CHAPTER LXV

Chapter 6722,603 wordsPublic domain

REMAINING ANTARCTIC WORK

The great object of Antarctic exploration is to discover the outline of the Antarctic continent, and to study its physiography so far as the great ice-cap will admit of such researches. Among those who took an intelligent interest in this important question was the late Duke of Argyll’s father, who had the firmest grasp of the subject and the deepest insight. His view was that our efforts should be directed to discovering the physiography of this continental land previous to its being almost entirely concealed by the ice-cap. In that way alone--combined with series of deep sea soundings radiating from the shores of Antarctica to lands to the north--could its geological history, and possible former connection with other lands, be ascertained. Impressed with these views, we saw that those coasts must be sought where the mountains are more or less clear of the assumed ice-cap. The northern coasts forming the eastern half of the Victoria and all the Enderby Quadrant appeared to be ice cliffs only, and therefore unsuited. It was evident that coasts and mountains with an eastern aspect would alone enable us to obtain the desired knowledge. There are two such eastern coasts. These are the western side of the Ross Sea facing east, and the western side of the Weddell Sea, the coast of Graham Land facing east.

Victoria Land was selected for the first attempt, and a grand result was achieved by Captain Scott in his two expeditions. The great Victorian chain of mountains was traced from the Antarctic Circle to the apex of the quadrant, a distance of 1200 miles. The volcanic region of Ross Island was thoroughly explored. The basaltic irruptions were observed, together with the primitive rocks; the great unaltered formation now known as the “Beacon Sandstone” was discovered, the movements and character of its glaciers were noted, a complete geological survey was made from Granite Harbour to Koettlitz Glacier, and the peaks were measured. To crown all, Captain Scott and Dr Wilson made a large collection of the fossil flora which established the geological period of the rock formation. These fossils weighed 35 lb., but though worn out, and with strength failing fast, the gallant explorers would not leave them, but dragged these records, until they died. There is no more glorious and more touching event in the whole range of polar history.

Captain Scott observed that the Victorian mountains turned in the direction of Graham Land, and this conclusion now has to be proved. A branch seems to run down to the coast and to terminate in the heights of King Edward VII Land, thus enclosing the vast bay filled with Mr Ferrar’s “Ross piedmont.” It would not be surprising to find a minor range branching off to Enderby Land, which Biscoe described as mountainous.

The land and islands with an eastern aspect on the other side of Antarctica were partly explored by Captain Larsen, who made an important voyage down the east coast of Graham Land, and the fossil remains have been collected and described by Nordenskiöld and Gunnar Andersson. Next to Captain Scott’s great discoveries, the work of the Swedes has thrown most light on the former history of Antarctica.

There is something very fascinating in considering the analogy between the Ross and Weddell Seas and their shores on opposite sides of Antarctica. The Victorian Mountains on one side match the Graham Land mountains on the other. The interest is increased by the probability that they form one chain, and by the discovery that there are volcanic rocks peculiar to the Andes which have been found in Graham Land. Then there are the enormous icebergs in both seas pointing to the need for the further study of the wonderful ice-cap which conceals so much of Antarctica from our knowledge.

The Antarctic ice-cap was discovered and explored by Captain Scott, who penetrated into its solitudes for two hundred miles from the mountain range. Dr Mawson has also examined it from another direction. There is little or no interest in travelling over its monotonous surface, but numerous borings would reveal its depth and solid contents, as suggested by the late Sir John Murray. The greatest interest connected with the Antarctic ice-cap is to be found in the study of its glaciers, and of its edges, possibly mighty cliffs like the Ross piedmont, whence the vast icebergs are discharged.

The most important geographical discoveries which remain to be revealed in the Antarctic regions are the coasts and interiors of the Weddell and Ross Quadrants. A great part of the eastern side of Graham Land is still undiscovered, and it is not known whether it is a peninsula or an island. A plan for the exploration of this important area was ably sketched out by Lieut. Barne, but nothing has yet been done. The continuation of the Victorian chain of mountains possibly to Graham Land, 800 miles in length, likewise calls for investigation as a part entirely unknown. An ancient connection between Antarctica and South America may be revealed, when the warm current flowing south down the east side of the latter continent was not diverted but flowed directly into the far south. But these are but a tithe of the problems which Antarctica still offers. There is the enterprise of crossing the mountains to ascertain the character of the much smaller section of the continent in the Ross Quadrant; there is the survey of the southern part of Graham Land; the exploration of the coast to the eastward; the problem of the origins of the great icebergs. The Weddell Quadrant calls for an immense amount of geographical and other scientific work, which would give full occupation for more than one expedition.

In the Ross Quadrant there is a coast line of 1100 miles in extent to be discovered. Captain Scott’s work on King Edward VII Land on one side, Alexander and Charcot Lands on the other, are the boundary posts to this undiscovered Edwardian coast. All we know is that Captain Cook saw land in 71° S., that Bellingshausen sighted Peter Island a little further to the east, and that the Belgian expedition wintered over the continental shelf in about 71° S. The land is probably not a hundred miles further south. The ice-pack floats north from the coast during the navigable season, and in that case a ship might navigate along the Edwardian coast. It is possible that there may be one or more deep indentations, like the Ross Sea, when there would be a coast or coasts facing east whose exploration would throw further important light on the history of Antarctica.

Finally, in the Enderby Quadrant there is the “Challenger Gap” to be explored, so as to complete an examination of the region from Gaussberg to Kempe Land.

Fixed stations for meteorological, magnetic, and tidal observations ought to be established to carry out this excellent and useful work within the Antarctic Circle during a course of years, similar to that which Captain Scott achieved in M’Murdo Sound during four years. In no other part of the Arctic or Antarctic regions have observations been taken in one place for so long a time. But they are needed on other spots all round Antarctica.

There are many true lovers of geographical exploration for its own sake in the present generation, who look upon achievement as its own reward. We may, therefore, hope that the great work initiated by the Societies with such splendid results will be renewed by successors to Scott and Wilson, and that they will again and again raise the standard of duty and useful, if perilous, achievement. For such men there is a note of encouragement and sympathy deep down in the hearts of all true Britons.

CHRONOLOGY OF POLAR VOYAGES AND EXPLORATIONS

I. _Arctic_

II. _Antarctic (including near approaches to Antarctic Circle)_

BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POLAR VOYAGES AND TRAVELS

[_Limited to narratives of general interest, no attempt being made to include special reports and memoirs on scientific results._]

ABRUZZI, DUKE OF THE. Farther North than Nansen; being the voyage of the _Polar Star_. _Illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1901.

AMUNDSEN, ROALD. The North-West Passage; being the record of a voyage of exploration of the Ship _Gjöa_, 1903–1907. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1908.

BACK, SIR G. Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River ... in 1833–35. _Map and illustrations._ 8^o. 1836.

BAFFIN, WILLIAM. The Voyages of W. B., 1612–22. Ed. by Sir Clements R. Markham. (Hakluyt Society Publication, No. 63.) _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1881.

BARENTS, WILLEM. The Three Voyages of W. B. to the Arctic Regions in 1594–96. By Gerrit de Veer. Ed. by Lieut. Koolemans Beynen. (Hakluyt Society Publication, No. 54.) 2nd ed. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1876.

---- Reizen van W. B., Jacob van Heemskerck, Jan Corneliz Rijp, en Anderen ... verhaald door Gerrit de Veer, uitgeg. door S.P. L’Honoré Naber. (Werken uitgeg. door De Linschoten Vereeniging, XIV, XV.) 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. The Hague, 1917.

BARROW, SIR JOHN. Chronological History of Voyages into the Arctic Regions.... _Map._ 8^o. 1818.

---- Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions, from the year 1818 to the Present Time.... _Maps and portraits._ 8^o. 1846.

BEECHEY, CAPT. F. W. Voyage of Discovery towards the North Pole, performed in H.M.SS. _Dorothea_ and _Trent_, 1818. _Map and illustrations._ 8^o. 1843.

BELCHER, SIR EDWARD. The Last of the Arctic Voyages; being a narrative of the Expedition in H.M.S. _Assistance_ ... 1852–54. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1855.

BERNIER, CAPT. J. E. Report on the Dominion Government Expedition to Arctic Lands ... on board the C.G.S. _Arctic_, 1906–1907. _Map and illustrations._ La. 8^o, Ottawa, 1909.

CHRISTY, MILLER. _See_ FOXE, LUKE.

COLLINSON, SIR RICHARD. Journal of H.M.S. _Enterprise_, on the Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin’s Ships by Behring Strait, 1850–55.... _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1889.

CONWAY, SIR W. M. and others. The First Crossing of Spitsbergen. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1897.

---- No Man’s Land: a History of Spitsbergen.... _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. Cambridge, 1906.

DAVIS, JOHN. The Voyages and Works of J. D. the Navigator. Ed. by Sir A. H. Markham. (Hakluyt Society Publication, No. 59.) _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1880.

DE LONG, GEORGE W. The Voyage of the _Jeannette_.... Ed. by Emma De Long. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 1883.

ELLIS, HENRY. Voyage to Hudson’s Bay ... in 1746–47. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1748.

FIALA, A. Fighting the Polar Ice. _Map and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1907.

FOX, CAPT. LUKE. North-west Fox; or, Fox from the North-west Passage.... _Maps and diagram_, sm. 4^o. 1635.

---- The Voyages of Capt. Luke Fox and Capt. Thomas James in search of a N.W. Passage. With narratives of the earlier North-west voyages of Frobisher, Davis, Weymouth, Hall, Knight, Hudson, Button, Gibbons, Bylot, Baffin, Hawkridge, and others. Ed. by Miller Christy. (Hakluyt Society Publications, Nos. 88, 89.) 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1894.

FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN. Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in 1819–22. _Maps and illustrations._ 4^o. 1823.

---- Narrative of a Second Expedition ... 1825, 1826 and 1827. _Maps and illustrations._ 4^o. 1828.

FROBISHER, SIR MARTIN. The Three Voyages of Sir M. F.... By George Best. Ed. by Sir R. Collinson. (Hakluyt Society Publication, No. 38.) _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1867.

GREELY, GEN. ADOLPHUS W. Three Years of Arctic Service; an account of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition of 1881–84. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1886.

---- Handbook of Polar Discoveries. 4th ed. _Maps._ 8^o. 1910.

HAKLUYT, RICHARD. The Principal Navigations ... of the English Nation.... 3 vols. Sm. Folio. 1599–1600.

[Also reprint in 12 vols. 8^o. Glasgow, 1903–1905.]

HALL, CHARLES, F. Narrative of the Second Arctic Expedition ... to Repulse Bay, etc., etc., 1864–69. Ed. by J. E. Nourse. _Maps and illustrations._ 4^o. Washington, 1879.

---- Narrative of the North Polar Expedition, U.S. Ship _Polaris_.... Ed. by Rear-Adm. C. F. Davis. _Maps and illustrations._ 4^o. Washington, 1876.

HAYES, ISAAC I. The Open Polar Sea:... Voyage of Discovery towards the North Pole in the Schooner _United States_. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1867.

HEEMSKERCK. _See_ BARENTS.

HUDSON, HENRY. H. H. the Navigator. Original Documents.... Collected ... by G. M. Aster. (Hakluyt Society Publication, No. 27.) _Maps._ 8^o. 1860.

JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE. A Thousand Days in the Arctic. 2 vols. _Maps._ La. 8^o. 1899.

JAMES, CAPT. THOMAS. The Strange and dangerous Voyage of, in his intended discovery of the North-west Passage into the South Sea.... _Map._ Sm. 4^o. 1633.

---- _See_ FOX, LUKE.

JOHNSON, HENRY. The Life and Voyages of Joseph Wiggins. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1907.

KANE, ELISHA KENT. The U.S. Grinnell Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. _Map and illustrations._ New York, 1853.

---- Arctic Explorations: The Second Grinnell Expedition ... 1853–55. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. Philadelphia, 1856.

KOLDEWEY, KARL. The German Arctic Expedition of 1869–70. [Translated from the German.] _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1874.

KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON. A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Beering’s Straits. 3 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1821.

LÜTKE, FRIEDRICH. Viermalige Reise durch das nördl. Eismeer ... 1821–24. [From the Russian.] 2 vols. _Map (separate)._ 8^o. Berlin, 1835.

M’CLINTOCK, SIR LEOPOLD. The Voyage of the _Fox_ in the Arctic Seas. [Various eds.] _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1859, etc.

M’CLURE, CAPT. ROBERT C. M. _See_ OSBORN, SHERARD.

MARKHAM, ADM. SIR ALBERT H. The Great Frozen Sea.... Voyage of the _Alert_. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1878.

MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS R. _See_ BAFFIN.

MIDDLETON, CHRISTOPHER. Attempts made for the Discovery of a passage into the South Seas by the North-west.... (In Harris’s Collection of Voyages, vol. 2, 1748.)

MIKKELSEN, EINAR. Conquering the Arctic Ice. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1909.

---- Lost in the Arctic.... Alabama Expedition, 1909–12. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1913.

MULGRAVE, LORD. _See_ PHIPPS.

MÜLLER, G. F. Voyages et Découvertes faites par les Russes le long des Côtes de la Mer Glaciale. 2 vols. _Map._ Sm. 8^o. Amsterdam, 1766.

MUNK, JENS, and others. Danish Arctic Expeditions, 1605–20. Ed. by C. C. A. Gosch. 2 vols. (Vol. 2: The Expedition of Capt. Jens Munk to Hudson’s Bay ... in 1619–20.) (Hakluyt Society Publications, Nos. 96, 97.) _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1897.

NANSEN, FRIDTJOF. The First Crossing of Greenland. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1890.

---- Farthest North.... Voyage of Exploration of the Ship _Fram_, 1893–96. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1897.

---- In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in early times. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1911.

NARES, SIR GEORGE. Narrative of a voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875–76.... 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 1878.

NATHORST, A. G. Två Somrar i Norra Ishafvet. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ Stockholm, 1900.

NORDENSKIÖLD, BARON A. E. The Voyage of the _Vega_ round Asia and Europe. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1881.

OSBORN, CAPT. SHERARD. The Discovery of the North-west Passage by H.M.S. _Investigator_, by Capt. R. M’Clure, 1850–54. Ed. by Comm. S. Osborn. _Map and illustrations._ 8^o. 1856.

PARRY, ADM. SIR W. E. Journal of a voyage for the Discovery of a N.W. Passage ... in 1819–20. _Maps and illustrations._ 4^o. 1821.

---- Journal of a Second Voyage ... in 1821–23. _Maps and illustrations._ Appendix to same. _Illustrations._ 4^o. 1824.

---- Journal of a Third Voyage ... in 1824–25. _Maps and illustrations._ 4^o. 1826.

---- Narrative of an Attempt to reach the North Pole ... in 1827. _Maps and illustrations._ 4^o. 1828.

PAYER, JULIUS VON. New Lands within the Arctic Circle.... Discoveries of the _Tegetthoff_, 1872–74. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1876.

PEARY, ROBERT EDWIN. Northward over the ‘Great Ice.’ 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1898.

---- Nearest the Pole. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1907.

---- The North Pole. _Map and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1910.

PHIPPS, CAPT. CONSTANTINE JOHN (Afterwards LORD MULGRAVE). A Voyage towards the North Pole ... 1773. _Maps and illustrations._ 4^o. 1774.

PURCHAS, SAMUEL. Purchas his Pilgrimes. 4 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ Folio. 1625.

RAE, DR JOHN. Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea in 1846 and 1847. _Maps._ 8^o. 1850.

ROSS, SIR JOHN. Voyage of Discovery in H.M. Ships _Isabella_ and _Alexander_. _Maps and illustrations._ 4^o. 1819.

---- Narrative of a Second Voyage in search of a N.W. Passage ... including the reports of Capt. J. C. Ross. _Maps and illustrations._ 4^o. Appendix to same. _Illustrations._ 4^o. 1835.

SVERDRUP, OTTO. New Land. Four Years in the Arctic Regions. (Translated from the Norwegian.) 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1904.

VEER, GERRIT DE. _See_ BARENTS.

WIGGINS, JOSEPH. _See_ JOHNSON, HENRY.

WOOD, CAPT. J. Attempt to discover a North-east Passage to China and Japan (_in_ ‘Account of several late Voyages and discoveries,’ 8^o. 1711).

WRANGEL, FERDINAND VON. Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea in 1820–23. Ed. by Major E. Sabine. [From the German.] _Map._ 8^o. 1840.

YOUNG, SIR ALLEN. Cruise of the _Pandora_. _Map and illustrations._ 8^o. 1876.

II. ANTARCTIC

AMUNDSEN, ROALD. The South Pole.... Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the _Fram_, 1910–12. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1912.

ANDERSSON, J. GUNNAR. _See_ NORDENSKJÖLD, O.

BALCH, EDWIN SWIFT. Antarctica. La. 8^o. Philadelphia, 1902.

BELLINGSHAUSEN, F. G. Two Voyages of Exploration in the Antarctic Ocean ... in the Corvettes _Vostok_ and _Mirnyi_. 2 vols, and Atlas. [In Russian.] 4^o, Atlas, folio. St Petersburg, 1831.

[Also abridged German translation by Gravelius, Leipzig, 1902.]

BERNACCHI, LOUIS. To the South Polar Regions. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1901.

BORCHGREVINK, CARSTENS EGEBERG. First on the Antarctic Continent.... British Antarctic Expedition, 1898–1900. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1901.

[BROWN, R. N. RUDMOSE, R. C. MOSSMAN, and J. H. HARVIE PIRIE.] The Voyage of the _Scotia_. _Maps and illustrations._ 8^o. 1906.

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BURN MURDOCH, W. G. From Edinburgh to the Antarctic. An Artist’s Notes and Sketches during the Dundee Antarctic Expedition of 1892–93. Chapter by W. S. Bruce. _Map and illustrations._ 8^o. 1894.

CHARCOT, JEAN B. Journal de l’Expédition Antarctique Française, 1903–05. Le _Français_ au Pôle Sud. _Map and illustrations._ La. 8^o. Paris [1906.]

---- _Le Pourquoi Pas?_ dans l’Antarctique ... 1908–10. _Map and illustrations._ La. 8^o. Paris, 1910.

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---- _See_ SHACKLETON.

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MOSSMAN, R. C. _See_ BROWN, R. N. R.

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[And other narratives by Spry, Moseley, and Lord George Campbell.]

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---- Scott’s Last Expedition. Vol. 1. Journals of Capt. Scott. Vol. 2. Reports of the Journeys and Scientific work undertaken by Dr E. A. Wilson, etc. Arranged by Leonard Huxley, with a Preface by Sir Clements R. Markham. 2 vols. _Maps and illustrations._ La. 8^o. 1913.

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---- South. The Story of Shackleton’s Last Expedition, 1914–17. _Illustrated._ 8^o. 1919.

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FOOTNOTES

[1] _Névé_ is the upper portion of a glacier, the top layers of which are more nearly in the condition of snow, and in the whole of which much air is mingled with the ice. It is rather frozen snow than ice.

[2] Dr Rink gives a list of 25 discharging glaciers. Of these, beginning from the south, the principal ones are:

(1) Sermilik (near Cape Farewell). (2) Narsalik. (3) Godthaab. (4) Jacobshavn. (5) Jasiusak (into the Waigat). (6) Omenak Fjord. (7) Stor Kangerdlugsuatsiak. (8) Upernivik.

[3] It takes a very long time for lichens to form. The bones of the ptarmigan which Sir Edward Barry and his party had eaten on Melville Island in 1820 were clean and free from any growth when found 30 years afterwards.

[4] I paid very special attention to the vestiges of these wanderers when I served in those regions. All the articles mentioned were found by myself in 1851.

[5] By Colonel Feilden in 1877.

[6] Found by Dr O. Stolberg. _Nansen_, 11, 72.

[7] _Studies on the Material Culture of the Eskimo in West Greenland_ (Kjøbenhavn, 1915), Morten P. Porsild.

[8] The work of Pytheas was known to Dicaearchus, a pupil of Aristotle, and the date of the voyage was, therefore, probably not later than the time of Aristotle.

[9] The word Thule, in its forms _Thyle_, _Thull_, _Tell_, means ‘a limit’ in ancient Saxon; and we thus have Telemarken in Norway.

[10] Pliny and Diodorus Siculus.

[11] The name of Viking is derived from _Vik_, a bay or creek, and the patronymic _Ing_, i.e. “Children of the bays,” whence they sallied forth as sea rovers.

[12] The _mausar_, which was highly prized, may have been some kind of maple or birch.

[13] According to the Flatey book, Bjarni, the son of Herjulf, was in Norway when his father left Iceland to settle in Greenland. Hearing this when he came to Iceland, he continued his voyage to join his father. He is said to have discovered a new land before reaching his father’s homestead in Herjulfsfjord. This led to the voyage of Leif to visit the newly-discovered land. The two stories in the Hauk book and the Flatey book are so different that they cannot be fitted together, and it is necessary to adopt one and reject the other. That in the Hauk book is the older, the more coherent, and probably nearer to the truth.

[14] Professor Rafn, and those who have followed him, thought _Dagmalastad_ and _Eyktarstad_ denoted hours of the day, and that the former was 8 a.m. and the latter 4 p.m. This gave nine hours for the duration of the shortest day, which would be in latitude 42° 21′ N. But _Dagmal_ and _Eykt_ were points of the horizon, not hours of the day. The Norsemen had no means of knowing the hours. In 1885 Professor Gustav Storm gave the correct interpretation of the passage, and showed that the position must have been south of 49° N., but not far to the south of that latitude. The inhabitants met with by the Norsemen in Markland and called by them Skrællings are held by Tholbitzer to have been Eskimos. In Vinland the natives appear to have been Algonquin Indians.

[15] The different events which, according to the Hauk book, occurred in Karlsefni’s voyage, are scattered over several voyages in the Flatey book, the companions of Karlsefni being made the leaders of separate expeditions at different times. There is a voyage of Thorstein which failed, a voyage of Thorwald who was killed by Skrællings, a voyage of Karlsefni, and a voyage of Fredis in company with two brothers whom he murdered. The two accounts are contradictory as regards some of the details.

[16] The Kakortak ruin was discovered by Hans Egede in 1723. It was visited by Lieut. Graah in 1827 who first described it, with careful measurements. It was again visited by Sir Leopold M’Clintock in 1860.

[17] These are recorded in the Icelandic annals, which commence in 1260. Another series is appended to the Flatey book and dates from 1395.

[18] A Norse festival which falls on April 28th.

[19] In 1246.

[20] July 25th.

[21] _Antiq. Amer._ XXXIX.

[22] The sailing directions of Ivar Bardsen were published in English by Purchas, from a copy which had belonged to Henry Hudson. Rafn, in the _Antiquitates Americanae_, gave the text of an early copy found in the Faroes, with a Latin translation. Mr Major, in his _Voyages of the Zeni_, gives an English translation of the Latin version.

[23] We learn this from a parchment MS., known as the Skalholt Annals, believed to have been written in 1347.

[24] The drawings by Christianised Eskimos of Godthaab which have been printed, and are supposed to represent traditions about their conquest of the Norsemen, merely represent what the Danes told them.

[25] Vigdis M.d. hvilir her glede gud sal hennar.

[26] _Voyages of the Brothers Zeni_, by F. W. Lucas (Stevens, 1897).

[27] There are several astrolabes in the British Museum, one of 1280, another of 1342; one at King’s College, Cambridge (1540); two at Gonville and Caius College, one of early 14th century date, the other, rather later, formerly belonged to Caius himself; one at South Kensington (1374); one at Oriel College, Oxford, in rather bad condition; three at Merton College, one of 1350, another 1571, and a third very heavy one. At Merton there is also a very old quadrant of 12-inch radius, and a small disc of brass with pointers. At the Bodleian there is a Persian astrolabe. Mr Hyett’s astrolabe at Painswick House has 21 stars marked and one ring at the back; 36 festivals are marked. The number of English Saints shows it to be English. The interesting astrolabe which belonged to Sir Francis Drake is at Greenwich, its date is 1572. It belonged to the Earl of Chesterfield, who gave it to the Rev. T. Bigsby in 1783. Mr Bigsby gave it to King William IV, who presented it to Greenwich in 1833.

[28] Father of Sir Philip Sidney, and of Robert, 1st Earl of Leicester of that family.

[29] The first wife of Sir Henry Willoughby, Sir Hugh’s father, was Margaret, daughter of Sir Robert Markham of Cotham. His third wife was Ellen, daughter of John Egerton of Winehill in Cheshire. Sir Henry had four wives. His effigy on the monument at Wollaton has two small wives on each side.

[30] Besides Willoughby there were a master and his mate, six merchants, a master gunner, a boatswain and his mate, a carpenter, a purser, two surgeons, and 20 men.

[31] Moxon (1676) places Willoughby Land near the south-east corner of Spitsbergen. On the map in Harris’s voyage (1748) it is an island half-way between Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya.

[32] I believe this is now in Lord Salisbury’s collection at Hatfield.

[33] Reproduced by kind permission of the publisher, from Dr A. D. de Vries’s _Oud-Holland_ (Binger, 1882).

[34] Found by Purchas among the papers of Hakluyt, v. ante, p. 51.

[35] An excellent English edition of the voyage of Linschoten to the East Indies in two vols. was printed for the Hakluyt Society in 1885; edited by Mr Arthur C. Burnell and Mr Tiele of Utrecht.

[36] Linschoten wrote a very interesting account of this voyage with Tetgales in 1594.

[37] Linschoten’s narrative of this second voyage was published in 1601, the 3rd edition in 1638. On his return Linschoten settled at Enkhuizen and became Treasurer of the town. Here he was the friend of Lucas Waghenaer, author of the best sailing directions of that time. Linschoten published a translation of the _History of the West Indies_, by Acosta. He died in 1611, aged 48. De Veer wrote an account of the proceedings of Barentsz’s ship during the second voyage.

[38] In 1603 Stephen Bennet came to the same island and named it Cherrie Island, after his patron Sir Francis Cherrie, an Adventurer of the Russia Company.

[39] The _schuit_ was a larger boat.

[40] The narrative of Gerrit de Veer was translated and edited for the Hakluyt Society by Dr Beke in 1852. A new edition was edited, at my request, by that gallant young Dutch Arctic officer Koolemans Beynen in 1876.

[41] Another Norwegian Captain named Gundersen reached the Ice Haven of Barentsz in August 1875.

[42] These relics were deposited in the model room of the Naval Department at the Hague.

[43] State Paper Office, _Holland_, lxxvii.

[44] Maldonado, a Spaniard, published an account of a navigable strait, called the Strait of Anian, from the east side of America to the Pacific, coming out north of Cape Mendocino in California.

[45] Chancellor had used the cross-staff. Frobisher had been supplied with a similar instrument called a “ballestilla,” which he used in preference to the astrolabe, both being among the instruments and charts bought at a cost of £47. 0_s._ 8_d._ of Humphrey Cole and others. The cross-staff was described by Gemma Frisius, and Gunter’s was a yard long, with a cross-piece of 26½ inches. The staff, which was of wood, was graduated, and the cross-piece was moved along it until, looking through the sight near the eye, the two objects were covered of which the angle was to be measured. In observing for the latitude the two objects were the sun and the horizon, the angle giving the altitude.

[46] The authorities for the Arctic voyages of Frobisher are first the interesting narrative of George Best (Hakluyt, III) and the narrative of Dionise Settle (Hakluyt, III); Christopher Hall’s account in the Harl. MSS. 167, fol. 165; the Journal of the _Judith_, Harl. MSS. 167, fol 41; Edward Sellman, _Narrative of Thomas Ellis_ (Hakluyt, III); State Papers (Dom., Eliz.). Admiral Sir Richard Collinson edited the _Voyages of Frobisher_ for the Hakluyt Society. There is a well written and painstaking life of Sir Martin Frobisher by the Rev. Frank Jones (Longman, 1878).

[47] Mr Miller Christy very thoroughly investigated the question of the Land of Busse, and wrote an exhaustive monograph on the subject. See Hakluyt Society’s No. XCVI, Appendix B.

[48] The following names were given by Frobisher to places discovered on his voyages:--

1. Beare’s Sound. 2. Best’s Bulwock. 3. Best’s Cape. 4. Best’s Blessing. 5. Dyer’s Sound. 6. Hall Island. 7. Hall Sound. 8. Jackman’s Sound. 9. Fenton’s Fortune. 10. Five Men’s Sound. 11. Jonas Mount. 12. Frobisher Strait. 13. Gabriel Islands. 14. Haidon’s Nests. 15. Hatton Island. 16. Leicester Island. 17. Lok Island. 18. Meta Incognita (name given by the Queen). 19. Mistaken Strait (Hudson’s Strait). 20. Oxford Mount. 21. Queen Elizabeth’s Foreland. 22. Queen’s Cape. 23. Sussex (Countess of) Mine. 24. Sussex (Earl of) Island. 25. Trumpet’s Island. 26. Walsingham Cape. 27. Warwick Mount. 28. Warwick (Countess of) Sound and Island. 29. Winter’s Furnace. 30. Yorke Sound (_in Greenland_).

[49] It must be remembered that Davis was entirely ignorant of the Norse colony and of the Icelandic Sagas, which were only brought to light by Professor Rafn in our own day.

[50] The narratives of the first and third voyages were written by Mr Janes, those of the second by Davis himself. They are all in Hakluyt, and, with the other writings of Davis, have been edited for the Hakluyt Society by Admiral Sir Albert Markham. The present writer’s life of Davis, which records his great services in much more detail than is here possible, was published in 1889.

[51] An account of the contents of _The Seaman’s Secrets_ is given in the present writer’s life of Davis, and it is printed _in extenso_ in Admiral Sir Albert Markham’s _Voyages of John Davis_.

[52] This is now in the Museum at Greenwich.

[53] The following names were given by John Davis in the Arctic regions.

1. Chidley (or Chudleigh) Cape, S. entrance to Hudson Strait. 2. Cumberland (Earl of) Gulf. 3. Darcy Island, Labrador. 4. Desolation Land and Cape, S. Greenland. 5. Dyer Cape, North point of Exeter Sound. 6. Exeter Sound, Baffin Land. 7. Farewell Cape, S. point of Greenland. 8. Furious Overfall, Hudson Strait. 9. Gilbert Sound, Greenland 64° 15′ (Godthaab). 10. God’s Mercy Cape, N. entrance of Cumberland Gulf. 11. London Coast, West Coast of Greenland. 12. Raleigh Mount, Baffin Land. 13. Sanderson His Hope, 72° 12′ N., Baffin Bay. 14. Totnes Road, 66° 40′ N., Baffin Land. 15. Walsingham Cape, Baffin Land. 16. Warwick (Earl of) Foreland, Baffin Land.

[54] A portrait of Sir Thomas Smith was engraved by Simon de Passe, dated 1617. The engraving is bound up in T. Grenville’s copy of the Embassy to Russia and in a book called the _Surgeon’s Mate_, which is dedicated to Sir Thomas. By his wife Sarah, daughter of William Blunt, who married secondly Robert Sidney Earl of Leicester, Sir Thomas had a son, Sir John Smith, who married a daughter of Sir Philip Sidney’s “Stella” and his son Robert married Waller’s “Sacharissa.”

[55] The works of Leonard Digges were edited and published by his son: _Tectonicum_, a book on land-surveying (4to, 1556), _Pantometria_, a geometrical treatise (folio, 1591).

[56] Thomas Digges wrote _Alæ sive Scalæ Mathematicæ_ (4to, 1573), _Arithmetical Military Treatise_ (4to, 1579), _Stvatioticos_, a geometrical treatise necessary for the practice of soldiers (4to, 1590), with an account of the proceedings of the Earl of Leicester for the relief of Sluys, also _Description of the Celestial Orbs_ (1599), and _England’s Defence_ (folio, 1686).

[57] The eldest son, Thomas Digges, succeeded to Chilham and died in 1687. His son Leonard died in 1718 leaving a son Thomas, whose second son West Digges was a celebrated comedian. Chilham was finished in 1616 and the names of Sir Dudley Digges and his wife Mary Kempe are carved over the door.

[58] See the writer’s volume _The Voyages of Sir James Lancaster to the East Indies_, edited for the Hakluyt Society in 1877.

[59] Purchas calls her the _Frost_.

[60] Mount Kakatsiak.

[61] Cape Sophia is Proestefjeld (1170 ft.), just north of Holsteinborg.

[62] Amerdluk Fjord, or Itivdlek, in the opinion of Steenstrup.

[63] In 1881 I first drew attention to a manuscript Report to the King of Denmark in the British Museum, with 4 maps (21 leaves, small 4to). It was printed for the first time in the Hakluyt Society’s volumes on Danish Expeditions. Probably when Hall left Denmark he did not send it in, but took it with him and presented it to James I.

[64] This search was undertaken by the kindness of the late Colonel Chester. In the Parish Register of St Margaret’s, Westminster, Richard, son of John Baffin, was baptised on Sept. 30th, 1603, Joseph, Elizabeth, and William Baffin died of the plague in 1609, and Margaret Baffin, a child, was buried on June 8th, 1612. In the Register of the church of St Thomas Apostle, in the City, there is one entry of the name: Susan, daughter of William Baffin, was baptised on 15th Oct. 1609. This church was burnt in the great fire, and was not rebuilt.

[65] John Gatonby may have been a native of Winestead, for he dedicated his narrative (in _Churchill’s Voyages_) to Sir Christopher Hildyard of that place. Gatonby was a well-known Hull name. I have failed to find any further trace of young Huntriss, the Scarborough lad, though the name still exists in that town.

[66] Incorrectly called Cocken Sound on old maps.

[67] Navigation Instructor and for many years Map Curator to the Royal Geographical Society.

[68] Andrew Barker was an experienced seaman. He was admitted a younger brother of the Hull Trinity House in 1594, and was three times Warden. He presented one of the lights of the stained glass in the East window of the Chapel of the old Trinity House at Hull, a figure of St James the Less. There still hangs in the hall of the House the kayak presented by Barker.

[69] The names given in Greenland by Hall are as follows; those while with the Danish Expedition are marked (D). The persons after whom the places were named are given in brackets.

_Anne Cape_ (D). (_Queen of Denmark_), in sight from Cape Sophia.

_Bell’s River._ (_One of the Venturers_), branch of Godthaab Fjord corrupted to _Baal_.

_Brunei Cape_ (D). (_Dutch Venturer_), _Burnitt_ on Admiralty Chart is wrong. Oliver Brunei (see p. 130) was for some time in the Danish service.

_Christian’s Fjord_ (D). (_King Christian IV_), 66° 25′ N., close to Cape Anne; is called by Gatonby _King’s Fjord_.

_Cockayne Sound._ (_Sir W. Cockayne_), incorrectly spelt _Cocken_ on maps, 65° 25′ The modern Sukkertoppen.

_Comfort Cape._ (_Named by Gatonby._)

_Cunningham Mount_ (D). (_Leader of first Danish Voyage_), Itivdlek.

_Cunningham Fjord_ (D). (_Leader of first Danish Voyage_), Itivdlek Fjord or Amerdluk, 67° 25′ N.

_Gabriel Mount._

_Hope Harbour._ Gilbert Sound of Davis. Modern Godthaab, 64° 15′ N.

_Huntcliff Mount._ (_After Huntcliff Foot near Redcar_), in Godthaab Fjord.

_King’s Fjord._ (See Christian’s Fjord.)

_Knight Islands._ (_Captain John Knight_, see pp. 129, 130).

_Lancaster River._ (_Sir James Lancaster_), a branch of Godthaab Fjord.

_Sophia Cape_ (D). (_Queen of Denmark_), Proestefjeld, 1770 ft., just N. of Holsteinborg.

_Rommel’s Fjord_ (D). (_Hendrik Rommel_), 66.54 N., now Holsteinborg.

_Thoroughgood Island._

_Wilkinson Isles._ (_Merchant sent with Hall by the Adventurers._)

[70] See _An Historical Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson_, by John Meredith Read (Albany, 1856).

[71] See my _Life of John Davis_, p. 29.

[72] Engroneland.

[73] _Purchas_, III, p. 464, reprinted by Asher in his _Hudson’s Voyages_, p. 146. Among some protests of the Muscovy Company against Dutch encroachments, in the State Paper Office, there is one by a Captain Millworth in which _Hudson’s Touches_ is mentioned.

[74] The following were the names of the crew: Henry Hudson (Master), and his son John Hudson, Robert Juet (Master’s Mate), Arnold Ladley (Mate), John Cooke (Boatswain), Philip Stacey (Carpenter), John Braunch (Cook), John Barnes, John Adrey, James Scrutton, Michael Pearce (or Pierce), Thomas Hilles, Richard Tonson, Robert Rayne, and Humphrey Gilby.

[75] “We were against Fair Foreland in 79° N.” [north end of Prince Charles Island]. “The night was very clear with fair weather, also calm, by which I had a very good opportunity to find the sun’s refraction. For beholding it about a north-north-east sun, by a common compass, at which time the sun was at the lowest, it was but one-fifth of his body above the horizon, having about four-fifth parts below, so near as I could guess. His declination for that instant was 10° 35′ N., being at noon in the 2° 7′ of Virgo, his daily motion was 58′ whose half being twenty-nine, to be added to the former, because it was at twelve hours after noon. I say his place at the instant was 2° 26′ of Virgo, whose declination was as before 10° 35′; the latitude of the place was 78° 47′ whose complement was 11° 13′ the declination being subtracted from the complement of the pole’s elevation, leaveth 38′, four-five part of which 12′, which being subtracted from 38 leaveth 26′ for refraction. But I suppose the refraction is more or less according as the air is thick or clear, which I leave for better scholars to discuss; but this I thought good to note for the better help of those who do profess this study.”

[76] In December 1615, Captain Joseph was appointed to command the fleet of the East India Company, consisting of the _Charles_ and _Unicorn_ (the Journal is in the India Office, No. 20). In 1617 he was slain in a fight with a Portuguese carrack. His widow received a pension.

[77] The family of Fotherby was from Grimsby. Martin Fotherby of Grimsby had two sons, Charles, Dean of Canterbury, who died in 1619, and Martin, Bishop of Salisbury. There is an elaborate tomb of the Dean in Canterbury Cathedral. Robert Fotherby was of the same family. His narratives of his three Spitsbergen voyages show that he had received a classical education, was observant, intelligent, and a thorough seaman. He afterwards entered the service of the East India Company, probably made one voyage to India, and was agent to the company at Deptford and in 1621 at Blackwall. He probably died in that employment.

[78] In 1617 Captain Marmaduke proposed to the King that he should be employed to make the north-east passage, but I have failed to discover anything more of his history.

[79] Since found to be three islands; the proper name of the group being Wyche Islands.

[80] For instance Wyche’s Sound, discovered by Baffin and Fotherby in 1614, if not by Marmaduke in 1612, is now called Wijde Bay, a name, as Sir Martin Conway has pointed out, that was never heard of before 1670.

[81] This reverend but mutinous gentleman had previously been in Persia with the Shirleys.

[82] These islands are off Cape Sophia on the Greenland coast, a fact that the writer has good cause to remember, as he was once aground on them, and in some danger.

[83] I found Knight’s Journal among some other papers thrown aside in a very damp place in the tower of the India Office, and printed it at the end of my volume of Sir James Lancaster’s voyages, edited for the Hakluyt Society. A version of it is given by Purchas, but much is omitted.

[84] Brunel was a Dutchman. He had proposed to Christian IV to discover the lost colony of Greenland, and was probably in Hall’s first voyage. A Cape on the Greenland coast was named after him. The story of Oliver Brunel was brought to light by S. Müller and Koolemans Beynen, the very able young editor of the 2nd edition of the Barentsz voyages.

[85] The names and rank of the crew were as follows:

1. Henry Hudson (Captain). 2. John Hudson (Captain’s son). 3. Robert Juet (Mate). 4. Robert Bylot (Mate). 5. John King (Mate). 6. Edward Wilson (Surgeon). 7. Francis Clements (Boatswain). 8. William Wilson (Boatswain). 9. John Williams (Gunner). 10. Philip Staffe (Carpenter) 11. Sylvanus Bond (Cooper). 12. Bennet Mathews (Cook). 13. Henry Green (Clerk). 14. Habakuk Prickett (servant of Sir D. Digges). 15. Thomas Woodhouse (mathematical student). 16. Arnold Ladley (or Ludlow), A.B. 17. Michael Pierce, A.B. 18. John Thomas , A.B. 19. Adrian Moter , A.B. 20. Syriack Fanner, A.B. 21. Adam Moore , A.B. 22. Michael Butt , A.B. 23. Nicholas Sims (Boy).

[86] Prince Henry died November 6th, 1613, aged 18 years and a half.

[87] This distance would be greatly in error, unless the declinations of both heavenly bodies were the same.

[88] John Searle, a licensed surgeon, published his ephemeris in 1609. It was from 1609 to 1617, and the book also contained a correction of time in respect of several meridians, a list of places with latitude and longitude in time, and a table for converting degrees and minutes into time. David Origanus was the author of an ephemeris for the years from 1595 to 1650. His meridian was Wittenberg.

[89] I have not been successful in my attempts to discover who Master Herbert was. He was probably a gentleman volunteer.

[90] This map is excessively rare. It is only to be found in one or two copies of Foxe’s book. The British Museum copy has not got it, but a facsimile has been inserted.

[91] The Portuguese Admiral, Ruy Freire de Andrada, and 17 guns were captured when the Kishm fort was taken. Ormuz then surrendered and was handed over to Shah Abbas.

[92] La Peyrère’s account in his _Relation du Groenland_ is unreliable and inaccurate.

Munk’s narrative, _Navigatio Septentrionalis_ (Copenhagen, 1621), has been edited for the Hakluyt Society (1897) by Mr Gosch.

[93] This is the first place in which I have found the use of log and line mentioned, although it had been known for at least 60 years; indeed an obscure passage in Pigafetta seems to suggest its use by Magellan. Bourne, in his _Regiment of the Sea_, published in 1573, describes the log-ship as so made that it remains where it falls into the water, while the line runs out during a fixed interval by a minute glass. The intervals between the knots on the log line are to a minute as a mile is to an hour. In Bourne’s _Inventions or Devices_, No. 21, published in 1578, the inventor of the log and line is said to be Humphrey Cole of the Mint in the Tower; the maker of the instruments for Frobisher’s first and second voyages bought in 1576.

[94] It is interesting to note the equipment necessary to enable a mathematical captain to observe efficiently in 1631. Captain James had:--

A quadrant of pear-wood of 4 ft. semidiameter. Equilateral triangle of 5 ft. radius. Quadrant of 2 ft. semidiameter. Staff of 7 ft., another of 6 ft. Gunter’s cross-staff. 3 Jacob’s staves. 2 Davis’s back-staves. 6 Meridian compasses. 4 Needles in square boxes. 6 Needles of 3 inches. 4 Special 6-inch needles. A loadstone to refresh needles. A watch-clock 6 inches in diameter. A lesser watch. Small sand-glasses. Log-line. Hakluyt. Purchas. The best mathematical books available.

[95] See p. 40.

[96] Hans Egede made out half a dozen words to be common to Eskimos and Norsemen. _Quan_, the word for angelica, is nearly the same in both languages. In Eskimo _Kona_ is a woman, in Norse _Kone_; in Eskimo _Nerriok_ to eat, in Norse _Naere_; _Nise_, the word for porpoise, is the same in both languages. Ashes is _Asket_ in Eskimo, in Norse _Aske_. In Eskimo a lamp is _Kollek_, in Norse _Kolle_.

[97] Count Zinzendorf was the founder of the congregation from Moravia, formed to promote the conversion of the heathen. He built a station on one of his estates in 1728, which was called Herrnhut. From hence missionaries went forth--chiefly to the West Indies, Greenland, and Labrador--known as Moravian missionaries. “Herrnhut” means “the Lord’s keeping.”

[98] Egede was the author of two books, one on the history of the Greenland Mission, the other a description of Greenland.

[99] Paul Egede was afterwards a Professor at Copenhagen, and Provost of the Royal Danish Mission.

[100] “A cruel attack on the reputation of a skilful and intrepid navigator.” _John Barrow._

[101] Ledyard was one of those remarkable men that Arctic service so often produces. He had been befriended by Sir Joseph Banks, who encouraged him in his enthusiasm for travel. Having been to Kamschatka by sea, Ledyard resolved to find his way there by land. He crossed to Ostend with no more than ten guineas in his pocket, made his way to Stockholm, and walked thence, round the Gulf of Bothnia, to St Petersburg. There he obtained permission to accompany a party with stores to Yakutsk and thence to Okhotsk. But, for some unknown reason, he was arrested, hurried back across Siberia, and put across the frontier near Königsberg. Quite destitute, he ventured to draw a small cheque on Sir Joseph Banks which enabled him to reach England. The African Association had just been formed, and Sir Joseph selected this resolute and fearless traveller as the best man to execute the instructions of the Association. Ledyard was to make his way from Senaar to the Niger. He set out in June 1788, but his career was brought to a premature close by fever at Cairo.

[102] _Philosophical Transactions_, LXVIII, p. 1057.

[103] Second edition 1818. Daines Barrington was also the author of _Observations on the Statutes_, 1766; _Naturalist’s Calendar_, 1767; _Miscellanies_, 1781; and of contributions to the _Archaeologia_ and _Philosophical Transactions_. He died at the Temple on March 11th, 1800, aged 73.

[104] _A Voyage towards the North Pole_, 1773 (4to, pp. 76 and 177), Bowyer and Nichols, 1774. Sir Albert Markham also published the narrative of a midshipman named Floyd, who was serving on board the _Racehorse_, in a book entitled _Northward Ho_ (Macmillan, 1879). Sir Albert obtained a correct list of the officers from the Admiralty.

[105] A Corresponding Member of the Royal Geographical Society, 1843. He died in 1876.

[106] F. Martens. _Voyage to Spitzbergen._ Translation edited for the Hakluyt Society by Adam White (1855).

[107] C. G. Zorgdrager. _Bloeyende Opkomst der Aloude en Hedendaagsche Groenlandsche Visscherij_ (Amsterdam, 1720).

[108] A bentick boom is a long straight spar to which the clews of the foresail are secured.

[109] _Spek_ is the Dutch for blubber.

[110] From the Dutch _afmaaken_, to finish or adjust.

[111] The Swedish steamer _Sophia_ reached 81° 42′ in 1868.

[112] His life was written by his nephew, Scoresby Jackson.

[113] Commander Buchan again served on the Newfoundland coast in the _Grasshopper_ from 1820 to 1823. Fifteen years afterwards he was lost in the _Upton Castle_ coming home from India, that Indiaman being heard of for the last time on December 8th, 1838.

[114] Sir John Ross was much hurt at the doubting remarks and criticisms respecting the brilliant crimson on his plate of the crimson snow. They still rankled 32 years afterwards when the present writer served with him, and he wrote an article on the subject in our Arctic periodical, the _Aurora Borealis_. Mr Bauer, of Kew Gardens, it appears, pronounced the crimson snow to be of the genus _Uredo_, allied to “smut” in wheat, and he grew some in snow. It was first green, then as bright a crimson as in Ross’s plate. Ross called it _Uredo nivalis_ of Bauer in his 2nd edition.

[115] Much attention was given to the provisioning. There were the preserved meats and soups of Donkin and Gamble; Burkitt’s essence of malt, hops, and spruce; lemon juice, vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, and herbs as antiscorbutics. Coal was used for ballast, 70 chaldrons in the _Hecla_, 34 in the _Griper_. The Admiralty supplied warm clothing and wolf-skin blankets for the men without any charge.

[116] Cyrus Wakeman, in the _Dorothea_ with Buchan, and the _Griper_, 1819–20, was afterwards at the battle of Navarino, where his splendid gallantry is recorded by Lady Bourchier in her _Memoirs of Sir Edward Codrington_, II, p. 102 (Longman, 1873). He died in the Niger expedition.

Sir Joseph Nias, K.C.B., was in the _Alexander_, _Hecla_, and _Fury_ with Parry, 1818–23. He distinguished himself in the _Herald_ during the first China war, at the capture of the forts of the Bocca Tigris and in all the operations in the Canton river, becoming Rear-Admiral in 1857. In 1855 he married Isabella, only child of John Laing of Montagu Square, where he died December 16th 1879.

[117] Bushnan, on his return, was appointed to Franklin’s land journey, but died before starting, in 1825.

[118] All three were with Parry again in his third voyage.

[119] Mr Hooper was with Parry in his third voyage. Afterwards he for some time held the post of Secretary to Greenwich Hospital. He died in 1833.

[120] The Rev. G. Fisher was afterwards Head Master of Greenwich School from 1834 to 1863. He died in 1873.

[121] The instructions for Parry’s second expedition were signed by Sir George Cockburn, Sir Henry Hotham, and Sir George Clerk.

[122] Captain Lyon served on board the _Albion_ at the battle of Algiers. He made an important journey from Tripoli to Mouzourk and wrote an excellent account of a very little known country. In 1825 he married Lucy, daughter of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, who died in 1826. In 1828 he published a journal of travels in Mexico. This accomplished and much beloved officer died in 1832.

[123] Henry Foster, son of the Rev. Henry Foster of Woodplumpton near Preston, was born in 1796. He was a midshipman in the _Conway_ with Captain Basil Hall on the Pacific Station, an excellent school for young officers; then in the _Griper_ with Clavering, Assistant Surveyor in Parry’s third voyage, and in the voyage of 1827, when he explored Hinlopen Strait. His magnetic work was published in the Philosophical Transactions of 1826, for which he received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. In 1827 he became a Commander, and the Duke of Clarence gave him the command of a discovery ship owing to his exceptionally high scientific attainments. He commissioned the _Chanticleer_ in 1827 with Horatio T. Austin as his first Lieutenant. Foster was chiefly engaged in pendulum observations, going as far south as the South Shetlands and surveying Staten Island. He was drowned in the Chagres river, when engaged in determining the meridian distance between Chagres and Panama on February 5th, 1833. The polar story would be incomplete without a notice of one of the most distinguished of Arctic scientific officers.

[124] Or rather connection. The step-mother of Flinders was Franklin’s aunt on the mother’s side.

[125] The Civil Lord of the Admiralty who signed Parry’s instructions.

[126] This is manifestly an error for 1845–46.

[127] Under the title _Versus Tennysoniani_ no less than 165 renderings of “Not here ...” etc., in Greek, Latin, Sanscrit, Arabic, German, Italian, and French, etc. were published by Canon Wright in 1882 at the Cambridge Press, written by Archbp. Benson, Canon Ainger, Dean Bradley, Prof. Butcher, Dr Haig-Brown, Dr Butler, Master of Trinity, Calverley, Prof. Cowell, Farrar, Gladstone, Jebb, Lord Lyttelton, Dean Merivale, Max Müller, Prof. Palmer, Lord Selborne, Bp. Wordsworth, and others. (Ed.)

[128] Ross died on April 3rd, 1861, after seventeen polar navigable seasons, and nine Arctic winters; Captain Bird retired an Admiral and died in his 83rd year on December 3rd, 1881.

[129] Pemmican is a preparation of beef from which all that is fluid has been evaporated over a wood fire. The fibre is then pounded, and mixed with an equal weight of pounded beef fat.

[130] M’Clintock’s sledge crew in his first great journey deserve a niche in the Arctic temple of fame. James Wilkie, captain of the sledge, aged 33, was a splendid seaman, zealous, cheerful, and humorous. James Hoile, a fine, tall man of 25, excellent in all respects, a sailmaker. James Dawson, aged 23, was a good-looking foretopman. John Salmon, a small, wiry man, who was with M’Clintock in the _Enterprise_, was really the strongest of all. Hood and Jim Heels were Marines, the former a shoemaker, aged 31, the latter, aged 24, sang a good song.

[131] Captain Austin was afterwards Superintendent of Deptford Dockyard during the Crimean War, a post of great importance at that time, Admiral, K.C.B., and Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard in 1863; he died in 1865. Captain Ommanney, in the _Eurydice_, commanded the squadron in the White Sea. In 1853 he had the _Hawke_ in the Baltic; and the _Brunswick_ in the West Indies until 1860. He was Captain Superintendent at Gibraltar in 1864, retiring a K.C.B. in 1874. He died in December 1904, aged 91.

[132] Mate in the _Resolute_, then aged 22, afterwards Sir George Nares, K.C.B., died January, 1915.

[133] Among these was a devotional book which Sir George Back had given to his old shipmate Gore. It was restored to Sir George, who to the day of his death always kept it on his drawing-room table under a glass case.

[134] The Observatory on Pendulum Island was in 74° 32′ 19″ N. and 18° 50′ W.

[135] Clavering’s fate was a sad one. He sailed in command of the _Redwing_ from Sierra Leone in the summer of 1827, and was never heard of again, though some wreckage was found on the coast.

[136] There had been two early attempts to explore the east coast before Graah’s expedition. In 1752 Walloe got as far as 60° 28′, and Giesecke, a German, got to 60° 9′ in 1806.

[137] Captain Graah’s narrative was translated by Gordon Macdougall, and published by the Royal Geographical Society in 1837.

[138] At my request the late Commodore Jansen searched the Dutch archives, and wrote an admirable memoir on the ice years in the Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen Seas, with notices of the chief Dutch voyages and discoveries. The same accomplished officer was the author of the chapter on Land and Sea Breezes in Maury’s _Physical Geography of the Sea_.

[139] The instrument consists of four arcs graduated so as to read to 30 with the verniers. Two of these arcs, representing the altitude and latitude, are moveable. The two others, which represent the declination and hour circle, are fixed. In using it the verniers of the proper arcs are set to the declination, the altitude, and the latitude respectively. The readings on the hour circle will then show the hour angle.

[140] The northern lands which Payer thought he saw from Cape Fligely, and which he named Oscar and Petermann Lands, as well as the north-easterly extension of Kronprinz Rudolf Island from Cape Fligely to Cape Sherard Osborn, have since been found by Captain Cagni to have no existence.

[141] The Franz Josef flora includes the ubiquitous _Saxifraga oppositifolia_, _Cardamine bellidifolia_, _Arenaria sulcata_, _Draba alpina_, _Cerastium alpinum_, _Papaver nudicaule_, and _Cochlearia fenestrata_. A rare and beautiful grass, _Pleuropogon sabinii_, was also found, only previously known at Melville Island, at one or two places up Prince Regent’s Inlet, and in Novaya Zemlya, where it is abundant. Only 27 flowering plants have been collected in Franz Josef Land, and 25 mosses.

[142] The price of walrus hides has risen since they have been found to be the best material for burnishing parts of bicycles. The steamer _Balaena_ was, therefore, sent to Franz Josef Land in 1897, and obtained 500 hides, while about 1500 were lost owing to the animals sinking when dead, so that this monstrous slaughter amounted to 2000, not counting the number of young that must also have perished.

[143] The great depth found by the _Sophia_ to the north of Spitsbergen pointed to a deep ocean as existing north of the whole Spitsbergen and Franz Josef system. I formed this deduction in 1876, and Nansen’s discovery afterwards proved it to be correct.

[144] I knew Dr Kane when he served in Grinnell’s relief expedition, of which he wrote the history. His was certainly a charming personality, talented, cheerful, and enthusiastic.

[145] Kane adopted the Danish name of ice-foot (_Iis-fod_) for this permanent frozen ridge or terrace.

[146] It is a singular fact that the changing of names of Arctic vessels has frequently coincided with misfortune. The names of all the ships but one in the Franklin search were changed, and all were lost except the _Fox_, and her name was not changed.

[147] Length 160 ft., extreme breadth 33·4 ft., depth of hold 17 ft., tonnage 751, nominal h.-p. 60.

[148] Length 166 ft., extreme breadth 30 ft., depth of hold 18 ft., tonnage 668, nominal h.-p. 43.

[149] Each sledge had its flag, which, at my suggestion, was designed on proper heraldic rules. The cross of St George at the hoist, the fly swallow-tailed, party per fess with the colours of the sledge-commander’s arms, and his crest or principal charge over all, a border or fringe of the colours of the arms. The same pattern was adopted for the sledge flags of Captain Scott’s Antarctic expeditions.

[150] Hans Hendrik was born at the German missionary station of Fiskernäs in Greenland, and had become a good kayaker and hunter when he agreed to join Dr Kane’s expedition, where he was under the protection of Carl Petersen. He was with Morton when he reported having seen the open polar sea. After Kane’s second winter Hans joined the Arctic Highlanders and married a girl named Markut. Hans and his wife later joined Hayes’s expedition, and afterwards settled at Upernivik. In August, 1871, they joined Hall’s expedition, and were left on the floe which drifted down Baffin’s Bay, where, as we have seen, Hans saved the rest of the party by his skill as a huntsman. He was most useful in some of the sledge journeys from the _Discovery_. In 1877 he wrote his memoirs in Eskimo, which were translated into English by Dr Rink (_Trübner_, 1878). He afterwards lived at Upernivik.

[151] Rawson was mortally wounded at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir, while serving as naval aide-de-camp to Sir Garnet Wolseley. Admiral Sir George Egerton, K.C.B., became Commander-in-Chief at Devonport.

[152] Tidal observations, under the direction of Lieutenant Archer, were taken in 81° 45′ N., during 7 months; and in 82° 25′ N., for two months. They were reported upon by Professor Houghton (Nares, II, p. 356).

[153] _Ivigtut_, the cryolite mine, is about 16 miles up the Arsak fjord. Cryolite is a white mineral found on the gneiss of S.W. Greenland and nowhere else--a double hydro-fluorate of soda and alumina. In 1857 a licence was given to a company to work the mine to the amount of about 26 ship-loads yearly.

[154] In 1892 these two young Swedish enthusiasts started with the object of exploring the part of Ellesmere Island between Jones and Smith Sounds. They bought a small cutter of 37 tons at St John’s, Newfoundland, and went up Baffin’s Bay to the Cary Islands. In 1893 a whaler found her driven on shore at one of the Cary Islands and full of ice. There was a record written by Björling asking that, if nothing was heard of them in 1893, relief might be sent to Clarence Point on Ellesmere Island. They went away in an open boat. I appealed for funds and collected £100 as a help to Nordenskiöld’s fund for sending a steamer. She went, but nothing more was ever found or heard of these gallant youths.

[155] Both his sons inherited much of the ability of their father. The eldest died young, but not before he had done valuable ethnographic work. The younger, Erland, now Baron Nordenskiöld, has made two journeys among the Amazonian Indians, with excellent ethnographic and linguistic results.

[156] Sir Fridtjof Nansen, in an Appendix to his _Through Siberia_, has lately made a record of all voyages across the Kara Sea from the voyage of Burrough in 1556 to the present day, with notes on the state of the ice in each year. His conclusion is that in the great majority of years it is possible to reach the Siberian rivers through the Kara Sea, though there are great variations in the quantity of ice in different years. He thinks it very improbable that these differences are caused by winds and sea currents from the north. His conclusion is that the ice that is met with is formed in the Kara Sea itself, and that the differences of ice conditions are caused by differences in the winters. In a cold winter, with little precipitation, more ice will be formed, and little ice will melt in a cold spring and summer. When there is a warm winter and heavy snow-fall succeeded by a warm spring and summer, the melting of the ice will proceed rapidly, and there will be a fairly ice-free Kara Sea. Nansen’s remarks on the navigation of the Kara Sea are extremely valuable, based on the most complete information and long experience of ice conditions.

[157] Announced in the _Morgenblad_ by Professor Mohn in 1884.

[158] Quite unknown to Nansen I had come to a similar conviction in contemplating the results of the Nares expedition. In my Report on the origin, proceedings, and results of this expedition (_R. G. S. Proceedings_, 1877), I pointed out that a current flowed across the polar sea from the eastern to the western hemisphere, that Franz Josef Land was part of the Spitsbergen group, rising from the same plateau with a deeper sea to the north, and that to overstep the boundary of the known polar sea, though attended by great difficulties, would reward with important discoveries the future explorer who boldly forced his way north in this direction. My Report came to Nansen’s knowledge after his return home.

[159] Length of keel 102 feet, length of deck 128 feet, beam 36 feet, depth 17 feet, thickness of ship’s side 24 to 28 inches. In the stern the oak beams were 4 feet thick.

[160] The British sledges 1850–9 were 3 feet wide, the runners of metal, 3 inches wide, and slightly convex.

[161] See Nansen’s “Oceanography of the North Polar Basin” in Vol. III of the results of the expedition, the “Bathymetrical Features” in Vol. IV, also _The Sea West of Spitsbergen_ (Christiania, 1912) and the oceanographic observations of the Isachsen Spitsbergen expedition, by Bjørn Helland Hansen and Fridtjof Nansen.

[162] _Through Siberia_ (Heinemann, 1914). Appendix on the navigation of the Kara Sea.

[163] The writer was shipmate with one of them for more than a year, and there could not be a better disposed lad or a more reliable comrade when travelling.

[164] He may have adopted the position fixed by the observations of Lieut. Aldrich. The sun was below the horizon when Peary started.

[165] Commodore Jansen was one of the most active and accomplished of the honorary corresponding members of our Royal Geographical Society of his time and the chief promoter of the revival of Arctic voyages in Holland. He saw much service in the Royal Dutch Navy, joining its surveying branch, and was for several years engaged on a survey in the Riouw Archipelago, the Straits of Sunda, and elsewhere. As a Lieutenant on board the frigate _Prins van Oranje_ he served in the West Indies, and during a visit to Washington in 1851 formed a life-long friendship for Maury, the great American hydrographer. He contributed the chapter on land and sea breezes to Maury’s _Physical Geography of the Sea_ and in 1864 published an important work _The Latest Discoveries in Maritime Affairs_. In the following year he became a Commodore in the Royal Dutch Navy, and was appointed to superintend the building of the ironclad _Prins Hendrik_, which he afterwards commanded. In 1868 he retired from active service, after a distinguished naval career of 35 years. At my request Jansen examined the Dutch archives with a view to a study of ice navigation in the Spitsbergen and Barentsz seas, and the results of his researches were published in the _R. G. S. Proceedings_ (Old Series, IX. 9, 163). In 1873 he was appointed a Councillor of State, and attained the rank of Rear Admiral. He died in September 1894, aged 77.

[166] Beynen published _De Reis van de Pandora in den Zomer van 1876_.

[167] The Committee consisted of the Baron van Wassenaer van Catwyck, Councillor of State Commodore Jansen, Franzen van de Putte, Professor Buys Ballot, Professor Veth, Jonkheer J. K. J. de Jonge (_Treasurer_).

[168] Lady Markham’s translation of the _Life of L. R. Koolemans Beynen_ by Charles Boissevain was published by Sampson Low in 1885.

[169] Author of _Ice-bound on Kolguev_.

[170] _No Man’s Land_, Camb. Univ. Press, 1906.

[171] The Danish Committee for the geographical and geological investigation of Greenland was formed in 1876, and a valuable periodical, the _Meddelelser on Grönland_, containing the narratives of the explorers and the scientific results of the expeditions, has ever since been published at Copenhagen.

[172] “Botanical Exploration of the East Coast of Greenland between 65° 35′ and 74°30′ N.” by Chr. Kruuse (1904), _Meddelelser on Grönland_ (Heft. 30, Afd. I), Kjöbenhavn, 1907.

[173] Thalbitzer has published papers on the poetry and music of the East Greenlanders, on their _angekoks_ or priests, and on their dialect.

[174] So called after a patriotic brewer named Carlsberg, who left his brewery to a Trust, the profits to be expended on scientific work. As the brewery is a lucrative business, the help to exploration from this source has been very important.

[175] A Swedish expedition under Professor Nathorst in the _Antarctic_ had reached Scoresby Sound in July 1899, and afterwards explored and mapped the previously unknown and complicated system of fjords forming the inner branches of Davy Sound, proving that they were connected with Franz Josef Fjord. In September 1899 Nathorst left the coast, and his ship the _Antarctic_ was used in the following year for the Carlsbergfondet Expedition.

[176] His Royal Highness Philippe Duc D’Orléans made a voyage to that part of the coast on board the _Belgica_ with M. Gerlache as his master in 1905. He stood northwards along the land ice, and succeeded in effecting a landing to the north of Cape Bismarck in 77° 36′ N. On July 31st he was in 78° 16′, the furthest north ever attained by a ship on this coast, and he could see as far as 78° 30′. In August he again landed in 77° 36′, the place receiving the name of Cape Philippe.

[177] Freuchen, who came from Nykjøbing on the island of Falster, went on a voyage to West Greenland as a stoker in order to obtain preliminary training.

[178] The easternmost point is in 81° 24′ N. and 12° W.

[179] Peary’s point at the place he calls “Navy Cliff,” where he says he saw the sea and called it “Independence Bay,” is over a hundred miles from the sea or any bay. He may have seen the end of the long narrow fjord which Erichsen discovered. But his channel across Greenland does not exist, and there is continuous land between the position Peary gives to his Navy Cliff and his Heilprin Land to the north.

[180] _Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms_, p. 35 (Hakluyt Society, Series II, vol. XXIX, 1912.)

[181] Burney II, 198.

[182] Dalrymple and Burney take it seriously. I included it among the documents in my _Voyages of Quiros_, but I now quite agree with my old friend Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna that it is a fabrication. (See Vicuña Mackenna’s _Historia de Juan Fernandez_.)

[183] Cook and Ross searched for this small island in vain, but several of Mr Enderby’s sealing vessels found and visited Bouvet Island.

[184] Elder brother of Madame D’Arblay.

[185] This chronometer is now in the museum of the United Service Institution.

[186] Mr Poynter, Master’s Mate, Mr Blake and Mr Bone, Midshipmen. Blake was eventually Admiral Patrick Blake, who did excellent service in the first China war, and was afterwards Captain of the _Juno_ in the Pacific 1845–49.

[187] The writer’s uncle, John Markham, was an acting Lieutenant on board the _Andromache_, and he made a copy of Mr Bransfield’s first chart. There are 21 names on it.

[188] Mr Fanning wrote _Voyages round the World_, containing reports of the voyages of Pendleton and Palmer.

[189] At Pendulum Cove in King George’s Island.

[190] Kendall wrote an account of Deception Island in the first volume of the _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_.

[191] The name Australia had not then come into use.

[192] The present writer was personally acquainted with Admiral Bird, Lieutenant Phillips, Mr Tucker, Dr M^cCormick, Sir Joseph Hooker, Dr Lyall, Admiral Moore, Captain Davis, and Mr Abernethy.

[193] Rossbank Observatory was in latitude 42° 52′ 27″ S. and longitude 147° 27′ 30″ E., 205 feet above the sea.

[194] Gauss’s position was 66° S. and 146° E. Scott’s observations gave 72° 51′ S. and 156° 25′ E.

[195] On January 31st there was “an unaccountable decrease of variation from 96° E. to 77° E., and then an increase of 16°. Ross formed the opinion that they had passed one of those extraordinary magnetic points first observed during Sir Edward Parry’s second voyage, near the eastern entrance of Hecla and Fury Strait.” Sir James Ross, _Voyage to the Southern Seas_, 1, 229.

[196] Sir Joseph Hooker told me that Sir James was not only an accurate observer, but also a good collector, taking the deepest interest in the geological and biological researches.

[197] The following treat of Ross’s Third Antarctic Voyage:--

(_a_) _A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions_ 1839–43 (2 vols. 8vo.), by Sir James Clark Ross.

(_b_) _Voyages of Discovery in the Arctic and Antarctic Seas_ (2 vols., large 8vo.), by R. M^cCormick.

(_c_) Captain J. E. Davis: Letter to his sister describing events of Sir James Ross’s voyage, and especially the iceberg collision. Printed for the Royal Societies Antarctic Expedition.

(_d_) MS letter from C. J. Sullivan, armourer of H.M.S. _Erebus_, describing Antarctic scenery, the iceberg collision, and other events.

[198] A pupil of Captain Maury, the great American hydrographer.

[199] _Quinze Mois dans l’Antarctique, par le Commandant de Gerlache_ (Hachette, 1902), 106 illustrations and chart, pp. 284.

“Exploration of Antarctic Lands,” by Henryk Arçtowski, in the _Antarctic Manual_.

[200] _Antarctica, or Two Years amongst the Ice of the South Pole_, by Dr Otto Nordenskiöld and Dr Gunnar Andersson, 1905.

_On the Geology of Graham Land_, by Dr Gunnar Andersson. (Uppsala, 1906.)

[201] _Die gevidde Formation der Eisgeit_ (Berlin, 1887), and _Grönlands Gletscher und Inlandeis_.

[202] _Zum Kontinent des eisigen südens_, von Erik von Drygalski (Berlin, 1904).

[203] The Committee consisted of the following persons:--

Sir Clements Markham, Pres. Admiral Sir Leopold M’Clintock. Vice-Admiral Pelham Aldrich. Captain Ettrick Creak, R.N. Admiral Sir R. Vesey Hamilton. Admiral Sir Anthony Hoskins. Rear-Admiral Sir George Egerton. Sir John Murray. Admiral Sir George Nares. Admiral Sir Albert Markham. Rear-Admiral Sir William Wharton. Captain Field (Hydrographer).

[204] The house flag of the _Discovery_ was made at Dundee:--the cross of St George at the hoist, the fly swallow-tailed, party per fesse, argent and azure (for ice and sea), and bearing the globe of the Royal Geographical Society. Bordure argent and azure.

[205] The sledge flags were of the same pattern as in the Arctic expedition of 1875–6. The cross of St George at the hoist to denote that, whatever family the bearer may belong to, he is first and foremost an Englishman. The fly is divided per fess with colours of the arms of the officer, undivided if one colour, with the crest or principal charge in the arms, swallow-tailed, with a border or fringe of the colours of the arms.

[206] The text of the Bishop’s address was “Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity” (Psalm cxxxiii. 1).

[207] M’Clintock’s sledges were 9 ft. and 11 ft. long, 3 ft. 2 in. wide, 11½ inches high, with 6 uprights and 6 cross bars, the runners were of ½-inch iron, 3 inches wide and slightly convex. All were lashed with strips of hide, put on warm and wet, so that they shrank and made all tight.

[208] The ration adopted by Scott was as follows in ounces per day:--Biscuit 12·0, oatmeal 1·5, pemmican 7·6, bacon and pea-flour 2·6, plasmon 2·0, cheese 2·0, chocolate 1·1, cocoa O·7, sugar 3·8. In addition, ¾ lb. of tea, ½ lb. of onion powder, ¼ lb. of pepper and ⅖ lb. of salt was allowed per week to each unit of three men.

[209] Sir Douglas Mawson was born in 1882, the son of Mr. R. E. Mawson, of Otley, in Yorkshire. He was educated at Sydney University and graduated as Bachelor of Mining Engineering 1901, Bachelor of Science 1904, Doctor of Science 1909. He was Lecturer in Mineralogy at Adelaide University in 1905.

[210] These were Anton and Demetri, the two Russian dog-drivers, and seven men of the Royal Navy:--Edgar Evans, Lashly, and Crean, who had all been on the _Discovery_, and Keohane, Forde, Hooper, and Clissold, the two latter respectively steward and cook.

[211] For their courageous services in this affair Lashly and Crean received the Albert Medal.

[212] Atkinson, Wright, Cherry Garrard, Gran, Lashly, Crean, Williamson, Nelson, Archer, Hooper, Keohane, and Demetri, formed the search party.

[213] Names in italics represent first discoveries.

[214] Names in italics represent first discoveries.

INDEX

Abernethy, Thomas, 233, 251, 265, 413

Abruzzi, Duke of, attempts to reach the Pole, 351

_Active_, 431

Adam of Bremen, chronicles visit of Norsemen to Greenland, 38

Adams, Lieut. J. B., 478, 479

-- William, 390

Adelaide Island, 432, 442

Adélie Land, 407, 409, 477, 487

Admiralty Range, 415

_Advance_, 252, 298 _et seq._

_Adventure_, 394

_Aid_, 86

_Akbar_, 223

Akuli Gulf, 230 _et seq._, 235

_Alabama_, 376; loss of, 378

Aldrich, Admiral Pelham, 258 _et seq._, 304, 307, 428, 446

_Alert_, 303 _et seq._, 312, 313

Aleutian Islands discovered, 178

_Alexander_, 198, 201, 202

Alexander Island, 434

-- Land, 397, 442

Alfland, 33

Alfred, King, translates _Orosius_, 33

Alten Fjord, 317

Altitudes, Antarctic, 473, 480, 484, 485, 500, 501

-- in Greenland, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 381

Ambassador, Russian, visits England, 62

Amdrup, Lieut. G., 367, 368

Ameralik Fjord, 336

America, North, coast line of, surveyed by Franklin, 222; by Back, 228; by Dease and Simpson, 228

American Antarctic expeditions, 400, 408

-- Arctic Coast, 18; birds of, 18; fauna and flora of, 18

Amsterdam Island, 360

Amundsen, Roald, undertakes N.W. Passage, 314 _et seq._; winters in King William Land, 314; serves in the Belgian Expedition, 434; his Antarctic expedition, 482 _et seq._; meets Scott’s party, 493; reaches the South Pole, 485

Andersson, Gunnar, 436, 439

Andrée, 344

_Andromache_, 398, 400

_Angekoks_, 23; Greenland, 366

Angmagsalik, 365 _et seq._, 381

_Angrim_ stones, 53

Anian, Strait of, 82

Anjou, Admiral, surveys Liakhovs, 180

_Ann Frances_, 86

_Anne Royal_, 146

_Annula_, 124

Anoatok, 353, 355

_Antarctic_, 368, 436; founders, 437

Antarctic Circle first crossed, 395

-- exploration, story of, 430 _et seq._

-- explorations, Amundsen’s, 482 _et seq._; Balleny’s, 405, 414; Belgian, 433 _et seq._; Bellingshausen’s, 396, 397; Biscoe’s, 403 _et seq._; Borchgrevink’s, 433; Bruce’s, 439, 440; Charcot’s, 441; Capt. Cook’s, 394 _et seq._; D’Urville’s, 407, 408; Drygalski’s, 440; Filchner’s, 442; Foster’s, 400 _et seq._; French, 407, 441; Gerlache’s, 433 _et seq._; German, 440, 442; Kempe’s, 405; Mawson’s, 486 _et seq._; Nordenskiöld’s, 435 _et seq._; Norwegian, 433, 482 _et seq._; Ross’s, 410, 418, 422 _et seq._; Russian, 396; Scott’s first expedition, 447 _et seq._; Scott’s last expedition, 489 _et seq._; Shackleton’s, 478 _et seq._; Swedish, 435 _et seq._, 506; The Societies’, 444 _et seq._, 455 _et seq._, 466 _et seq._, 471 _et seq._; Weddell’s, 401, 402; Wilkes’s, 408, 409

-- ice, 11; icebergs, 11; regions, 389 _et seq._

_Antarctic Manual_, 453

Araucaria, 438

Archer, 503

-- Colin, 347; constructs the _Fram_, 340

_Arctic_, 302, 303

Arctic currents, 23

-- discoveries, by Norsemen, 32 _et seq._, 38 _et seq._, 49 _et seq._; under Elizabeth, 157

“Arctic Highlanders,” 24, 203, 253, 299, 301, 313, 338, 339, 352 _et seq._, 379; dress of, 24; physical characteristics of, 24

Arctic quadrants, 4, 6, 13

Arctic regions, geology of, 384 _et seq._

Arçtowski, Henryk, 434, 435, 453

Ardencaple Inlet surveyed, 375

Area of Greenland, 9

Areas, Polar, 3

_Arenaria sulcata_, 295

_Arethusa_, 223

Arias, Juan Luis, his memorial, 392

Armitage, Lieut. Albert, 292, 448, 463 _et seq._, 480

Arnold, Bishop, 48

Art, Tchuktche, 17

_Arte de Navegar_, 151; translated by Eden, 65

_Assistance_, 251 _et seq._, 261, 264 _et seq._, 349

_Astrolabe_, 407

Astrolabe, 53; description of, 56, 57; Drake’s, 57

Astrup, Eivind, 337, 338

Atalayas, 125

Atkinson, Dr, 490, 491, 498, 499, 503, 504

Atlantic current, 30

Auks, Little, 199

_Aurora_, 486 _et seq._

Austin, Capt. H. T., 216, 252, 255, 273, 401; death of, 262

Axel Heiberg Island, 348, 349, 354

Back, Sir George, 223 _et seq._, 276; serves with Buchan, 199; reaches Repulse Bay, 230

_Baffin_, 196

Baffin, William, 124, 125, 138; patronised by Wolstenholme, 108; sails with Hall, 113; magnetic observations by, 115; visits Spitsbergen, 116; enters service of the East India Co., 146; his Arctic voyages, 146; his letter to Wolstenholme, 145; his magnetic observations, 126; explores Spitsbergen, 127; his map of Hudson Strait, 139; lunar observations of, 140; visits Eskimo settlement, 140; his third voyage, 142; map of his discoveries, 144; surveys Persian coast, 147; captain of the _London_, 147; death of, 147; qualities of, 148

Baffin’s Bay, 145, 305; birds of, 99; currents of, 6; entered by the Norsemen, 50; its existence doubted, 145; lost, 146; existence reestablished, 201

Baffin Island, 141

_Baidor_, 171

Balaclava helmets, 462

_Balaena_, 296, 431, 439

-- _Biscayensis_, 125

Balleny, Capt. John, his Antarctic expedition, 405, 414

-- Islands, 406, 408, 417, 477

Ballestilla, 89

Balloon, captive, 450, 457

Bardsen, Ivar, report on Greenland, 51; his sailing directions translated by Barentsz, 70

Barentsz, Willem, 69; his voyage to Novaya Zemlya, 70; discovers Spitsbergen, 74; crews attacked by scurvy, 75; winters in Novaya Zemlya, 75; dies, 76; discoveries of, 77; character of, 78; winter quarters revisited, 78; hut of, 79; relics of, 79

-- Sea, 297, 360

Barker, Andrew, 114, 115, 116

Barne, Michael, 449, 463, 471, 475

“Barren lands,” 18

Barrier, The Great, 11, 416, 419, 433, 453, 456; altered limit of, 457, 475; height of, 457

Barrington, Hon. Daines, 172

Basaltic pillars, 324; rocks, 295

Basques, the first whalers, 125

Bathurst Island explored, 268

Battye, A. Trevor, 361

Bay ice, 7

-- of Whales, 483

Beach Province, 391

Beagle Channel, 436

_Bear_, 86

Bear, Nelson’s adventure with, 173; Bears, 296

Bear Island (or Cherrie Island), 73, 121

-- Islands, 324

Beardmore Glacier, 498

Beaufort Island, 416

-- Sea unexplored, 383

Beaufoy, 402

Beaumont, Lieut., 308

Bedford, 223

Beechey, Capt. F. W., 226 _et seq._; serves with Buchan, 198; sails with Parry, 206

-- Island, 241, 265, 311, 314, 349

Behaim, Martin, figures polar islands, 54

Belcher, Sir Edward, 264, 269, 349

Belgian Antarctic expedition, 433 _et seq._

_Belgica_, 368, 434

Bertelsen, 370 _et seq._

Bell, Richard, 108, 113

-- Sound, 119, 187, 188, 285 _et seq._

_Bellerophon_, 223

Bellingshausen, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, 396, 397

Bellot, Lieut., 262; death of, 268

-- Strait, 262

Bennet, Stephen, visits Bear Island, 73

Bennett, Gordon, 327

-- Island, 179, 180, 329

Bering, Vitus, his voyages, 177; death of, 178

-- Island, 324

-- Strait, 170

Bernacchi, Louis C., 433, 449, 475

Bernier, Capt., 362

Berry, Lieut., 329

Best, George, writes narrative of Frobisher’s second expedition, 90

Bethell, Lieut., 428

Beynen, Koolemans, 311, 358; death of, 360

Bird, Capt., 213, 216, 218, 411, 420, 424; death of, 251

Birds, 314; Antarctic, 423, 437, 455; of American Arctic coast, 18; of Baffin’s Bay, 99; of Cape Digges, 141; of Cape York, 24; of Davis Strait, 97; of Franz Josef Land, 296; of Fury Beach, 236; of Novaya Zemlya, 185; of Spitsbergen, 121; of Waigatz Island, 64

Biscoe, Capt. John, his Antarctic expedition, 403 _et seq._

Bishop Arnold, 48

-- Eric, 48

-- Olaf, 49

Bishops of Greenland, 47 _et seq._, 51

Bjaaland, 484

Björling, 325

_Black Dog_, 101

Blake, Admiral, 398

Blessing, Dr, 341

_Blijde Boodschap_, 390

Blink Ice, 163

_Blossom_, 216, 226, 227, 234

Blubber, 193

Boats of Chukchis, 17; of Eskimos, 20, 115

-- used on Franklin’s land expedition, 222; used by Back on Great Fish River, 228; used by Dease on the Mackenzie, 229; of Franklin’s retreat, 245

_Bona Confidentia_, 60

-- _Esperanza_, 60

_Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms_, 389

Booth, Sir Felix, 233, 237, 251

Boothia Felix, 234

Borchgrevink, Carstens, his Antarctic expedition, 433

Bourne’s _Inventions or Devices_, 152

Bouvet, Capt. L., 393

-- Island, 393

Bowers, Lieut., 490, 492, 495 _et seq._, 500, 502; death of, 503

Bransfield, Mr, 398, 400

Brattahlid, 41, 44

_Breadalbane_, 268

_Briefe and True Relation_, Purchas’s, 145

Briggs, Henry, 151

“Briggs-his-Mathematics,” 154

_Briseis_, 201

Britain, discovery of, by Pytheas, 27

British expeditions to Spitsbergen, 287

Brocklehurst, Sir Philip, 478, 480

Bromley, Lieut., 428

Brönlund, 370; death of, 373, 374; diary of, 373

Brooke Place, 105

Brooke’s sounding apparatus, 426

Bruce, Mr, his Antarctic expedition, 439, 440

-- Commander Wilfrid, 489, 491, 494

-- Miss Kathleen, 489

Brunel, Oliver, 130; reaches the Obi, 68

Buchan, 198; death of, 200

Buchanan, J. Y., 428

_Bulldog_, 427

Burney, Capt. James, 169, 394

Burrough, Stephen, 63, 83; dies, 65

-- William, 63; commands fleet, 65; his _Discourse of the Compass and Magnetic Needle_, 65, 100; dies, 65

Burrough’s Strait, 64, 184

Bushnan, J., 201, 212

-- Cove, 260

-- Island, Meteoric boulders at, 24

Button, Sir Thomas, 136; reaches Hudson’s Bay, 136; winters, 136, 137; dies, 137

Bygd, East, _v._ East Bygd; West, _v._ West Bygd

Bylot, Robert, 131, 134, 138, 142

Byron, Commodore, 394

Cagni, Capt., 293; attempts to reach Pole, 352

“Calving” of icebergs, 10

_California_, 166

Campbell, Lieut., 490, 492; his party winters in ice cave, 49

Canada, Arctic lands transferred to, 362

Canadian Arctic expeditions, 362 _et seq._

Canynge, William, sends ships to the Arctic, 58

Capes Adare, 415, 417, 433, 456, 470, 477 Armitage, 458, 496 Bernacchi, 480 Bird, 470 Bismarck, 370 Bridgman, 371 Chelagskoi, 182, 183 Chelyuskin, 15, 323, 341 Chidley, 100 Colombia, 355 _et seq._ Crozier, 456, 470, 471, 476, 492, 496 Elizabeth, 390 Evans, 492 _et seq._ Farewell, named by Davis, 96; sighted by Baffin, 114; sighted by Munk, 150 Fligely, 290, 294 Horn, 390, 420 Jakan, 183, 324 North, 417, 477, 493 Riley, relics at, 253, 254 Royds, 479 Sparbo, 355 Taimyr, 323 York, 202; birds of, 24

_Carcass_, 172 _et seq._

_Cardamine bellidifolia_, 295

Cardigan Strait, 349

_Carex arenaria_, 342

-- _vesicaria_, 334

Carlsbergfondet expedition, 367

Carlsen, Capt., circumnavigates Spitsbergen, 286

Carpenter, Dr, 427

Cary, Allwyn, 138, 142, 144

-- Islands, 144, 261, 312, 313, 325

_Castor_, 431 _et seq._

Cathay, passage to, 105, 106, 118

-- Company, 85

Cavendish expedition, 101

_Cerastium alpinum_, 295

_Challenger_, 428

Challenger Expedition, 428

“Challenger Gap,” 508

Chancellor, Nicholas, sails with Pet, 66

-- Richard, sails with Willoughby, 60; visits Moscow, 62; narrative of his voyage, 63

_Chanticleer_, 401, 423

Charcot, his Antarctic expedition, 441

-- Land, 442

_Charles_, 152 _et seq._

Charles Darwin Island, 422

Chatham Island, 418

Chelyuskin, 176, 177

-- Cape, 15, 323, 341

Cherrie Island _v._ Cherry Island

Cherry Island (Bear Island), 73, 121

Chesterfield Inlet, 166

Chidley Cape, 100

Chilham, 107, 108

Christian IV sends expedition to Greenland, 112; claims Spitsbergen, 124

Christianity reaches Iceland, 42; introduced into Greenland, 43

Christianshaab, 162, 164

Chukchis, _v._ Tchuktches

Churches, at East Bygd, 47, 48; in Greenland, 51; ruins of Greenland, 52

_Churchill_, 167

Churchward, John, 98, 99

Circum-polar coast, 18; trees, 13; tribes, 13

Clavering, Douglas, 279; death of, 281

Clavus, Claudius, maps of, 54

Clements Markham Glacier, 380

Clerke, Capt., 171, 394

_Clio_, 238, 240

Clothing, Arctic, 292, 352; M’Clintock’s, 257; Nansen’s, 334, 342; Peary’s, 337

-- Antarctic, Amundsen’s, 482; Scott’s, 462; Shackleton’s, 478

Coal at Kudlisit, 312; in Ellesmere Island, 350; in Finmarken, 73; in Spitsbergen, 361; near Lady Franklin Bay, 309

Coats Land, 440

_Cochlearia fenestrata_, 295

Cockayne, Sir William, 106, 108, 113, 135

Cockburn Island, 423

Cod, 98

Codex Flateyensis, 38

Colbeck, Capt. William, 433, 467 _et seq._, 476

Cole, Humphrey, inventor of the Log, 152

Collins, Grenville, 156

Collinson, Capt., 263

Collision of _Erebus_ and _Terror_, 419

Commonwealth Bay, 487

Continental shelf, 340, 356; Antarctic, 397, 435

Conway, Sir Martin, crosses Spitsbergen, 361 _et seq._; his books on Spitsbergen, 362

Cook, Capt. James, 169 _et seq._; explores neighbourhood of Bering Strait, 170; his Antarctic expedition, 394 _et seq._

-- Dr Frederick, 337, 338, 434; attempts to reach Pole, 353 _et seq._; winters in Jones Sound, 355

Copper, 167, 169

Coppermine River, 168, 169, 229

_Cornwallis_, 238, 240

Côte Clarie, 408, 487

_Cove_, 237

Crab-eating seal, 483

Creak, Capt. Ettrick, 446, 451

Crean, 490, 495, 498, 499, 503

Cresswell, Lieut., 263, 268

Crevasse, Scott falls into, 474

Crevasses, Antarctic, 474, 475, 479, 480, 481, 494, 498

Cross-staff, 56, 89, 102

Crow’s nest, 189

Crozier, Commander, 213, 216, 239, 410, 414, 420, 424

Crozon, Frobisher besieges, 92

Cryolite, 164, 311

Cumberland Gulf, 95, 96, 98, 100

Cunningham, John, 112

Currents, Atlantic, 30; Arctic, 23; Baffin’s Bay, 6; Greenland, 5, 41; Oceanic, in arctic, 5

Dailey, Mr, 471

Dalager, Lars, 331

Dalbyo, 325

_Dame Europa’s School_, author of, 306

Dance, Commodore, 222

Danes Island, 344

Danish Arctic expeditions, 364 _et seq._, 376 _et seq._

_Danmark_, 369

Danmark Fjord, 372, 378; Havn, 370

Dannebrog Islands, 365

David, Professor T. W. E., 478

Davidson, Dr, 468

Davis, John, 93; sails on his first voyage, 94; his provisions, 96; his second expedition, 96; names Cape Farewell, 96; re-enters his strait, 96; meets Eskimos, 95, 96, 97; compiles Eskimo vocabulary, 97; map of voyages of, 97; his third expedition, 98; magnetic observations of, 99; commands _Black Dog_, 101; commands _Desire_, 101; commands _Drake_, 101; joins Cavendish expedition, 101; visits the Azores, 101; death of, 102; life of, 100, 102; character of, 101; narrative of his voyages, 100; his quadrant, 102; his _Seaman’s Secrets_, 102; his _World’s Hydrographical Description_, 102; place-names given by, 103

Davis, Capt. J. E. (Master of the _Terror_), 412, 425, 430

Davis Strait, 97

Day, Mr, 491

Dayman, Lieut., 426, 427

Dease, Peter Warren, 228

Debenham, F., 491

de Bruyne, Lieut. A., 359 _et seq._

Deception Island, 400, 401

Dee, Dr, 83, 94

De Hozes, Francisco, 389

Del Cano, Sebastian, 389

Dellbridge, J. H., 464 _et seq._

De Long, Lieut., his expedition, 327 _et seq._; retreat of, 329; fate of, 329; character of, 329, 330

Demetri, 495, 503

_Dennis_, 86; founders, 88

_Den Röd Löve_, 112

d’Orléans, Duc, 368, 435

Deshneff, Simon, 175

_Desire_, 101

Des Voeux, 240

D’Urville, Dumont, 440; his Antarctic expedition, 407, 408

_Diana_, 287, 288, 326, 431

Diary of Brönland, 373

Dickson, Baron Oscar, 322, 332, 431

-- Dr, 425

Digges, Sir Dudley, 106, 107, 108, 135, 142

-- Leonard, 106, 107

-- Thomas, 107

Dinner to Scott’s expedition, 453

Dirk Gerritsz Archipelago, 390

“Discharging glaciers,” 9

Disco Bay, 48, 161, 162, 163, 164, 333

Disco Island, fossils in, 350

_Discourse of the Compass and Magnetic Needle_, 100

_Discovery_, Baffin’s, 138 _et seq._, 142 _et seq._

-- Button’s, 236

-- Clerke’s, 169 _et seq._

-- Hudson’s, 129, 131

-- Moore’s, 165

-- Nares’s, 304, 312

-- Scott’s, 451 _et seq._; plans of, 446, 447; flag of, 447; relieved by _Morning_, 470; freed from the ice, 476; ashore, 476; damage to rudder, 477; returns home, 477

_Divers Voyages_ (Hakluyt), 110

_Dobbs_, 166

Dogs, 17, 337, 338, 354, 355; in Antarctic, 462, 472, 482, 483; Greenland, 23

_Dorothea_, 198 _et seq._

_Draba alpina_, 295

_Drake_, 101

Drake, Sir Thomas, 389; his astrolabe, 57

-- R. N., Mr, 489

Dress of Arctic Highlanders, 24; of Eskimos, 19

Drift, Antarctic, 435

-- westerly polar, 5, 297, 310, 340, 342, 343; _Jeannette’s_, 328

Driftwood, 23

Dronning Luisa Land, 373, 378, 381

Drygalski, Erik von, his Antarctic expedition, 440

-- Glacier, 481

Duse, Lieut., 436

Dutch, the, open trade with Russia, 68; renew voyages to the North, 72, 73; first visit to Spitsbergen by, 124; despatch second fleet to Spitsbergen, 126

Dutch Arctic explorations, 358 _et seq._

Dysentery attacks Shackleton’s party, 480

_Earl Camden_, 222

East Bygd, 51, 159, 160; settlement of, 40; Augustinian monastery at, 47; churches at, 47; fate of, 51

East India Company, founded, 105; undertake North-West Passage, 129; Baffin enters service of, 146

Easter Island, visited by Cook, 396

Edward VI encourages Frobisher, 81; patronises Arctic exploration, 59, 60

_Edward Bonaventure_, 60

_Eendracht_, 390

_Eenhiörningen_, 150

Egede, Hans, 158 _et seq._; discovers Kakortak ruins, 47; history of his mission, 160 _et seq._; on Eskimo words, 160; his family, 162; dies, 163; his books, 163

-- Paul, 161 _et seq._

Egedesminde, 163

Egerton, Admiral Sir George, 304, 306 _et seq._, 446, 448

_Eira_, 290; founders, 291

Eira Harbour, 294

Eis blink, 163

_Eliza Scott_, 405, 406

_Elizabeth_, 98, 99, 100

Elizabeth, Queen, encourages Arctic discovery, 79; supports Frobisher, 82, 85; decorates Frobisher, 86

Elizabethan Arctic discoveries, 157

_Ellen_, 98, 99, 100

Ellesmere Island, 265, 298, 299, 308, 325, 347 _et seq._, 354, 362; coal in, 350

_Emanuel_, 86

-- (busse), 86, 91

Emperor penguins, 472, 476, 496, 497

_Empetrum nigrum_, 116

Enderby, Charles, 403 _et seq._

-- Land, 404

-- Quadrant, 505

England, Lieut., R.N. 478

Engroneland, 118

_Enterprise_, 248, 250 _et seq._, 263

Epitaph, Franklin’s, 243

Equipment, sledging, Hearne’s, 168; Nansen’s, 334; Ross’s, 256; Scott’s, 450, 460; Sverdrup’s, 348; Wrangell’s, 182

_Erebus_ (under Ross), 410 _et seq._, 418 _et seq._; collision of, 419

-- (under Franklin), 237 _et seq._, 240 _et seq._, 246 _et seq._, 251; sinks, 247

Erebus and Terror Bay, 422

Erichsen, Mylius, 369 _et seq._; death of, 374, 375

Erik, Bishop, 48

-- the Red, 39; Saga of, 38; voyage of, 41

Eriksfjord, 113

_Esk_, 195

Eskimos, 17, 18, 84, 112, 113, 115, 142, 143, 229, 234; boats of, 20, 115; dress of, 19; East Greenland, 365, 366; harpoons of, 23; iglus, 234; physical characteristics of, 19, 20, 22; priests of, 23; snow-huts of, 20; their folk-lore, 366; vocabulary of, compiled by Davis, 97; vocabulary of, Egede’s, 160; at Igloolik, 214; of Boothia, 235; in Greenland, 22, 335; massacred by Indians, 168; met by Amundsen, 314, 315; met by Baffin, 140; met by Davis, 95, 96, 97; met by Egede, 159; met by Hudson’s mutineers, 134; met by M’Clintock, 275; met by Sabine, 280 _et seq._; visit Parry’s vessels, 214

Evans, Commander, 489, 490, 492, 498, 499

-- Edgar, 471 _et seq._, 490, 495, 498, 500 _et seq._; death of, 502

_Excellent_, 238, 240

Faddiev, 179

Falkland Islands, 405, 420, 436

Farewell, Cape, sighted by Baffin, 114

Faroes, 121

Fauna, of American Arctic Coast, 18; of Cape Sabine, 320; of Franz Josef Land, 296; of Greenland, 96; of Melville Island, 209; of Spitsbergen, 119, 121, 128

Feather, T. A., 472

Feilden, Capt., 304

_Felix_, 251, 253, 254

Felspar crystals, 479

Fenton, Edward, 90

Ferrar, Hartley T., 449, 464 _et seq._, 472

Ferrar Glacier, 465, 471

Fiala, Capt., 293

Field, Capt., 446

“Field ice,” 7

Filchner, his Antarctic expedition, 442

Finmarken, 73; coast explored by Ohthere, 34; geology of, 73

_Finneskos_, 334, 342, 462, 478

Fish, abundance of, 98

Fisher, Dr, 209 _et seq._

-- Rev. George, 213

Fitzjames, James, 238 _et seq._; death of, 247

Fjords, Greenland, 9, 41

Flag of the _Discovery_, 447

Flags, sledge, Nares’s expedition, 304; Scott’s, 450

Flatey Book, 38, 47; account of voyage of Leif Erik, 43

_Flensing_, 192

Flinders, Capt., 222

Floe, Tyson’s party adrift on, 301

“Floe-bergs,” 7

_Flora Antarctica_, 418

Flora of American Arctic Coast, 18; of Baffin’s Bay, 116; of Cockburn Island, 423; of Franz Josef Land, 295; of Greenland, 41, 96; of Melville Island, 211; of Novaya Zemlya, 185, 186; of Waigatz, 64

Forster, Johann Reinhold, 394

Fort Enterprise, 224; Providence, 224 _et seq._

Fortune, 177

Fossils, Antarctic, 423, 431, 432, 436, 437, 440, 501, 506; penguins, 438; tertiary, 350

Foster, Capt. Henry, 216, 423; his Antarctic expedition, 400 _et seq._; death of, 401

Fotherby family, 124, 126

_Fox_, 273, 311; winters in Bellot’s Strait, 274

Fox Channel, 154

Fox, Luke, 137, 151; sails north, 152; discovers relics of Button and Munk, 154; meets Capt. James, 154; his Narrative, 156; map of, 145, 146, 155

Foyn, Svend, 433, 467

_Fram_ (Nansen’s), 340 _et seq._; dimensions of, 340; drift of, 344; arrives home, 344; under Sverdrup, 347; winters in Smith Channel, 347; winters in Havnfjord, 348; winters in Jones Sound, 349

-- (Amundsen’s), 482 _et seq._

_Français_, 442

_Francis_, 86

Francke, Rudolf, 353 _et seq._

Franklin, Lady, 251

-- Sir John, 222, 238 _et seq._, 413, 414; serves with Buchan, 198; at Trafalgar, 223; his land journey, 223 _et seq._; marries Miss Porden, 226; his second land journey, 226; marries Miss Griffin, 227; last expedition sails, 241; death of, 243; Tennyson’s epitaph on, 243; his record, 243, 244; retreat of his party, 245 _et seq._; search for, 248 _et seq._; his winter quarters discovered, 254; his relics found, 272, 275, 276, 314

Franklin Island, 415

Franz Josef Land, 289 _et seq._, 345, 360; explorers of, 293; described, 293, 294; flora of, 295; fauna of, 296; birds of, 296; part of Spitsbergen, 340; Nansen reaches, 343

Frederikshaab, 163, 331

Freeman, Ralph, 106

French Antarctic expeditions, 407, 441

Freuchen, Herr, 370, 380

Friesland (or Frieslanda), 55, 56, 83, 85, 88, 95, 160

Frisland _v._ Friesland

Frobisher, Martin, 81; starts his Arctic voyage, 83; meets Eskimos, 84; supposed discovery of gold by, 85; his second expedition, 85; his provisions, 90; authorities for his voyage, 91; life of, 91; character of, 91; dies, 92; place-names given by, 92

Frobisher Strait, 152, 159

Frozen soil, depth of, 16

Fulford, Faith, 93

Furious Overfall, The, 100, 123, 131

_Furnace_, 165

Furs, 482

_Fury_, 212, 216; wrecked, 234

Fury Beach, 234, 236, 249, 303

Fury and Hecla Strait, 214, 216

_Gabriel_, 83, 86

-- (Bering’s), 177

Gabrielsen, Tobias, 370 _et seq._

Gael Hamke Bay, 279 _et seq._

_Gamaliel_, 124

_Ganges_, 240

Garrard, Mr Cherry, 491, 494, 496, 498, 503, 504

Garwood, Mr, 361

Gatonby, John, 114

Gauss, 362, 440, 441, 451

Gauss, Prof., 417

Gaussberg, 508

Geology, of Antarctic regions, 429, 434, 435, 438, 480, 501, 505; of Arctic regions, 384 _et seq._; of Finmarken, 73

_George_, 65

Gerlache, M. de, 368, 390; his Antarctic expedition, 433 _et seq._

Gerlache Channel, 434

German Antarctic expeditions, 440, 442

_Germania_, 282

Gerritsz, Dirk, 390

Giffard, 304

Gilbert, Adrian, 94, 96, 98

-- Sir Humphrey, his _Discourse on a North-west Passage to Cathay_, 82, 94

Gilbert Sound, 95, 109, 114; Egede reaches, 159

_Gilliflower_, 113

_Gjoa_, 314, 315

Glaciers, Antarctic, 471; Greenland, 9; discharging, 9; in Novaya Zemlya, 186; movement of, 331, 332

Globes, Molyneux, 55, 104

Godenoff, Boris, 105

_Godspeed_, 129

Godthaab, 95, 114, 116, 160, 316, 336

Goggles, 462

Gold, supposed discovery by Frobisher of, 85

Goodsir, Dr, 240

Goose Land, 185

Gore, Graham, 240, 243, 245

Gore-Booth, Sir Henry, 360

Graah, Capt., 217; explores East Greenland, 281

Graham Land, 405, 406, 431, 432, 434, 442, 506

Granite, 456

Grant, W. J. A., 359

Gray, Capt., 283

Great Bear Lake, 226

Great Fish River, 228, 275

Great Slave Lake, 224, 228, 316

Greely, Lieut., 316; work of, 320

Greely expedition, 317 _et seq._

Greenland, altitudes in, 332, 333, 335, 336, 338, 381; area of, 9; attempt to re-discover Norse colony in, 112; Bardsen’s report on, 51; Bishop Arnold of, 48; Bishop Erik of, visits Vinland, 48; bishops of, 47 _et seq._, 51; churches of, 51; first bishop of, consecrated, 47; Christian IV sends expedition to, 112; Christianity introduced into, 43; coast explored by Nares’s expedition, 308; current of East coast of, 41; Danish expeditions to, 364 _et seq._, 376 _et seq._; devastated by smallpox, 162; East coast mapped, 368; Egede’s map of, 161; explorations in, 279 _et seq._; later explorations in, 376 _et seq._; fauna of, 96; first attempt to approach East coast of, 98; first governor of, 160; fjords of, 9, 41; flora of, 41, 96; glaciers of, 9; ice-cap of, 9; inland ice of, 9, 331, 332, 336; map of, 377; Moravian missions to, 162, 163, 164; crossed by Nansen, 334; by Rasmussen, 379; by Quervain, 381; by Koch, 381; Nordenskiöld attempts crossing, 325; Norsemen in, 38; name of, applied to Spitsbergen, 118, 124; Peary’s journeys in, 338, 368, 369; products of, 163, 164; ruins of churches in, 52; runic inscriptions, 52; stations of, 163; ship visits Iceland, 51; sighted by Davis, 95; colonies, population of, 51; colonies, their fate, 51; Current, 5; Eskimos, physical characteristics of, 22

_Greyhound_, 72

_Griffin_, 72

Grinnell, 252

Grinnell Land, 269

_Griper_, 206 _et seq._, 212, 215, 233, 280

Gron, Tryggve, 491, 503

Groneland, 118

Guillemard, Jeanne, 227

Gull, Ivory, 296; Ross’s, 296, 343; Sabine’s, 203

Haarfager, Harold, 35, 36

Hadley’s Quadrant, 102

Hagen, Lieut. H., 370 _et seq._; death of, 374

Hakluyt, Richard, 109 _et seq._, 135; his _Divers Voyages touching the Discoveries of America_, 110; his _Principall Navigations_, 110

Halgoland, 61

Hall, 300

-- Christopher, 88, 90; master of _Gabriel_, 83; island named after, 84; quarrels with Frobisher, 89

-- James, 112, 113, 114, 116; is killed, 115; place-names given by, 112, 114, 116

Hamilton, Admiral Sir R. Vesey, 446

Handsley, 471, 472

_Hansa_, 282

Hansen, B. H., 345

-- S. Scott, 341

Hanson, 433

Hanssen, 484

Hare (boy), accident to, 459

Harpoon, 190; Eskimo, 23

Hartz, Herr, 367, 368

Hassel, 484

Hauksbok, 38, 39, 47; account of voyage of Leif Erik, 43; author of, 46

Hayes, Dr, 299

Hearne, Samuel, his first journey, 167; explores the Coppermine River, 168; taken prisoner by the French, 169

_Heartsease_ (Greenland voyage), 113 _et seq._

-- Marmaduke’s, 126

_Hecla_, 206 _et seq._, 212; under Parry, 216 _et seq._, 233

-- Ryder’s, 367

Hedenström surveys the Liakhovs, 180

Heemskerk, Jacob van, 72

Heiberg, Axel, 347

Hendrik, Hans, 305

_Henrietta_, 192

_Henrietta Maria_, 154

Henson, 337, 357

Herald Island, 183, 328

_Hertha_, 431, 432

Highlanders, Arctic, 24; Ross’s, 202, 253, 299, 301, 313, 338, 352 _et seq._, 379; dress, 24; physical characteristics of, 24

Hinlopen Strait, 127, 285, 288

Hodgson, Thomas V., 449

Hoidtenland Islands, 343

Hold-with-Hope, 118

Holm, Lieut. G., 364 _et seq._

Holsteinborg, 112, 115, 163

Hondius’s map of 1611, 77

Hood, Robert, murder of, 225

-- Dr, 106

Hooker, Sir Joseph, 412, 415, 418, 420, 423, 445

Hooper, 503

“Hoosh,” 461

_Hope_, 72

-- Adams’s, 390

-- Egede’s, 158 _et seq._

-- Young’s, 291

Hope Bay, 436, 437

_Hopewell_, 86

-- Knight’s, 117 _et seq._, 130

Hoskins, Admiral Sir Anthony, 446

Hudson, Henry, 117; his first voyage, 118; his second voyage, 122; names of crew of his second voyage, 122; visits Novaya Zemlya, 122; results of his voyages, 123; his last voyage, 131; names of crew of his last voyage, 131; sights Iceland, 131; winters in his Bay, 132; mutiny of his crew, 132 _et seq._; his character, 135

-- Thomas, 117

Hudson’s Bay, first so-called, 131; map of, 167; voyages to, 129

Hudson’s Bay Company, 228; founding of, 165; early voyages of, 165

Hudson Strait, 152; discovery of, 89

Hudson’s Touches, 121

Hull Trinity House, 116

Huntriss, William, 113

_Ibis_, 326

Ice, Antarctic, 11; thickness of drift, 5

“Ice blink,” 8, 163

Ice-cap, Antarctic, 473, 474, 477, 506, 507

“Ice-foot,” 8, 298

Ice, nomenclature, 7; phenomena, 326; thickness of, in Arctic, 5

Icebergs, 9, 10; Antarctic, 11, 12; colour of, 10

Iceland, Christianity introduced into, 42; physical features of, 36; reached by the Vikings, 36; settlement of, 37; sighted by Hudson, 131; visit of Greenland ship to, 51; voyages to, 58

Icy Cape, 170, 171

Igloolik, Parry winters at, 214

Iglus, 21, 22

-- Eskimo, 234

Independence Bay, 339, 373

Independence Sound, 372, 373

Inglefield, Admiral, 265, 268, 270, 298, 348

_Ingulf_, 364

“Inland Ice” of Greenland, 9, 331, 332, 336

_In Northern Mists_, Nansen’s, 346

Instruments nautical etc., 56, 89, 102, 110, 115; Cook’s, 354, 355, 394; invented by Leigh-Smith, 287; Nansen’s, for crossing Greenland, 335; James’s, 154; Scott’s, 452, 489

_Intrepid_, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 _et seq._, 347

_Inventions or Devices_, Bourne’s, 152

_Investigator_, 222, 248, 251, 263 _et seq._; loss of, 270

Irizar, Capt. Julio, 437

Iron, meteoric, 202

-- (meteoric) weapons, 24

_Isabella_, 198 _et seq._, 233, 237

Isachsen, G. I., 347 _et seq._

_Isbjörn_, 289, 360

Iversen, Iver, 376 _et seq._

Ivory Gull, 296

Jackson, F. G., 291; rescues Nansen, 293

Jacobshavn, 381

James, Thomas, 152; portrait of, 153; instruments taken by, 154; meets Foxe, 154; winters in Hudson’s Bay, 154

_Jane_, 402

Janes, John, 94, 95, 98, 100

Jansen, Commodore, 285, 358

Jáshak, naval battle of, 147

_Jason_, 431

_Jeannette_, 328; drift of relics of, 340

Jeffreys, Gwyn, 427

Jenkinson, Antony, on N.E. Passage, 82

Jensen, Lieut., explores Greenland, 333

Johansen, 370 _et seq._

-- F. H., 342 _et seq._

_John and Francis_, 124

Joinville Island, 421, 431

_Jonah in the Whale_, 188

Jones, Sir Francis, 106, 108, 135, 124

Jones Sound, 347, 348, 355; _Fram_ winters in, 349

Jorgensen, Capt., 376 _et seq._, 442, 443

Joseph, Benjamin, 124 _et seq._

Juan Fernandez, 392

_Judith_, 86

Julianshaab, 164

Jurassic flora in Antarctic, 438

-- life, first in Arctic, 4

Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, 487, 488

Kakortak, ruins of, 47, 52, 160

Kallstenius, 325

Kamschatka, 171

Kane, Dr, 255, 298, 353

Kara Sea, 72, 327, 360; expeditions, 346

Karlsefni, Thorfin, descendants of, 46; reaches Labrador, 45; Saga of, 39

_Katten_, 112, 129

Kayaks, 20, 22, 95, 113, 115, 342 _et seq._, 353, 365

Kellett, Capt., 264, 268

Kempe, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, 405

Kempe Land, 405, 508

Kendall, 401

Kennedy, William, 262

Keohane, 495, 498, 503

Khabarova, 15, 341

King Edward VII visits the _Discovery_, 454

King Edward VII Land, 477, 492, 506

King George IV Sea, 402

King William Island, 230, 274 _et seq._

King William Land, 235, 242, 314

Kingiktorsuak, 49

Kingoa-dal, ruins in, 48

Kishim, 147

Kites in sledge travel, 258

Knight, John, 112; his expedition and death, 129, 130

Koch, Johan Peter, 370 _et seq._, 381 _et seq._

Koettlitz, Dr, 292, 295, 449, 464 _et seq._

Koettlitz Glacier, 476

Kola Peninsula, 13

Koldewey, Karl, visits Greenland, 282; visits Spitsbergen, 282

Koldewey Island, 370

Kolguev Island, 14, 361; discovered, 64; visited by Munk, 150

Kolyma River, 324

Kostin Shar, 185

Kotelnoi Island, 179, 341

Kroksfjord, 49

Kruuse, H. C., his Greenland botanical work, 366, 367

Labrador, 98; discovered by Karlsefni, 45

_Lady Franklin_, 251

Lady Franklin Bay, 317

Lambert Land, 371, 373

Lamont, Mr, 287

_Lamprenen_ v. _Lamprey_

_Lamprey_, 150, 151

Lamps, cooking, 342, 461

Lancaster, Sir James, 106, 108, 113, 135, 142

Lancaster Sound, 144, 207, 234, 241, 253, 311, 312

“Land of Busse,” 91

“Land of Desolation,” 95

Landnamabók, 37

Lane, Henry, 104

Lapps, 13; in Greenland, 332, 335

Laptef, Cheriton, 177

La Roche, Anthony, 393

Larsen, Capt., 431, 432, 440

Lashly, 471 _et seq._, 490, 495, 498, 499, 503

Laub, Lieut., 376 _et seq._

Ledyard, John, 171

Leif Erik, Flatey book account of voyage to Vinland (Newfoundland), 43; marries Thorgunna, 42; reaches Vinland, 42

Leigh-Smith, Benjamin, 287, 288; visits Franz Josef Land, 290; revisits it, 291; winters in it, 291, 294

Le Maire, Jacob, 390

_Lena_, 323

Lena River, 316, 324, 329; discovered, 175; descended, 177

Levick, Dr, 490, 493

Liakhov Islands (New Siberian Islands), 177, 179, 328, 329, 341, 384

Lichtenfels, 163

Lievely, 217, 347

_Lightning_, 427

Lillie, Mr, 491, 494

Lindenow, Goolske, 113

Linschoten, J. H. van, 70 _et seq._; dies, 72; his narrative, 72

_Lion_, 91

-- Pickersgill’s, 171

_Lively_, 403 _et seq._

Loads for sledges, 23, 176, 265, 472, 479

Loaysa, Garcia Jofre de, 389

Lock, Michael, 82 _et seq._

Lock’s Island, 88

Lockwood, Lieut. James, 317 _et seq._; death of, 320

_Lodias_, 63

Log, use of the, 152

Logarithms, introduced by Briggs, 151

_London_, 147

London Coast, 99

Londonderry, founded by Cockayne, 108

Longhurst, Cyril, 450, 453, 467

Longstaff, Mr, 466; supports The Societies’ Expedition, 445

Lowther Island, 259

Lumley, Lord, 152

Lutke Land, 186

Lyall, Dr, 412

Lyon, Capt. G. F., 212 _et seq._; voyage of, 215; death of, 216

Lyons, Israel, 173

Lyttelton, New Zealand, 455, 469, 470, 477, 478, 491

M’Clintock, Admiral Sir Leopold, 249 _et seq._, 264 _et seq._, 303, 427, 446, 453; his sledges, 256; his sledge crew, 259; his sledge journey, 356; commissions the _Fox_, 273; knighted, 278; death of, 278

M’Clure, Capt., 248; winters in Prince of Wales Strait, 264; his record found by Mecham, 265

McCormick, Dr R., 412, 425

Mackenzie, Alexander, explores Mackenzie River, 169

Mackenzie River, 169, 226; exploration of, 169, 384

Maclear, Lieut., 428

M’Murdo, Archibald, 411, 420

M’Murdo Bay, 416

-- Sound, 456, 457, 492, 493

Macquarie Island, 455, 486

Magallanica, 391

Magellan, 389

Magnetic force, irregular, 455

-- observations, 99, 115; Antarctic, 475, 476

-- Pole, Sir James Ross discovers, 236; South, 417, 475, 480, 481; position of, 415

-- storms, 417

_Magpie_, 405

Mahu, Jacob, 390

Maigaard, Lieut., 333

Maldonado on Strait of Anian, 82

Mammoth ivory, 179, 180, 184

Maps, Baffin’s discoveries, 144; Barentsz’s discoveries, by Hondius, 77; Claudius Clavus’s, 54; Davis’s voyages, 97; Egede’s, of Greenland, 161; Foxe’s, 155; Frobisher’s discoveries, 87; Graham Land, 399; Greenland, 377; Hudson Bay, 167; Hudson Strait, by Baffin, 139; medieval, 55; by Mercator, 55, 95, 391; North-eastern Siberia, 181; North-western Siberia, 181; Olaus Magnus and Zamoiski, 55; Ortelius’s (1570), 55, 391; Parry Islands, 210; Settlement of East Bygd, 40; South Shetlands, 399; Spitsbergen, 120; Zeni, 54

Markham, Admiral Sir A. H., 301, 313, 360, 446, 447; sails on whaler, 302

-- Sir Clements, 446; serves on the _Assistance_, 252; his _Threshold of the Unknown Region_, 302

-- Lady (Clements), 447

-- Lieut. John, 400

Markland (Labrador), discovered by Karlsefni, 45

Marmaduke, Capt., 124; his explorations in Spitsbergen, 127

Marshall, 479

-- Captain, 197

_Maryner’s Book_, 151

Massacre of Eskimos, 168

Matonabi, 167 _et seq._

_Matthew_, 124

Matyushin Strait, 184, 185, 360

Maury, 358

Mawson, Sir Douglas, 478, 480; his Antarctic expedition, 486 _et seq._

May, Lieut., 304

Meares, Mr, 489, 491, 498

Mecham, Frederick, 259, 261, 264 _et seq._; finds M’Clure’s record, 265; his great sledge journey, 270, 356; character of, 271; death of, 271

_Meddelelser om Grönland_, 364, 366

_Melampyrum sylvaticum_, 64

Melville Bay, 143, 202, 273, 303, 314, 338

Melville Island, 208 _et seq._, 259, 260, 265 _et seq._; fauna of, 209; flora of, 211; interior explored, 209

Melville Peninsula, 214; explored by Rae, 231

Mercator, his maps, 55, 95, 391; Atlas, 391

Merchant Adventurers, 104, 113; Company, 59

“Merchants of London, Governor and Company of,” 135

_Mercury_, 69

_Mermaid_, 96, 97

Mertz, Dr, 486; death of, 487

Meteoric iron, 202, 339; weapons, 24

_Michael_, 83, 86

Micmac Indians, 98

Middendorf, 184

Middle Pack, 100, 142

Middleton, Capt. Christopher, winters in Hudson’s Bay, 166

Mikkelsen, Einar, 368, 376 _et seq._, 384

Milton, history of Muscovia, 62

Miocene, Antarctic, 438

Molyneux globes, 55, 104

Monastery (Augustinian) in East Bygd, 47

Montreal Island, 272, 275

Monument to Vince, 476

_Moon_, 86

_Moonshine_, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98

Moore, Admiral, 411, 425

Moravian missions, 162, 163, 164; in Greenland, 162, 163

_Morning_, 466 _et seq._, 476

Moseley, 428

Mosquitos, 15

Motor-car, Shackleton’s, 478

Motor Sledges, 490, 497

Mount Erebus, 416, 458; ascended, 479, 504

-- Haddington, 422

-- Jason, 431

-- Longstaff, 464

-- Markham, 464

-- Melbourne, 493

-- Moberly, 404

-- Sabine, 415

-- St Elias discovered, 178

-- Terror, 416

-- William, 404

Mountain sickness, 480

Mourier, Commander, 364

Müller, Baron, 431

Mulock, Lieut. G. F. A., 470 _et seq._

Munk, Jens Eriksen, 149; visits Iceland, 150; visits Kolguev, 150; his narrative, 151; death of, 151

Murman Coast, 13, 63

Murray, Mr J., 478

-- Sir John, 428, 446; on Antarctic exploration, 444

Muscovy Company, 105, 123, 124; receives charter, 62; discourages Frobisher, 82; protests against Dutch encroachments, 121; despatches fleet to Spitsbergen, 124; despatches N.W. expedition, 130

Musk ox, 22, 267, 281, 318, 338, 339, 347, 349, 371, 372, 374, 380

Mutineers, Hudson’s, sail with Button, 136

Nai, Cornelis, 69, 70

Nanortalik, 364, 365

Nansen, Fridtjof, 340 _et seq._, 386; rescued by Jackson, 293; crosses Greenland, 334 _et seq._; his instruments for crossing Greenland, 335; scientific papers of, 345; his _In Northern Mists_, 346

Nares, Admiral Sir George, 267, 304 _et seq._, 446; his expedition sails, 304; arrives at Lievely, 305; his winter quarters, 305; results of his expedition, 309; commands the _Challenger_, 428

Narwhals, 143

Nathorst, Professor, 368

Natives, Polar, 13

Nelson, Horatio, 173

-- Mr, 490, 503

Nemtinoff, Lieut., 285

Neumeyer, Prof., 440, 441

_New Attractive_, 100

New Guinea, 391

New Siberian Islands, _v._ Liakhov Islands

Newfoundland, 98; (Vinland), discovered by Leif Erik, 42; re-discovered, 58

Newland, 118, 119

Newton, Professor Alfred, 287

Nias, Sir Joseph, 201, 212

Nicholas of Lynn, 53

_Nimrod_, 478 _et seq._

Ninnis, Lieut., 486; death of, 487

Nodal, the brothers, 390

_Nonsuch_, 165

Nordenskiöld, Erland, 325

-- Nils Adolf Erik, Baron, 322 _et seq._, 386; on Omoki, 16; visits Spitsbergen, 286 _et seq._; explores Greenland, 325; results of his voyage, 324; character of, 325; his explorations in Greenland, 322

-- Otto, 368; his Antarctic expedition, 435 _et seq._; results, 438, 439

Nordsetur, 49

Norman, Robert, his _New Attractive_, 100

Norse colony in Greenland, attempt to re-discover, 112

-- methods of reckoning time, 45

-- Settlement of East Bygd founded, 41

Norsemen, the, 30, 32; Arctic discoveries by, 32 _et seq._, 38 _et seq._, 49 _et seq._; in Greenland, 38

North Cape, rounded by Ohthere, 34; named by Burrough, 63

North East Passage, 322; attempted by Wood, 156

_North Georgian Gazette_, 208

North Pole, attempts to reach, 351 _et seq._

North Somerset, 251

_North Star_, Davis’s, 96; Saunders’s, 250, 265

North West Passage, 155, 268, 275, 314; attempted by Frobisher, 81; attempted by Ross, 233; rewards for discovery of, 172

Norwegian expeditions, Antarctic, 433, 482 _et seq._; Novaya Zemlya, 288; Spitsbergen, 286

Novaya Zemlya, 157, 289, 316, 360; description of, 184 _et seq._; discovered by Willoughby, 61; visited by Hudson, 122

_Nunataks_, 331, 333, 335, 372, 373, 378, 381

Oates, Capt., 490, 491, 498, 500 _et seq._; death of, 502; cairn to his memory, 503

Obi River, 323, 326

Observations, lunar, by Baffin, 140; magnetic, 99, 115; magnetic, Antarctic, 475, 476; Peary’s, 357; pendulum, Antarctic, 400; stations for synchronous, 316, 414; synchronous, Antarctic, 420, 451

Observatory, Rossbank, 414

Ocean, depth of, 296, 297, 344, 345

Oceanic currents in Arctic, 5

Oceanography, Antarctic, 426 _et seq._

Odin’s horse (Sleipner), 31

Odometer, 372

Officers of Nares’s expedition, 304

Ohthere, 33; voyage of, 34

Olaf, Bishop, 49

Olaf Tryggvason, Saga of, 38

Ommanney, Erasmus, 237, 251, 252; death of, 262

Omoki, 16, 20

“One-ton Depôt,” 494, 498

Onkilon, 16, 20; relics of the, 21

Origanus, David, 141

Orleans Channel, 434, 436

Ormuz, siege of, 147

_Ornen_, 113

Orosius, 33

Ortelius, map of world (1570), 55, 391

Osborn, Sherard, 251, 261, 264 _et seq._, 268, 301, 302

Ostiaks, 16

Otter, Sea, 178

Ox, Musk, 22

Paar, Major, first governor of Greenland, 160

Pack ice, 8; Antarctic, 12

_Pagoda_, 425

Palander, Lieut. Louis, 287, 323

Pancake ice, 7

_Pandora_, 311 _et seq._, 327, 359; name changed to _Jeannette_, 328

_Papaver alpinum_, 96

-- _nudicaule_, 295

Parr, Lieut., 304

Parry, Sir Edward, 201, 205, 206; discoveries by, 207; winters in Melville Island, 208 _et seq._; his second voyage, 212; winters on Melville Peninsula, 214; winters at Igloolik, 214; results of his second voyage, 215; winters in Port Bowen, 217; marries, 218; his fourth voyage, 218; his later work and death, 220

Parry Archipelago, 347 _et seq._, 362; currents of, 5

_Patience_, 113, 114, 116

Paulet Island, 437

Payer, Julius, 288, 289, 316; visits Greenland, 282

Peary, Robert, his explorations in Greenland, 333; his second expedition to Greenland, 337; his third expedition to Greenland, 338; attempts to reach the Pole, 352 _et seq._; further attempt on Pole, 355; his sledge journey, 356; his observations, 357; Greenland journeys, 368, 369; his record found, 380

Pemmican, 256, 450, 461, 469, 479, 483

Pendulum Island, 280, 282

Pendulum observations, Antarctic, 400

Penguins, Emperor, 472, 476, 496, 497; fossil, 438

Pennell, Lieut., 490, 493, 494

Penny, Capt., 251 _et seq._

Pepys, Samuel, approves Wood’s voyage, 156

Pet, Arthur, 63; commands Arctic voyage, 65; discovers Waigatz, 66

Pet Strait, 72, 323

Petchora River, 14

Peter Island, 397, 442

Petermann Island, 442

Petersen, Carl, 258, 273

-- Johan, 365, 366

_Philip and Mary_, 62

_Philomel_, 420

Phipps, Hon. Constantine, 173; narrative of his voyage, 174; death of, 174

_Phoenix_, 255, 268

Physical characteristics of Arctic Highlanders, 24; of Eskimos, 19; of Greenland Eskimos, 22

-- features of Iceland, 36

Pickersgill, Lieut., 171, 394

Pike, Arnold, 344

Pillars, basaltic, 324

_Pioneer_, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 _et seq._, 347

Place-names given by John Davis, 103; by Frobisher, 92; by Hall, 112, 114, 116

Plankton, 426

Playse, John, his journal, 118

_Pleuropogon Sabinii_, 186, 295

_Plover_, 251, 263

Point Victory, 235

Polar areas, 3

-- conference, 316

_Polaris_, 300, 301

Pole, South magnetic, 417

_Polyphemus_, 222

Ponies, in Arctic travel, 292, 293; in Greenland travel, 381; in Antarctic travel, 478, 490, 494 _et seq._, 497, 498

Ponting, Mr, 491

Poole, Jonas, visits Spitsbergen, 105; completes Hudson’s survey, 123; death of, 123

Population (Norse) in Greenland, 51

_Porcupine_, 427

_Porpoise_, 222

Possession Island, 415

_Pourquoi Pas_, 442

Priestley, Raymond, 478, 480, 491, 493, 504

Priests of the Eskimos, 23

“Primus” lamp, 342, 461

_Prince Albert_, 252 _et seq._, 262

Prince Albert Mountains, 417

_Prince of Wales_, 241

Prince of Wales Island, 274, 277

-- Land, 259

-- Strait, M’Clure explores and winters in, 264

Prince Patrick Island, 266, 267

Prince Regent Inlet, 207, 217

_Principall Navigations_ (Hakluyt), 110

Prontchishcheff, 176

_Prosperous_, 156

_Proteus_, 317 _et seq._; founders, 319

Provisions, Davis’s, 94, 96; Dease and Simpson’s, 229; Frobisher’s, 90; Lockwood’s, 318; Nansen’s, 334, 342; Parry’s, first voyage, 207; Parry’s, second voyage, 213; Parry’s, land journey, 209; Parry’s, Spitsbergen boat voyage, 219; Rae’s, 231; Scott’s first expedition, 450, 461; Shackleton’s, 479; Sverdrup’s, 348; for sledge journeys, M’Clintock’s party, 256, 257, 259; Ross’s, 249; Scott’s, 462, 494

Pullen, Mr, 306

Purchas, Samuel, 111

_Purchas hys Pilgrimes_, 111

Purchas’s _Briefe and True Relation_, 145

Pyrites found by Frobisher, 85, 90

Pytheas, voyage of, 26, 27

Quadrant, Davis’s, 102; Hadley’s, 102; Weddell’s, 442; Ross’s, 507

Quadrants, Arctic, 4, 6, 13, 57

Queen Adelaide Island, 404

Quervain, Dr de, 381

Quiros, Pedro Fernandez de, 392

_Racehorse_, 172 _et seq._

Rae, Dr John, winters in Repulse Bay, 231; reports news of Franklin’s expedition, 272

_Rainbow_, 227, 230

Raised terraces, 186

Raleigh, Sir Walter, supports Davis’s projects, 94; drafts instructions for Arctic voyage, 135

_Ranunculus glacialis_, 96

Rasmussen, Knud, 379 _et seq._

Rate of sledge travel, 23, 356; Aldrich’s, 308; Amundsen’s, 484, 485; Hamilton’s, 265; M’Clintock’s, 260, 266, 269; Mecham’s, 265; Payer’s, 283; Peary’s, 338; Rasmussen’s, 380; Scott’s first expedition, 464, 472, 475

Ravens, 332

_Ravenscraig_, 301

Rawson, Lieut., 304, 306, 307; death of, 307

Record, Peary’s, found, 380

Records of _Alert_ and _Discovery_, 312, 313

_Regiment of Medina_, 57

Reindeer, 14, 267; introduced into Spitsbergen, 287

_Reliance_, 227

Relics, of the Onkilon, 21; of Erichsens’ party, 378; of Franklin found, 272, 275, 276, 314; of Parry’s expedition, 260

Rennick, Lieut., 490, 493, 494

Repulse Bay, 166, 213, 230, 231

_Rescue_, 252, 255

_Resolute_, 251, 253 _et seq._, 264 _et seq._

_Resolution_, Button’s, 136

-- Cook’s, 169 _et seq._, 394 _et seq._

-- Scoresby’s, 192, 194, 195

_Revenge_, the, action described by Linschoten, 71

_Rhodostethia rosea_, 343

_Rhytina Stelleri_, 179

_Richard and Barnard_, 124

Richardson, Dr, 223 _et seq._, 226; shoots Michel, 225

Rijp, Jan Cornelis, 72, 73, 78

Ringnes, Herrn, 347

Ringnes Islands, 348, 349, 355

Rink, Dr, 332

Rivers of Siberia, 15

Robertson, Dr, 412

Robertson Bay, 433, 456, 493

_Rodgers_, 329

Roe, Sir Thomas, 152

_Roosevelt_, 355, 356

Ross, Sir James, 201, 212, 216, 218, 233 _et seq._, 410; character of, 424; his first Antarctic voyage, 410; second Antarctic voyage, 418; third Antarctic voyage, 422 _et seq._; bibliography of third Antarctic voyage, 425; discovers magnetic pole, 236; winters at Fury Beach, 236; goes in search of Franklin, 248; death of, 251

-- Sir John, 201, 233, 349; discovers Arctic Highlanders, 24, 203; his first voyage, 202; knighted, 237

Ross Island, 494; Quadrant, 507; Sea, 12

Ross’s Barrier, _v._ Barrier, Great

Ross’s Gull, 296, 343

Rossbank Observatory, 414

_Royal George_, 102

Royds, Lieut. Charles, 448, 452, 475

Ruins of Greenland churches, 52; of Kakortak, 47, 52, 160; in Kingoa-dal, 48

Runic inscriptions in Greenland, 49, 52

Rupert, Prince, founds Hudson’s Bay Company, 165

Russia, Dutch open trade with, 68

Russian Ambassador, first, visits England, 62

-- expeditions, Antarctic, 396; Arctic, 175; Spitsbergen, 187, 285

Russians with Scott, 489, 490, 495

Ryder, Lieut. C., 367

Sabine, Colonel, 201; sails with Parry, 206; visits Greenland, 280; on terrestrial magnetism, 410

Sabine Peninsula, 267

Sabine’s Gull, 203

_Sabrina_, 405, 406

Sabrina Land, 406, 430

Saga, of Erik the Red, 38; of Olaf Tryggvason, 38; of Thorfin Karlsefni, 39

_St Lesmes_, 389

_St Paul_, 177

_St Peter_, 177, 178

“Sallying,” 8, 195

_Salomon_, 86, 88

Samoyeds, 14, 16, 184, 185; described by Digges, 107

Sanderson, William, 94, 96, 98, 104; supports Davis’s expeditions, 104

“Sanderson his Hope,” 99, 142, 202, 207

Sandridge, Davis’s birthplace, 93

Sandwich Land, 403

Sartorius, Sir George, 401

_Sastrugi_, 182, 501

_Saxifraga oppositifolia_, 295

Schouten, Willem Cornelisz, 390

-- William, Junior, 191, 194 _et seq._; takes holy orders, 196; his life, 197; visits Greenland, 279

-- William, Senior, 188, 191, 194, 195; describes Spitsbergen, 119, 121

Scoresby Sound, 367

_Scotia_, 439

Scott, Capt. Robert Falcon, his first expedition, 447 _et seq._; made Commander, 448; his staff on _Discovery_, 449; objects of, 452; crosses Antarctic Circle, 456; falls down crevasse, 474; his last expedition, 489 _et seq._; marries, 489; his staff on last expedition, 490 _et seq._; meets with heavy gale, 491, 492; meets Amundsen’s party, 493; his winter quarters at Cape Evans, 495; starts for the S. Pole, 498; finds Amundsen’s record at the S. Pole, 500; reaches S. Pole, 501; death of, 502; discovery of bodies of his party, 503; results of his work, 504; memorial service to, 504; character of, 504

Scott Island, 469

Scurvy attacks Baffin’s crew, 145; Barentsz’s crew, 75, 76; Bering’s crew, 178; Biscoe’s crew, 404; Egede’s colony, 159, 160; Evans’s party, 498; Middleton’s expedition, 166; Munk’s expedition, 150; Nares’s expedition, 306, 308, 309; Ross’s expedition, 250

Sea-cow, 179

Sea-elephant, 405

Sea-leopard, 402

Sea-otter, 178

Seal-meat, 482

Seals, Southern fur, 400

-- Weddell’s, 483

_Searchthrift_, 63

Searle, John, his ephemeris, 141

Seebohm, Henry, 326

“Senegraes,” 342, 478

Sermilik Fjord, 365

Seymour Island, 423, 431, 436

Shackleton, Sir Ernest, 449, 463 _et seq._, 470; breaks down, 464; his Antarctic expedition, 478 _et seq._

Sherer, Lieut., 213, 216

Shilling, Capt., 147

Ships, Viking, 35

Sibbald, Lieut. John, 411, 420

Siberian rivers, 15; trade on, 326

Sibirikoff, 322, 323, 326

Sidney, Sir Henry, 81

Simpson, Dr, 491, 498

--Thomas, 228

Sir George Seymour Island, _v._ Seymour Island

Sir Thomas Smith Channel, 347

Sir Thomas Smith Sound, 143

Skelton, Reginald, 449, 471, 472

Ski, 335, 450, 462, 482

Skrællings (natives of America), 45, 46 _n._, 49, 50

Sledge dogs, 17, 337, 338, 354, 355; in Antarctic, 462, 472, 482, 483; Greenland, 23

-- flags, Nares’s expedition, 304; Scott’s, 450

-- journeys, Arctic contrasted with Antarctic, 459, 460; Aldrich’s, 307, 308; Amundsen’s, 483; Amundsen’s party, 315; Beaumont’s, 308, 309; Danish, 371 _et seq._; Hamilton’s, 268; Hayes’s, 299; Lockwood’s, 318; M’Clintock’s, 249, 250, 266, 274 _et seq._, 356; Markham’s, 307; Mecham’s, 267, 356; Mecham’s great, 270; Payer’s, 283, 289; Peary’s, 356; Rae’s, 231; Ross’s, 235, 237; Scott’s first expedition, 458, 463, 465, 471, 472; Scott’s last expedition, 494, 498; Sverdrup’s, 348; Allen Young’s, 276

-- -- provisions for, M’Clintock’s, 256, 258, 259; Ross’s, 249; Scott’s, 462, 494

-- travel, rate of, 23, 356; Aldrich’s, 308; Amundsen’s, 484, 485; Hamilton’s, 265; M’Clintock’s, 260, 266, 269; Mecham’s, 265; Payer’s, 283; Peary’s, 338; Rasmussen’s, 380; Scott’s first expedition, 464, 472, 475

Sledges, Tchuktches, 17; Eskimo, 234; Greenland, 23; M’Clintock’s, 256; Russian, 176; Samoyed, 14; Wrangell’s, 181

-- dimensions of, 292; Cook’s, 354; Nansen’s, 334, 342; Peary’s, 333; Scott’s, 450, 460, 472; Shackleton’s, 478

-- hauling-gear, 462

-- loads for, 23, 176; M’Clintock’s, 265; Scott’s, 472; Shackleton’s, 479

-- motor, 490, 497

-- of Franklin’s retreat, 245; of Hearne’s expedition, 168

Sledging equipment, Hearne’s, 168; Nansen’s, 334; Ross’s, 256; Sverdrup’s, 348; Wrangell’s, 182; Scott’s, 450

Sleeping bags, 460, 478

Sleipner (Odin’s horse), 31

Smallpox devastates Greenland, 162

Smeerenburg, 127, 128, 174, 360; abandoned, 188

Smith, Sir Thomas, 105, 106, 113, 129, 142

Smith Channel, 265, 347

Smith Sound, 317; route by, 298 _et seq._; U.S. expedition to, 317 _et seq._

Snow, crimson, 202, 253

Snow Hill Island, 436

Snow huts of Eskimos, 20

Snow-shoes, 168, 335; of Tchuktches, 17

Sobral, Lieut., 436

Societies’ Antarctic Expedition, The, 444 _et seq._, 455 _et seq._, 466 _et seq._, 471 _et seq._; Committee of, 446

_Sofia_, 366

_Sophia_, 251, 296, 332

Sounding apparatus, deep sea, 426

Soundings, deep sea, 427 _et seq._, 440

South Georgia, 393, 396, 402, 436

South Magnetic Pole, 417, 475, 480, 481

South Orkneys, 400, 439, 440

South Shetlands, 398, 401, 422 _et seq._, 434, 436, 438

_South Polar Times_, 459, 496

Southampton Island, 166

_Southern Cross_, 433

_Speedwell_, Scoresby’s, 191

-- Wood’s, 156; wrecked, 157

“Speksioneer,” 190

Speyer, Sir Edgar, 489

Spitsbergen, 105, 117, 188, 317, 361; birds of, 121; called “Greenland,” 118, 124; coal in, 350; Conway’s books on, 362; described by Scoresby, 119, 121; description of, 128; discovered, 74; explorations in, 285 _et seq._; fauna of, 119, 121, 128; icebergs, 9; map of, 120; scenery of, 119, 121; visited by Baffin, 116; first visited by Dutch, 124; claimed by Christian IV, 124; Dutch despatch second fleet to, 126; English first winter in, 128; Muscovy Company despatch fleet to, 124; Russian expeditions to, 187

Stanmore church, 108

Staten Island, 389, 396, 401

Stations for synchronous observations, 316

Steller, Georg Wilhelm, 178

Stone, William, 106

Stone huts, 21

Storms, magnetic, 417

_Story of the Alabama Expedition_, 379

Sukkertoppen (the modern), 115, 116, 163; Old, 97

Sulphur brought from Iceland, 150

_Sunshine_, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100

_Superb_, 240

Svartevæg, 349, 354

Sverdrup, Otto, 335, 341 _et seq._, 347

_Swan_, 69, 72

Swedish expeditions, to Antarctic, 435 _et seq._, 506; to Spitsbergen, 286 _et seq._

_Sweepstakes_, 156

Synchronous observations, Antarctic, 420, 451; plan for, 316; Ross’s, 414

Tahiti, visited by Cook, 395

Taimyr, Cape, 323

Taimyr Peninsula discovered, 177

Taylor, Mr Griffith, 491

Tchuktches, 16, 17, 170, 175, 325

_Tegethoff_, 289, 297

Temperatures, 315; Antarctic, 471, 473, 474, 496, 501, 502; deep sea, 427; lowest registered, 16

Tennyson’s epitaph on Sir John Franklin, 243

Tents of Tchuktches, 17

“Terra Australis,” 391, 396

_Terra Nova_, 476, 483, 489 _et seq._; surveys New Zealand waters, 493, 494

Terraces, raised, 186

_Terror_ (under Ross), 410 _et seq._, 418 _et seq._; collision of, 419

-- (under Franklin), 230, 231, 238 _et seq._, 240 _et seq._, 246 _et seq._; founders, 247

Tertiary fossils, 350

Tetgales, Brant, 69

Thalbitzer, W., 366

_Thames_, 326

_Thomas_, 86

_Thomas Allin_, 86

_Thomasine_, 126, 127

Thomson, Sir Charles Wyville, 427, 428

Thorne, Robert, counsels Arctic voyages, 59

“Three-Degree Depôt,” 498

_Threshold of the Unknown Region_, 302

Tierra del Fuego, circumnavigated, 391; part of Terra Australis, 392

_Tiger_, 124

Time, Norse method of reckoning, 45

_Trade’s Increase_, 105

Trees, circumpolar, 13; discovered at Cape Manning, 267

_Trent_, 198 _et seq._

-- (Franklin’s), 222, 223

Tribes, circumpolar, 13

Trinity House (Hull), 116

Tripe de Roche, 224 _et seq._

_Trost_, 112

Trostrup, C. and G., 370 _et seq._

Tryggvason, Olaf, Saga of, 38

Tschitschagoff, Capt., 285

Tucker, Mr, 412, 413

_Tula_, 403 _et seq._

Tundra, 14, 15

Tunguses, 16, 177

Udröst, 33

_Umiaks_, 20, 22, 115, 365

_United States_, 299

United States expedition to Smith Sound, 317 _et seq._

Upernavik, 142

_Uredo nivalis_, 202

Ushuaia, 436

_Valdivia_, 429

_Valorous_, 304

Veer, Gerrit de, 76; narrative of, 78

_Vega_, 322 _et seq._; winters, 324

Vessels employed in Polar discovery: _Active_, 431 _Advance_, 252, 298 _et seq._ _Adventure_, 394 _Aid_, 85, 86 _Akbar_, 223 _Alabama_, 376; loss of, 378 _Antarctic_, 368 _Alert_, 303 _et seq._, 312, 313 _Alexander_, 198, 201, 202 _Andromache_, 398, 400 _Ann Frances_, 86 _Anne Royal_, 146 _Annula_, 124 _Antarctic_, 436; founders, 437 _Arctic_, 302, 303 _Arethusa_, 223 _Assistance_, 251 _et seq._, 261, 264 _et seq._, 349 _Astrolabe_, 407 _Aurora_, 486 _et seq._ _Baffin_, 196 _Balaena_, 296, 431, 439 _Bear_, 86 _Beaufoy_, 402 _Bedford_, 223 _Belgica_, 368, 434 _Bellerophon_, 223 _Black Dog_, 101 _Blijde Boodschap_, 390 _Blossom_, 216, 226, 227, 234 _Bona Confidentia_, 60 _Bona Esperanza_, 60 _Breadalbane_, 268 _Briseis_, 201 _Bulldog_, 427 _California_, 166 _Carcass_, 172 _et seq._ _Castor_, 431 _et seq._ _Challenger_, 428 _Chanticleer_, 401, 423 _Charles_, 152 _et seq._ _Churchill_, 167 _Clio_, 238, 240 _Cornwallis_, 238, 240 _Cove_, 237 _Danmark_, 369 _Den Röd Löve_, 112 _Dennis_, 86; founders, 88 _Desire_, 101 _Diana_, 287, 288, 326, 431 _Discovery_ (Baffin’s), 138 _et seq._, 142 _et seq._ -- (Button’s), 136 -- (Clerke’s), 169 _et seq._ -- (Hudson’s), 129, 131 -- (Moore’s), 165 -- (Nares’s), 304, 312 -- (Scott’s), 451 _et seq._; plans of, 446, 447; flag of, 447; relieved by _Morning_, 470; freed from the ice, 476; ashore, 476; damage to rudder, 477; returns home, 477 _Dobbs_, 166 _Dorothea_, 198 _et seq._ _Drake_, 101 _Earl Camden_, 222 _Edward Bonaventure_, 60 _Eendracht_, 390 _Eenhiörningen_, 150 _Eira_, 290; founders, 291 _Eliza Scott_, 405, 406 _Elizabeth_, 98, 99, 100 _Ellen_, 98, 99, 100 _Emanuel_, 86 -- (busse), 91 _Enterprise_, 248, 250 _et seq._, 263 _Erebus_ (under Ross), 410 _et seq._, 418 _et seq._; collision of, 419 -- (under Franklin), 237 _et seq._, 240 _et seq._, 246 _et seq._, 251; sinks, 247 _Esk_, 195 _Excellent_, 238, 240 _Felix_, 251, 253, 254 _Fortune_, 177 _Fox_, 273, 311; winters in Bellot’s Strait, 274 _Fram_ (Nansen’s), 340 _et seq._; dimensions of, 340; drift of, 344; arrives home, 344; under Sverdrup, 347; winters in Smith Channel, 347; winters in Havnfjord, 348; winters in Jones Sound, 349 -- (Amundsen’s), 482 _et seq._ _Français_, 442 _Francis_, 86 _Furnace_, 165 _Fury_, 212, 216, 234 _Gabriel_, 83, 86 -- (Bering’s), 177 _Gamaliel_, 124 _Ganges_, 240 _Gauss_, 362, 440, 441, 451 _George_, 65 _Germania_, 282 _Gilliflower_, 113 _Gjoa_, 314, 315 _Godspeed_, 129 _Greyhound_, 72 _Griffin_, 72 _Griper_, 206 _et seq._, 212, 215, 233, 280 _Hansa_, 282 _Heartsease_ (Greenland voyage), 113 _et seq._ -- (Marmaduke’s), 126 _Hecla_, 206 _et seq._, 212; (Parry’s), 216 _et seq._, 233 -- (Ryder’s), 367 _Henrietta_, 192 _Henrietta Maria_, 154 _Hertha_, 431, 432 _Hope_, 72 -- (Adams’s), 390 -- (Egede’s), 158 _et seq._ -- (Young’s), 291 _Hopewell_, 86 -- (Knight’s), 117 _et seq._, 130 _Ibis_, 326 _Ingulf_, 364 _Intrepid_, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 _et seq._, 347 _Investigator_, 222, 248, 251, 263 _et seq._; loss of, 270 _Isabella_, 198 _et seq._, 233, 237 _Isbjörn_, 289, 360 _Jane_, 402 _Jason_, 431 _Jeannette_ (formerly _Pandora_), 328; drift of relics of, 340 _John and Francis_, 124 _Jonah in the Whale_, 188 _Judith_, 86 _Katten_, 112, 129 _Lady Franklin_, 251 _Lamprenen_ v. _Lamprey_ _Lamprey_, 150, 151 _Lena_, 323 _Lightning_, 427 _Lion_, 91 -- (Pickersgill’s), 171 _Lively_, 403 _et seq._ _London_, 147 _Magpie_, 405 _Matthew_, 124 _Mercury_, 69 _Mermaid_, 96, 97 _Michael_, 83, 86 _Moon_, 86 _Moonshine_, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 _Morning_, 466 _et seq._, 476 _Nimrod_, 478 _et seq._ _Nonsuch_, 165 _North Star_ (Davis’s), 96 -- (Saunders’s), 250, 265 _Ornen_, 113 _Pagoda_, 425 _Pandora_, 311 _et seq._, 327, 359; name changed to _Jeannette_, 328 _Patience_, 113, 114, 116 _Philip and Mary_, 62 _Philomel_, 420 _Phoenix_, 255, 268 _Pioneer_, 251, 253, 254, 261, 264 _et seq._, 347 _Plover_, 251, 263 _Polaris_, 300, 301 _Polyphemus_, 222 _Porcupine_, 427 _Porpoise_, 222 _Pourquoi Pas_, 442 _Prince Albert_, 252 _et seq._, 262 _Prince of Wales_, 241 _Prosperous_, 156 _Proteus_, 317 _et seq._; founders, 319 _Racehorse_, 172 _et seq._ _Rainbow_, 227, 230 _Ravenscraig_, 301 _Reliance_, 227 _Rescue_, 252, 255 _Resolute_, 251, 253 _et seq._, 264 _et seq._ _Resolution_ (Button’s), 136 -- (Cook’s), 169 _et seq._, 394 _et seq._ -- (Scoresby’s), 192, 194, 195 _Richard and Barnard_, 124 _Rodgers_, 329 _Roosevelt_, 355, 356 _Royal George_, 102 _Sabrina_, 405, 406 _St Lesmes_, 389 _St Paul_, 177 _St Peter_, 177, 178 _Salomon_, 86, 88 _Scotia_, 439 _Searchthrift_, 63 _Sofia_, 366 _Sophia_, 251, 296, 332 _Southern Cross_, 433 _Speedwell_ (Scoresby’s), 191 -- (Wood’s), 156; wrecked, 157 _Sunshine_, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100 _Superb_, 240 _Swan_, 69, 72 _Sweepstakes_, 156 _Tegethoff_, 289, 297 _Terra Nova_, 476, 483, 489 _et seq._; surveys N.Z. waters, 493, 494 _Terror_ (under Ross), 410 _et seq._, 418 _et seq._; collision of, 419 -- (under Franklin), 230, 231, 238 _et seq._, 240 _et seq._, 246 _et seq._; founders, 247 _Thames_, 326 _Thomas_, 86 _Thomas Allin_, 86 _Thomasine_, 126, 127 _Tiger_, 124 _Trade’s Increase_, 105 _Trent_, 198 _et seq._ -- (Franklin’s), 222, 223 _Trost_, 112 _Tula_, 403 _et seq._ _United States_, 299 _Valdivia_, 429 _Valorous_, 304 _Vega_, 322 _et seq._, 324 _Victory_, 233 _et seq._ _Warkworth_, 326 _Willem Barentsz_, 359 _et seq._ _William_, 65; founders, 66 _Williams of Blythe_, 398 _Windward_, 292 _Ymer_, 322 _Zélée_, 407

Victoria Island, 227, 230

-- Land, 456, 469, 481; surveyed, 315

-- Range, 458, 505, 507

_Victory_, 233 _et seq._

Vigdis, tomb of, 52

Viking ships, 35

Vikings, 35, 36; reach Iceland, 36

Vince, T., death of, 459; monument to, 476

Vinland, 42, 45

Vocabulary, Eskimo, compiled by Davis, 97

Vogel Hoek, 118

Volcanic action, in Arctic, 4; in Antarctic, 400, 415, 416, 432, 465

von Toll, Baron, 341

_Voyage of the “Discovery,”_ 477

Voyages, of Thylde, 58; of Willoughby, 59

Waigatz Island, 15, 64; birds of, 64; flora of, 64

Wakeman, Cyrus, 212

Walrus, 122, 144, 170, 173, 296, 343, 349; attacks Trent’s boats, 199

Walsingham, Sir Francis, 94, 96, 98

_Warkworth_, 326

“Water sky,” 8

Weapons, 24

Weddell, Capt. James, 404, 440; his Antarctic expedition, 401, 402

Weddell Quadrant, 442, 507

Weddell’s Seal, 483

Wellman, 293

West Bygd, settlement formed, 47

Wetheringsett, Hakluyt rector of, 110

Weyprecht, Lieut., 288, 289, 316

Whale, breaking up of, 192 _et seq._; captured by Ross, 217; jaw-bones of, 193; killed by ship, 88; fishery, 128, 150, 188 _et seq._; initiation of, 123; in Baffin’s Bay, 204; boats, 190; lines, 190, 192

-- fishing, 125

Whale Fish Islands, 241

Whale Sound, 145, 338

Whalebone, 193

Whalers, 189, 283, 284, 431; Scotch, in Antarctic, 431; disaster to, 302

Whales, 143, 422; _Balaena Biscayensis_, 125

Whaling, 190, 192

Wharton, Admiral Sir William, 446

Whymper, Edward, visits Greenland, 331

Wiggins, Joseph, 325 _et seq._; his scheme for Siberian trade, 326; death of, 327

Wild, Frank, 428, 479, 486

Wilkes, Capt., his Antarctic expedition, 408, 409

_Willem Barentsz_, 359 _et seq._

Willemoes-Sühn, 428

_William_, 65; founders, 66

_Williams of Blythe_, 398

Williamson, 490, 503

Willoughby, Gabriel, 60

-- Sir Hugh, 59; his first Arctic voyage, 60 _et seq._; sights Halgoland, 61; discovers Novaya Zemlya, 61; winters in Lapland, 61; death of, 62

Willoughby Land, 61, 123

Wilson, Edward, surgeon with Hudson, 131, 134

-- Dr Edward, 449, 463 _et seq._, 490, 494, 496, 498, 500 _et seq._; death of, 503

_Windward_, 292

Wisting, 484

Wolfall, Frobisher’s chaplain, 90

Wollaton, tombs in church at, 60

Wolstenholme, Sir John, 106, 108, 135, 138, 142; sends Hawkridge on polar voyage, 149

Wolstenholme Sound, 143, 145, 203

Wood, John, attempts North East Passage, 156

Wrangell, Baron, his sledge journeys, 181 _et seq._

Wrangell Island, 184, 329

Wright, Edward, 106

-- Mr, 491, 498, 503

Wyatt, Mr George, 489

Wyche, Richard, 106, 135

Wyche Islands, 286

_Xema sabinii_, 203

Yakutsk, 16

Yenisei River, 15, 175, 323, 326, 345

_Ymer_, 322

York, Cape, 202; birds of, 24

Yorke, Gilbert, 85, 90

-- Sir John, 81

Young, Sir Allen, 273, 274, 276, 291, 311 _et seq._, 327, 359

-- James, 117, 118, 121

Young Island, 405

Yuraks, 16

_Zélée_, 407

Zeni map, 54

Zeno, Niccolo, 55; errors of his map, 160

_Zeuglodon_, 438

Ziegler expedition, 293

Zinzendorf, Count, founds Moravian mission, 162

Zorgdrager, C. G., 188

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. B. PEACE, M.A., AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

Transcriber’s Notes

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