thi croune!

_K. Horn_, 1041.

Cf. Rits. Gl. M. R., Rich. C. de Lion, 4578; Chauc. C. T. 10182, 15306, R. Hood, V. i. 48, ii. 112; Lynds. Gl. Percy, A. R. In Sc. _Bruike._ With these numerous instances before him, it is inconceivable how Jamieson, except from a mere love of his own system, should write: ‘There is no evidence that the Engl. _brook_ is used in this sense, signifying only to bear, to endure.’

Broys, _n._ S. broth, 924. _Brouwys_, R. Cœur de L. 3077; Sc. V. Jam. and Brockett’s North country words, v. _Brewis_; also Nares. Sc. _brose_.

Brune, _adj. pl._ S. brown, 2181, 2249.

Bulder, _adj._ or _n._ 1790. In the north a _Boother_ or _Boulder_, is a hard flinty stone, rounded like a bowl. Brockett’s Gl. So also in Grose, _Boulder_, a large round stone. _Bowlders_, Marsh. Midl. Count. Gl. The word has a common origin with Isl. _ballaðr_, Fr. _boulet_, Sc. _boule_, in Doug. V. Jam.

Bunden. _See_ Binden.

Burgeys, _n._ S. burgess, 1328. _Burgeis_, 2466, _pl._ 2012. _Burgmen_, 2049. _Burhmen_, _Borhmen_, Laȝamon., V. Spelm. in v. _Burgarii_.

Burwe. _See_ Berwen.

Burwes. _See_ Boru.

But, Bute, _conj._ S. except, unless, 85, 690, 1149, 1159, 2022, 2031, 2727. _But on_, 535, 962, except. _Butand_, Sc. _But yf_, 2972, unless. [It should be noted that _but on_ should properly be _one_ word, being the A.S. _búton_ or _bútan_, except. But it is written as two words in the MS.]

But, _n._ 1040. Probably the same as _Put_, q.v. The word _Bout_ is derived from the same source.

But, _part. pa._ contended, struggled with each other (_or perhaps_ struck, thrust, pushed), 1916. _Buttinge_, _part. pr._ striking against with force, 2322. From the Fr. _Bouter_, Belg. _Botten_, to impel, or drive forward. V. Jam. Suppl. in v. _Butte_, and _Butt_ in Wedgwood.

Butte, _n._ a flounder or plaice, 759. Du. _bot_. _See_ Halliwell.

Byen. _See_ Beye.

Bynde. _See_ Binden.

Bynderes, _n. pl._ S. binders, robbers who bind, 2050.

Caliz, _n._ S. chalice, 187, 2711.

Lunet than riche relikes toke, The _chalis_ and the mes boke.

_Yw. and Gaw._ 3907.

Callen, _v._ S. to call, 747, 2899.

Cam. _See_ Komen.

Canst, _pr. t._ S. knowest, 846. _Cone_, 622, canst. _Kunne_, _pl._ 435. V. Gl. Chauc. in v. _Conne_. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. _See_ Couthe.

Carl, _n._ S. churl, slave, villain, 1789. _Cherl_, 682, 684, 2533. _Cherles_, _g. c._ churl’s, 1092. _Cherles_, _pl._ villains, bondsmen, 262, 620. Sir Tr. p. 39; V. Spelm. in v. _Ceorlus_, and Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Casten. _See_ Kesten.

Catel, _n._ Fr. chattels, goods, 225, 2023, 2515, 2906, 2939. Web. Gl., R. Br., P. Plowm., Chauc.

Nowe hath Beuis the treasure wone, Through Arundell that wyll runne, Wherefore with that and other _catel_, He made the castle of Arundel.

_Syr Bevys_, O. iii.

Cauenard, _n._ Fr. [_cagnard caignard_] a term of reproach, originally derived from the Lat. _canis_, 2389. V. Roquef. Menage.

This crokede _caynard_ sore he is adred.

Rits. A. S. p. 36.

Sire _olde kaynard_, is this thin aray?

Chauc. C. T. 5817.

Cayser, Caysere, _n._ Lat. emperor, 977, 1317, 1725. _Kaysere_, 353.

Cerges, _n. pl._ Fr. wax tapers, 594. _Serges_, 2125. Chauc. Rom. R. 6251; V. Le Grand. _Vie privée des F._; V. 3, p. 175.

Chaffare, _n._ S. merchandise, 1657. R. Cœur de L. 2468, R. Gl., Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 412, Chauc., R. Hood, i. 87. _Chaffery_, Sc. V. Lynds. Gl.

Cham for Came, 1873.

Chanbioun, _n._ Fr. champion, 1007. Sir Tr. p. 97. _Chaunpiouns_, _pl._ 1015, 1031, 1055; V. Spelm. in v. _Campio_. Cf. A.S. _cempa_.

Chapmen, _n. pl._ S. merchants, 51, 1639; R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. In Sc. pedlars. V. Jam., and Gl. Lynds.

Charbucle, _n._ Fr. Lat. a carbuncle, 2145. _Charbocle_, Syr Bevys. _Charbokull_, Le bone Flor. 390. _Charboucle_, Chauc. C. T. 13800. _Charbukill_, Doug. Virg. 3, 10.

Cherl. _See_ Carl.

Chesen, _v._ S. to choose, select, 2147. Sir Tr. p. 27; K. Horn, 666; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Chauc., V. Jam. in v. _Cheis_.

Chinche, _adj._ Fr. niggardly, penurious, 1763, 2941.

Bothe he was scars, and _chinche_.

_The Sevyn Sages_, 1244.

So in Chauc. Rom. Rose, 5998, and Gower, _Conf. Am._ 109 b.

Chiste, _n._ S. Lat. chest, 222. _Kiste_, 2018. _Kist_, Yorksh. and Sc.; V. Jam. and Lynds. Gl.

Citte, _pa. t._ S. cut, 942. _Kit_, Web. M. R. _Kyt_, Syr Eglam. B. iv. _Kette_, Syr Bevys, C. iii. So Chauc. C. T. 6304.

Claddes, _pa. t. 2 p._ S. claddest, 2907.

Clapte, _pa. t._ S. struck, 1814, 1821.

Clare, _n._ Fr. spiced wine, 1728. _See_ Claret _in_ Prompt. Parv.

Clef, _pa. t._ S. cleft, 2643, 2730.

Cleue, _n._ S. dwelling, 557, 596. A.S. _cleofa_.

Cleuen, _v._ S. to cleave, cut, 917.

Clothe, Clothen, _v._ S. to clothe, 1138, 1233. In l. 1233, Garnett suggests that _cloþen_ may be a _nom. pl._ = clothes. If so, _dele_ the comma after it.

Clutes, _n. pl._ S. clouts, shreds of cloth, 547. _Clottys_, Huntyng of the hare, 92. Cf. Chauc. C. T. 9827, and _Clut_ in Bosworth.

Clyueden, _pa. t. pl._ S. cleaved, fastened, 1300.

Cok, _n._ Lat. cook, 967. _Kok_, 903, 921, 2898. _Cokes_, _Kokes_, _g. c._ cook’s, 1123, 1146.

Comen, Comes, Cometh. _See_ Komen.

Cone. _See_ Canst.

Conestable, _n._ Fr. constable, 2286. _Conestables_, _pl._ 2366.

Conseyl, _n._ Fr. counsel, 2862.

Copes. _See_ Kope.

Corporaus, _n._ Fr. Lat. the fine linen wherein the sacrament is put, 188; Cotgr. V. Du Cange, and Jam. in v. _Corperale_.

After the relics they send; The _corporas_, and the mass-gear, On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear, With wordes free and hend.

_Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77.

Corune, _n._ Lat. crown, 1319, 2944.

Coruning, _n._ Lat. coronation, 2948.

Cote, _n._ S. cot, cottage, 737, 1141.

Couel, _n._ coat, garment, 768, 858, 1144. _Cuuel_, 2904. _Kouel_, 964. The word is connected with A.S. _cufle_, _cugele_, a cowl.

Couere, _v._ Fr. to recover, 2040.

And prayde to Marie bryght, _Kevere_ hym of hys care.

_Ly Beaus Desc._ 1983.

Hyt wolde _covyr_ me of my care.

_Erl of Tol._ 381.

Coupe, _v._ buy, buy dearly, get in exchange, 1800. Icel. _kaupa_.

Couth. _See_ Quath.

Couþe, _pa. t._ of Conne, _v. aux._ S. knew, was able, could, 93, 112, 194, 750, 772. _Kouþen_, _pl._ 369.

More he _couthe_ of veneri, Than _couthe_ Manerious.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 24.

_See_ Canst.

Crake, Crakede. _See_ Kraken.

Crauede, _pa. t._ S. craved, asked, 633.

Crice, _n._ explained to mean _rima podicis_ in Coleridge’s Glossarial Index, 2450. Cf. A.S. _crecca_. Icel. _kryki_, a corner. In Barb. x. 602, _crykes_ is used for _angles_, corners. _See_ Krike.

Crist, _n._ Lat. Gr. Christ, 16, &c. _Cristes_, _g. c._ 153. _Kristes_, 2797.

Croiz, _n._ Fr. Lat. cross, 1263, 1268, 1358, &c. _Croice_, Sir Tr. p. 115.

Croud, _part. pa._ crowded, oppressed (?) 2338. K. Alisaund, 609. Cf. A.S. _crydan_, p. p. _gecróden_.

Croun, Croune, _n._ Fr. crown, head, 568, 902, 2657. _Crune_, 1814, 2734.

Fykenildes _crowne_ He fel ther doune.

_K. Horn_, 1509.

Cf. K. of Tars, 631; Le bone Flor. 92, and Erle of Tol. 72.

Cruhsse. _See_ To-cruhsse.

Crus, brisk, nimble, 1966. It is the Sw. _krus_, excitable, Sc. _crouse_. See _Crouse_ in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.

Cunnriche, _n._ S. kingdom, 2318. _Kinneriche_, 976. _Kuneriche_, 2400. _Kunerike_, 2804. _Kunrik_, 2143. In the last instance it means _a mark of royalty, or monarchy_. Web. _Kyngriche_, _Kynryche._

Curt, _n._ Fr. court, 1685.

Curteys, Curteyse, _adj._ Fr. courteous, 2875, 2916.

Cuuel. _See_ Couel.

Dam, _n._ 2468, here used in a reproachful sense, but apparently from the same root as the Fr. _Dam_, _Damp_, _Dan_, and _Don_, i.e. from _Dominus_.

Dame, _n._ Fr. Lat. mistress, lady, 558, 1717. V. Gl. Chauc.

Danshe, _n. pl._ Danish men, 2689, 2945, &c. _See_ Denshe.

Datheit, _interj._ 296, 300, 926, 1125, 1887, 1914, 2047, 2447, 2511. _Datheyt_, 1799, 1995, 2604, 2757. An interjection or imprecation, derived from the Fr. _Deshait_, _dehait_, _dehet_, explained by Barbazan and Roquefort, _affliction_, _malheur_; [from the O.F. _hait_, pleasure]. It may be considered equivalent to Cursed! Ill betide! In the old Fabliaux it is used often in this sense:

Fils à putain, fet-il, lechiere, Vo jouglerie m’est trop chiere, _Dehait_ qui vous i aporta, Par mon chief il le comparra.

_De S. Pierre et du Jougleor_, 381.

The term was very early engrafted on the Saxon phraseology. Thus in the _Disputation of Ane Hule and a Niȝtingale_, l. 99.

_Dahet_ habbe that ilke best, That fuleth his owe nest!

It occurs also frequently in the Old English Romances. _See_ Sir Tristr. pp. 111, 191; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, p. 290; Amis and Amil. 1569; Sevyn Sages, 2395; R. Brunne, where it is printed by Hearne _Dayet_. To this word, in all probability, we are indebted for the modern imprecation of _Dase you!_ _Dise you!_ _Dash you!_ still preserved in many counties, and in Scotland. V. Jam. Suppl. v. _Dash you._

Dawes, _n. pl._ S. days, 27, 2344, 2950. _Dayes_, 2353.

Ded, Dede, _n._ S. death, 149, 167, 332, 1687, 2719, &c.

Ded, _part. pa._ S. dead, 2007.

Dede, _n._ S. deed, action, 1356.

Dede, Deden, Dedes. _See_ Do.

Deide. _See_ Deye.

Del, _n._ S. deal, part, 218, 818, 1070, &c. Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. _Deil_, Sc. V. Jam.

Deled, _part. pa._ S. distributed, 1736. _See_ To-deyle.

Demen, _v._ S. to judge, pass judgment, 2467. _Deme_, _Demen_, _pr. t. pl._ judge, 2476, 2812. _Demden_, _pa. t. pl._ judged, 2820, 2833. _Demd_, _part. pa._ judged, 2488, 2765, 2838.

Denshe, _adj._ Danish, 1403, 2575, 2693. _See_ Danshe.

Deplike, _adj._ S. deeply, 1417. Synonymous with _Grundlike_, q.v.

Dere, _n._ S. dearth, scarcity, 824, 841. R. GL. p. 416.

Dere, _adv._ S. dearly, 1637, 1638.

Dere, _v._ S. to harm, injure, 490, 574, 806, 2310. _Dereth_, _pr. t._ injures, 648. K. Horn, 148; R. Br. p. 107; K. of Tars, 192; Chauc. _Deir_, Sc. Doug. Virg. 413, 52; Lynds. Gl.

Dere, _adj._ S. dear, 1637, 2170, &c.

Deuel, _n._ S. devil, 446, 496, 1188. _Deueles_, _g. c._ devil’s, 1409.

Deus. This is undoubtedly the vocative case of the Lat. _Deus_, used as an interjection, 1312, 1650, 1930, 2096, 2114. “Its use was the same in French as in English. Thus in King Horn:

Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur, Ohi, _Deus!_ fait il, ki es uerrai creatur, Par ki deuise, &c.

_Harl._ MS. 527, f. 66 b. c. 2.

It was probably introduced into the English language by the Normans, and its pronunciation remained the same as in the French.

And gradde ‘as armes,’ for _Douce_ Mahons! --_K. Alisaunder_, 3674.

It is curious to remark, that we have here the evident and simple etymology of the modern exclamation _Deuce!_ for the derivation of which even the best and latest Lexicographers have sent us to the _Dusii_ of St Augustine, the _Dues_ of the Gothic nations, _Diis_ of the Persians, _Teus_ of the Armoricans, &c. Thomson very justly adds, that all these words, ‘seem, like dæmon, to have been once used in a good sense,’ and in fact are probably all corruptions of the same root. Cf. R. Brunne, p. 254, and Gl. in v. _Deus_. For the first suggestion of this derivation the Editor is indebted to Mr Will. Nicol.” --M.

Deye, _v._ S. to die, 840. _Deide_, _pa. t. pl._ died, 402.

Dide, Diden, Dides. _See_ Do.

Dike, _n._ S. ditch, 2435. _Dikes_, _pl._ 1923. N.E. and Sc., V. Jam. and Brockett.

Dine, _n._ S. din, noise, 1860, 1868.

Dinge, _v._ S. to strike, scourge, beat, 215, 2329. _Dong_, _pa. t._ struck, 1147. _Dungen_, _part. pa._ beaten, or scourged, 227. Sc. and N.E. _See_ Jam. Gl., Lynds., and Ray.

Dint, _n._ S. blow, stroke, 1807, 1817, 1969, &c. _Dent_, Sir Tr. p. 92; Chauc. _Dynt_, R. Br. _Dintes_, _pl._ 1437, 1862, 2665. _Duntes_, K. Horn, 865. _Dentys_, Rits. M. R. _Dyntes_, R. Gl. _Dintes_, Minot, p. 23; V. Gl. Lynds.

Do, Don, _v._ S. The various uses of this verb in English and Scotch, in an auxiliary, active, and passive sense, have been pointed out by Tyrwhitt, Essay on Vers. of Chauc. Note (37), Chalmers, Gl. Lynds. and Jamieson. It signifies: to do, _facere_, 117, 528, 1191; to cause, _efficere_, 611; _do casten_, 519; _do hem fle_, 2600, to put or place (used with _in_ or _on_), 535, 577, &c. _Dones on_ = don es on = do them on, put them on (_see_ Es), 970. _Dos_, _pr. t. 2 p._ dost, 2390. _Dos_, _pr. t. 3 p._ does, 1994, 2434, 2698. _Doth_, _Don_, _pr. t. pl._ do, 1838, 1840. _Doth_, _imp._ do, cause (ye), 2037. _Dos_, _imp. pl._ do ye, 2592. _Dede_, _Dide_, _pa. t._ caused, 658, 970, &c. _Dede_, _Dide_, _pa. t._ put, placed, 659, 709, 859. _Dedes_, _Dides_, _pa. t. 2 p._ didest, 2393, 2903. _Deden_, _Diden_, _pa. t. pl._ caused, 242; did, performed, 953, 1176, 2306. _Don_, _part. pa._ caused, 1169. _Don_, _part. pa._ done, 667. _Of liue haue do_, 1805, have slain.

Dom, _n._ S. doom, judgment, 2473, 2487, 2813, &c. Sir Tr. p. 127.

Dore, _n._ S. door, 1788.

Dore-tre, _n._ S. bar of the door, 1806. _See_ Tre.

Douhter, _n._ S. daughter, 120, 2712. _Douthe_, 1079. _Douther_, 2867, 2914. _Douhtres_, _pl._ 350, 2982. _Douthres_, 2979. _Doutres_, 717.

Doun. _See_ Adoun.

Doutede, _pa. t._ Fr. feared, 708.

Douthe, _n._ Fr. fear, 1331, 1377.

Douthe, _pa. t._ of Dow, _v. imp._ S. [_dugan_, valere, prodesse] was worth, was sufficient, availed, 703, 833, 1184. It is formed in the same manner as _Mouthe_, Might. _See_ Sir Tr. p. 77; Jam. and Gl. Lynds. in v. Dow.

Drad. _See_ Dred.

Drawe, Drawen. _See_ Drou.

Dred, _imp._ dread, fear (thou), 2168. _Dredden_, _Dredde_, _pa. t. pl._ dreaded, feared, 2289, 2568. _Drad_, _part. pa._ afraid, 1669. _See_ Adrad.

Drede, _n._ S. dread, 1169; doubt, anxiety, care, 828, 1664. Chauc.

Dremede, _pa. t._ S. (used with _me_), dreamed, 1284, 1304.

Dreinchen, Drenchen, Drinchen, _v._ S. to drown, 553, 561, 583, 1416, 1424, &c. _Drenched_, _part. pa._ drowned, 520, 669, 1368, 1379. V. Gl. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.

Dreng, _n._ _See_ note on l. 31.

Drepen, _v._ S. to kill, slay, 1783, 1865, &c. _Drepe_, would slay, 506. _Drop_, _pa. t._ killed, slew, 2229. Bosworth gives _drepan_, to slay. Cf. Sw. _dräpa_.

Dreping, _n._ slaughter, 2684. Cf. A.S. _drepe_.

Drinchen. _See_ Dreinchen.

Drinken, _v._ S. to drink, 459, 800.

Drinkes, _n. pl._ S. drinks, liquors, 1738.

Drit, _n._ [Icel. _drítr_, Du. _dreet_] dirt, 682. A term expressing the highest contempt. K. Alisaund. 4718; Wickliffe. So, in an ancient metrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written about 1310,

Thah he ȝeue hem cattes _dryt_ to huere companage, Ȝet hym shulde arewen of the arrerage.

MS. Harl. 2253, f. 125.

Cf. Jam. Suppl. in v. _Dryte_, and Gl. Lynds.

Driuende. _See_ Drof.

Drou, _pa. t._ S. drew, 705, 719, &c. _Vt-drow_, _pa. t._ out-drew, 2632. _With-drow_, withdrew, 498; (_spelt_ wit-drow), 502. _Drawe_, _Drawen_, _part. pa._ drawn, 1925, 2225, 2477, 2603, &c. _Ut-drawe_, _Ut-drawen_, out-drawn, 1802, 2631. _See_ To-Drawe.

Drof, _pa. t._ S. drove, 725; hastened, 1793, 1872. _Driuende_, _part. pr._ driving, riding quickly, 2702.

Drurye, _n._ Fr. courtship, gallantry, 195. Web., Rits. M. R., P. Plowm., Chauc., Lynds.

Dubbe, _v._ Fr. S. to dub, create a knight, 2042. _Dubbede_, _pa. t._ dubbed, 2314. _Dubban to ridere_, Chron. Sax. An. 1085, [11086]. _To cnihte hine dubben_, Laȝam. l. 22497. “Hickes, Hearne, Gl. R. Gl., and Tyrwhitt, Gl. Chauc., all refer the word to the Saxon root, which primarily signified _to strike_, the same as the Isl. _at dubba_. Todd on the contrary, Gl. Illustr. Chauc., thinks this questionable, and refers to Barbazan’s Gl. in v. _Adouber_, which is there derived from the Lat. _adaptare_. Du Cange and Dr Merrick give it also a Latin origin, from _Adoptare_, and by corruption _Adobare_.” --M. The etymology is discussed in Wedgwood, s.v. _Dub._ _See_ Note on l. 2314.

Duelle, _v._ S. to dwell, give attention, 4.

A tale told Ysoude fre, Thai _duelle_: Tristrem that herd he.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 181.

Cf. Sir Otuel, l. 3, and Sevyn Sages, 1. _Dwellen_, to dwell, remain, 1185; to delay, 1351. _Dwellen_, _pr. t. pl._ dwell, tarry, 1058. _Dwelleden_, _pa. t. pl._ dwelt, tarried, 1189.

Dwelling, _n._ delay, 1352

Dun. _See_ Adoun.

Dungen. _See_ Dinge.

Dunten, _pa. t. pl._ S. struck, beat, 2448.

Dursten, _pa. t. pl._ S. durst, 1866.

Eie, _n._ S. eye, 2545. _Heie_, 1152. _Eyne_, _pl._ eyes, 680, 1273, 1364; _eyen_, 1340; _eyn_, 2171.

Eir, _n._ Fr. Lat. heir, 410, 2539. _Eyr_, 110, 289, &c. Jam. gives it a Northern etymology, in v. Ayr.

Ek, _conj._ S. [_eac_] eke, also, 1025, 1038, 1066, &c. _Ok_ [Su.-G. _och_, Du. _ook_] 187, 200, 879, 1081, &c. V. Jam. in v. Ac.

Eld, _adj._ S. old, 546. _Helde_, 2472. _Heldeste_, sup. 1396.

Elde, _n._ S. age, 2713. _Helde_, 128, 174, 387, 1435.

_Ælde_ hæfde heo na mare Buten fihtene ȝere.

_Laȝam._ l. 25913.

R. Br. In Sc. _Eild_. It was subsequently restricted to the sense of _old age_, as in Chauc.

Elles, _adv._ S. else, 1192, 2590.

Em, S. uncle, 1326. Sir Tr. p. 53. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, an uncle by the father’s side. It appears however to have been used indifferently either on the father’s or mother’s side. _See_ Hearne’s Gl. on R. Gl. and R. Br., Web., Erle of Tol. 988; Chauc. Troil. 2, 162, and Nares. Prov. Eng. _Eam_.

Er, _adv._ S. before, 684. _Her_, 541. _Are_, Sir Tr. p. 152. _Er_, K. Horn, 130. _See_ Are, Or.

Er, _conj._ S. before, 317, 1261, 2680. _Her_, 229.

Erl, _n._ S. earl, 189, &c. _Erles_, _g. c._ 2898, earl’s. _Herles_, 883. _Erldom_, earldom, 2909.

Ern, _n._ S. eagle, 572. Rits. M. R. Octovian, 196; R. Gl. p. 177; Will. of Palerne.

Erþe, _n._ S. earth, 740; ground, 2657.

Erþe, _v._ S. to dwell, 739. A.S. _eardian._

Es, a plural pronoun signifying _them_, as in _don es on_ = put them on, 970. See _Gen. and Exod._ ed. Morris, pref. p. xix.

Et, a singular pronoun, equivalent to _it_, used in _hauenet_ = _hauen et_, 2005; _hauedet_ = _haued et_, 714.

Ete, Eten, _v._ S. to eat, 791, 800, 911, &c. _Hete_, _Heten_, 146, 317, 457, 641. _Et_, _imp._ eat (thou), 925. _Et_, _Het_, _pa. t._ ate, 653, 656. _Etes_, _fut. 2 p._ thou shalt eat, 907. _Eteth_, _fut. 3 p._ shall eat, 672. _Eten_, _part. pa._ eaten, 657.

Eþen, _adv._ S. hence, 690. _Heþen_, 683, 845, 1085, 2727.

Eþer. _See_ Ayþer.

Euere, Eure, _adv._ S. ever. 207, 424, 704, &c. _Heuere_, 17, 327, 830.

Euereich, _adj._ S. every, 137. _Euere il_, 218, 1334, 1644. _Euere ilc_, 1330. _Eueri_, 1070, 1176, 1383. _Eueril_, 1764, 2318, &c. _Euerilk_, 2258, 2432. _Euerilkon_, every one, 1062, 1996, 2197. _See_ Il.

Euere-mar, _adv._ S. evermore, 1971.

Eyen, Eyn, Eyne. _See_ Eie.

Eyr. _See_ Eir.

Fader, _n._ S. Lat. father, 1224, 1403, 1416. Sir Tr. p. 35; K. Horn, 114. The cognate words may be found in Jam.

Faderles, _adj._ fatherless, 75.

Fadmede, _pa. t._ S. fathomed, embraced, 1295. From _fæthmian_, Utraque manu extensa complecti, Cod. Exon., ed. Thorpe, p. 334. It has the same meaning in Sc. V. Jam.

Falle, _v._ S. to fall, 39, &c. _Falles_, _imp. pl._ fall ye, 2302. _Fel_, _pa. t._ fell, appertained. 1815, 2359. _Fellen_, _pa. t. pl._ fell, 1303.

Fals, _adj._ S. false, 2511.

Falwes, _n. pl._ S. fallows, fields, 2509. Chauc. C. T. 6238, where Tyrwh. explains it _harrowed lands_.

Fare, _n._ S. journey, 1337, 2621. R. Gl. p. 211; R. Br., Minot, p. 2 (left unexplained by Rits.); Barb. iv. 627. _Schip-fare_, a voyage, Sir Tr. p. 53.

Faren, _v._ S. to go, 264. _Fare_, 1378, 1392, &c. _Fare_, _pr. t. 2 p._ farest, behavest, 2705. _Fares_, _pr. t. 3 p._ goes, flies, 2690. _Ferde_, _pa. t._ went, 447, 1678, &c.; behaved, 2411. _For_ (went), 2382, 2943. _Foren_, _pa. t. pl._ went, 2380, 2618.

Faste, _adv._ S. attentively, earnestly, 2148.

Tristrem as a man _Fast_ he gan to fight.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 167.

Bidde we ȝeorne Ihū Crist, and seint Albon wel _faste_, That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste.

_Vita S. Albani_, MS. Laud. 108. f. 47 b.

Fastinde, _part. pr._ S. fasting, 865.

Fauth. _See_ Fyht.

Fawen, _adj._ S. fain, glad, 2160. _Fawe_, K. of Tars, 1058; Octovian, 307; R. Gl. p. 150; Chauc. C. T. 5802.

Fe, _n._ S. fee, possessions, or money, 386, 563, 1225, &c. _See_ Jam. and Lynds. Gl.

Feble, _adj._ Fr. feeble, poor, scanty, 323.

Feblelike, _adv._ feebly, scantily, 418. _Febli_, Sir Tr. p. 179, for _meanly_.

Feden, _v._ S. to feed, 906. _Feddes_, _pa. t. 2 p._ feddest, 2907.

Fel. _See_ Bifalle, Falle.

Felawes, _n. pl._ S. fellows, companions, 1338.

Feld, _n._ S. field, 2634, 2685, 1291.

Felde, Felede. _pa. t._ S. felled, 67, 1859, 2694. _Felden_ (? read _he ne fellen_, they did not fall), 2698. _Feld_, _part. pa._ felled, 1824. Sir F. Madden writes-- “in l. 2698, I prefer reading _ne felden_, did not fell, governed by _that_. In l. 67, Garnett suggested _felede_, pursued, from Swed. _följade_.”

Fele, _adj._ S. many, often, 778, 1277, 1737, &c. Sir Tr. p. 19.

Fele, _adv._ S. very, 2442.

Fend, _n._ S. fiend, 506, 1411, 2229.

Fer, _adv._ S. far. 359, 1863, 2275, &c. _Ferne_, far, 1864; _pl. adj._ foreign, 2031.

Þa kingges buh stronge, And of _ferrene_ lond.

_Laȝam._ l. 5528.

Cf. Chauc. Prol. l. 14.

Ferd, _n._ S. army, 2384, 2548, &c. _Ferde_, 2535. Laȝam., R. Gl., R. Br., Web. _Ferdes, pl._ 2683.

Ferde. _See_ Fare.

Fere, _n._ S. companion, wife, 1214. Sir Tr. p. 157. K. Horn, Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc. _Feir_, Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Ferlike, _n._ S. wonder, 1258. _Ferlik_, 1849. Sir Tr. p. 21. Originally in all probability an _adj._

Ferþe, _adj._ S. fourth, 1810.

Feste, _n._ Fr. feast, 2344, &c.

Feste, _v._ Fr. to feast, 2938.

Festen, _v._ S. to fasten, 1785; (used passively) 82. _Fest_, _pa. t._ fastened, 144.

Fet. _See_ Fot.

Fete, _v._ S. to fetch, bring, 642, 912, 937, &c. Used passively, 316, 2037. _Fetes_, _pr. t. s._ fetch, 2341. V. Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p. 135.

Fetere, _v._ S. to fetter, chain, 2758. Used passively.

Feteres, _n. pl._ S. fetters, 82, 2759.

Fey, _n._ Fr. faith, 255, 1666. _Feyth_, 2853.

Fiht, _n._ S. fight, 2668, 2716.

Fikel, _adj._ S. fickle, inconstant, 1210, 2799.

File, _n._ vile, worthless person, 2499.

Men seth ofte a muche _file_, They he serue boten a wile, Bicomen swithe riche.

_Hending the hende_, MS. Digb. 86.

So in R. Br. p. 237.

David at that while was with Edward the kyng, Ȝit auanced he that _file_ vntille a faire thing.

It is used for _coward_ by Minot, pp. 31, 36. Cf. Du. _vuil_, foul, malicious.

Finden, _v._ S. to find, 1083. _Finde_, 220. _Fynde_, 42. _Funden_, _pa. t. pl._ found, 602. _Funde_, _part. pa._ found, 2376. _Funden_, 1427.

Fir, _n._ S. fire, 585, 1162, &c. _Fyr_, 915.

Firrene, _adj._ S. made of fir, 2078. _Firron_, Doug. Virg. 47. 34.

Flaunes, _n. pl._ Fr. custards, or pancakes, 644. _See_ Way’s note in Prompt. Parv.

Fledden, _pa. t. pl._ S. fled, 2416.

Flemen, _v._ S. to drive away, banish, 1160. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc., Rits. A. S. So in Sc. V. Jam.

Flete, _pres. subj._ S. float, swim, 522. Sir Tr. p. 27; K. Horn, 159; Chauc. _Fleit_, Sc. V. Jam.

Fleye, _v._ S. to fly, 1791, 1813, 1827, 2751. _Fley_, _pa. t._ flew, 1305.

Flo, _v._ S. to flay, 612, 2495. K. Horn, 92. _Flow_, _pa. t._ flayed, 2502. _Flowe_, _pa. t. pl._ 2433.

Flok, _n._ S. flock, troop, 24. _See_ Trome.

Flote, _n._ S. boat, 738. A.S. _flóta_, a ship; Icel. _floti_, (1) a ship, (2) a fleet; cf. Laȝam. 4530.

Flour, _n._ Fr. flower, 2917.

Fnaste, _v._ S. to breathe, 548. Cf. A.S. _Fnæstiað_, the wind-pipe, _Fnæstan_, puffs of wind. _Fnast_ = breath in _Owl and Nightingale_, l. 44.

Fo, _n._ S. foe, 1363, 2849; _pl._ foos, 67.

Fol, _n._ Fr. fool, 298. _Foles_, pl. 2100.

Folc, Folk, _n._ S. men collectively, people, 89, 438, &c.

Folwes, _imp._ S. follow ye, 1885, 2601.

Fonge, _v._ S. to take, receive, 763; _2 p. pres. subj._ 856. In common use from Laȝam. to Chauc. and much later.

For, _prep._ S. _For to_ is prefixed to the inf. of verbs in the same manner as the Fr. _pour_, or Sp. _por_. It is so used in all the old writers, and in the vulgar translation of the Scriptures, and is still preserved in the North of England. Cf. 17, &c. _For_ = on account of, 1670. Sir Tr. p. 62.

For, Foren. _See_ Faren.

Forbere, _v._ S. spare, abstain from, 352. Chauc. Rom. R. 4751. _Forbar_, _pa. t._ spared, abstained from, 764, 2623.

Forfaren, _v._ S. to perish, 1380. R. Br. _Forfard_ (_p. p._) Ly Beaus Desc. 1484. The inf. is also used in Web., P. Plowm., Chauc. In Sc. _Forfair_. V. Compl. of Scotl. p. 100, and Gl. Lynds.

Forgat, _pa. t._ S. forgot, 2636, &c. _Foryat_, 249.

For-henge, _v._ to kill by hanging, 2724. Cf. Du. _verhangen zich_, to hang one’s self.

Forlorn, _part. pa._ S. utterly lost, 770, 1424. _Forloren_, 580. R. Br., Rits. M. R., Chauc. Used actively, Sir Tr. p. 35.

Forþi, _adv._ S. on this account, therefore, because, 1194, 1431, 2043, 2500, 2578. Sir Tr. p. 14, and in all the Gloss.

Forthwar, _adv._ S. forthward; i.e. as we go on, 731.

Forw, _n._ S. furrow, 1094.

Forward, _n._ S. promise, word, covenant, 486. _Forwarde_, 554. Laȝam. l. 4790. Sir Tr. p. 13. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc.

Fostred, _part. pa._ S. nourished, 1434, 2239.

Fot, _n._ S. _Euerilk fot_, 2432, every foot, or man. _Fet_, _pl._ 616, 1022, 1303, 2479. _Fote_, 1054, 1199.

Fouhten. _See_ Fyht.

Fourtenith, _n._ S. fortnight, 2284.

Fremde, _adj._ (used as a _n._) S. stranger, 2277.

Vor hine willeth sone uorgiete Tho _fremde_ and tho sibbe.

MS. Digb. 4.

Ther ne myhte libbe The _fremede_ ne the sibbe.

_K. Horn_, 67.

See also R. Gl. p. 346; Chron. of Eng. 92; P. Plowm., Chau., Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Freme, _v._ S. to perform, 441.

Fri, _adj._ S. free, liberal, 1072. Chauc.

Frie, _v._ to blame, 1998. Icel. _fryja_, to blame. Cf. _freles_, blameless. _Allit. Poems_, ed. Morris, A. 431.

Fro, _prep._ S. from, 265, &c.

Frusshe. _See_ To-frusshe.

Ful, _adv._ S. very, much, completely, 6, 82, &c. _Ful wo_, 2589, much sorrow.

Ful, Fule, _adj._ S. foul, 506, 555, 626, 965, &c. _Foule_, 1158.

Fulike, _adv._ S. foully, shamefully, 2749.

Fulde, _part. pa._ S. filled, complete, 355.

Funde, Funden. _See_ Finde.

Fyht, _v._ S. to fight, 2361. _Fauth_, _pa. t._ fought, 1990. _Fouhten_, _pa. t. pl._ fought, 2661.

Fyn, _n._ Fr. Lat. ending, 22. R. Br., Minot, Chauc., &c.

Ga, _v._ S. to go. _See_ Ouer-ga.

Gad, _n._ S. goad, 279. _Gaddes_, _pl._ 1016. In Gl. Ælfr. among the instruments of husbandry occur _Gad_, stimulus, and _Gadiron_, aculeus. So in _The Fermeror and his Docter_, printed by Laing:

Quhen Symkin standis quhisling with ane quhip and ane _gaid_, Priking and ȝarkand ane auld ox hide.

V. Jam. in v. _Gade_, 4. and Nares.

Gadred, _part. pa._ S. gathered, 2577.

Gadeling, _n._ S. an idle vagabond, low man, 1121.

Þa wes æuer alc cheorl Al swa bald alse an eorl, & alle þa _gadelinges_ Alse heo weoren sunen kinges.

_Laȝam._ l. 12333.

Cf. K. Alisaund. 1733, 4063. _Gadlyng_, Rob. of Cicyle, MS. Harl. 1701. R. Gl. p. 277, 310. Chauc. Rom. Rose, 938. The word originally meant _Vir generosus_. _See_ Beowulf, l. 5227.

Gaf. _See_ Yeue.

Galwe-tre, _n._ S. the gallows, 43, 335, 695. Le Bone Fl. 1726. Erle of Tol. 657. _Galues_, _Galwes_, _Galewes_, 687, 1161, 2477, 2508. R. Br., Chauc. Cf. Ihre Gl. Suiog. in v. _galge_, ab Isl. _gayl_, ramus arboris.

Gamen, _n._ S. game, sport, 980, 1716, 2135, 2250, 2577; joy, 2935, 2963. _Gamyn_, Barb. iii. 465. V. Jam.

Gan, _pa. t._ S. began, 2443. V. Jam.

Gangen, _v._ S. to go, walk, 370, 845, &c. _Gange_, 796. _Gongen_, 855. _Gonge_, 1185, 1739, &c. _Gonge_, _pr. t. 2 p._ goest, 690, 843. _Gangande_, _part. pr._ on foot, walking, 2283. Wynt. V. Jam.

Garte, _pa. t._ S. made, 189, 1857, &c. _Gart_, 1001, 1082. _Gert_, Sir Tr. p. 147. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Gat, Gaten. _See_ Geten.

Gate, _n._ S. (1) way, road, 846, 889. Sir Tr. p. 27; (2) manner, fashion (_see_ þus-gate), 783, 2419, 2586.

Genge, _n._ S. family, company, 786, 1735; retinue, 2353, 2362, 2383.

þe king of þan londe Mid muchelere _genge_.

_Laȝam._ l. 6156.

Hence _Gang_. V. Todd’s Johns.

Gent, _adj._ Fr. neat, pretty, 2139. Sir Tr. p. 87, R. Br., Chauc.

Gere. _See_ Messe-gere.

Gest, _n._ Fr. tale, adventure, 2984. _See_ Note in Warton’s Hist. E. P., V. I. p. 69. Ed. 1840.

Gete, _v._ to guard, watch, keep, 2762, 2960. Icel. _gæta_, to guard. Cf. _Ormulum_, 2079. [Suggested by Garnett.]

Geten, _v._ S. to get, take, 792. _Gete_, 1393. _Gat_, _pa. t._ begot, got, 495, 730. _Gaten_, _Geten_, _pa. t. pl._ begot, 2893, 2934, 2978. _Getes_, _f. t. 2 p._ shalt get, 908.

Ghod _for_ Good, 255.

Gisarm, _n._ Fr. a bill, 2553. _See_ Gl. Rits. M. R., Spelm. in v., Jam. Dict., and Merrick’s Gl. in v. _Gesa_, _Gesum_. [“Distinguished from other weapons of the axe kind by a spike rising from the back. There were two kinds, viz. the _glaive-gisarme_, with a sabre-blade and spike; and the _bill-gisarme_, in shape of a hedging-bill with a spike.” Godwin’s Archæol. Handbook, p. 254.]

Giue. _See_ Yeue.

Giue, _n._ S. gift, 2880. _Gyue_, 357. _Yeft_, 2336.

Giueled, piled up, 814. [The O.Fr. _gavelé_ means piled up, heaped together. To _gavel_ corn (_see_ Halliwell) is to put it into heaps, and a _gavel_ is a heap of corn. But this may very well be derived from _gable_, since a heap takes the shape of a peaked end of a house; and the O.Fr. term is probably originally Teutonic, and connected, as _gable_ is, with Mœso-Goth. _gibla_, a pinnacle, with which compare German _giebel_, Du. _gevel_, and hence our word would be taken from a verb _givelen_, to pile up. The fish in Havelok’s basket would be what the Dutch call _gevelvormig_, or formed like a gable, or like the peaked end of a _stack_ of hay or corn, whence the author’s expression--_giueled als a stac_, piled up in the shape of a stack. Other explanations are _flayed_, from Du. _villen_, to flay; or _filed_, ranged in rows upon a stick, where _stick_ is represented by _stac_. But the latter supposition would require the reading _on_ rather than _als_; not to mention the fact that if fish are carried _in a pannier_ they would not resemble fish carried _on a stick_. Nor is it quite satisfactory to say that _giueled_ is put for _gefilled_, filled; for this is not elucidated by the expression _als a stac_, any more than the explanation _flayed_ is. _Gable_ is Icel. _gafl_, Sw. _gafvel_, Dan. _gavl_, Du. _gevel_, Ger. _giebel_, _gipfel_, &c. Its forked shape seems to give rise to Ger. _gabel_, Sw. _gaffel_, a fork; respecting which set of words see _Gaff_ in Wedgwood.]

Gladlike, _adv._ S. gladly, 805, 906, 1760.

Glede, _n._ S. a burning coal, 91, 869. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Chauc. _See_ Note on l. 91.

Gleiue, Gleyue, Fr. a spear, lance, 1770, 1844, 1981. _Gleiues_, _Gleyues_, _pl._ 267, 1748, 1864. Dr Merrick explains it, “A weapon composed of a long cutting blade at the end of a staff.” See R. Gl. p. 203; Guy of Warw. R. iii.; Chauc. Court of Love, 544; Percy, A. R.

Glem, _n._ S. gleam, ray, 2122. _See_ Stem.

Gleu, _n._ S. game, skill, 2332. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, the joyous science of the minstrels. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 24, 35, 150.

Gleymen, _n. pl._ S. gleemen, 2329. _Glewemen_, Sir Tr. p. 110.

Whar bin thi _glewmen_ that schuld thi _glewe_, With harp and fithel, and tabour bete.

_Disp. betw. the bodi & saul_, ap. Leyd. Compl. of Scotl.

Glotuns, _n. pl._ Fr. gluttons, wicked men, 2104.

Va, _Glutun_, envers tei nostre lei se defent.

_K. Horn_, 1633, MS. Douce.

Cf. K. Horn, 1124, ap. Rits., Yw. and Gaw. 3247; R. Cœur de L. 5953, and Chauc.

Gnede, _adj._ S. niggardly, frugal, 97. Nearly equivalent to _chinche_, l. 1763. Printed _guede_ in Sir Tr. p. 169. [Cf. _Gnede_ in Halliwell, and A.S. _gneadlícnes_, frugality.]

God, _n._ S. gain, wealth, goods, 797, 2034; _pl._ gode, 1221. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.

God, Gode, _adj._ S. good, excellent, 7, &c.

Goddot, Goddoth, _interj._ god wot! 606, 642, 796, 909, 1656, 2543; cf. 2527. It is formed probably in the same manner as _Goddil_, for God’s will, in Yorksh. and Lanc. V. Craven dialect, and View of Lanc. dialect, 1770, 8vo. The word before us appears to have been limited to Lincolnshire or Lancashire, and does not appear in the Glossaries. Other instances are in the _Cursor Mundi_, MS. Cott. Vesp. F. iii. fol. 87_b_, and in MS. Cott. Galba E. ix. fol. 61. It also occurs in a translation of a French Fabliau, written in the reign of Edw. I.

_Goddot!_ so I wille, And loke that thou hire tille, And strek out hire thes.

_La fablel & la cointise de dame Siriz_, MS. Digb. 86.

Grundtvig told me (adds Sir F. Madden) that it is “undoubtedly the same interjection spelled _Ioduth_ in the old Danish rime-chronicle.”

Gome, _n._ S. man, 7.

Gon, _v._ S. to go, walk, 113, 1045. _Goth_, _imp._ go ye, 1780. _Gon_, _part. pa._ gone, 2692.

Gonge, Gongen. _See_ Gange.

Gore, 2497. _See_ Grim.

Gos, _n._ S. goose, 1240. _Gees_, _pl._ 702.

Gouen. _See_ Yeue.

Goulen, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ S. howl, cry, 454. _Gouleden_, _pa. t. pl._ howled, cried, 164.

An _yollen_ mote thu so heye, That ut berste bo thin ey.

_Hule and Nihtingale_, l. 970.

Used also by Wickliffe. In Scotland and the North it is still preserved, but in the South _Yell_ is used as an equivalent. _See_ Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Gram, _n._ S. grief, 2469.

Graten, _v._ S. [_grǽtan_] to weep, cry, cry out, 329. _Grede_, 96. _Grete_, _pres. pl._ 454, 2703. _Gret_, _pa. t._ cried out, wept, 615, 1129, 2159. _Gredde_, 2417. _Greten_, _pa. t. pl._ wept, 164, 415, 2796. _Grotinde_, _part. pr._ weeping, 1390. _Graten_, _part. pa._ wept, 241. _Igroten_, 285. _See_ Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Graue, _v._ S. to bury, 613. _Grauen_, _part. pa._ buried, 2528. Web., Sir Guy, Ii. iv., Chauc.

Greme, _v._ S. to irritate, grieve, 442. In R. Br. _Gram_ is used as a verb, in the same sense.

Grene, _n._ desire, lust, 996. It is simply the Mœso-Goth. _gairuni_, lust; Icel. _girni_, desire. V. Jam. in v. Grene. Halliwell suggests _sport_, _play_, to which it is _opposed_.

Gres, _n._ S. grass, 2698.

Gret, _adj._ S. great, heavy, loud, 807, 1860. _Greth_, 1025; _pl._ grete, 1437, 1862. _Grettere_, _comp._ greater, 1893.

Grete. _See_ Graten.

Greþede, 2003. Explained as _greeted_, _accosted_, by Sir F. Madden; but the use of þ (not th) renders this doubtful. May it not signify _treated_, _handled_ (lit. _arrayed_), from the _vb._ greyþe?

Grethet. _See_ Greyþe.

Greting, _n._ S. weeping, 166.

Grette, _pa. t._ S. accosted, greeted, 452, 1811, 2625. _Gret_, _part. pa._ accosted, greeted, 2290.

Greu, _pa. t._ S. grew, prospered, 2333; _pl._ grewe, 2975.

Greue, _v._ S. to grieve, 2953.

Greyþe, _v._ S. [gerǽdian] to prepare, 1762. _Greyþede_, _pa. t._ prepared, 706. _Greyþed_, _part. pa._ prepared, made ready, 714. _Grethet_, 2615. Laȝam. l. 4414. Sir Tr. p. 33. Sc. _Graith_. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Greyue, _n._ S. [_geréfa_] greave, magistrate, 1771. _Greyues_, _g. c._ greave’s, 1749. _Greyues_, _pl._ 266. V. Spelm. in v. _Grafio_, and Hickes, Diss. Epist. p. 21, n. p. 151.

Grim, _adj._ S. cruel, savage, fierce, 155, 680, 2398, 2655, 2761. R. Br., Rits. M. R. _See_ Beowulf, l. 204.

Grim, _n._ [smut, dirt, 2497. The explanation is that Godard, on being flayed, did not bear his sentence as one of rank and blood would have done, but began to roar out as if he were mere _dirt_ or _mud_, i.e. one of the dregs of the common herd. This curious expression is ascertained to have the meaning here assigned to it by observing (1) that _grim_ and _gore_ must be substantives, and (2) that they must be of like signification; but chiefly by comparing the line with others similar to it. Now the context, in the couplet following, repeats that “men might hear him roar, that _foul vile_ wretch, a mile off;” and in l. 682, Godard calls Grim “_a foul dirt_, a thrall, and a churl.” The author clearly uses _dirt_ and _churl_ as synonyms. The word _grim_ is the Danish _grim_, soot, lampblack, smut, dirt, answering to the English _grime_; see _grime_ in Atkinson’s Glossary of the Cleveland dialect. _Gore_ is the A.S. _gór_, wet mud, or clotted blood, in the latter of which senses it is still used. See “_Gore. Limus_” in Prompt. Parv., and Way’s note.]

Grip, _n._ griffin, 572. Web. _Graip_, Sc., V. Jam. The plural _gripes_ is in Laȝam. l. 28062, and K. Alisaund. 4880. Swed. _grip_.

Grip, _n._ S. [_græp_] ditch, trench, 2102. _Gripes_, _pl._ 1924. V. Jam. in v. _Grape_; and Skinner, v. _Groop_. Cf. Swed. _grop_.

Gripen, _pr. t. pl._ S. gripe, grasp, 1790. _Gripeth_, _imp._ gripe ye, 1882. _Grop_, _pa. t._ grasped, 1776, 1871, 1890, &c.

Grith, _n._ S. peace, 61, 511. _Grith-sergeans_, 267, legal officers to preserve the peace. These must not be confounded with the _Justitiarii Pacis_ established in the beginning of Edw. III. reign, and called _Gardiani Pacis_. V. Spelm. in v. Cf. Icel. _grið_.

Grom, _n._ male child, youth, 790; young man, 2472. Belgic _grom_ has the same sense of _boy_. Cf. Icel. _gromr_, homuncio. So in _Sir Degore_, A. iv.

He lyft up the shete anone And loked upon the lytle _grome._

It generally elsewhere signifies _lad_, _page_.

Gronge, _n._ Fr. grange, 764. [Halliwell says that, in _Lincolnshire_, a lone farm-house is still called a _grange_. In old English it is sometimes spelt _graunge_, which comes near the form here used. Cf. Fr. _grange_; Ital. _grangia_ (Florio), a country-farm.]

Grop. _See_ Gripen.

Grotes, _n. pl._ S. [_grót_] small pieces, grit, dust, 472, 1414.

Grotinde. _See_ Graten.

Grund, _adj. used as adv._ 1027. _See_ Grundlike.

Grunde, _n._ S. _dat. c._ ground, 1979, 2675.

Grunden, _part. pa._ S. ground, 2503. Yw. and Gaw. 676. _Grounden_, Chauc.

Grundlike, _adv._ heartily, 651, 2659; deeply, 2013, 2268, 2307, where it is equivalent to _Deplike_, q.v. The word is undoubtedly Saxon, but in the Lexicons we only find _Grundlinga_, funditus, from Ælf. Gl. It is used by Laȝamon, l. 9783.

Cnihtes heom gereden _Grundliche_ feire.

Gyue. _See_ Giue.

Hal, all, 2370. [_Hal_, more probably, is shortened from _half_, like _twel_ from _twelue_.]

Halde, _v._ S. to hold, take part, 2308. _Holden_, to keep or observe, 29, 1171. _Haldes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ holds, 1382. _Hel_, _pa. t._ held, 109. _Helden_, _pa. t. pl._ held, 1201. _Halden_, _part. pa._ held, holden, 2806.

Hals, _n._ S. neck, 521, 670, 2510. Sir Tr. p. 109.

Halue, _n._ S. side, part; _bi bothe halue_, 2682. _See_ Bi-halue.

Haluendel, _n._ S. the half part, 460. R. Gl. p. 5; R. Br.; K. Alisaund. 7116; Emare, 444; Chron. of Engl. 515; R. Hood, i. 68.

Handlen, _v._ S. to handle, 347. _Handel_, 586.

Hangen, _v._ S. to hang, 335, 695. _Hengen_, 43, &c. _Honge_, 2807. _Henged_, _part. pa._ hung, 1922, 2480. Cf. For-henge.

Harum _for_ Harm, 1983, 2408.

Hasard, _n._ Fr. game at dice, 2326. _See_ Note on l. 2320.

Hatede, _pa. t._ S. hated, 1188.

Hauen, _v._ S. to have, 78, &c. _Hawe_, 1188. _Haue_, 1298. _Haues_, _Hauest_, _pr. t. 2 p._ hast, 688, 848. _Haues_, _Haueth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ haveth, hath, has, 1266, 1285, 1952, 1980, &c. _Hauet_, hath, 564. _Hauen_, _pr. t. pl._ have, 1227. _Hauenet_, have it, 2005. _Hauede_, _pa. t._ had, 649, 775, &c. _Hauedet_, 714, had it. _Haueden_, _pa. t. pl._ had, 238, &c. _Aueden_, 163. _Haue_, _Hauede_, _Haueden_, _subj._ would have, 1428, 1643, 1687, 2020, 2675.

Haui _for_ Haue I, 2002.

He, _pron._ S. Is often understood, as in ll. 869, 1428, 1777, and hence might perhaps have been designedly omitted in ll. 135, 860, 1089, 2311, though the metre seems to require _he_ in 135 and 1089. _He_, _pl._ they, 54, &c.

Heie, _n._ _See_ Eie.

Heie, _adj._ S. tall, 987. _Hey_, 1071, 1083; high, 1289. _Heye se_, 719. _Heye curt_, 1685. _Heye and lowe_, 2431, 2471, &c.

Hel, Helden. _See_ Halde.

Helde, Heldeste. _See_ Eld.

Helen, _v._ S. [_hǽlan_] to heal, 1836. _Hele_, 2058. _Holed_, _part. pa._ healed, 2039.

Helm, _n._ S. helmet, 379, 624, 1653, &c. _Helmes_, _pl._ 2612.

Helpen, _v._ S. to help, 1712. _Helpes_, _imp. pl._ help ye, 2595. _Holpen_, _part. pa._ helped, 901.

Hem, _pron._ S. them, 367, &c.

Hend. _See_ Hond.

Hende _for_ Ende, 247.

Hende, _n._ S. a duck, 1241. A.S. _ened_; Lat. _anas_ (_anat-is_); Du. _eend_; Icel. _önd_. “Ende mete, for dookelyngys, _Lenticula_;” and again, “Ende, dooke byrde, _Anas_.” Prompt. Parv.

Hende, _adj._ courteous, gentle, 1104, 1421, 1704, 2793, 2877, 2914; skilful, 2628. It certainly is the same word with _hendi_, _hendy_. _See_ Tyrwh. on C. T. 3199; Gl. R. Glouc.; Amis and Amil. 1393; Ly Beaus Desc. 333; Morte Arthur, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. I. p. 359, &c.; Dan. and Sw. _händig_, dexterous.

Hende, _adv._ S. near, handy, 359, 2275. Web.

Hendeleik, _n._ courtesy, 2793. Cf. _Allit. Poems_, ed. Morris, B. 860.

Henged, Hengen. _See_ Hangen.

Henne, _adv._ S. hence, 843, 1780, 1799. In the same manner is formed _Whenne_, K. Horn, 169, which Ritson thought a mistake for _whence_.

Henne, _n_, S. hen, 1240. _Hennes_, _pl._ 702.

Her. _See_ Er.

Her, _adv._ S. here, 689, 1058, &c. _Her offe_, 2585, hereof.

Her, _n._ S. hair, 1924. _Hor_, 235.

Herboru, _n._ S. habitation, harbour, lodging, 742. _Herberowe_, Web.; _Herbegerie_, R. Br.; _Harbroughe_, Sq. of Lowe Degre, 179; _Herberwe_, Chauc.; _Herbry_, Wynt.; _Herberye_, Lynds. Gl. q.v. and Jam.

Herborwed, _pa. t._ S. lodged, 742. Laȝam., Chauc., V. Jam. in v. _Herbery_.

Here, _pron._ S. their, 52, 465, &c.

Here, _n._ S. army, 346, 379, 2153, 2942. R. Br., K. Alisaund, 2101.

Here, Heren, _v._ S. to hear, 4, 732, 1640, 2279, &c. _Y-here_, 11. _Herd_, _Herde_, _pa. t._ heard, 286, 465, &c. _Herden_, _pa. t. pl._ 150.

Herinne, _adv._ S. herein, 458.

Herkne, _imp. s._ S. hearken, 1285. _Herknet_, _imp. pl._ hearken ye, 1.

Herles. _See_ Erl.

Hernes, _n._ Fr. armour, harness, 1917. R. Br., &c.

Hernes, _n. pl._ S. brains, 1808.

Hern-panne, _n._ S. skull, 1991. Yw. and Gaw. 660; R. Cœur de L., 5293. _Hardynpan_, Compl. of Scotl. p. 241; V. Gl.

Hert, _n._ S. hart, deer, 1872.

Herte, _n._ S. heart, 479, 2054, &c. _Herte blod_, 1819. Laȝam. l. 15846; Sir Tr. p. 98; Chauc.

Hertelike, _adv._ S. heartily, 1347, 2748.

Het, _part._ S. hight, named, 2348. _Hoten_, _part. pa._ called, named, 106, 284.

Het, Hete, Heten. _See_ Ete.

Hetelike, _adv._ S. hotly, furiously, 2655.

And Guy hent his sword in hand, And _hetelich_ smot to Colbrand.

_Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 82.

In Sir Tr. p. 172, _Hethelich_ is explained _Haughtily_ by the Editor, and by Jam. _reproachfully_. Cf. _Hetterly_ in Gloss. to _Will. of Palerne_.

Hethede, _pa. t._ commanded, 551. A.S. _hetan_. The _th_ is here pronounced like _t_, as elsewhere.

Heþen. _See_ Eþen.

Heu, _n._ S. hue, colour, complexion, 2918. Very common. We may hence explain the “inexplicable phrase” complained of by Mr Ellis, Spec. E. E. P. V. I. p. 109. “On _heu_ her hair is fair enough” --occasioned by Ritson having inadvertently copied it _hen_, from the MS.; _see_ Anc. Songs, p. 25.

Heued, _n._ S. head, 624, 1653, 1701, 1759, &c. _Heuedes_, _pl._ 1907.

Heuere. _See_ Euere.

Heui, _adj._ S. heavy, 808; laborious, 2456.

Hew, _pa. t._ S. cut, 2729. Sir Tr. p. 20.

Hext, _adj. sup._ S. highest, tallest, 1080. _Haxt_, Laȝamon; _Hext_, K. Alisaund. 7961; R. Gl.; Chauc.

Hey, Heye. _See_ Heie.

Heye, _adv._ S. on high, 43, 335, 695, &c.

Heylike, _adv._ S. highly, honourably, 2319. _Heyelike_, 1329.

Heyman, _n._ S. nobleman, 1260. Sir Tr. p. 82. _Heymen_, _Heyemen_, _pl._ 231, 958.

Hi, Hic. _See_ Ich.

Hider, _adv._ S. hither, 868, 885, 1431.

Hides, _n. pl._ S. hides, skins, 918.

Hijs, _pron._ S. his, 47, 468. _Hise_, 34, &c. _Hyse_, 355. [The final _e_ is most used with _plural_ nouns.]

Hile, _v._ S. [_hélan_] to cover, hide, 2082. _Hele_, Sir Tr. p. 19, Web., Rits. M. R., Chauc. _Hilles_, Yw. and Gaw. 741. V. Jam. in v. _Heild._ --Somersetsh.

Him, _pron._ S. them, 257, 1169.

Hine, _n. pl._ S. hinds, bondsmen, 620. Web. _Hinen_, R. Gl., V. Jam. in v.

Hinne. _See_ Þer-inne.

Hire, _pron._ S. her, 127, &c. _Hire semes_, it beseems her, 2916.

His _for_ Is, 279, 1973, 2692.

Hise. _See_ Hijs.

Hof _for_ Of, 1976.

Hof, _pa. t._ S. heaved, 2750.

Hok, _n._ S. hook, 1102.

Hol, _adj._ whole, well, 2075.

Holi, _adj._ S. holy, 1361. [_Printed_ hoh _in the former edition_.]

Hold, _adj._ S. firm, faithful, 2781, 2816.

Ant suore othes _holde_, That huere non ne sholde Horn never bytreye.

_K. Horn_, 1259.

Cf. R. Glouc. p. 377, 383, 443; K. Alisaund. 2912; Chron. of Engl. 730.

Hold, Holde, _adj._ S. old, 30, 192, 417, 956, &c.; former, 2460.

Holden. _See_ Halde.

Hole, _n._ S. socket of the eye, 1813.

Holed. _See_ Helen.

Holpen. _See_ Helpen.

Hond, _n._ S. hand, 2446. _Hon_, 1342. _Dat. c._ hend, 505, 2069; _pl._ hondes, 215, 636. _Hond-dede_, _n._ S. handiwork, 92.

Honge. _See_ Hangen.

Hor. _See_ Her, _n._

Hore, _n._ mercy, 153. _See_ Ore.

Horn, _n._ S. 779. [This probably refers to the _shape_ of the simnel. Halliwell says, a Simnel is “generally made in a _three-cornered_ form.” Cracknels are still made with pointed and turned up ends, not unlike _horns_.]

Hors, _n._ S. horse, 2283. _Horse-knaue_, groom, 1019. So in a curious satirical poem, temp. Edw. II.

Of rybaudz y ryme, Ant rede o my rolle, Of gedelynges, gromes, Of Colyn, & of Colle; Harlotes, _hors knaues_, Bi pate & by polle.

MS. Harl. 2253, f. 124 b.

Used also by Gower, Conf. Am. _See_ Todd’s Illustr. p. 279.

Hosen, _n. pl._ S. hose, stockings, 860, 969. In Sir Tr. p. 94, trowsers seem to be indicated.

Hoslen, _v._ S. to administer or receive the sacrament, 212. _Hoslon_, 362. _Hosled_, _part. pa._ 364. _Hoseled_, 2598. Le Bone Flor. 776. Chauc.

Hoten. _See_ Het.

Houes, _pr. t._ S. behoves, 582. [_Read_ bi-houes?]

Hul, _n._ S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687. A.S. _hole_. Cf. l. 2439.

Hund, _n._ S. hound, 1994, 2435. _Hundes_, _pl._ 2331.

Hungred _for_ Hunger, 2454.

Hungreth, _pr. t._ hunger, 455. _Hungrede_, _pa. t._ hungered, 654.

Hure, _pron._ S. our, 338, 842, 1231, &c.

Hus _for_ Us, 1217, 1409.

Hus, _n._ S. house, 740. _Huse_, 2913. _Hws_, 1141. _Milne-hous_, mill-house, 1967.

Hyl, _n._ S. heap, 892. _Hil_, hill, 1287.

Hw, W, _adv._ S. how, 120, 288, 827, 960, 1646, &c. _Hwou_, 2411, 2946, 2987, &c.

Hwan, _adv._ S. when, 408, 474, &c. _See_ Quan.

Hware, _adv._ S. where, 1881, 2240, 2579. _Hwar-of_, whereof, 2976. _Hwere_, 549, 1083.

Hwat, _pron._ S. what, 596, 635, 1137, 2547. _Wat_, 117, 541, &c. _Wat is yw_, 453. _Hwat_ or _Wat is þe_, 1951, 2704.

Hwat. _See_ Quath.

Hwel, _n._ S. whale, or grampus, 755. _Hwæl_, balena, vel cete, vel cetus. Ælf. Gl. _See_ Qual.

Hweþer, _adv._ S. whether, 294, 2098.

Hwi, _adv._ S. why, 454. _See_ Qui.

Hwil, _adv._ S. whilst, 301, 363, 538, 2437.

Hwile, _n._ S. time, 722, 1830.

Hwil-gat, _adv._ S. how, lit. which way, 838. _Howgates_, Skinner.

Hwit, _adj._ S. white, 1729.

Hwo, _pron._ S. who, 296, 300, 368, 2604, &c. _See_ Wo.

Hwor, _adv._ S. whether, 1119. _Hwore-so_, wheresoever, 1349.

Hwou. _See_ Hw.

Hws. _See_ Hus.

Hyse. _See_ Hijs.

Ich, _pron._ S. I, 167, &c. _Ihc_, 1377. _Hic_, 305. _Hi_, 487. _I_, 686. _Y_, 15, &c.

Id _for_ It, 2424.

I-gret, 163. _See_ Grette.

I-groten. _See_ Graten.

Il, _adj._ S. each, every, 818, 1740, 2112, 2483, 2514. _Ilc_, 1056, 1921. _Ilke_, 821, 1861, 2959, 2996; (= same), 1088, 1215, 2674, &c. _Ilker_, each (of them), 2352. _Ilkan_, each one, 1770, 2357. _Ilkon_, 1842, 2108. _See_ Eueri.

Ille, _adv._ S. _Likede hire swithe ille_, 1165, it displeased her much. Sir Tr. p. 78. A common phrase. _Ille maked_, ill treated, 1952.

I-maked. _See_ Maken.

Inne, _adv._ S. in, 762, 807. _See_ Þerinne.

Inow, _adv._ S. enough, 706, 911, 931, &c. _Ynow_, 563, 1795. _Ynou_, 904.

Intil, _prep._ S. into, 128, 251, &c. _See_ Til.

Ioie, _n._ Fr. joy, 1209, 1237, 1278, &c. _Ioye_, 1315.

Ioyinge, _n._ gladness, 2087.

Ioupe, _n._ Fr. a doublet, 1767. Roquefort gives the form _Jupe_, but _Jupon_ or _Gipoun_ is more usual. See _Jupon_ in Halliwell, and _Gipe_ in Roquefort.

Is _for_ His, 735, 2254, 2479.

Iuele, _n._ S. evil, injury, 50, 1689. _Yuel_, 2221. _Yuele_, 994. _Iuel_, sickness, 114. _Yuel_, 144, 155.

þa þe he wes ald mon, þa com him _ufel_ on.

_Laȝam._ l. 19282.

_Ful iuele o-bone_, very lean, 2505; cf. 2525.

Iuele, _adv._ S. evilly, 2755. _Me yuele like_, displease me, 132. Cf. Ille liken.

Kam. _See_ Komen.

Kaske, _adj._ strong, vigorous, 1841. Sw. _karsk_.

Kaym, _n. p._ Cain, 2045. _See_ note in loc.

Kayn, _n._ 31, 1327. Evidently a provincial pronunciation of _Thayn_, which in the MS. may elsewhere be read either _chayn_ or _thayn_. By the same mutation of letters _make_ has been converted into _mate_, _cake_ into _cate_, _wayke_ into _wayte_, _lake_ into _late_ (R. Hood, i. 106), &c., or _vice versâ_. _See_ Thayn.

Kaysere. _See_ Cayser.

Keft, _part. pa._ purchased, 2005. _Sure keft_ = sourly (bitterly) purchased it. _See_ Sure _and_ Coupe.

Keling, _n._ 757, cod of a large size, Jam. q.v. The _kelyng_ appears in the first, course of Archb. Nevil’s Feast, 6 Edw. IV. _See_ Warner’s _Antiq. Cul._ Cotgrave explains _Merlus_, A Melwall or _Keeling_, a kind of small cod, whereof stockfish is made.

Keme. _See_ Komen.

Kempe, _n._ S. knight, champion, 1036. V. Jam. in v.

Kene, _adj._ S. keen, bold, eager, 1832, 2115. A term of very extensive use in old Engl. and Sc. poetry, and the usual epithet of a knight.

Kesten, _v._ S. to cast in prison, or to overthrow, 81, 1785 (used passively). _Casten_, cast, throw, 2101. _Keste_, _pa. t._ cast, 2449. _Keste_, _part. pa._ cast, placed, 2611; [or it may be the infin. mood.]

Keuel, _n._ S. a gag, 547. See _Kevel_ in Hall., _Kewl_ in. Jam. A.S. _cæfli_, a halter, headstall.

Kid, _part. pa._ S. made known, discovered, 1060. Sir Tr. p. 150; R. Br.; Yw. and Gaw. 530; Minot, p. 4; Chauc. From _cýþan_, notum facere.

Kin, Kyn, _n._ S. kindred, 393, 414, 2045.

Kines, _n._ S. _gen. c._ kind, 861, 1140, 2691. _None kines_ = of no kind; _neuere kines_ = of never a kind.

Kinneriche. _See_ Cunnriche.

Kippe, _v._ S. [_cépan_] to take up hastily, 894. _Kipt_, _Kipte_, _pa. t._ snatched up, 1050, 2407, 2638.

Horn in is armes hire _kepte._

_K. Horn_, 1208.

_Kypte_ heore longe knyues, and slowe faste to gronde.

_Rob. Glouc._ p. 125.

_Kept up_, snatcht up, Gl. R. Br. Jamieson derives the word from Su.-G. _kippa_, to take anything violently. V. in v. _Kip._ Ihre quotes the Icel. _kipti up_ = snatched up.

Kirke, _n._ S. church, 1132, 1355. _Kirkes_, _pl._ 2583. V. Gl. Lynds. and Jam.

Kiste. _See_ Chiste.

Kiste, _pa. t. s._ kissed, 1279. _Kisten_, _pa. t. pl._ S. kissed, 2162.

Kiwing, _n._ 1736. [Respecting this word I can only record my conviction that it is not safe to quote it, as the MS. is indistinct. I read the word as _kilþing_, which I believe to be merely miswritten for _ilk þing_ (which the scribe also spells _il þing_), and I suppose the sense of the line to be-- “when they had there distributed _everything_.”]

Knaue, _n._ S. lad, 308, 409, 450, &c. Attendant, servant, 458. _Cokes knaue_, scullion, 1123.

Heore cokes & heore _cnaues_ Alle heo duden of lif dæȝen.

_Laȝam._ l. 13717.

V. Jam. in v. Gl. Lynds. and Gl. Todd’s Illustr. Chauc.

Knawe, _v._ S. to know, 2785. _Knawe_, _pr. t. pl._ know, 2207. _Kneu_, _pa. t._ knew, 2468. _Knawed_, _part. pa._ known, 2057.

Knicth, Knith, _n._ S. knight, 77, 343, &c. _Knictes_, _pl._ 239. _Knithes_, 1068. _Knihtes_, 2706.

Kok, _n._ a cook, 873, 180, 891, 903, 921, 2898. _See_ Cok.

Komen, _v._ S. to come, 1001. _Comes_, _Cometh_, _imp, pl._ come ye, 1798, 1885, 2247. _Kam_, _pa. t._ came, 766, 863. _Kom_, 1309. _Cam_, 2622. _Komen_, _pa. t, pl._ came, 1012, 1202. _Comen_, 2790. _Keme_, 1208. _Comen_, _part. pa._ come, 1714.

Kope, _n._ Lat. cope, 429. _Copes_, _pl._ 1957.

Koren, _n._ S. corn, 1879.

Kouel. _See_ Couel.

Kouþen. _See_ Couþe.

Kradel-barnes, _n. pl._ S. children in the cradle, 1912.

Kraken, _v._ S. to crack, break, 914. _Krake_, 1857. _Crake_, 1908. _Crakede_, _pa. t._ cracked, broke, 568. _Kraked_, _part. pa._ 1238.

Krike, _n._ S. creek, 708.

Kunne. _See_ Canst.

Kuneriche, Kunerike, Kunrik. _See_ Cunnriche.

Kyne-merk, _n._ S. mark or sign of royalty, 604. In the same manner are compounded _cine-helm_, _cine-stol_, &c.

& Cador þe kene scal beren þas _kinges marke_; hæbben haȝe þene drake, biforen þissere duȝeðe.

_Laȝam._ l. 19098.

Thyll ther was of her body A fayr chyld borne, and a godele, Hadde a dowbyll _kynges marke_.

_Emare_, 502.

Lac, _n._ S. fault, reproach, 191, 2219. Yw. and Gaw. 264, 1133. _Lak_, R. Br., Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. i. p. 252. Sir Orpheo, 421. _Lakke_, P. Plowm. Chauc. So in Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. v. _Lak_, _Lack_.

Ladde, _n._ S. lad, 1786. _Ladden_, _pl._ 1038. _Laddes_, 1015, &c. A term subsequently applied to persons of low condition. “When _laddes_ weddeth leuedis--” Prophecy of Tho. of Essedoune, MS. Harl. 2253, f. 127.

Large, _adj._ Fr. Lat. liberal, bountiful, 97, 2941. R. Gl. Yw. and Gaw. 865. Sir Orpheo, 27. Sevyn Sages, 1251. Chauc.

Late, _v._ S. [_lǽtan_] _pres. subj._ let, suffer, 486. _Late_, _pr. t._ let, permit, 1741. _Late_, _imp._ let, suffer, 17, 1376, 2422. _Leth_, _pa. t._ let, suffered, 2651; caused, 252. _Late_, _part. pa._ or _inf._ put, 2611.

Laten, _v._ S. [_lǽtan_] to leave, 328. _Late be_, _imp._ leave, relinquish, 1265; _inf._ 1657. _Let_, _pa. t._ left, 2062. _Laten_, _part. pa._ left, abated, 240, 1925.

Lath, _n._ S. injury, 76. _Lathe_, 2718, 2976.

Lauhwinde, _part. pr._ S. laughing, 946.

Laute, _pa. t_. S. [_læccan, læhte_] received, took, 744. _Lauthe_, 1673. _Lauth_, _part. pa._ received, taken, 1988. _I-lahte_, Laȝam. l. 29260.

Horn in herte _laȝte_ Al þat he him taȝte.

_K. Horn_ (ed. Lumby), 243.

_Laght_, Yw. and Gaw. 2025. _Laught_, K. Alisaund. 685, 1109. _Lauht_, R. Br. (_See_ Hearne’s blundering Gl. in voc.) Rits. A. S. p. 46. _Laucht_, Wall. ix. 1964.

Laumprei, _n._ S. lamprey, 771. _Laumprees_, _pl._ 897.

Lawe, Lowe, _adj._ S. low, 2431, 2471, 2767, &c.

Lax, n. S. [læx] salmon, 754, 1727. _Laxes_, _pl._ 896. V. Spelm. and Somn. in v. Jamieson says, it was “formerly the only name by which this fish was known.” Cf. Dan. Sw. Icel. _lax_.

Layke, _v._ S. [_lácan_] to play, 1011. _Leyke_, _Leyken_, 469, 950, 997. _Leykeden_, _pa. t. pl._ played, 954. In the same sense the verb is found in P. Plowman, and Sevyn Sages, 1212. So in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. v. _Laik_, Ray, Brockett, and Crav. Dial. v. _Lake_.

Leche, _n._ S. physician, 1836, 2057.

Led, a caldron, kettle, 924. Chauc. Prol. 202.

Lede, Leden, _v._ S. to lead, 245, &c; _utlede_, 89. Cf. 346, 379. _Ledes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ uses, carries, 2573. _Ledde_, _pa. t._ led, 1686. _Ledden_, _pa. t. pl._ led, 2451.

Lef, _adj._ S. agreeable, willing, _lef and loth_, 261, 440, 2273, 2313, 2379, 2775. A very usual phrase. _See_ Beowulf, l. 1026. Chauc. C. T. 1839. R. Hood, i. 41. _Leue_, 431, 909. Sir Tr. p. 187. K. Horn, 949, &c. _Leuere_, _comp._ more agreeable, rather, 1193, 1423, 1671, &c. _Lef_, used as adv. willingly, in the phrase “Ye! lef, ye!” = yes, willingly, yes, 2606; cf. l. 1888.

Leidest. _See_ Leyn.

Leite, _adj._ S. light, 2441.

Leme, _n._ S. limb, 2555. _Lime_, 1409. _Limes_, pl. 86.

Leman, _n._ S. mistress, lover, 1191. _Lemman_, 1283, 1312, 1322. Used by all the old writers, and applied equally to either sex.

Lende, _v._ S. to land, 733. Sir Tr. p. 13. R. Br. _See_ Jam. in v. _Leind_.

Lene, _v._ S. [_leanian_] to lend, grant, 2072.

I sal _lene_ the her mi ring.

_Yw. and Gaw._ 737.

Lenge, _n._ the fish called _ling_, 832. [_Asellus longus_, or _Islandicus_, Ray.] It was a common dish formerly. Thus we have _Lynge in jelly_, in Archb. Nevil’s Feast, 6 Edw. IV., and _Lyng in foyle_, in Warham’s Feast, 1504. _See_ Pegge’s _Form of Cury_, p. 177, 184, and MS. Sloane, 1986.

Lenge, _v._ S. to prolong, 1734, 2363. P. Plowm.

Leoun, _n._ Lat. lion, 573. _Leun_, 1867.

Lepe, _v._ S. escape from (?) 2009. _Loupe_, to leap, 1801. _Lep_, _pa. t._ leapt, 891, 1777, 1942. _Lopen_, _pa. t. pl._ 1896, 2616.

Lere, Leren, _v._ S. to learn, 797, 823; to teach, 2592. _Y-lere_, 12.

Lese, v. S. _imp. s. 3 p._ loose, 333. Sir Tr. p. 110.

Leth. _See_ Late.

Lette, _v._ S. [_lǽtan_, _lettan_] to hinder, retard, 1164, 2253, 2819; to stop, cease, 2445, 2627. _Let_, _pa. t._ stopped, stayed, 2447, 2500. _Leten_, _pa. t. pl._ stopped, delayed, 2379.

Leue, _n._ S. leave, 1387, 1626, 2952, &c.

Leue, _adj._ _See_ Lef.

Leue, _v._ S. [_lýfan_] _imp. s._ grant, 334, 406, 2807. K. Horn, 465, MS.; R. Gl., Erle of Tol. 365. Guy of Warw. ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77, where it is misprinted _lene_. It is very frequently used in the old Engl. Metrical Lives of the Saints, MS. Laud, 108. [The true distinction between _leue_ and _lene_ is, that the former is the A.S. _lýfan_, G. _erlauben_ = grant in the sense of _allow_, _permit_, and is invariably intransitive; whilst _lene_ is the A.S. _lænan_, G. _leihen_ = grant in the sense of _give_. The confusion between the senses of _grant_ has led to confusion between _lene_ and _leue_, and in at least five passages of Chaucer (C. T. 7226, 13613; Tro. ii. 1212, iii. 56, v. 1749, ed. Tyrwhitt) many editions wrongly have _lene_. In the last three instances Tyrwhitt rightly prints _leve_, but unnecessarily corrects himself in his Glossary. I regret to add that I have thrice made a similar mistake. In Piers Plowman, A. v. 263, and in Pierce the Ploughman’s Crede, ll. 366 and 573, for _lene_ read _leue_. Halliwell’s remark, that “the [former] editor of Havelok absurdly prints _leue_” is founded upon the same misconception, and he is wrong in his censure. _See_ the use of _lefe_ in the Ormulum, ed. White.]

Leued, _pa. t._ S. left, 225.

Leuedi, _n._ S. lady, 171, &c. _Leuedyes_, _pl._ 239. V. Hickes, Diss. Ep. p. 52, n.

Leuere. _See_ Lef.

Leues, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. believes, 1781, 2105. From _lefan_.

Leuin, _n._ S. lightning, 2690. R. Br. p. 174. Yw. and Gaw. Chauc. C. T. 5858. Doug. Virg. 200, 53.

Lewe, _adj._ S. warm, 498, 2921.

A opened wes his breoste, þa blod com forð _luke._

_Laȝam._ l. 27556.

Leyd, Leyde. _See_ Leyn.

Leye, _n._ S. lie, falsehood, 2117.

Leve, _v._ S. to lie, speak false, 2010.

Leyke, Leyken. _See_ Layke.

Leyk, _n._ S. game, 1021, 2326. So in Beowulf, l. 2084, _sweorda-gelác_, and Sir Tr. p. 118, _love-laike_. In the pl. _laykes_, Minot, p. 10. In Lanc. a player is still called a _laker_.

Leyn, _v._ S. to lay, 718. _Leyde_, _pa. t._ laid, 50, 994, &c.; stopped, 229. _Leidest_, _pa. t. 2 p._ laidest, 636. _Leyden_, _pa. t. pl._ laid, 1907. _Leyd_, _part. pa._ laid, 1689, 1722, 2839.

Lich, _adj._ like, 2155.

Lict, Lith, _n._ S. light, 534, 576, 588, &c.

Lift, _adj._ S. left (_lævus_), 2130.

Ligge, Liggen, _v._ S. to lie down, 802, 876, 882, 1374. _See_ Lyen.

Lime, Limes. _See_ Leme.

Lite, _adj._ S. little, 276, 1730. _Litel_, 1858, &c. _Litle_, 2014.

Lith. _See_ Lict.

Lith, _imp._ S. light (thou), 585.

Lith, _adv._ S. lightly, 1942.

Lith, _n._ S. alleviation, comfort, peace, 1338. _Lyþe_, 147. It also occurs as a sb. in Laȝam. l. 5213. As an adj. it occurs in Laȝam. l. 7242. Sir Tr. p. 43, 82. R. Cœur de L. 2480, and Emare, 348, from the v. _líðian_, alleviare. Cf. Icel. _lið_, sometimes used to mean _help_. See _Leathe_ in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.

Lith, _n._ S. 2515. This word is explained by Ritson _plains_, by Hearne _tenements_, and by Jamieson a _ridge_ or _ascent_. Its real signification seems unknown, but may be conjectured from the following passages.

No asked he lond no _lithe_.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 101.

Ther wille not be went, ne lete ther lond ne _lith_.

_R. Brunne_, p. 194.

where it answers to the Fr. Ne volent lesser tere ne _tenement_.

Who schall us now geve londes or _lythe_.

_Le Bone Flor._ 841.

Here I gif Schir Galeron, quod Gaynour, withouten ony gile, Al the londis and the _lithis_ fro laver to layre.

_Sir Gaw. and Sir Gal._ ii. 27.

[_See_ Glossary to _William of Palerne_, s.v. _Lud._]

Lithes, _n. pl._ S. the extreme points of the toes, or articulations, 2163. _Fingres lith_, extremum digiti, Luc. 16, 24.

Liþes, _imp. pl._ S. listen, 1400, 2204. _Lyþes_, 2576. The verb in the Sax. is _hlystan_, but in Su.-G. _lyda_, and Isl. _hlyda_, which approaches nearer to the form in the poem. So also in K. Horn, 2, _wilen lithe_, MS.; R. Br. p. 93; R. Hood, i. p. 2; Minot, p. 1. Still used in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. and Brockett.

Littene, _part. pa._ [or _inf._?] 2701. “_Qu._ cut in pieces, from the same root as to _lith_, divide the joints. V. Jam. Suppl.” --M. [Or it may mean disgraced, wounded, defeated. Cf. Su.-Goth. _lyta_, to wound; Icel. _lyta_, to disgrace; Sw. _lyte_, a defect, _litt_, deformed; Dan. _lyde_, a blemish.]

Liue, _n._ S. _dat. c._ life, 232; _brouth of liue_, dead, 513, 2129. K. Horn, 188. _Of liue do_, kill, 1805. _Liues_, _gen. c. as adv._ alive, 509, 1003, 1307, 1919, 2854. _See_ On-liue.

Liuen, _v._ S. to live, 355. _Liuede_, _Liueden_, _pa. t. pl._ lived, 1299, 2044.

Lof, _n._ S. loaf, 653.

Loke, Loken, _v._ S. to look after, take care of, to behold, 376, 2136. _Lokes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ lookest, 2726. _Loke_, _imp._ look, 1680, 1712. _Lokes_, _imp. pl._ look ye, 2240, 2292, 2300, 2579, 2812. _Lokede_, _pa. t._ looked, 679, 1041.

Loken, Lokene, _part. pa._ S. fastened, locked, closed, 429, 1957. So in the Const. Othonis, Tit. _de habitu Clericorum_; “In mensura decenti habeant vestes, et _cappis clausis_ utuntur in sacris ordinibus constituti.” V. Spelm. in v. _Cappa clausa_. So also in the _Ancren Riwle_, fol. 17-- “gif he haues a wid hod and a _lokin_ cape, &c.” [The reference to the Ancren Riwle is to MS. Titus D 18, fol. 17; cf. the edition by Morton (Camd. Soc. 1853), p. 56.]

Lond, Londe, _n._ S. land, 64, 721, &c. _Lon_, 340.

Long, _adj._ S. tall, 987, 1063. So K. Horn, 100.

Longes, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. belongs, 396. R. Br., Chauc., &c.

Lopen. _See_ Lepe.

Loth, _adj._ S. loath, unwilling, 261, 440, &c. _See_ Lef.

Louede, _pa. t._ S. loved, 71. _Loueden_, _pa. t. pl._ 955.

Louerd, _n._ S. lord, master, 96, 483, &c. _Lowerd_, 621.

Louerdinges, _n. pl._ S. lordings, masters, 515, 1401. _See_ Note in Warton’s Hist. Engl. Poet. V. I. p. 19. Ed. 1840.

Loupe. _See_ Lepe.

Low, _pa. t._ S. laughed, 903. K. Horn, 1502. _Lowen_, _pa. t. pl._ 1056.

Lowe, _n._ S. [_hlæw_] hill, 1291, 1699. Rits. M. R., Web., &c. V. Jam. and Brockett’s Gl. v. _Lawe_.

Luue, _n._ S. love, 195. [_Luue-drurye_ seems here to be a compound word, meaning _love-courtship_. _Lufe-drowrie_ also = love-token, _Lyndesay’s Sq. Meldrum_, 1003. _See_ Drurye.]

Lyen, _v._ S. to lie (in bed), 2134. _Leyen_, _pt. pl._ lay, 475.

Lyþe. _See_ Lith.

Maght, Mait. _See_ Mowe.

Make, _n._ S. mate, companion, wife, 1150. K. Horn, 1427. K. Alisaund. 3314. Le Bone Flor. 881. Chauc. Sc. _Maik._ V. Jam.

Maken, _v._ S. to make, 29, &c. _Make_, 676. _Makeden_, _pa. t. pl._ made, 554. _I-maked_, _part. pa._ made, 5.

Male, _n._ Fr. a budget, bag, wallet, 48. Laȝamon, l. 3543. Web., Chauc., R. Hood.

Malisun, _n._ Fr. malediction, curse, 426. Sir Tr. p. 179.

Manred, Manrede, _n._ S. homage, fealty, 484, 2172, 2180, 2248, 2265, 2312, 2774, 2816, 2847, 2850. Leg. of S. Gregori, ap. Leyd. Compl. of Scotl. _See_ Jam. for further examples.

Marz, _n._ Lat. March, 2559.

Maugre, Fr. in spite of, 1128, 1789. _See_ Tyrwh. Gl. to Chauc. and Jam. in v.

Maydnes, _n. pl._ S. maidens, 467, 2222.

Mayster, _n._ Fr. master, 1135; chief, 2028, 2385.

Mayt, Mayth. _See_ Mowe.

Mede, _n._ S. reward, 102, 685, 1635, 2402.

Mele, _n._ S. oat-meal, 780.

Mele, _v._ Fr. to contend in battle, 2059. Gaw. and Gol. ii. 18. _Mellay_, Wynt. viii. 15, 19. V. Jam.

Meme, 2201, _probably miswritten for_ neme; _see_ Nime.

Men (used with a sing. vb. like the Fr. _on_), men, people, 390, 647, 2610.

Mene, _v._ S. to mean, signify, 2114. _Menes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ means, 597.

Menie, _n._ Fr. family, 827. _Meynie_, 834. This word is to be found from the time of Laȝamon to Shakespeare. Jamieson attempts to derive it from the North. V. in v. _Menzie_. See _maisnie_ in Roquefort.

Mere, _n._ S. mare, 2449, 2478, 2504.

Messe, _n._ Fr. Lat. the service of the mass, 243, 1176. _Messe-bok_, mass-book, 186, 391, 2710. _Messe-gere_, all the apparel, &c., pertaining to the service of the mass, 188, 389, 1078, 2217.

Mest, _adj. sup._ S. greatest, 233. _Moste_, 1287; tallest, 983.

Mester, _n._ Fr. trade, 823. K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 229.

Met, _pp._ S. dreamt, 1285.

Mete, _n._ S. meat, 459, &c. _Metes_, _pl._ 1733.

Meynie. _See_ Menie.

Michel, _adj._ S. much, 510, 660. _Mik_, 2342. _Mike_, 960 (cf. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, 292), 1744, 1761, 2336. _Mikel_, 122, 478, &c.

Micte, Micten, Micthe, Mithe, Mithest, Mithen. _See_ Mowe.

Micth, _n._ S. might, power, 35.

Middelerd, _n._ S. the earth, world, 2244. _Middelærd_, Laȝam., Rits., Web., R. Gl., Minot, &c. So in Sc. V. Jam.

Mik, Mike, Mikel. _See_ Michel.

Milce, _n._ S. [_mildse_] mercy, 1361. A! me do þine _milce_, Laȝam. l. 4681; R. Gl. It is usually coupled with _ore_.

Milne-hous. _See_ Hus.

Mirke, _adj._ S. dark, 404. R. Br., Lynds.; _merke_, Chauc. Still used in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam.

Misdede, _pa. t._ S. did amiss, 337; injured, 992, 1371. _Misdo_, _part. pa._ misdone, offended, 2798.

Misferde, _pa. t._ S. behaved, or proceeded ill, 1869. _See_ Faren.

Misgos, _pr. t. 2 p._ S. goest or behavest amiss, 2707.

Misseyd, _part. pa._ S. spoken to reproachfully, 1688.

Mithe, Mythe, _v._ S. [_miðan_] to conceal, hide, dissemble, 652, 948, 1278. Sche might no lenger _mithe_. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 310.

Mixed, _adj._ vile, base, 2533. From S. _myx_, fimus. Cf. _Mix_ in _William of Palerne_.

Mo, _adj. comp._ S. more, 1742, 1846.

Mod, _n._ S. mood, humour, 1703.

Moder, _n._ S. mother, 974, 1388, &c.

Mone, _n._ S. moon, 373, 403.

Mone, _n._ S. mind, say, opinion, 816. Cf. A.S. _myne_, _monian_, _monung_; Icel. _munr_. Hence, to _mone_, to _relate_, R. Cœur de L. 4636, and to _animadvert_, in Barbour. It appears to express the Fr. phrase _par le mien escient_, K. Horn, 467, MS. Douce. In nearly the same sense _mone_ may be found in K. Alisaund. 1281, R. Gl. pp. 281, 293. Cf. ll. 1711, 1972.

Mone, _v. pl._ [Isl. _mun_] must, 840. _Maun_, Sc. _Mun_, Yorksh. Cumb. V. Jam.

Morwen, _n._ S. morning, 811, 1131, 2669, &c. _To-morwen_, 530, 810. _Amorwe_, Sir Tr., K. Horn.

Moste. _See_ Mest.

Mote, _v._ S. may, 19, 406, 1743, 2545. _Moten_, _pl._ 18.

Moun. _See_ Mowe.

Mowe, _v._ S. _pres. sing._ may, be able, 175, 394, 675. _Mowen_, _pl._ 11. _Moun_, 460, 2587. _Mait_, _pr. t. 2 p._ mayest, 689. _Mayt_, 845, 852, 1219. _Mayth_, 641. _Maght_, _pa. t. 2 p. s._ mightest, 1348. _Mithe_, _Mithest_, 855, 1218. _Micte_, _Micthe_, _Mithe_, _pa. t. 3 p._ might, 42, 233, 1030, 1080. _Mouchte_, _Moucte_, _Moucthe_, _Mouthe_, _Mowcte_, 145, 356, 376, &c. _Micte_, _Micten_, _Mithen_, _pl._ 232, 516, 1929, 2017. _Mouhte_, _Mouthe_, _Mouthen_, 1183, 2019, 2039, 2328, 2330, &c. V. Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p. iii.

Na, _adv._ S. no, 2363, 2530.

Nam. _See_ Nime.

Nayles, _n. pl._ S. nails, 2163.

Ne, _adv._ S. nor, 44, &c.

Nede, _n._ S. need, necessity, 9, &c. _Nedes_, _pl._ 1092.

Neme. _See_ Nime.

Ner, _adv._ S. near, 990, 1949.

Nese, _n._ S. nose, 2450.

Nesh, _adj._ S. [_nesc_] soft, tender, 2743. _Neys_, 217. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br., Chauc. Still used in N.W. part of England.

Neth, _n._ S. net, 752, 808, 1026; _pl._ _netes_, 783.

Neth, _n._ S. neat, cattle, 700, 1222. _Netes_, _g. c._ neat’s, 781.

Neþeles, _conj._ S. nevertheless, 1108, 1658.

Neue, _n._ S. fist, 2405. _Neues_, _pl._ 1917. V. Jam.

Neure, _adv._ S. not, never, 80, 672; _neuere a polk_, ne’er a pool, 2685. _Neuere kines_, of no kind, 2691.

Ney. _adv._ nigh, near to, nearly, 464, 640, 2619.

Neys. _See_ Nesh.

Neyþer, Neþe, _pron._ S. neither, not either, 458, 764, 2970, &c. _Noþer_, 2623. _Noyþer_, 2697.

Newhen, _v._ S. [_nehwan_] to approach, 1866. In the more recent form to _neigh_ it is used in several of the old Romances, Chauc., and Minot.

Nicht, Nicth, _n._ S. night, 533, 575. _Niht_, 2669. _Nith_, 404, 1247, 1754. _Nithes_, _g. c._ of night, 2100. _Nihtes_, _nithes_, _pl._ 2353; _nihtes_, 2999.

Nime, _v._ S. _pr. s._ take, _or_ go, 1931. _Nim_, _imp._ take, 1336. _Nam_, _pa. t._ took, 900; went, 2930. _Neme_, _pl._ went, 1207; cf. l. 2201. _Nomen_, took, 2790. _Nomen_, _Numen_, _part. pa._ taken, 2265, 2581. _Nimes_, _imp. pl._ go ye, 2594; _nime_, go we, 2600. In the first sense this verb is common in all the Glossaries, but in the latter sense _To go_ it occurs nowhere but in the Gl. to Rob. Brunne, who, from being a Lincolnshire man, approaches nearer to the language of the present poem than any other writer. [In N.E. to _nim_ is to walk with quick, short steps.]

Nis, _for_ Ne is, is not, 462, 1998, 2244.

Nither-tale, _n._ S. night-time, 2025. _See_ Chaucer, Prol. l. 97.

Noblelike, _adv._ S. nobly, 2640.

Nok, _n._ [Belg. _nock_] nook, corner, 820; _nouth a ferthinges nok_, not the value of a farthing. The same phr. is in the _Manuel des Pechés_ of Rob. of Brunne, MS. Harl. 1701, fol. 39.

Nomen. _See_ Nime.

Non, _adj._ S. no, 518, 685, 1019; no one, 934, 974.

Note, _n._ S. a nut, 419. _Nouthe_, 1332.

Noþer. _See_ Neyþer.

Nou, _adv._ S. now, 328, 1362, &c. _Nu_, 2421, 2460, 2650, &c.

Nout, Nouth, Nouht, _n._ or _adv._ S. not, naught, nothing, not at all, 249, 505, 566, 648, 1733, 2051, 2822. _Nowt_, _Nowth_, 770, 2168, 2737.

Nouthe. _See_ Note.

Noyþer. _See_ Neyþer.

Nu. _See_ Nou.

Numen. _See_ Nime.

Nytte. _v._ S. make use of, require for use, 941. A.S. _nyttian_, _neotan_, G. _nützen_, Du. _nutten_.

O. _See_ On.

Of, _prep._ S. off, 130, 216, 603, 857, 1850, 2444, 2626, 2676, 2751, &c. _Of londe_, out of the land, 2599. Sir Tr.

Offe, _prep._ S. of, 435. _Of_, 436.

Offrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386.

Ofte, _adv._ S. often, 226, &c.

Ok. _See_ Ek.

On, _adj._ S. one, 425, 1800, 2028, 2263, &c.

On, _in_ But on. _See_ But.

On, _prep._ S. in, on. _On liue_, 281, 363, 694, 793 &c. _O liue_, 2865. _On two_, 471, 1823, 2730, in two; _a two_, 1413, 2643. _O londe_, 763, on, _or_ in land. _On knes_, 1211, 1302, 2710, on knees; _o knes_, 2252, 2796. _On brenne_, 1239, in flame, on fire. _O nith_, 1251, in the night. _On nithes_, 2048. _O worde_, 1349, in the world (_see_ Werd). _O mani wise_, 1713, in many a manner. _On gamen_, 1716, in sport. _On lesse hwile_, 1830, in less time. _O bok_, 2307, 2311, on the book. _Wel o bon_, 2355, 2525, 2571, strong of body. _Iuele o bone_, 2505, lean. _On hunting_, 2382. _O stede_, 2549, on steed. _Up-o the dogges_, 2596, on the dogs. From these examples, added to those which occur in every Glossary, it is evident the Sax. prep. _On_ was subsequently corrupted to _O_ and _A._ _See_ Tyrwh. and Jam. _A nycht_ in Barb. xix. 657, explained by the latter _one_ night, is according to the above rule _In the night_, as confirmed by l. 1251. Sir Tr. pp. 47, 114. R. Glouc.

One, _adj._ S. alone, singly, 815, 936, 1153, 1710, 1742, 1973, 2433.

There hue wonede al _one._

_K. Horn_, 80.

_See_ Tyrwh. Gl., Chauc. v. _On_.

Ones, _adv._ S. once, 1295.

Onfrest, _v._ delay, 1337. From Su.-G. _fresta_, to delay, A.S. _firstan_, from Su.-Goth. _frest_ or _frist_, A.S. _fyrst_, a space of time. Cf. Dan. and Sw. _first_, a truce. _Frest_, delay, Barb. vii. 447.

Onlepi. _See_ Anilepi.

Onne, _prep._ S. on, 347, 1940.

Onon, _adv._ S. anon, speedily, 136, 447, 1964, 2790.

Ontil, _prep._ S. unto, for, 761.

Or, _adv._ S. previously, before, 728, 1043, 1356, 1688, &c. _Or outh longe_, 1789, before any long time.

Ore, _n._ S. favour, grace, mercy, 153, 211, 2443, 2797. Ich hadde of hire milse an _ore_. Hule and Nihtingale, l. 1081. Sir Tr. p. 24. K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 1509. _See_ Tyrwhitt’s Note on Chauc. C. T. 3724, and Ritson’s Note, Metr. Rom. V. iii. p. 263. A.S. _ár_.

Ore, _n._ S. oar, 718, 1871, &c. _Ores_, _pl._ 711.

Osed _for_ Hosed, 971.

Oth, _n._ S. oath, 2009, 2272, &c. _Oþes_, _pl._ 2013, 2231, &c.

Oþe _for_ Oþer, 861, 1986, 2970.

Oþer, _conj._ S. either, or, 94, 674, 787, &c. _See_ Ayther.

Oþer, _adj._ S. [_alter_] the other of two, second, 879. _þe oþer day_, 1755, the following day.

Day hit is igon & _oþer_, Wiþute sail & roþer.

_K. Horn_, ed. Lumby, 187.

So also R. Br. p. 169, and Wynt.

Oþer, _adj._ S. [_alius_] other, 2490. _Oþre_, _pl._ others, 1784, 2413, 2416.

Ouer-fare, _v._ S. to pass over, cease, 2063. _See_ Fare.

Ouer-go, _v._ S. to be disregarded, 2220.

Ouer-gange, _v._ S. to get the superiority over, 2587.

Ouer-þwert, _adv._ S. across, 2822. _Ouerthuert_, R. Br. p. 241. _Overtwert_, Ly Beaus Desc. 1017. _Overthwarte_, Syr Eglamore, B. iii. Chauc. C. T. 1993.

Oune, _adj._ S. own, 375, 2428.

Oure, _n._ bank, shore, 321. G. _ufer_. A.S. _ófer_. Cf. “to þan castle of Deoure on þere sæ _oure_.” _Laȝamon_, l. 31117.

Outh, _n._ S. [_awiht_] any space of time, aught, 1189; cf. l. 1789; anything, 703. [_Outh douthe_ = was worth anything, was of any value.]

Palefrey, _n._ Fr. saddle-horse, 2060. _See_ Gl. on Chauc. in v. Pegge’s Anec. Engl. Lang. p. 289.

Pappes, _n. pl._ Lat. breasts, 2132.

Parred, _part. pa._ confined, fastened in, barred in, 2439. We have met with this word only in one instance, where Ritson leaves it unexplained.

Yn al this [tyme] was sir Ywayn Ful straitly _parred_ with mekil payn.

_Yw. and Gaw._ 3227.

[It is undoubtedly equivalent to O.E. _sperre_, or _spere_. Halliwell, s.v. _Parred_, quotes “ȝe are _parred_ in . . . ȝe are so _spered_ in.” So, too, the Ital. _sbarra_ is the Fr. _barre_. Cf. A.S. _sparran_, O.N. _sperra_, Sc. _spar_. Hence the derivation of _park_, O.E. _parrock_, an enclosure.]

Pastees, _n. pl._ Fr. pasties, patés, 644.

Ther beth bowris and halles, Al of _pasteiis_ beth the walles.

_Land of Cokaygne_, MS. Harl. 913, f. 5.

Pateyn, _n._ Lat. the Plate used in the service of the Mass, 187.

Paþe, _n._ S. path, road, 2381, 2390. _Paþes_, _pl._ 268.

Patriark, _n._ Lat. patriarch, 428.

Payed, _part. pa._ Fr. satisfied, content, 184. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br. _Apaied_, Chauc.

Pelle, _v._ drive forth (_intr._), hurry forth, 810. Deriv. uncertain, unless it be connected with Lat. _pello_, Eng. _impel._ Cf. Eng. _pelt_.

Peni, _n._ S. penny, 705, 2147. _Penies_, _pl._ 776, 1172.

Per, _n._ Fr. peer, equal, 989, 2241, 2792.

Pike, _v._ to pitch (used passively), 707. Teut. _pecken_, Lat. _picare_. The verb in Saxon is not extant, but only the n. _pic_.

Pine, _n._ S. pain, grief, 405, 540, 1374. Sir Tr. p. 12. V. Jam.

Pine, _v._ S. to grieve, 1958.

Plat. _See_ Plette.

Plattinde, _part. pr._ tramping along, moving noisily _or_ hurriedly, 2282. From the beating noise of the feet, like Sc. _platch_ (q.v. in Jam.). _See_ Plette.

Plawe, _v._ S. to play, 950. _Pleye_, 951.

Playces, _n. pl._ plaice, 896.

Pleinte, _n._ Fr. complaint, 134. _Pleynte_, 2961.

Plette, _v._ S. [_plæettian_] to strike, 2444. _Plat_, _pa. t._ struck, 2755. _Plette_, 2626; _pl. plette_, hurried, moved noisily, 2613. [Cf. _Plattinde_, and note the double use of Sc. _skelp_, to beat, to hurry, and O.E. _strike_, to beat, to move along.]

Plith, _n._ S. [_pliht_] harm, 1370, 2002. Laȝam. l. 3897.

Poke, _n._ S. a bag, 555, 769. _Pokes_, _pl._ 780.

Poles, _n. pl._ S. pools, ponds of water, 2101.

Polk, _n._ S. pool, puddle, 2685. _Pow_, Sir Tr. p. 171. _Pulk_, Somersetsh.

Pouere, Poure, _adj._ Fr. poor, 58, 101, 2457, &c.

Pourelike, _adv._ poorly, 323.

Prangled, _part. pa._ compressed, 639. Cf. Du. _prangen_, to pinch; Dan. _prange Seil_, to crowd sail.

Preie, _pr. t._ S. pray, 1440. _Prey_, _imp._ pray (thou), 1343. _Preide_, _pa. t._ prayed, 209.

Prest, _n._ S. priest, 429, 1829. _Prestes_, _pl._ 2583.

Priken, _v._ S. to spur a horse, ride briskly, 2639.

Prud, _adj._ S. proud, 302.

Pulten, _pa. t. pl._ so reads the MS. l. 1023, instead of _putten_. Both have the same signification. So in the Romance of _Rob. of Cecyle_, Harl. MS. 1701, f. 94, c. 1, _pulte_ occurs for _put_, placed, and _pylt_ in R. Cœur de L. 4085; pelte, Sir Tr. p. 95. In the _imp._ _Pult_ for _put_, _place_, is used in _Hending the Hende_, MS. Digb. 86. In the signification of _drove forward_, which is nearer to the sense we require, we find _pylte_ in K. Horn, 1433, and R. Glouc. Hence the Engl. word _pelt_. _See_ Putten. Cf. _Pult_ in Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_.

Pund, _n. pl._ S. pounds, 1633.

Put, _n._ cast, throw, 1055. _But_, 1040.

Putten, _v._ to cast, throw, propel forward, 1033, 1044. _Puten_, 1051. _Putte_, _pa. t._ cast, 1052. _Putten_, _pa. t. pl._ cast, threw, 1023, 1031, 1844. From the Fr. _bouter_, Teut. _buitten_, or Belg. _botten_, to drive or propel forward, or, as others suggest, from the Br. _pwtiaw_, which has the same meaning, or Isl. _potta_. From the same root are derived both _Put_ and _But_. Thus to _butt_ in Sc. is to drive at a stone in curling, and to _put_ in Yorksh. is to push with the horns. In the passage before us it is applied to a particular game, formerly in great repute. _See_ Note on l. 1022. Cf. Ramsay’s Poems, ii. 106. The word is still retained in the North, and Sc. V. Jam. and Brockett. See _But_ and _Pulten_.

Putting, Puttinge, _n._ casting, 1042, 1057, 2324.

Pyment, _n._ B.L. spiced wine, 1728. _See_ Note on l. 1726.

Qual, _n._ S. [_hwæl_] whale or grampus, 753. _See_ Hwel.

Quan, Quanne, _adv._ S. when, 134, 204, 240, &c. _See_ Hwan.

Quath, _pa. t._ S. quoth, 606, 642, &c. _Hwat_, 1650, 1878. _Wat_, 595. _Quod_, 1888. _Quodh_, 1801. _Quot_, 1954, 2808. _Couth_, 2606.

Queme, _adj._ S. agreeable, 130, 393. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br., R. Glouc., Gower, Chauc.

Quen, _n._ S. queen, 2760, 2783, &c. _Quenes_, _pl._ 2982.

Qui. _See_ Hwi.

Quic, Quik, _adj._ S. alive, 612, 613, 1405, 2210, 2476, &c., _quik and ded_. This is the usual language of the Inquisitiones post mortem, which commence at the early part of Henry III. reign. For the usage of the term, _see_ Gl. to Sir Tr. p. 98. Yw. and Gaw. 668. Chron. of Engl. 762, &c. The word is preserved in the vulgar version of the Scriptures, and Creed. _Quike_, quick, alert, 1348. _Al quic wede_, 2641. Cf. l. 2387.

Quiste, _n._ S. [_cwide_] bequest, will, 219, 365. _Quede_, K. Alisaund. 8020.

Quod, Quodh, Quot. _See_ Quath.

Radde. _See_ Rede.

Ran. _See_ Renne.

Rang, _adj._ S. [_ranc_] perverse, rebellious, 2561.

Rath, _n._ S. counsel; hence, an adviser, 75. _Dat. c. rathe_, in the phrase _to rathe_, 2542; for the meaning of which, _see_ Red.

Raþe, _adv._ S. speedily, readily, quickly, 358, &c. (In l. 1335, I prefer considering it as a verb.)

Rathe, _v._ S. [_rædan_] to advise, 1335. A provincial pronunciation of _Rede_. In l. 2817, it is still broader, “Yif ye it wilen and ek _rothe_.” In the same manner _Rode_ is spelt, and was undoubtedly pronounced _Rothe_, Ly Beaus Desc. 425, and _Abode_ is spelt _Abothe_, ib. 1118. Cf. ll. 693, 1681, 2585, of the present poem, in all which instances the _d_ in _rede_ has the sound of _th_.

Recke, _pr. t. subj._ S. may reck, may care, 2047, 2511. Sir Tr. p. 124, &c.

Red, _n._ S. advice, counsel, 180, 518, 826, 1194, 2871, &c. _To rede_, lit. for a counsel, i.e. advisable, 118, 693; spelt _to rathe_, 2542.

Rede, _v._ S. to direct, advise, 104, 148, 361, 687, &c. _Radde_, _pa. t._ advised, 1353. V. Jam. in v. and Hearne’s Gl. to R. Glouc.

Reft, Refte, Reftes. _See_ Reue.

Regne, _pr. t. pl._ Fr. Lat. reign, assume the superiority, 2586. _Reng_, _Ring_, Sc. V. Jam. in v.

Renne, _v._ S. to run, 1161, 1904. _Ran on blode_, _pa. t._ 432. So in Sir Tr. p. 176, _His heued ran on blod_; and in MS. Harl. 2253, f. 128,

Lutel wot hit any mon hou loue hym haueth y-bounden, That for vs o the rode _ron_, ant bohte vs with is wounde.

Reue, _n._ S. magistrate, 1627. _See_ Greyue.

Reue, Reuen, _v._ S. [_reafian_] to take away, bereave, rob, 480, 2590, 2991. _Refte_, _pa. t._ took away, bereaved, 2223, 2485. _Reftes_, _pa. t. 2 p._ tookest away, 2394. _Reft_, _part. pa._ taken away, bereaved, 1367, 1672, 2483; spoiled, 2004. Still used in the North.

Reures, _n. pl._ S. robbers, bereavers, 2104.

Alle bacbiteres wendet to helle, Robberes & _reueres_ & the monquelle.

_A lutel sermun_, MS. Cal. A. ix. f. 246, b.

V. Jam. in v. _Reyffar_.

Reunesse, Rewnesse, _n._ S. compassion, 502, 2227.

Rewe, _v._ S. to have pity, to compassionate, 497, 967. _Rewede_, _pa. t._ (_impersonal_) 503.

Richelike, _adv._ S. richly, 421.

Ricth, Ricthe. _See_ Rith, Rithe.

Ricthwise, _adj._ S. [_rihtwis_] righteous, just, 37. Rits., Web. M. R., Rob. Br., Minot, Lynds., R. Hood. [MS. _has_ rirth wise.]

Riden, _v._ S. to ride, 10, &c.

Rig, _n._ S. back, 1775. So in Laȝam. l. 6718. Burne he warp on _rigge_.

Rike, _n._ S. kingdom, 290. _Heuene riche_, 133, 407. _See_ Cunnriche.

Rim, Rym, _n._ S. Fr. rhyme, poem, 21, 2995, 2998. So Chauc. _Rime of Sire Thopas._ [The modern false spelling _rhyme_ is due to confusion of Eng. _rime_ with the Gk. _rhythm_.]

Ringen, _v._ S. to ring, 242, 1106. _Ringes_, _pr. t. sing._ ring, 390. _Rungen_, _part. pa._ rung, 1132.

Ringes, _n. pl._ S. rings of mail, 2740. _See_ Brini.

Rippe, _n._ fish-basket, 893. Hence a _Rippar_, B. Lat. _riparius_, is a person who brings fish from the coast to sell in the interior. V. Spelm. in v. Nares prefers the etymology of _ripa_, but without reason. _Rip_ is still provincial for an osier basket. _See_ Jam. and Moore. So also in a curious Latin and English Vocabulary, written out by Sire John Mendames, Parson of Bromenstrope [Broomsthorp, Co. Norf.] in the middle of the 15th cent., and now preserved in the valuable MSS. library of T. W. Coke, Esq. _Cophinus_ is explained _A beryng lepe_, or _ryppe_, terms still retained in the county. Jam. gives Icel. _hrip_, a basket.

Rith, Ricth, _n._ S. right, justice, inheritance, 36, 395, 1099, 1383, 2717.

Rith, _adj._ S. right (_dexter_), 604, 1812, 2140, 2545, 2725.

Rithe, Ricthe, _adj._ S. right (_rectus_), 772, 846, 1201, 2235, 2473.

Rith, Rithe, _adv._ S. rightly, 420, 1701, 2611, &c.; exactly, just, 872, 2494, 2506.

Ritte, _v._ to rip, make an incision, 2495.

The breche adoun he threst, He _ritt_, and gan to right.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 33.

[Cf. Sw. _rista_, Dan. _riste_, to slash, cut; G. _ritzen_. Perhaps connected also with Du. _rijten_, G. _reissen_, to tear.]

Robben, _v._ S. to rob, 1958.

Rode, _n._ S. the rood, cross, 103, 431, 1357, &c. V. Todd’s Gl. Illustr. Chauc.

Rof, _n._ S. roof, 2082.

Rome, _v._ S. to roam, travel about, 64.

Rore, _v._ S. to roar, 2496, &c. _Rorede_, _pa. t._ roared, 2438.

Roser, _n._ Fr. rose-bush, 2919. Chauc., Pers. Tale, _De luxuria_.

Rothe. _See_ Rathe.

Rowte, _v._ S. [_hrutan_] to roar, 1911. R. Cœur de L. 4304. V. Gl. Lynds. and Jam. in v. Cf. Icel. _hrjota_, Sw. _ryte_. The word is still retained in the provinces. V. Brockett and Wilbr.

Runci, _n._ B. Lat. a horse of burden, 2569. V. Du Cange and Spelm. The word is common both in Fr. and Engl. writers. Cf. Span. _Rozin-ante_.

Rungen. _See_ Ringen.

Rym. _See_ Rim.

Sal _for_ Shall, 628.

Same _for_ Shame, 1941. V. Jam.

Samen, _adv._ S. together, 467, 979, 1717, &c. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br. So also in Sc. V. Jam.

Samened, _part. pa._ S. assembled, united, 2890. Web., R. Br. p. 2.

Sare, _adv._ S. sore, sorrowfully, 401.

Sat, _pa. t._ S. opposed, 2567. _See_ Atsitte. In Sc. is _Sit_, _Sist_, to stop, from Lat. _sistere_. V. Jam.

Sautres, _n. pl._ Fr. Lat. Psalters, Hymns for the Office of the Dead, 244.

Sawe, _written for_ sa we, i.e. say we, 338.

Sawe, Sawen, Say. _See_ Se.

Sayse, _v._ B. Lat. to seise, give seisin or livery of land, 251, 2518. _Seysed_, _pa. t._ seised, 2931, _part. pa._ 2513. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 309.

Scabbed, Skabbed, _adj._ S. Lat. scabby, scurvy, 2449, 2505.

Scaþe, _n._ S. harm, injury, 1352. _Scaþes_, _pl._ 269. R. Br., V. Gl. _Skaith_, Sc. V. Jam.

Sche, Scho, Sho, _pron._ S. she, 112, 126, 649, 1721, &c.

Schifte _for_ Shrift, absolution, 1829.

Schoten, Shoten, _pa. t. pl._ S. shot, cast, 1838, 1864. _Scuten_, 2431. [_Shoten_, in l. 1838, means _rushed_, _darted_, _flew_.]

Schulle, _n._ a plaice, 759. Sw. _skolla_, a plaice. _See_ Coleridge’s Glossarial Index.

Se (_the_ S. _art._) the, but perhaps a mistake of the scribe, l. 534, as it is not elsewhere used.

Se, _n._ S. sea, 535, &c.; _gen._ seis, 321.

Se, Sen, _v._ S. to see, 1021, 1273, &c. _Sest_, _pr. t. 2 p._ seest, 534. _Sen_, _pr. t. pl._ see, 168, 1217. _Sawe_, _Sowe_, _pa. t._ saw, 1182, 1323. _Say_, 881. _Sawen_, _Sowen_, _pa. t. pl._ 957, 1055, 2255. _Sene_, _part. pa._ 656.

Seckes, _n. pl._ S. sacks, 2019.

Segges, _n. pl._ Fr. [_seches_] 896. In Cotgr. the _Seche_ is explained the Sound, or Cuttle fish. The _Seches de Coutance_ were held in the highest estimation. V. Le Grand. _See_ also Jam. v. _Sye_.

Sei, _v._ _See_ Seyen.

Seis. _See_ Se.

Seken, _v._ S. to seek, 1629. The reading is confirmed by an old poem in MS. Digb. 86.

Sire, we ben knizttes fer i-fare, For to _sechen_ wide-ware.

_La vie seint Eustace, qui out noun Placidas._

Selcouth, _n._ S. wonder, strange thing, 124, 1059. _Selcuth_, 2119. It was in all probability originally an _adj._ as _Selkuth_. Strange, wonderful, 1284.

Sele, _n._ S. seal, 755.

Seli, _adj._ S. simple, harmless, 477, 499. R. Gl., Chauc.

Selthe, _n._ S. success, 1338. A.S. _sélð_. [Cf. _selehðe_ in _Laȝam._ l. 25136, and see _selehðe_ in Stratmann’s Dictionary of Old English. The line seems to be a proverb, and the meaning is-- “Rest and success are companions.” Goldborough tells him to avoid delay, since rest may accompany success, but cannot precede it.]

Sembling, _n._ Fr. assembling, 1018. It may also be compared with the Su.-G. _samlung_, conventus.

Semes, _pr. t._ in the phrase, _hire semes_ = it beseems her, it becomes her, 2916. _Semede_, _pa. t._ was suitable, was fit, 976. See _Seem_ in Wedgwood.

Sen, Sene. _See_ Se.

Sendes, _pr. t._ sendeth, sends, 2392. _Sende_, _pa. t._ sent, 136, &c.

Serf-borw, _n._ S. surety, pledge, 1667. In MS. Soc. Antiq. No. 60, known by the name of _The Black Book of Peterborough_, is an instrument in which many names both of Saxon and Danish origin appear as the _Borhhanda_, or Sureties, otherwise called _Festermen_. See Jam. and the Glossaries, for further examples.

Serganz, _n. pl._ Fr. attendants, officers, 2088, 2091, 2116. _Sergaunz_, 1929, 2361, 2371. _Seriaunz_, 2066. V. Spelm. in v. _Servientes_, and Hickes, Thes. T. i. p. 148.

Serges. _See_ Cerges.

Serk, _n._ S. shirt, 603. Emare, 501. R. Br.

Seruen, _v._ S. to serve, 1230.

Seruede, _pa. t._ S. deserved, 1914. Web. M. R. So in Sc. V. Jam.

Sest. _See_ Se.

Sette, _v._ S. to set, descend, 2671.

Sette, _pa. t._ S. set, placed, 2405; appointed, 2571. _Setten_, _pa. t. pl._ set, 1211. _Sette_, _part. pa._ set, placed, 2612.

Seyen, _v._ S. to say, 2886. _Seyst_, _pr. t. 2 p._ sayest, 2008. _Seyde_, _pa. t. 3 p._ said, 117, &c. _Seyden_, _pa. t. pl._ said, 376, 1213. _Seyden_, have said, 456. _Sey_, _part. pa._ said, 2993.

Seysed. _See_ Sayse.

Seyst. _See_ Seyen.

Seyt, _pr. t. s._ put for _sey it_, i.e. say it; or else put for _seyth_, i.e. say, 647. So in Sir Tr. p. 117,

For mani men _seyt_ ay whare.

Shaltou, shalt thou, 1800. _Shaltow_, 1322. _Shaltu_, 2180, 2186, 2882, 2901.

Shamelike, _adv._ S. shamefully, disgracefully, 2825. _Schamliche_, Sir Tr. p. 93.

Shankes, _n. pl._ S. legs, 1903. _Sconke_, Laȝam. l. 15215. _See_ Rits. A. S. p. 16, and Diss. p. xxxi. _Schankis_, Sc. V. Jam.

Shar, _pa. t._ S. share, cut, 1413. So in Am. and Amil. 2298, Her throtes he _schar atvo_.

Shauwe, Shawe, _v._ S. to shew, 2206, 2784. _Sheu_, 1401.

Shel, Sheld, _n._ S. shield, 489, 624, 1653, &c.

Shende, _v._ S. to ruin, destroy, 1422. Bevis of H. ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 99. Chauc. _Shent_, _pa. t._ shamed, disgraced, 2749; _part. pa._ shend, 2845. The more common sense of this verb is the latter. V. Jam.

Shere. Clearly miswritten for _she were_, 1250.

Sheu. _See_ Shauwe.

Shides, _n. pl._ S. It here expresses pieces of wood cleft at the end, 917. In Doug. Virg. _Schide_ signifies a billet of wood, 223, 10; or a chip, splinter, 207, 8. So in _Rauf Coilzear_, st. 39, Schaftes of schene wode they scheueride in _schides_. So also in P. Pl. The word is preserved in Lanc. This custom of skinning eels by inserting the head in a cleft stick, is still practised, we are informed, in the fish markets.

Shir, _adj._ S. bright, 588, 916, 1253, &c.

Shireue, _n._ S. sheriff, 2286. _Shireues_, _pl._ 266.

Sho, _pron._ _See_ Sche.

Sho, _v._ S. to shoe, 1138.

Shof, _pa. t._ S. shoved, pushed, 871, 892.

Shol, _1 p. s._ (if I) shall, 1782. _Sal_, I shall, 628. _Shole_, _pl._ shall, 562, 645, 1788. _Shul_, 328. _Sholen_, 621, 1127, 1230, &c. _Shulen_, 731, 747, &c. _Shoren_ (so in MS.), 1640. _Sule_, shall ye, will ye, 2419. _Shude_, I should, 1079. _Sholdest_, shouldst, 2712. _Sholden_, _pl._ 1020, 1195. _Shulden_, 941.

Sholdre, _n._ S. shoulder, 2738. _Shuldre_, 604, 1262. _Shudre-blade_, 2644. _Sholdres_, _pl._ shoulders, 1647, 1818. _Shuldren_, 982.

Shon, _n. pl._ S. shoes, 860, 969.

Shop, _qu._ Shok, shook, struck, destroyed, 1101. But Sewel gives Du. _schoppen_, to strike. Cf. Eng. _chop_.

Shotshipe, n. S. [_scot_, symbolum, _scipe_, societas] An assembly of persons who pay pecuniary contribution or reckoning, 2099.

For al Sikelines quiden _Sotscipe_ heo heolden, And swa longe swa beoð æuere, Ne scal hit stonde næuere.

_Laȝam._ l. 23177.

Cf. _sotschipes_, _pl._ in Leg. of St. Kath. MS. Cott. Tit. D 18, fol. 144 _b_. _See_ Nares, _v._ _Shot-clog_.

Shrede, _n._ S. a fragment, piece cut off, 99. [As it was given off the “board,” to “feed the poor,” it must mean a piece of bread or meat. Correct “_shrede_ = clothing” in Coleridge’s Glossarial Index.]

Shres, _n._ S. shears, 857.

Shride, _v._ S. to clothe (himself), 963. _Shrid_, _part. pa._ clothed, 978.

Shriue, Shriuen, _v._ S. to confess, make confession, 362, 2598. _Shriue_, _Shriuen_, _part. pa._ 364, 2489.

Shrud, _n._ S. clothing, 303.

Shude, Shul, Shulen. _See_ Shol.

Shuldre, Shuldren. _See_ Sholdre.

Shuldreden, _pa. t. pl._ S. shouldered, 1056.

Sibbe, _adj._ S. related, allied, 2277. Sir Tr. p. 44. _See_ Fremde.

Siden, _n. pl._ S. sides, 371.

Sike, _v._ S. to sigh, 291.

Siking, _n._ S. sighing, 234.

Sikerlike, _adv._ S. surely, 422, 625, 2301, 2707, 2871. _Sikerly_, Sir Tr. p. 35, &c.

Sikernesse, _n._ S. surety, security, 2856. R. Glouc., R. Br., Chauc.

Simenels, _n. pl._ Fr. 779, a finer sort of bread, “q. a _simila_ h. e. puriori farinæ parte.” _Spelm._ Assis. pan. 51 Hen. III. _Symnellus_ vero de quadrante ponderabit 2 sol. minus quam Wastellum. It elsewhere appears to be a sort of cake, or cracknel. So in the _Crieries de Paris_, v. 163, Chaudes tartes et _siminiaus_. V. Nares in v.

Sinne, _n._ S. fault, 1976. _Ne for loue ne for sinne_, 2375. _Wolde he nouth for sinne lette_, 2627. Traces of this phrase may be elsewhere found:

Neyther for _love_ nor yet for _awe_ Lyuinge man none than they saw.

_Sir Degore_, c. iv.

Maboun and Lybeauus Faste togedere hewes, And stente _for no synne_.

_Ly Beaus Desc._ 1957.

Sire, Syre, _n._ Fr. The term in ll. 310, 1229, is used not only to express respect, but command. A parallel passage is in R. Cœur de L. 2247. It simply means _Sir_, ll. 909, 2009.

Site, _v._ S. to sit, 2809. _Sittes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ sittest, 1316. _Sitten_, _pr. t. pl._ sit, 2098. _Site on knes_, i.e. kneel, 2708.

Siþe, Siþen, _adv._ S. then, afterwards, after, 399, 472, 1414, 1814, 1988, &c.

Siþe, _n._ S. time, 1052. _Siþe_, _Siþes_, _pl._ 213, 778, 1737, 2189. _Syþe_, _Syþes_, 2162, 2843. Sir Tr. p. 55, &c.

Sket, _adv._ quickly, soon, 1926, 1960, 2303, 2493, 2513, 2574, 2736, 2839. Sir Tr. pp. 36, 40, &c.; Ly Beaus Desc. 484; K. Alisaund. 3047; R. Cœur de L. 806; Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. i. p. 228. [Icel. _skjótt_, quickly, from _skjótr_, quick, swift. The adj. is still preserved in the surname Skeat _or_ Skeet.]

Skirming, _n._ Fr. skirmishing, 2323. Web. M. R. _See_ Note on l. 2320.

Slawe, Slawen. _See_ Slo.

Slenge, _v._ S. to sling, cast out, 2435. _Slenget_, _part. pa._ slung, 1923.

Slepes, _pr. t. 2 p._ sleepest, 1283.

Sleie, Sley, _adj._ skilful, expert, 1084, 2116. Sir Tr. pp. 23, 28; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 296; Emare, 67; R. Glouc. p. 350; Barb. xix. 179; Doug. 137, 12. Jamieson derives it from Su.-G. _slug_, Isl. _slægr_. Cf. Sw. _slug_.

Slike, _adv. or perhaps adj._ smoothly, or smooth, 1157. “_Slyke_, or smothe. _Lenis_.” Prompt. Parv.

Slo, _n._ S. sloe, berry, 849, 2051.

Slo, _v._ S. to slay, 512, 1364, 1412, &c. _Slou_, 2543. _Slos_, _pr. t. 2 p._ slayest, 2706. _Slos_, _imp. pl._ strike ye, 2596. _Slou_, _Slow_, _pa. t._ slew, 501; struck, 2633. _Slowe_, _Slowen_, _pa. t. pl._ slew, 2414, 2427, 2432; struck, fought, 2683. _Slawe_, _Slawen_, _part. pa._ slain, 1803, 1928, 2000, &c. In l. 2747 (as in 2596, 2633, 2683) it has only the sense of _struck_, wounded, agreeably to the signification of the original word, _sleán_, _sleáhan_, Cædere, ferire.

Smerte, _adj. pl._ S. painful, 2055.

Smerte, _v._ S. to smart, 2647.

Smot, _pa. t._ S. smote, 2654.

So, a large tub, 933. See _So_ in Halliwell. Dan. _saa_, a pail.

So, _conj._ S. as, 279, 349, _et pass._

Softe, _adj._ S. of a mild disposition, 991.

Softe, _adv._ S. gently, 2618.

Somdel, _adj._ S. somewhat, in some measure, 240. _Sumdel_, 450, 497, 1054, 2306, 2950. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.

Sond, _n._ S. sand, 708, 735.

Sone, _n._ S. son, 660, 839. _Sones_, _pl._ 2980.

Sone, _adv._ S. soon, 78, &c.; so soon as, 1354.

Sor, _n._ S. sorrow, 234. _Sorwe_, 1374; pain, sore, 1988.

Sor, _adj._ S. sore, detestable, 2229. [Perhaps it should be _sori_.]

Sorful, _adj._ S. sorrowful, 151, 2541.

Sori, _adj._ S. sorrowful, 151, 477.

Soth, Sothe, _n._ S. truth, 36, 647, 2008, &c.

Soþlike, _adv._ S. truly, 276.

Soupe, _v._ Fr. to sup, 1766.

Southe, _pa. t._ S. sought, 1085.

Sowe, Sowen. _See_ Se.

Sowel, _n._ victuals, 767, 1143, 2905. Properly, anything eaten with bread as a relish. See _Sool_ in Halliwell. Dan. _suul_.

Span-newe, _adj._ quite new, 968. This is the earliest instance on record of the use of this word. For its disputed etymology see Jam., Nares, Todd’s Johns., and Thoms. Etymons; but especially Wedgwood’s Etym. Dict. _Span_ = chip; _Span-new_, chip-new. A.S. _spón_. It occurs in Chauc. Troil. iii. 1671.

Sparkede, _pa. t._ S. sparkled, 2144.

Spede, _v._ S. to speed, prosper, 1634.

Speke, _n._ S. speech, 946.

Speke, Speken, _v._ S. to speak, 326, 369, 548, 1070, &c. _Spak_, _pa. t._ spoke, 2389, 2968. _Speken_, _part. pa._ spoken, 2369.

Spelle, _n._ S. story, relation, 338. K. Horn, 951.

Spelle, _v._ S. to relate, tell forth, 15, 2530.

Spen _for_ Spent, 1819.

Sperd, Sperde, _part. pa._ S. barred, bolted, 414, 448. Still common in the North. V. Brockett.

Spille, _v._ S. to perish, 2422. _Of limes spille_, 86, suffer the loss of limbs. K. Horn, 202. Web., Chauc.

Spired, _part. pa._ S. speered, inquired, 2620. V. Jam. in v.

Spore, _n._ S. spur, 2569.

Sprauleden, _pa. t. pl._ S. sprawled, 475.

Sprong, _pa. t._ S. sprung, 959. _See_ the Note. _Sprongen_, 869. _Sprungen_, _part. pa._ risen, 1131.

Sprote, _n._ S. sprout, 1142. A.S. _sprote_, a sprig, sprout.

Spuse, Spusen, _v._ S. to espouse, marry, 1123, 1170, 2875. _Spusede_, _pa. t. pl._ espoused, 2887. _Spused_, _part. pa._ 1175, 2928. _Spuset_, 1266.

Spusing, _n._ S. espousals, marriage, 1164, 1177, 2886.

Stac, _n._ S. 814. [This I believe to mean simply a stack, or heap, like the Dan. _stak_, Sw. _stack_. I add Sir F. Madden’s note in the edition of 1828.] A stack, or, more properly, _stick_ of fish, a term applied to eels when strung on a row, ‘sic dicta, quod trajecta vimine (quod _stic_ dicimus) connectebantur.’ _Spelm._ A _stica_ consisted of 25 eels, and 10 _Sticæ_ made a _Binde_. Glanv. lib. 2, c. 9.

Stalworþi, Stalworþe, Stalwrthe, adj. S. strong, valiant, courageous, 24, 904, 1027, &c. _Stalworþeste_, _sup._ 25.

Stan-ded, _adj._ S. dead as a stone, completely dead, 1815. _Stille als a ston_, 928. Cf. K. of Tars, 549; Erle of Tol. 754; Launfal, 357. _See_ Gl. to _Partenay_.

Star, _n._ Icel. a species of sedge, 939. Icel. _stör_; Sw. _starr_; Dan. _stær_. _See_ the Note.

Stareden, _pt. t. pl._ 1037. _Probably miswritten for_ Stradden, contended. Cf. Su.-Goth. and Sw. _strida_, to contend.

Starinde, _part. pr._ staring, 508.

Stark, _adj._ S. stiff, stout, strong, 341, 380, 608, &c. V. Jam. in v.

Stede, _n._ S. steed, horse, 10, &c.

Stede, _n._ S. place, 142, 744. _Stedes_, _pl._ 1846.

Stem, _n._ S. a ray of light, beam, 591. It is equivalent to _Glem_, l. 2122.

Therewith he blinded them so close, A _stime_ they could not see.

_R. Hood_, i. 112.

Cf. Brockett’s Gl. in v. _Stime_.

Sternes, _n. pl._ stars, 1809. _Ageyn þe sternes_ = exposed to the sky, or to the open air.

Stert, _n._ S. leap, 1873. Chaucer has _at a stert_ for immediately, C. T. 1707.

Stert, _n._ S. [_steort_, cauda] tail, 2323. _Start_ is still retained in the North.

Steuene, _n._ S. voice, 1275.

Sti, _n._ S. road, way, 2618. Sir Tr. p. 192; Yw. and Gaw. 599; Emare, 196; Sevyn Sages, 712; R. Br. Chaucer uses _stile_ in the same sense, C. T. 12628, and Minot, p. 5, in both which passages the respective Editors have made the same mistake in explaining it. [Cf. G. _steg_, a pass.]

Stille, _adj._ S. quiet, 955, 2309.

Stille, _adv._ S. in a low voice, secretly, 2997. Sir Tr. p. 55; K. Horn, 315.

Stirt, Stirte, _pa. t._ S. started, leaped, 398, 566, 873, 1049, &c. _Stirte_, _Stirten_, _pa. t. pl._ started, hurried, 599, 1964, 2609. Derived by Skinner from S. _astirian_, movere, by Jam. from Teut. _steerten_, volare. _See_ Astirte. Cf. G. _stürzen_; and see _Start_ in Wedgwood.

Stith, _n._ S. anvil, 1877. Chauc. Still provincial. V. Moore, and Brockett.

Stiward, _n._ S. steward, 666.

Stonden, _n._ S. to stand, 689. _Stondes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ standeth, stands, 2240, 2983. _Stod_, _pa. t._ stood, 591, 679. _Stoden_, _pa. t. pl._ 1037.

Stor, _adj._ S. hardy, stout, 2383. Laȝam. l. 9126; Yw. and Gaw. 1297; Chron. of Engl. 464; Sq. of Lowe D. 658; Ly Beaus Desc. 1766. _Steir_, _Sture_, Sc. ap. Jam. Cf. Sw. _stor_.

Stra, _n._ S. straw, 315, 466. A.S. _streow_, _streaw_. Cf. Strie.

Strenes, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. begets, 2983. From _streónan_, gignere. Cf. K. Alisaund. 7057.

Strie, _n._ a straw, 998. _See_ Stra.

Strout, _n._ dispute, contention, 1039. Cf. A.S. _strúdan_, and _Strother_ in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.

Stroute, _v._ S. to make a disturbance, 1779. Bosworth explains A.S. _strúdan_, _strútian_, as having originally the sense to bustle about.

Stunde, _n._ S. short space of time, 2614. V. Gl. to R. Glouc. _See_ Vmbestonde.

Sturgiun, Sturgun, _n._ sturgeon, 753, 1727. Cf. Sw. _stör_, Dan. _stör_.

Suere, Suereth. _See_ Sweren.

Suete, _adj._ S. sweet, 1388. Cf. l. 2927.

Sueyn, Sweyn, _n._ S. swain, villain, 343, 1328, &c. _Sweynes_, _pl._ 371, 2195. It is generally used in opposition to _knight_.

Svich, _adj._ S. such, 60.

Suilk, _adj._ such (things), 644. _See_ Swilk.

Sule. _See_ Shol.

Sumdel. _See_ Somdel.

Sunne-bem, _n._ S. sun-beam, 592, 2123.

Swerd, _n._ S. sword, 1759, &c. _Swerdes_, _pl._ 1769, 2659.

Sweren, _v._ S. to swear, 494. _Suereth_, _pr. t. s._ swear, 647. _Swor_, _pa. t._ swore, 398, 2367. _Suere_, _pr. subj. 2 p. s._ 388.

Swike, _n._ S. deceiver, traitor, 423, 551, 626, 1158, 2401, 2451, &c. _Swikes_, _pl._ 2834, 2990. Laȝam. l. 12942; R. Gl. p. 105.

Swikel, _adj._ S. deceitful, 1108.

For alle þine witien Beoð swiðe _swikele_.

_Laȝam._ l. 15848.

Hoe beth of _swikele_ kunne Ther mide the witherwinne.

_The sawe of Seint Bede_, MS. Digb. 86.

He was _suikel_, fals, ant fel.

_Chron. of Engl._ 791.

Swilen, _v._ S. [_swilian_, Ps. vi. 6] to wash, 919. It occurs also in Rob. of Brunne’s _Handling Sinne_, l. 5828. Still provincial.

Swilk, _adj._ S. such, 1118, 1625, 2123, 2684, 2783. _Suilk_, 644.

Swinge, _v._ S. to beat, chastise (used _passively_), 214. _Swngen_, _part. pa._ beaten, 226. Laȝam. l. 21070. So in _Syr Bevys_, C. ii. All at ones on him they _swonge_. In the North the verb retains the same meaning; v. Brockett.

Swink, _n._ S. labour, 770, 801, 2456.

Swinken, _v._ S. to labour, 798. _Swank_, _pa. t._ laboured, 788.

Swire, _n._ S. neck, 311. Formerly in universal use, and still preserved in the provinces.

Swiþe, Swyþe, _adv._ S. very, exceedingly, 110, 217, 341. Quickly, 140, 682, 690; _ful swithe_, 2436, appears a pleonasm. _Swithe forth and rathe_, quickly forth, and soon, 2594.

Swot, _n._ S. sweat, perspiration, 2662. The word has the same meaning in Cædmon, f. 24, ed. Thorpe, p. 31, l. 8, which seems to contradict Mr Price’s assertion to the contrary, in Warton’s Hist. Engl. Poetr. p. lxxi., ed. 1840.

Swngen. _See_ Swinge.

Syre. _See_ Sire.

Syþe, Syþes. _See_ Siþe.

Syþe, _n._ S. scythe, 2553, 2699.

Tabour, _n._ Fr. tabor, 2329.

Tale, _n._ S. number, 2026.

Taleuaces, _n. pl._ Fr. large shields, 2323. _See_ the Note on l. 2320.

Tarst (_so in_ MS.), 2688; almost certainly an error for _faste_, which appears in the next line. Also, the movements of Godard are compared to the course of lightning.

Tauhte, _pt. s._ committed, 2214, probably an error for _bitauhte_. _See_ Bitaken.

Tel, _n._ S. deceit, reproach, 191, 2219. A.S. _tálu_.

Telle, _v._ S. to count, number, 2615. _Told_, _part. pa._ numbered, esteemed, 1036.

Tene, _n._ S. grief, affliction, 729.

Tere, _v._ S. to tar (used passively), 707.

Teth, _n. pl._ S. teeth, 2406.

Teyte, _adj._ S. 1841, 2331. [Explained “lively” by Coleridge, Stratmann, and Morris, as if from Icel. _teitr_, hilaris. This I believe to be completely wrong. The word occurs in Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 871, with reference to _tight_ lasses, and in l. 1841 of Havelok we have a reference to _tight_ lads. In l. 2331 it may also mean _flawless_, staunch. “_Theet_, _adj._ water-tight. O.N. _þiettr_ or _þéttr_, densus, solidus. O.Sw. _thæter_, Sw. Dial, _tjett_ or _tjætt_, Dan. _tætt_, Germ. _dicht_. Ihre gives . . . . _ett tätt fat_, a flawless vessel. ‘_Thyht_, hool fro brekynge, not brokyn. _Integer_, _solidus_. Prompt. Parv.’” Atkinson’s Glossary of the Cleveland dialect.] [_Teyte_ may mean _lively_. My explanation is not generally accepted.]

Þa, _written for_ þat, 175.

Þan, Þanne, _adv._ S. then, 51, 1044, &c.; when, 226, 248, _et sæpius_; than if (_quàm_), 944, 1867.

Þar, _adv._ where (?) 130. _See_ the Note; and cf. _Þer_.

Þare, _adv._ S. there, 2481, 2739. Cf. þer, þore.

Þarne, _v._ to lose, be deprived of, 2492, 2835. _Þarnes_, _pr. t._ wants, is deprived of, 1913. _Þarned the ded_, 1687; [clearly miswritten for _þoled þe ded_, suffered death. The scribe was thinking of _þarned þe lif_; cf. l. 2492.] The verb only exists in the Sax. in the pt. t. _þærnode_, Chron. Sax. p. 222, ed. Gibs., which is derived by Lye from the Cimbr. _At thuerna_, or _thorna_, diminui, privari. V. Hickes Thes. I. p. 152. [I.e. it is from the root of the Sw. _tarfva_, Icel. _thurfa_, Goth. _thaurban_, with the _f_ dropped, and with the addition of the _passive_ or _neuter_ infinitive-ending denoted by _-ne_, like _-na_ in Sw., _-nan_ in Mœso-Gothic. See _þarrnenn_ in Gl. to Ormulum.]

Þas, _read_ Was, 1129. [As þ at the beginning of a word is never put for _t_, it is not = Sc. _tas_, takes, as some have suggested.]

Þaue, v. S. [_þafian_] to grant, 296; bear, sustain, 2696. Ormulum, 5457.

Thayn, _n._ S. nobleman, 2184. _Thein_, 2466. _Thaynes_, _pl._ 2260. _Theynes_, 2194. _See_ Kayn.

Þe, _n._ S. thigh, 1950. _Þhe_, 1984. _Þes_, _pl._ 1903. _Þhes_, 2289.

Þe, _adv._ S. (_written for_ þer), there, 142, 476, 863, 933. _Þe with_, therewith, 639. _See_ Þer.

Þe, _conj._ S. though, 1682. _Þei_, 1966. _Þey_, 807, 992, 1165, 2501. _See_ Þou.

Þede, _n._ S. country, dwelling, 105; place, 2890. Web., Le Bone Flor. 246. R. Br. p. 18. V. Jam.

Þef, _n._ S. thief, 2434. _Þeues_, _pl._ 1780.

Þei, _pron._ S. they, 1020, 1195, &c.

Þei, Þey, _conj._ though. _See_ Þe.

Þenke, _pr. subj._ S. think, 2394. _Þenkeste_, _pr. t. 2 p._ thinkest thou, 578.

Þenne, _adv._ S. thence, 1185. [Perhaps in l. 777, we should put the comma after _þenne_; “when he came thence,” &c.]

Þer, _adv._ S. where, 318, 448, &c.; there, _passim_; the place whence, 1740. _Þerinne_, therein, 535, &c. _Þerhinne_, 322. _Þerof_, _Þeroffe_, thereof, 372, 466, 1068, &c. _Þerþoru_, by that means, 1098. _Þertil_, _Þerto_, thereto, 396, 1041, 1045. _Þerwit_, _Þerwith_, therewith, 1031, 1046. _See_ Þe, Þore.

Þere, _pron._ S. their, 1350.

Þerl _for_ Þe erl, the earl, 178.

Þertekene, 2878. [Coleridge’s Glossarial Index has “Thertekene = mark thereto. A.S. _tácnian_.” But this is a very awkward phrase, and I should prefer to suppose _þer-tekene_ = by the token, i.e. in token. _Tekene_ answers to the Sw. _tecken_, a token; and _þer_ is found as a prefix in _P. Plowman_ in the phr. _þer-while_ = _þe while_, i.e. in the time that. The only difficulty is that _þer_ is properly feminine (A.S. _þære_), whilst _tecken_ in Sw. and _tácen_ in A.S. are neuter. _In tokne_ (= in token) occurs in Shoreham’s poems, ed. Wright, 131.]

Þet, _conj._ S. that (_quòd_), 330.

Þet, _pron._ S. that, 879.

Þeþe, Þeþen, _adv._ S. thence, 2498, 2629.

Þeu, Þewe, _n._ S. in a servile condition or station, 262, 2205. R. Gl.

Þewes, _n. pl._ S. manners, 282. Laȝam., Rits. M. R., Web., P. Plowm., Chauc., Gl. Lynds., Percy, A. R.

Þi. _See_ Forþi.

Þi _for_ Þy, thy, 2725.

Þider, _adv._ S. thither, 850, 1012, 1021, &c.

Þigge, v. S. [_þicgan_] to beg, 1373. This word is chiefly preserved in the Sc. writers. Wall. ii. 259; Doug. Virg. 182, 37; Evergreen, ii. 199; Bannatyne Poems, p. 120, V. Jam. in v., who derives it from Su.-G. _tigga_, Alem. _thigen_, petere. [See _tigga_ in Ihre. “Thyggynge or beggynge, _Mendicacio_.” Prompt. Parv.]

Þis _for_ þise, these, 1145.

Þisternesse, _n._ S. darkness, 2191.

Dalden from þan fihte Al bi _þustere_ nihte.

_Laȝam._ l. 7567; cf. _Gen. and Ex._, 58.

Thit, _pp._ 2990. [The rime shews that the _i_ is long; and, whether the _th_ is sounded like _t_, or (which is more likely) the word should have been written _tiht_ or _tith_, we may be tolerably confident that it is equivalent to the O.E. _tight_ or _tiȝt_, a pp. signifying _intended_, _purposed_, _designed_, which is the exact sense here required. Stratmann gives five instances of it, of which one is-- “To brewe the Crystene mennys banys Hy hadden _tyght_;” Octovian, 1476.]

Þo, _pron._ S. those, 1918, 2044.

Þo, _pron._ thou. _See_ Þu.

Þo, _adv._ S. then, 930; when, 1047. _Thow_, 1669.

Þore, _adv._ S. there, 741, 922, 1014, &c. _Þortil_, thereto, 1443. _Þorwit_, therewith, 100. _See_ Þe, Þer.

Þoru, _adv._ S. through, 627, 774, 848, &c. _Þoruth_, 1065, 2786. _Þorw_, 264, 367, 2646. _Þuruth_, 52.

Þoruthlike, _adv._ S. throughly, 680.

Þou, _conj._ S. though, 124, 299, &c. _Þo_, 1020. _See_ Þe.

Þoucte, _pa. t._ S. thought, 504, 507, &c. _Þouthte_, 1073. _Þowthe_, 1869. _Þouthe_, 1166. _Þat god thoucte_, 256, that seemed good. Cf. Sir Tr. pp. 30, 36. And so in MS. Vernon, Bodl.

Riche metes was forth brouht To all men _that gode thouht_.

_Disp. betw. a Crystene mon and a Jew_, f. 301.

[Or, if we read “þat god _him_ þoucte,” this would mean “that seemed good _to him_;” cf. l. 197.]

Þouth, _n._ S. thought, 122, 1190.

Þral, _n._ S. slave, villain, 527, 684, 1097, 1158, 2564, 2589. In an opprobious sense, 1408. Sir Tr. p. 175.

Þrawe, _n._ S. space of time, moment, 276, 1215. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br., Doug. Virg. _Þrow_, Chauc., Gower, &c.

Þredde, Þridde, _adj._ S. third, 867, 2633.

Þrette, _pa. t._ S. threatened, 1163.

Þrie, 730. [In the former edition it is glossed “trouble, affliction; apparently the same as _Tray_ or _Treye_;” cf. A.S. _tréga_. But this renders the construction difficult, nor is it clear that _treye_ and _þrie_ can be identified. Without doubt, the usual meaning of _þrie_ is _thrice_, which is easily construed, only it remains to be shewn why _thrice_ should be introduced; unless perhaps it signifies _in a threefold degree._]

Þrinne, _num._ S. three, 716, 761, 1977, 2091.

Þrist, Þristen, _v._ S. to thrust, 1152, 2019, 2725. _Þrist_, _part. pa._ thrust, 638.

Þu, _pron._ S. thou, 527, &c. _Þou_, 527, &c. _Þo_, 388. _Þw_ (_read_ þat þw _instead of_ þw that?), 1316. _Tow_, 1322. _Tu_, 2903. It is often joined to the verb which precedes, as _Shaltow_, _Wiltu_, &c. The _gen._ is _þin_, 1128; the _acc._ is _þe_, 529.

Þurte, _pt. t. s._ need, might, 10. [It answers to the A.S. _þurfan_, _pt. t._ _ic þorfte_, Icel. _þurfa_, _pt. t._ _þurfti_, Mœso-Goth. _þaurban_, _pt. t._ _þaurfta_. _See_ Ormulum, l. 16164, and Sir F. Madden’s note to _þort_ in Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_.]

Þuruth. _See_ Þoru.

Þus _for_ Þis, 785, 2586. (_In comp._ þus-gate.)

Tid, _n._ S. time, hour, 2100.

Til, _prep._ S. to, 141, 762, 864, &c. _See_ Intil, Þertil.

Til, _v._ S. to tell, 1348.

Tilled, _part. pa._ S. obtained, acquired (lit. drawn, taken), 438. V. Gl. R. Br. in v. _tille_, and see quotation under _Goddot_.

Tinte, _pa. t._ S. lost, 2023. Sir Tr. p. 104. V. Jam.

Tirneden, _pa. t. pl._ S. turned, 603.

Tiþandes, _n. pl._ Icel. tidings, 2279.

To-, in composition with verbs, is usually augmentative, or has the force of the Lat. _dis-_. _To-brised_, _part. pa._ very much bruised, 1950. (_See_ Brisen.) _To-cruhsse_, _inf._ crush in pieces, 1992. _To-deyle_, _inf._ divide, 2099. (_See_ Deled.) _To-drawen_, _part. pa._ dragged or pulled to death, 2001. (_See_ Drou.) _To-frusshe_, _inf._ break in pieces, 1993. _To-hewen_, _part. pa._ hewn in pieces, 2001. _To-riuen_, _part. pa._ torn _or_ riven in pieces, 1953. _To-rof_, _pa. t._ burst open, 1792. _To-shiuere_, _inf._ shiver in pieces, 1993. _To-shiuered_, _part. pa._ shivered to pieces, 2667. _To-tere_, _inf._ tear in pieces, 1839. _To-torn_, _part. pa._ torn in pieces, 1948, 2021. _To-tusede_, _part. pa._ entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. In one case only we find it to be merely the prep. _to_ in composition; viz. in _To-yede_, _pa. t._ went to, 765. (_See_ Yede.) [_See_ note on this prefix in Gloss. to _William of Palerne_.]

To, _adv._ S. too, 303, 689, 691, &c.

To, _n._ S. toe, 1743, 1847, &c. _Tos_, _pl._ 898, 2163.

To, _num._ S. two, 2664.

To, _prep._ follows its case in ll. 197, 325, 526.

To-frusshe, _v._ Fr. [_froisser_] to dash or break in pieces, 1993.

The Sarezynes layde on with mace, And al _to-frussched_ hym in the place.

_R. Cœur de L._ 5032. Cf. 5084.

He suld sone be _to-fruschyt_ all.

_Barb._ x. 597.

So also Doug. Virg. 51, 53. V. Jam. in v. _Frusch_.

Togidere, Togydere, _adv._ S. together, 1128, 1181, 2683, 2891.

Tok, _pa. t._ S. took, 354, 467, 537. _Toke_, _pa. t. 2 p._ 1216. _Token_, _pa. t. pl._ 1194, _Token under fote_, 1199.

Told. _See_ Telle.

Totede, _pa. t._ peeped, looked, 2106. This verb is thrice found in P. Ploughman’s Crede, ll. 142, 168, 339. Although it would appear a rare word from its not appearing in Hearne, Ritson, or Weber, yet in later times it, occurs often, and is instanced by Jamieson from Patten’s Account of Somerset’s Expedicion, p. 53, and by Nares from Hall, Latimer, Spenser, and Fairfax. It also occurs four times in the _Ancren Riwle_, ed. Morton, 1853. In Sc. it is pronounced _Tete_, which is derived by Jam. from the same stock as Su.-G. _titt-a_, explained by Ihre, “Per transennam veluti videre, ut solent curiosi, aut post tegmina latentes.” V. the authorities quoted, Todd’s Johns. and Wilbr. Gl. [Cf. Sw. _titta_; Dan. _titte_, to peep; Dan. _tittelege_, to play at bopeep.]

To-tusede, _part. pa._ entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. _See_ Nares, in v. _Tose_, and _Tousle_, _Toozle_, in Jam., Brockett, &c. Cf. G. _zausen_.

Toun, _n._ S. town, 1750, &c. _Tun_, 764, 1001, &c. _Tunes_, _pl._ 1444, 2277.

Tour, _n._ Fr. tower, 2073.

Tre, _n._ S. a bar or staff of wood, 1022, 1821, 1843, 1882, &c. _Dore-tre_, 1806, 1968, bar of the door.

Trewe, _adj._ S. true. 1756.

Tristen, _v._ to trust, 253.

Tro. _See_ Trowe.

Trome, _n._ S. [_truma_] a troop, company, 8.

Heo makeden heore sceld-_trome_

_Laȝam._ l. 9454.

Bisydes stondeth a feondes _trume_, And waileth hwenne the saules cume.

_Les Unze peyne_, &c. MS. Coll. Jes. 29.

The same mode of expression used above occurs lower down, l. 24, “A stalworþi man in a _flok_,” which is also found in Laȝamon,

Cador ther wes æc, þe kene wes on _flocke_. --l. 23824.

And in _Sir Guy_, H. iii.

Then came a knight that hight Sadock, A doughty man in every _flock_.

Trone, _n._ Lat. throne, 1316.

Trowe, _n._ S. to believe, trust, 1656. _Tro_, 2862. _Trowede_, _pa. t._ believed, 382. Sir Tr. p. 41.

Trusse, _v._ Fr. [_trousser_] to pack up, to truss, 2017. R. Gl. Hence to _make ready_, K. Alisaund. 7006. Minot, p. 50, which Ritson was unable to explain.

Tuenti, _num._ S. twenty, 259.

Tumberel, _n._ a porpoise, 757. In Spelm. _Timberellus_ is explained, a small whale, on the authority of Skene, Vocab. Jur. Scot. L. Forest, _Si quis cetum_. In Cotgr. also we find “_Tumbe_, the great Sea-Dragon, or Quadriver; also the Gurnard, called so at Roan.” [But the Sw. _tumlare_, a porpoise, _lit._ a tumbler, suggests that the name may be given from its _tumbling_ or _rolling_. The Dan. _tumler_, however, is a dolphin.]

Tun. _See_ Toun.

Turues, _n. pl._ S. turf, peat, 939. Chauc. C. T. 10109. V. Spelm. in v. and Jennings’ Somersetsh. Gl.

Twel _for_ Twelve, 2455.

Ueneysun, _n._ Fr. venison, 1726.

Vmbestonde, _adv._ S. for a while, formerly, 2297.

& heo seilede{n} forth, þæt inne sæ heo comen, þa _vmbe stunde_ ne sæge heo noht of londe.

_Laȝam._ l. 11967.

It is equivalent to _umbe-while_ or _vmwhile_, Sc. _umquhile_. _See_ Stunde.

Umbistode, _pa. t._ S. stood around, 1875. _See_ Bistode, Stonden.

Vn-bi-yeden, _pa. t. pl._ S. surrounded, 1842. _See_ Yede.

Vnblithe, _adj._ S. unhappy, 141. Sir Tr. p. 171.

Unbounden, _pa. t. pl._ S. unbound, 601.

Underfong, _pa. t._ S. understood, 115. This sense of the verb is not found elsewhere. It is in the present poem synonymous with _Understod_ (as Lat. _accipere_, _percipere_).

Understonde, _v._ S. to receive, 2814. _Understod_, _pa. t._ received, 1760. _Understonde_, _pr. subj._ receive, 1159. So in K. Horn, 245, ed. Rits.

Horn child thou _vnderstond_, Tech him of harpe and song.

where the MS. Laud 108 reads _vnderfonge_. See Lumby’s ed. l. 239.

Unker, _pron. g. c. dual._ S. of you two, 1882.

Vnkeueleden, _pa. t. pl._ S. ungagged, 601. _See_ Keuel.

Unkyndelike, _adv._ S. unsuitably, 1250.

Vnornelike, _adj._ S. basely, or degradingly, 1941. The only word in the Sax. remaining to which it can be referred, is _unornlic_, tritus, Jos. 9. 5. The following instances also approach the same stock:

Ne speke y nout with Horne, Nis he nout so _vnorne._

_K. Horn_, 337.

Mi stefne is bold & noȝt _vnorne_, Ho is ilich one grete horne, & þin is ilich one pipe.

_Hule and Niȝtingale_, l. 317.

[Ihre shews that Icel. and Su.-Goth. _orna_ mean to acquire vital heat, to grow warm. Hence _unorne_ means unfervent, spiritless, feeble, old. Thus, in the _Hule and Niȝtingale_ it means _feeble_, _weak_; in Jos. 9. 5, it is used of _old, worn-out_ shoes. In the Ormulum, _unnorne_ occurs frequently, in the sense of _poor_, _mean_, _feeble_; see ll. 827, 3668; also _unnornelig_, meaning _meanly_, _humbly_, _obscurely_, in ll. 3750, 4858, 7525, 8251.]

Unride, _adj._ S. [_ungereod, ungerydu_] It is here used in various significations, most of which, however, correspond to the senses given by Somner. Large, cumbersome (of a garment), 964; unwieldy (of the bar of a door), 1795; deep, wide (of a wound), 1981, 2673; numerous, extensive (of the nobility), 2947. _Unrideste, sup._ deepest, widest, 1985. In the second sense we find it in Sir Tristr. p. 167,

Dartes wel _unride_ Beliagog set gan.

And in _Guy of Warwick_, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 79.

A targe he had ywrought full well, Other metal was ther none but steel, A mickle and _unrede_.

In the fourth sense we have these examples:

Opon Inglond for to were With stout ost and _unride_.

_Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 283.

Schir Rannald raugh to the renk ane rout wes _unryde_.

_Sir Gaw. and Gol._ ii. 25.

The soudan gederet an ost _unryde_.

_K. of Tars_, 142.

Cf. also _Sir Guy_, Ee. IV. in Garrick’s Collect. ‘Ameraunt drue out a swerde _unryde_.’ In the sense of huge, or unwieldy, we may also understand it in Sir Tr. p. 148, 164; Guy of Warw. ap. Ell. M. R. V. 2, p. 78; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, p. 295. In R. Brunne, p. 174, it expresses loud, tremendous. Sir W. Scott and Hearne are both at fault in their Glossaries, and even Jamieson has done but little to set them right, beyond giving the true derivation, and then, under the cognate word _Unrude_, Doug. Virg. 167, 35, &c., errs from pure love of theory.

Vnrith, _n._ S. injustice, 1369.

Unwrast, Unwraste, _adj._ S. [_unwræste_] feeble, worthless, 2821; rotten, 547. This word occurs in the Saxon Chron. 168, 4 (ed. Thorpe, p. 321), applied to a rotten ship, and this appears to have been the original meaning. The sense in which it was subsequently used may be learnt by comparing Laȝam. ll. 13943, 29609; R. Gl. p. 586; Chron. of Engl. 662, 921; Ly Beaus Desc. 2118 (not explained by Rits.); K. Alisaund. 878; R. Cœur de L. 872, and Sevyn Sages, 1917. It is not found in Jam. Cf. A.S. _wræst_, firm.

Uoyz, _n._ Lat. voice, 1264.

Vre, _pron._ S. our, 13, 596, &c.

Vt, _prep._ S. out, 89, 155, &c. _Uth_, 346, 1178.

Ut-bidde. _See_ Bidd.

Ut-drawe, Ut-drawen, Vt-drow, Ut-drowen. _See_ Drou.

Uten, _prep._ S. out, exhausted, 842; without, foreign, as in _Uten-laddes_, 2153, 2580, foreigners.

Ut-lede. _See_ Lede.

Utrage, _n._ S. outrage, 2837.

W. _See_ Hw.

Wa, _n._ S. woe, wail, 465.

Wade, _v._ S. Lat. to pass, go, 2645. _Wede_, 2387, 2641. Vid. Nares.

Wagge, _v._ S. to wield, brandish, 89.

Waiten, Wayte, Wayten, _v._ Fr. to watch, 512, 1754, 2070. Chauc. Cf. O.Fr. _gaiter_.

Waken, _v._ S. to watch, 630. _Waked_, _part. pa._ watched, kept awake, 2999. _See_ R. Br., Sq. of L. D. 852. Chauc.

Wakne, _v._ S. to wake, awaken, 2164.

Wan, _adv._ S. when, 1962.

War, _adj._ S. aware, wary, 788, 2139.

Warie, _v._ S. to curse, 433. _Waried_, _part. pa._ cursed, 434. Emare, 667. _Wery_, Minot, p. 7. _Warrie_, Chauc. _See_ Gl. Lynds.

Warp, _pa. t._ S. threw, cast, 1061.

Al swa feor swa a mon Mihte _werpe^n_ ænne stan.

_Laȝam._ l. 17428.

So in Sc. Doug. Virg. 432, and Barb. iii. 642. V. Jam.

Washen, _v._ S. to wash, 1233.

Waste _for_ Was þe, 87.

Wastel, _n._ Fr. cake, or loaf made of finer flour, 878. _Wastels_, _pl._ 779. _See_ Todd’s Illustr. of Chauc., who derives the name from _wastell_, the vessel or basket in which the bread was carried. V. Du Cange, Spelm. Jam. In Pegge’s Form of Cury, p. 72, 159, we meet with _Wastels yfarced_.

Wat, _pron._ _See_ Hwat.

Wat, _v._ _See_ Quath.

Wat, _pp._ known, 1674. _See_ Wot.

Wawe, _n._ S. wall, 474, 2470. The phrase _bith wawe_, 474, is also found in Rits. A. S. p. 46, which is left unexplained by the Editor, and is badly guessed at by Ellis. By the aid of Moor’s Suffolk Gl. we are enabled to ascertain the meaning of an expression which is not yet obsolete. “By the walls.” Dead and not buried. “A’ lie bi’ the walls” --said, I believe, only of a human subject. [This remark only applies to l. 474. In ll. 1963, 2470, the phrase refers to the benches placed round the walls in the great hall, whereon men slept at night, and sat in council by day.] _Wowe_, 1963, 2078. Still so pronounced in Lanc., &c.

Waxen. _See_ Wex.

Wayke, _adj. pl._ S. weak, 1012.

Wayte, Wayten. _See_ Waiten.

We, 115, 287, 392, 772. Apparently an error of the scribe for _wel_, but its frequent repetition may cause it to be doubted, whether the _l_ may not have been purposely dropped.

Wede, _v._ _See_ Wade.

Wede, _n._ S. clothing, garments, 94, 323, 861. In very general use formerly, and still preserved in the phrase, a widow’s _weeds_.

Weddeth _for_ Wedded, 1127.

Wei, Weie, _n._ S. way, road, 772, 952.

Weilawa, Weilawei, _interj._ S. woe! alas! 462, 570. _See_ Gl. Sir Tr., Rits. M. R., and Chauc. [A.S. _wá la wá_, woe, lo! woe; now corrupted into _wellaway_.]

Wel, _adv._ S. full, _passim._ _Wel sixti_, 1747; _wel o-bon_. _See_ On. _Wel with me_, 2878. _Wol_, 185.

Wel, _n._ S. weal, wealth, prosperity (_for wel ne for wo_), 2777.

Welde, _v._ S. to wield, govern (a kingdom), 129, 175; (a weapon), 1436; (possessions), 2034. _Weldes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ wieldest, governest, 1359.

Wende, _v._ S. to go, 1346, 1705, 2629. _Wenden_, _pr. t. pl. subj._ 1344. _Wende_, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ go, 1440. _Wend_, _part. pa._ turned, 2138.

Wene, _v._ S. _pres. sing_, ween, think, 655, 840, 1260, &c. _Wenes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ thinkest, 598. _Wenestu_, 1787, thinkest thou. _Wend_, _Wende_, _pa. t._ thought, 374, 524, 1091, 1803, &c. _Wenden_, _pa. t. pl._ 1197, 2547.

Wepen, _pr. t._ or _pa. t. pl._ S. weep, wept, 401.

Wepne, _n._ S. weapon, 89, 490, 1436, &c.

Wer _for_ Were, 1097.

Werd, _n._ S. world, 1290, 2241, 2335, 2792, 2968. _O worde_, in the world, 1349. Cf. _Ward_ = world, in _Lancelot of the Laik_, and _Gen. and Exod._ ed. Morris, ll. 280, 591.

Were, _v._ S. [_werian_] to defend, 2152, 2298. Sir Tr. p. 156; Yw. and Gaw. 2578; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., V. 3, p. 289; K. of Tars, 189; Chauc. C. T. 2552, V. Note, p. 182. _Werie_, K. Horn, ed. Lumby, 785, Web., Minot, Gl. Lynds.

Were, should be, 2782. _Weren_, _3 p. pl._ were, 156, &c.

Weren, 784. Sir F. Madden says--Garnett conjectured _weirs_ or dams, from Isl. _ver_. [If _weren_ be really a plural noun, I should prefer to translate it by _pools_; cf. A.S. _wær_, Icel. _ver_, Su.-Go. _wär_. Ihre says-- “_Wär_, locus, ubi congregari amant pisces, ut solent inter brevia et vada. Isl. _ver_, _fiskaver_. A.S. id. unde _ver-hurde_ apud Bens. custos septi piscatorii, Angl. _wier_, _wear_, &c.” See _wer_ in Stratmann. In this case the line means-- “in the sea-pools he often set them,” and the note on the line (q.v.) is wrong.]

Werewed, _part. pa._ S. worried, killed, 1915. [We should probably insert a mark of interrogation, thus-- “Hwat dide he? þore were{n} he werewed,” i.e. “What did they effect? There were they slain.” Spelt _wirwed_, 1921. Cf. Du. _worgen_, and see Jam. s.v. _Wery_, and _Worry_ in Atkinson’s Gl. of Cleveland dialect.]

Werne, v. S. to refuse, deny, 1345. _Werne_, _pr. t. 3 p. s. subj._ refuses, forbids, 926. Sir Tr. p. 88; K. Horn, 1420, &c.

Wesseyl, _n._ S. wassail, 1246.

Wesseylen, _pr. t. pl._ wassail, 2098. _Wosseyled_, _part. pa._ 1737. _See_ Rits. A. S. Diss. p. xxxiii. n. Hearne’s Gl. to R. Glouc. in v. _Queme and Wasseyl_, Selden’s Notes on Drayton’s Polyolb. p. 150, and Nares.

Wex, _pa. t._ S. waxed, grew, 281. _Waxen_, _part. pa._ grown, 302, 791.

Wicke, Wike, Wikke, _adj._ S. wicked, vile, 66, 319, 425, 665, 688, &c. _Swithe wicke_, 965, very mean. _Swiþe wikke cloþes_, 2458, very mean clothing. _Wicke wede_, 2825, mean clothing.

Wicth, With, _n._ S. [_wiht_] whit, bit, small part, 97, 1763, 2500. Laȝam. l. 15031; Sevyn Sages, 293. ‘The loue of hire ne lesteth no _wyht_ longe,’ MS. Harl. 2253, f. 128.

Wicth, With, _adj._ courageous, stout, active, 344, 1008, 1064, 1651, 1692, &c. _Wicteste_, _sup._ 9. An epithet used universally by the ancient poets, and to be found in every Gloss. merely differing in orthography, as spelt _Waite_, _Wate_, _Wight_, _Wich_ &c. [Sir F. Madden suggests a derivation from A.S. _hwæt_ (Icel. _hvátr_), acute, brave. Wedgwood suggests Sw. _vig_, nimble. Cf. Su.-Goth. _wig_, Icel. _vigr_, fit for _war_ (A.S. _wig_).]

Wider, _adv._ S. whither, where, 1139.

Widuen, Wydues, _n. pl._ S. widows, 33, 79.

Wif, _n._ S. wife, 2860; woman, 1713. _Wiues_, _pl._ 2855.

Wike, Wikke. _See_ Wicke.

Wil, _adv._ S. while, 6.

Wil, _adj._ lost in error, uncertain how to proceed, 863; at a loss, without experience, 1042. Wynt. vi. 13, 115. V. Jam. who derives it from Su.-G. _wild_, Isl. _villr_. It is radically the same with _wild_.

Wile, will, 352, 485, &c. _Wilte_, 528, 1135, wilt thou; _Wiltu_, 681, 905. _Wilen_, _pl._ 732, 920, 1345, 2817, &c.

Wille, _n._ S. will, 528.

Wimman, _n._ S. woman, 1139, 1168, &c. _Wman_, 281. _Wymman_, 1156.

Win, _n._ S. wine, 1729. _Wyn_, 2341.

Winan, _v._ S. to get to, arrive at, 174. V. Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_.

Winne, _n._ S. joy, gain, 660, 2965. _Muchere winne_, Laȝam. l. 10233. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., V. 3, p. 294.

Wirchen, _v._ S. to work, cause, 510.

Wirwed. _See_ Werewed.

Wis, _adj._ S. wise, prudent, 180, 1421, 1635; skilled, 282.

Wislike, _adv._ S. wisely, 274.

Wisse, _v._ S. to direct, ordain, advice, 104, 361. Sir Tr. p. 29; K. Horn, Chron. of Engl. 499; Chauc., Gl. Lynds.

Wissing, _n._ S. advice, or conduct, 2902.

Wiste, _pa. t._ S. knew, 115, 358, 541, &c. _Wisten_, _pa. t. pl._ 1184, 1187, 1200, &c.

Wit, _prep._ S. with, 52, 505, 701, 905, 1090, 2517, &c.; by, 2489. _Wituten_, 179, 247, 2860, without. _Withuten_, 425, except. _With than_, provided that, 532. _With that_, 1220.

Wite, _v._ S. [_wítan_, decernere] _pres. subj. or imp._ decree, ordain, 19, 1316.

Wite, _v._ S. _pres. subj. or imp._ preserve, guard, defend, 405, 559. R. Gl. p. 98, 102. So in the _Carmen inter Corpus & Animam_, MS. Digb. 86.

The king that al this world shop thoru his holi miȝtte, He _wite_ houre soule from then heuele wiȝtte.

And in the French Romance of Kyng Horn, MS. Harl. 527, f. 72, b. c. 2.

Ben iurez _Wite God_, kant auerez beu tant, Kant le vin uus eschaufe, si seez si iurant.

Wite, Witen, _v._ S. [_witan_, cognoscere] to know, 367, 625, 2201, 2786; to recollect, 2708. _Wite_, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ know, 2808; _imp. 3 p. wite_, know, 517. _Wite_, _3 p. s. subj._ (if) he know, 694. _Witen_, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ know, 2208. _See_ Wot.

With, _conj._ _See_ Wit.

With, _n._ _See_ Wicth.

With, _adj._ _See_ Wicth.

With, _adj._ S. white, 48, 1144.

With-sitten, _v._ S. to oppose, 1683. R. Br., Web.

Wlf, _n._ S. wolf, 573.

Wluine, _n._ S. she-wolf, 573. Dan. _ulfinde_, a she-wolf.

Wman. _See_ Wimman.

Wnden, _part. pa._ S. wound, 546.

Wo, _pron._ S. who, whoso, 76, 79, &c. _See_ Hwo.

Wo, _n._ S. woe, sorrow, 510, &c.

Wod, _adj._ S. mad, 508, 1777, 1848, &c. _Wode_, _pl._ 1896, 2361.

Wok, _pa. t._ S. awoke, 2093.

Wol. _See_ Wel.

Wole, will, 1150. _Wolde_, _would_, 354, 367, &c. _Wode_, 951, 2310. _Wolden_, _pl._ 456, 514, 1057.

Wombes, _n. pl._ S. bellies, 1911.

Wom so, _pron._ S. whomso, 197.

Won, Wone, great number, plenty, in phr. _ful god won_, in great quantity (_in_ 1791 _it seems to mean_ with great force), 1024, 1791, 1837, 1907, 2325, 2617, 2729. R. Gl., Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., V. 3, p. 308, 314; R. Cœur de L. 3747; K. Alisaund, 1468; K. of Tars, 635; Minot, p. 14; Chauc. _Wane_, Yw. and Gaw. 1429; _Wayn_, Wall. viii. 947. Cf. Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_.

Wone, _n._ S. (probably the same as _ween_, Sir Tr. p. 59, 78), opinion, conjecture, 1711, 1972. Cf. l. 816, and the Glossaries, in v. _Wene_.

Wone, _v._ S. to dwell, 247, 406. _Woneth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ dwelleth, 105.

Wone, _part. pa._ wont, 2151, 2297. K. Horn, 36; R. Gl. Chron. of Engl. 632; Web., Chauc. [A.S. _wune_, a custom.]

Wonges, _n. pl._ S. fields, plains, 397, 1444. Cf. l. 1360. Spelman thinks arable land is meant by the term, rather than pasture.

Wore, _2 and 3 p. s._ were, 504, 684, &c. _Wore_, _Woren_, _pl._ 237, 448, &c. It is not merely a licentious spelling, as conjectured by Sir W. Scott.

Worþe, _v._ S. _imp._ may he be, 1102, 2873. _Wrth_, 434. _Wurþe_, 2221. Laȝam. l. 28333. Sir Tr. p. 49, and all the Gloss., including Lynds.

Wosseyled. _See_ Wesseylen.

Wot, Woth, _pr. t. 1 p._ S. know, 119, 213, 653, 1345, &c. _Wost_, _pr. t. 2 p._ knowest, 527, 582, 1384, &c. _Woth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ knows, 2527. _Wot_, _pl. 1 p._ know, 2803. _Wat_, _part. pa._ known, 1674.

Wowe. _See_ Wawe.

Wrathe, _n._ S. wrath, anger, 2719, 2977. _See_ Wroth.

Wreieres, _n. pl._ S. betrayers, spoilers, 39.

The _wraiers_ that weren in halle, Schamly were thai schende.

_Sir Tristr._ p. 190.

Wreken, _v._ S. to avenge, revenge, 327, 1901. _Wreke_, _imp._ revenge (thou), 1363. _Wreken_ (_miswritten for_ wreke), _3 p. imp._ 544. _Wreke_, _pr. pl. subj._ 1884. _Wreke_, _Wreken_, _part. pa._ revenged, 2368, 2849, 2992. Sir Tr. p. 190, &c.

Wringen, _v._ S. to wring, 1233.

Writ, _n._ S. writing, 2486. _Writes_, _pl._ writs, letters, 136, 2275. _See_ note to l. 136.

Wrobberes, _n. pl._ S. robbers, 39.

Wros, _n. pl._ corners, 68. So in the _Leg. of S. Margrete_, quoted by Dr Leyden:

Sche seiȝe a wel fouler thing Sitten in a _wro_;

which Jamieson aptly derives from the Su.-G. _wraa_, angulus. Cf. Dan. _vraa_, a nook, corner.

Wroth, _adj._ S. wrath, angry, 1117. _Wroþe_, 2973. _See_ Wrathe.

Wrouht, _pa. t._ S. wrought, 2810. _Wrouth_, 1352. _Wrowht_, 2453.

Wrth. _See_ Worthe.

Wunde, _n._ S. wound, 1980, 2673, &c. _Wounde_, 1978. _Wundes_, _pl._ 1845, 1898, 1986. _Woundes_, 1977, &c.

Wurþe. _See_ Worþe.

Y, _pron._ I. _See_ Ich.

Ya, _adv._ S. yea, yes, 1888, 2009, 2607. _Ye_, 2606. _See_ Rits. note to Yw. and Gaw. l. 43. In l. 2009, we should probably have found _yis_ in a more southern work. See the note to _ȝis_ in Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_. The distinction between _no_ (l. 1800) and _nay_ (l. 1136) is rightly made.

Yaf. _See_ Yeue.

Yare, _adj._ S. ready, 1391, 2788, 2954. Sir Tr. p. 28; Rits. M. R., Web., Chauc., Gl. Lynds.

Yaren, _v._ S. to make ready, 1350. This word in all the Gloss. has the form of _Yarken_.

Yede, _pa. t._ S. went, 6, 774, 821, &c. _Yeden_, _pa. t. pl._ 889, 952.

Yeft. _See_ Giue.

Yelde, _v._ S. to yield, 2712; _imp. 3 p._ requite, 803. Very common formerly in this sense. _Yeld_, _imp._ yield (thou), 2717.

Yeme, _v._ S. to take charge of, govern, 131, 172, 182, 324, &c. _Yemede_, _pa. t._ governed, 975, 2276. Sir Tr. p. 115, Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., Chauc.

Yen. _See_ Agen.

Yerne, _adv._ S. eagerly, anxiously, 153, 211, 880, 925. Web., Rits. M. R., Chauc.

Yerne, _v._ S. to desire earnestly, 299. Laȝam. l. 4427. K. Horn, 1419; R. Br., Chauc., Gl. Lynds.

Yete, _adv._ S. yet, 495, 973, 996, 1043.

Yeue, _v._ S. to give, 298, &c. _Yeueth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ giveth, 459. _Yif_, _imp._ give (thou), 674; _3 p._ _yeue_, 22; _pl._ _yeueþ_, 911. _Yaf_, _pa. t._ gave, _or_ gave heed, 315, 419, &c. _Gaf_, 218, 418, 1311, &c. _Gouen_, _pa. t. pl._ 164 (in phr. _gouen hem ille_, gave themselves up to grief); Sir Tr. p. 129. _Giue_, _part. pa._ 2488; _gouen_, 220. _Youenet_ = _Youen it_, given it, 1643. For _yaf_ in l. 1174, see note on the line.

Y-here. _See_ Here, _v._

Yif, _prep._ S. if, 126, 377, 1974, &c. _Yf_, 1189.

Yif. _See_ Yeue.

Y-lere. _See_ Lere.

Ynow. _See_ Inow.

Youenet. _See_ Yeue.

Ys. _See_ note to l. 1174.

Yuel, Yuele. _See_ Iuele.

Yunge, _adj._ S. young, 368, &c.

Yure, _pron._ S. your, 171.

INDEX OF NAMES TO “HAUELOK.”

[Transcriber’s Note: The following bracketed paragraph is in the original. This e-text does not include page numbers, but listed names can easily be found by a text search. For line references, note that printed line numbers go by multiples of 4.]

[In this Index, the references under words in large capitals are in general to the _pages_ of the book; otherwise, the references are to the _lines_ of the poem.]

ATHELWOLD (_spelt_ Aþelwald, l. 1077), is king of England, and governs wisely, pp. 2, 3; feels he is dying, p. 4; bequeaths his daughter to the care of Godrich, pp. 6, 7; dies, p. 8. (Mentioned again in ll. 2709, 2803.)

Auelok, _another spelling of_ Hauelok, 1395, 1793.

BERNARD BRUN (i.e. Bernard Brown; so called in ll. 1751, 1945), provides a supper for Havelok, p. 48; his house attacked by thieves, p. 49; fights against them, p. 52; tells Ubbe how well Havelok fought, p. 54.

BERTRAM (_named_ in l. 2898), is cook to the Earl of Cornwall, and employs Havelok, pp. 27, 28; is made Earl of Cornwall, and marries Levive, Grim’s daughter, p. 83.

BIRKABEYN (spelt Bircabein, l. 494); _gen._ Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296, is king of Denmark, p. 11; commends his three children to Godard, p. 12; dies, p. 13; his son Havelok’s resemblance to him, p. 60.

Cestre (Chester), 2607, 2859, 2896.

Cornwayle (Cornwall), 178, 2908; Cornwalie, 884.

Crist, 16, &c.; --krist, 22; _gen._ kristes, 2797.

Dauy, seint, 2863.

Denemark (Denmark), 340, 381, 386, &c.

Denshe, _sing. adj._ Danish, 1403; _pl._ 2575, 2693, 2938. Danshe, 2689.

Douere (Dover), 139, 265. Doure, 320.

Engelond (England), 59, 202, 250, &c.; --Engellond, 1093; --Engelonde, 208; --Englond, 1270; --Engeland, 108, 610; --Hengelond, 999; _gen._ Engelondes, 63.

Englishe, _pl. adj._ (_followed by_ men), 2766, 2795; --Englis (_used absolutely_), 254; --Henglishe, 2945.

Giffin [_Qu._ Griffin] Galle, 2029.

GODARD (_gen._ Godardes, l. 2415), is made regent of Denmark, pp. 12, 13; shuts up Birkabeyn’s children in a castle, p. 13; kills Swanborow and Helfled, p. 15; spares Havelok, p. 16; but afterwards hires Grim to drown Havelok, p. 17; is attacked by Havelok, p. 67; is taken prisoner, p. 68; condemned, flayed, drawn, and hung, pp. 70, 71.

GODRICH (_spelt_ Godrigh, l. 178), is Earl of Cornwall, p. 6; is made regent of England, pp. 7, 8, 9; shuts Goldborough up in Dover castle, p. 10; makes Goldborough marry Havelok, p. 33; raises an army against Havelok, p. 72; excites his men, p. 73; marches to Grimsby, p. 74; fights with Ubbe, p. 75; fights with Havelok, pp. 77, 78; is taken prisoner, p. 78; taken to Lincoln, and burnt alive, pp. 80, 81.

GOLDEBORU (_or_ Goldeborw, l. 2985), is daughter of King Athelwold, p. 4; is committed to the care of Godrich, pp. 8, 9; shut up in Dover castle, p. 11; is sent for to Lincoln, p. 33; is married to Havelok, p. 36; hears an angel’s voice, p. 39; encourages Havelok to go to Denmark, p. 41; rejoices at Godrich’s death, p. 81; is queen of England, p. 85. _See_ Havelok.

GRIM, a fisher, is hired by Godard to drown Havelok, p. 17; discovers Havelok to be the right heir to the crown, p. 19; takes Havelok over to England, p. 20; founds Grimsby, p. 23; sends Havelok to Lincoln, p. 26; dies, p. 37. [In l. 2333, there seems to be an allusion to a spectacle, in which the history of Grim is represented.]

Grimes, _gen. c. of_ Grim, 1343, 1392, 2867.

Grimesbi, 745, 2540, 2579, 2617, 2619; --Grimesby, 1202.

Gunnild (daughter of Grim, marries Earl Reyner of Chester), 2866, 2896.

Gunter (an English earl), 2606.

HAUELOK, son of king Birkabeyn of Denmark, p. 13; spared by Godard, p. 16; but given over by him to Grim to be drowned, p. 17; spared and fed by Grim, p. 20; goes to England, p. 22; sells fish, p. 25; works as a porter, p. 27; puts the stone, p. 31; marries Goldborough, p. 35; returns to Grimsby, p. 36; his dream, p. 39; returns to Denmark, p. 43; trades there, p. 44; is noticed by Ubbe, p. 45; defends Bernard’s house against thieves, pp. 48-53; is known to be heir of Denmark by a miraculous light, p. 60; is dubbed knight by Ubbe, p. 65; is king of Denmark, p. 66; defeats Godard, p. 68; invades England, p. 72; defeats Godrich, p. 77; rewards Bertram and others, p. 82; lives to be a hundred years old, p. 83; is crowned king of England at London, p. 84; is king for sixty years, p. 85. [The story is called “þe gest of Hauelok and of Goldeborw,” l. 2985.]

Helfled (Havelok’s sister), 411.

Hengelonde (England), 999.

Henglishe (_pl._ English), 2945.

Humber (the river), 733.

Huwe Rauen (one of Grim’s sons), 1398, 1868, 2349, 2636, 2677; _spelt_ Hwe, 1878.

Iohan, seint; the patron saint to whom Havelok commits his Danes, 2957; bi seint Iohan! 1112, 2563. _Spelt_ Ion, 177.

Iudas, 319, 425, 1133.

Lazarun (= Lazarum, _acc._ of Lazarus), 331. Cf. “Lord”--said Guy--“that reared _Lazaroun_,” &c. Guy of Warwick, in Ellis, Met. Rom. (ed. Halliwell), p. 227.

Leue (Grim’s wife), 558, 576, 595, 642.

Leuiue (Grim’s daughter, married to Bertram), 2914.

Lincolne, 773, 847, 862, 980, 1105, 2558, 2572, 2824.

Lindeseye (N. part of Lincolnshire), 734.

Lundone (London), 2943.

Marz (March), 2559.

Reyner (earl of Chester), 2607.

Roberd þe rede (Grim’s eldest son), 1397, 1686, 1888, &c.; --Robert, 2405, 2411, &c.; _gen._ Roberdes, 1691.

Rokesborw (explained by Prof. Morley to mean Rokeby, but it is surely Roxburgh), 265; --Rokesburw, 139. Roxburgh is spelt _Rokesburgh_ in Walsingham, ed. Riley, i. 340, &c.

Sathanas (Satan), 1100, 1134, 2512.

Swanborow (Havelok’s sister), 411.

UBBE, a great Danish lord, p. 44; entertains Havelok, p. 45; takes him to his castle, p. 57; does homage to Havelok, p. 63; dubs him knight, p. 65; his combat with Godrich, p. 75; is sorely wounded, p. 76.

Willam Wendut (one of Grim’s sons), 1690, 1881, 1892, 2348, 2632; --Wiliam Wenduth, 1398.

Winchestre, 158, 318.

Yerk (York), 1178.

Ynde, India, 1085.

JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.

* * * * * * * * *

ERRORS AND INCONSISTENCIES:

_Multiple Texts:_

This book exists in at least two forms, distinguished by minor differences in the modern (1868) material. The title page(s), verso and introduction give no hint that there were any changes or additions; references to the “former” and “present” edition are to Madden alone (Roxburghe, 1828) contrasted with Skeat (EETS, 1868). For convenience the two 1868 variants will be called “preliminary” and “final”. The 1975 reprint used the “final” version.

Anglo-Saxon diphthongs are written as eá, eó with stress on second vowel. The form “hung” (with the meaning “hanged”) is used consistently.

_Preface:_

§ 7: ‘Apres ceo vient [_open quote invisible_] § 9: Seuene an tuenti fulle ȝer.’ / MS. Reg. 12. C. xii. [_close quote printed after MS name_] § 13: (the Latin text, viz. MSS. Harl. 655, Cott. Jul. E. 8, Reg. 13 E. 1) [_close parenthesis missing_] § 18: In his MSS. collections [“In his...] he proceeds: / “that Hauelocke did sometymes [_in the original, the quoted passage begins at mid-paragraph in smaller type_] § 22: his five children are yet alive [_inconsistent tense in original_] § 27: _Nouns._ ... _bleikè_ [_è conjectural: printed text unclear_] § 28: Here the syllables _-nes and_ in l. 3, _of a_ in l. 4, and _it wile_ in l. 5 [_printed as shown: errors for ll. 2, 3, 4_] [Footnote 41] _sawe_, _wowe_; _beþe_, _rede_; _knaue_, _plawe_; _sawe_, _hawe_ [_printed commas changed to semicolons for consistency_] [Footnote 43] 1083, 1289, 1685, 2431 [_comma after 1289 invisible_] § 29 [Section C.1] ... various grammatical inflexions:-- [_paragraph break added by transcriber_] [Section 3.d] Observe hated = hated_e_, 40. [_final . missing_] þinë cherlës, þinë hinë, 620; [_printed . for ;_] each foot has _two_ or _three_ syllables in it [sylalbles]

_Emendations:_

p. 20, l. 640. For _ney_ ... [_text has 60 for 640_]

p. 24, l. 784. Perhaps we should, however, read _se-weren_, and the note on the line (p. 93) may be wrong. See _Weren_ in the Glossary. [_The preliminary version of the Emendations reads:_ ... Perhaps there should be no stop in the line, and ... _There are no differences in the body text or Note._]

Also, _Greting_ is wrongly placed before _Gres_. [_This and the remainder of the Emendations-- _Hal_, _Shoten_ (_Schoten_), _Teyte_, _Bise_-- are missing from the preliminary version._]

_HAVELOK:_

[_sidenote line numbers refer to their location in the e-text_]

[307 sidenote] My son shall have England.” [_close quote missing_] [452 sidenote] [Fol. 206b, col. 1.] [col 1.] [1377] Þat ihc haue ther-offe douthe and kare, [_see Glossary_] [2897 sidenote] Havelok remembers Bertram, the earl’s cook, [_comma after “cook” missing_]

_Notes:_

31. ... Pinkerton’s Scotish Poems Reprinted [_not an error_] 939. ... “a coarse reedy shrub--like ours perhaps” [_i.e. the kind we have in Suffolk (quoting Moor)_] --. Isl. _staer_ [_unchanged: error for “stær”?_] 1838. ... Dogges, that wolden him to-tere. [_text has superfluous closing bracket at end of line_] 2927. _Hire that was ful swete in bedde._] [_mismatched closing bracket in original_]

_Glossary:_

[_A number of Glossary entries are missing the part of speech, usually _n._ They have not been individually noted._]

[Abbreviations] Su. G. Suio-Gothic. [_unchanged: Glossary always hyphenates “Su.-G.” or “Su.-Goth.”_]

Al, _adv._ S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, 203, &c. Al, _adj._ S. all, 203, 264, &c. [_entries unchanged: “al” occurs only once in 203_] Als, Also, Also [_unchanged: error for two words “Al so”?_] And, _conj._ if, 2862. [_“if” italicized_] Aute, Awcte [_alphabetization may be intentional_] Bise ... [_line number added from Emendations (final version only)_] Datheit, _interj._ ... [from the O.F. _hait_, pleasure]. [_In the preliminary version, the bracketed addition reads “possibly from _haïr_, to hate”._] Dunten, _pa. t. pl._ S. struck, beat, 2448. [_see Emendations_] Greting, _n._ S. weeping, 166. [_see Emendations (final version only)_] Hal ... [_bracketed text added from Emendations (final version only)_] Halue ... _See_ Bi-halue. [_cross-referenced entry is one word “Bihalue”_] Hul, _n._ S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687. [_. after 2687 invisible_] Hwil-gat ... _Howgates_, Skinner. [_final . missing_] Keft ... _See_ Sure _and_ Coupe. [_no Glossary entry for “Sure” or similar_] Ladde, _n._ S. lad, 1786. [_period after 1786 missing_] Lene ... _Yw. and Gaw._ 737. [_final . missing_] Liue ... _See_ On-liue. [_entry is two words “On liue” under “On”_] Loken ... [_bracketed text added from Emendations_] Offrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386. [_final . missing_] Pastees ... Al of _pasteiis_ beth the walles. [_The preliminary version has the apparent error “_pasteüs_”._] Pyment, _n._ B.L. [_unchanged: usual form is “B. Lat.”_] Rathe, _v._ S. [_rædan_] to advise [_text has “raedan”_] Schoten, Shoten ... [_bracketed text added from Emendations (final version only)_] Seken ... Sire, we ben knizttes fer i-fare [_unchanged: z error for ȝ?_] Shamelike ... Sir Tr. p. 93. [_final . missing_] Spille ... _Of limes spille_ [_quoted “Of” not italicized_] Teyte ... [_second (shorter) bracketed section added from Emendations (final version only)_] Umbistode ... _See_ Bistode, Stonden. [_no Glossary entry for “Bistode” or similar_] Weren ... [_The preliminary version is printed without brackets but is otherwise identical._] Wrathe ... _See_ Wroth. [_final . missing_]

_Index of Names:_

BIRKABEYN (spelt Bircabein, l. 494); _gen._ Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296, [_closing parenthesis printed after 2296 in second line_]