PART II.

DESCRIPTION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ALL KNOWN LACUSTRINE SITES IN IRELAND, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE ANTIQUITIES DISCOVERED IN OR AROUND THEM.

PROVINCE OF ULSTER.

COUNTY ANTRIM.

_Lough Ravel_ (otherwise Derryhollagh).--This name is but a modern corruption of the ancient form, found in the Inquisition of 1605 to be in the district of the “Feenagh”:--“Est in eodem tuogh quidam lacus vocatus Loughdireare in quo est insula fortificata.” The site of this crannog, lying between Toomebridge and Randalstown, is known to the country people as “the island” in Aghaloughan bog; it seems to have been entirely artificial, constructed on oak piles driven into the bed of the lough, and bound together by horizontal beams of the same timber mortised to the piles. The interior was filled up with wood and earth, thus forming an island of about twenty-eight yards in diameter; and beyond this, at the distance of some six or eight yards, there still remain several oaken piles, probably traces of an outer stockade. On the crannog were stone hearths with marks of fire on them, and partially within the enclosure was a very perfect single-piece canoe of oak, twenty feet nine inches long, by four feet seven inches broad, the sides twenty inches deep. In the island and its immediate vicinity were querns, several wooden and copper dishes, daggers and spear-heads of bronze, iron celts, and stones with holes perforated in them; also some articles seemingly intended for ornamental purposes, and others of strange shape, regarding the use of which no conjecture can be formed. These “finds” have been sold from time to time to various collectors. At a short distance from the island, and twelve feet below the surface of the bog, was brought to light in the summer of 1856, a pan-shaped circular vessel of thin hammered copper, twenty-two inches in diameter, and eight inches in depth; it is now in the Belfast Museum, and a label attached to it states that a few years previously a similar one had been found nearer to the island; and in 1859 another vessel of small size, made of hammered copper, was discovered in the same locality. A bronze needle or bodkin, three inches long, with the eye quite perfect; a narrow iron hatchet, eight inches in length, and one and a-half inches wide at its cutting edge;[185] a bronze pin of unusual form, ornamented with two human heads (_ante_, p. 109, fig. 126); two bronze fibulæ (_ante_, p. 118, figs. 147 and 148); undressed flint flakes (_ante_, p. 58, figs. 12 and 13); the glass beads figured (_ante_, p. 124, figs. 168 and 169); and a beautifully designed silver brooch (_ante_, p. 121, fig. 157), were found in this crannog.[186]

_Loughmagarry._--The townland of this name is in the parish of Craigs, barony of Toome lower; it contains within it a low-lying piece of land, the former bed of a lake that was drained towards the close of the last century. The present name bears no resemblance to its designation in the Inquisition of 1605,[187] but it has been identified as the same by Dr. Reeves; the large townland which adjoins it on the west, and of which it appears to have been formerly a sub-denomination, is called Feenagh. The Loughinchefeaghny of the deed of 1605 is a compound word, signifying--according to the above authority--“the lake of the island of Feenagh,” but perhaps may be interpreted the island of Fiodhnach, _i. e._ the wooded place. The crannog stood close to the shore of the lake near its western margin, where the bank rises abruptly from the hollow; it is now a mere gravelly knoll, but the country people recollected seeing it surrounded with an external framing of oak posts, the interior filled in with gravel and clay. Several curiosities (now dispersed) are said to have been found in it.[188]

_Loughtamand_, or _Loughtarmin_.--In the townland of Lisnahunshin, parish of Craigs, barony of Toome lower, and four miles N. W. of the village of Ahoghill, a crannog became apparent about 1849, when the lake was drained. According to the description given by labourers employed in the operations, a kind of framework, consisting of oaken beams in a good state of preservation, was discovered, entirely surrounding an island. Local tradition assigns this stronghold to the sept of the Mac Quillans, and being situated on the boundary of the districts of Dalaradia and Dalrieda, it afforded great security as a place of retreat, after marauding expeditions--a recommendation that in ancient times would render it a position of considerable importance. Its site was identified by Dr. Reeves as the “Loughtoman” mentioned in the Inquisition of 1605: “Est in eodem le tuogh quidam lacus sive stagnum vocatum Loughtoman in quo est insula fortificata.” The lough is bordered on the east and south by traces of bog, and enclosed on the north and west by hills three in number, from two of which the country slopes down with a regular fall to the river Bann. Between the hills on the north and north-west there is a considerable depression, and at this point a small stream flowed, carrying off the surface water, and which stream, being deepened, served as a drain for the lough. Before the withdrawal of its contents, about fifty acres were submerged, the water varying in depth from seven to ten feet. In the year 1820 the lough was drained by Lord O’Neil, but from after neglect the water once more accumulated in the hollow; it was, however, again drained, and is now under pasture. On the east side the banks of the bog which formed the margin were from twenty to thirty feet in perpendicular height, the outline of the basin being thus well defined; it was of irregular oval shape, and about a mile in circumference. The island itself, of circular form, and seventy yards in diameter, was situated almost in the centre, though somewhat nearer to the north and east sides; it was visible even before the drainage, and on it was a stone house. In the draining operations the main cut was carried across the long diameter of the lough from south-east to north-west, passing through the middle of the island, where the workmen came upon oak piles. These piles--from seventeen to twenty feet long, and from six to eight inches thick--were driven into the bed of the lough, and projected five or six feet above it; they were bound together at the top by horizontal oak beams, into which they were mortised and secured by stout wooden pegs. Above the top of these piles there was a depth of three or four feet of earth, and it was only when the earth had been removed from time to time that the wooden structure became apparent in its integrity. The piles--twenty-six in number--were arranged in a circle of about fifteen yards in diameter in the centre of the island, and just under where the stone house stood. It was stated that a few feet below the present surface of the bed of the lough a paved causeway of stone, about five feet broad, led from its western margin across to the island, which is now reduced to the level of the surrounding ground from the effects of cattle tramping over it, and persons digging down in search of treasure. The horizontal beams were removed and used for various purposes; the drain formed a tangent to the circle of piles touching it on the east, where some of them were dragged up on being laid bare. A single-piece oak canoe, in tolerable preservation, was discovered about thirty yards from the island on the north-west side, and from time to time the following articles were found in it: metal dishes; small axe-heads; two iron swords; a small anvil; a pair of scale; many small hammers; “several gold pins;” an iron cauldron of low dilated shape, and a stone yellowish-white in colour, beautifully polished, about twelve inches long, three and a-half inches broad, and two inches thick, accurately squared at the sides, having at each end a round hole one and a-quarter inches deep, and a-half inch in diameter, the top surface and one of the sides being covered with carved devices. Lord O’Neil obtained the swords; the anvil, scales, and hammers, were sold for trifling sums to an itinerant dealer; the iron cauldron was in use as a potato pot, and the polished stone was given by the finder to a friend as a “rubbing-stone” for his web.[189]

_Kilknock._--In the Ulster Inquisition sped at Antrim on the 12th July, 1605, which still remains of record, it was found, amongst other things, by the jury, “Et quod est infra metas et bundas ejusdem le tuogh quoddam stagnum vocatum Loughernegilly in quo est insula fortificata.” Although that name is now obsolete, yet Dr. Reeves, after careful research, succeeded in identifying it with Kilknock lough situated in the north-west corner of Drummaul, in the townlands of Kilknock, Ballybollen, and Gillistown. In former times this lake covered fifty acres, but it was drained about the close of the last century: by this means the crannog was brought to light, and the oak piles on which it was constructed were exposed to view. It is described as of nearly circular shape, sixty feet in diameter, and on it were the remains of a wooden hut, constructed of oak beams; these timbers were removed, and some of them utilized as roofing material for a neighbouring barn. A canoe was found (at the same time) in the lough. Owing to a dispute, which afterwards arose, as to the ownership of the drained land, the outlets of the water were allowed to close up, and in consequence a considerable portion of the former lake had become again submerged. The island could be reached by wading, but was distinguishable from the rest of the marsh only by its greater firmness. Over the tops of the oak piles--said to be about two feet in diameter--was a considerable depth of soft boggy matter, and a paved causeway, covered eight or nine feet deep, led down to what used to be the edge of the water. The bog around the lake, thickly studded with trunks of oak, varying from one to three feet in diameter, prove it to have been at some remote period the site of an extensive wood.[190]

_Randalstown._--The large crannog in this locality appears to have been formed with very heavy beams laid horizontally, but its condition when discovered must render any account of the original construction quite conjectural. The island is said to have been formerly occupied by a sub-chief of the O’Neils; the lake in which it stood was long since drained, and a peat-moss now occupies the place. Many articles discovered in this crannog are now dispersed; they would seem to have been of all ages, and to have been deposited at varying intervals of time: a stone hatchet of rather diminutive size, but in shape neither remarkable nor uncommon, was probably the most ancient relic, and the most modern was a base coin of Philip and Mary. The surrounding bog has yielded up not merely several fragments of canoes, but also some in an entire state. One of large size, and quite perfect, was (in 1860) exhumed from a depth of sixteen feet of peat: when first raised it retained its original shape, but from drying and atmospheric exposure it soon warped and became shapeless. The length of this canoe was about twenty feet by four feet wide at the stern, and three feet at the stem; from thence for about two-thirds of its length it was formed out of a single log, the stern end being composed of thick short planks well fastened with strong wooden pegs. In the bottom was a neatly made paddle of oak, three and a-half feet long (plate XXXIII., No. 3); beside it lay a wooden bowl that would contain about a quart; it had been hollowed out of a single piece of wood, and its sides were thick and rough (plate XXXIII., No. 5). Later on another canoe paddle of oak was discovered measuring three feet in length (plate XXXIV., No. 3). A good idea of the importance of this stronghold may be formed from the number of tools and appliances found in it for carrying on the ordinary business of every-day life, such as the tongs and supposed anvil of the smith--the latter a rough lump of iron somewhat smoothed on one side, and weighing fifty or sixty pounds--many crucibles, one unused, but several greatly worn and burnt, the most perfect specimen being about the size of a hen’s egg; a netting-needle of iron; a battle-axe, such as was borne by the ancient gallowglasses; a very small sock of a plough (plate XXXIII., Nos. 25, 6, 7, 8), and an iron lamp (plate XXXIV., No. 2).[191]

_Ballymena._--At a distance of about four miles from this town, and near Cloughwater, the site of a crannog was discovered in the middle of a bog, formerly the basin of a lake, that had been filled up by peat, which had grown to such an extent as to entirely bury the island dwelling until laid bare by turf-cutters. Seemingly the crannog was not of great size, neither did it contain objects of special interest in themselves, their peculiarity being that instruments of iron and stone were found in company, also a bronze pin and several fragments of crucibles, together with remains of the fuel used. A pointed and socketed iron instrument (plate XXXIV., No. 1); two small flint knives; a stone celt; a round flat stone, two inches in diameter, having an oblong indentation on either side; and several pieces of rude pottery, bearing marks of fire, were amongst the articles brought to light.

_Lough Guile._--In the parish of same name, and on the site of a crannog situated in a bog, are said to have been discovered two bronze knives, and with them a bronze instrument, six inches long and very sharp in the point (plate XXXIV., figs. 8 and 7); and on the same plate, fig. 6, is a flint knife, the form rather unusual: there were several of the articles commonly called “spindle-whorls,” some of lozenge shape, but most of them round; one was composed of jet, having indentations on it as for a thong or string. No description of the special formation of this crannog is recorded.[192]

_Toome Bar._--In 1864 Robert Day, junior, gave the following interesting description of sites of crannogs in this neighbourhood. The bridge which spans the river at Toome forms a connecting link between the counties Antrim and Derry. At this place Lough Neagh presents the appearance of a great V, having the space between the points filled with a sand-bank, known as Toome bar, and which is almost invariably covered with from two to three feet of water. Barton, who published a work on Lough Neagh in 1751, states that before the autumnal season the water discharged at Toome was so very inconsiderable as not to afford a depth greater than that which may reach to the ankle or the knee of a person wading, and that on one occasion a man, taking advantage of an inblowing wind, walked over dryshod. Strewn upon the bar, and imbedded in it, were logs and balks of timber, some bearing the marks of fire, while others still retained their upright position. They must have been placed there artificially, as the bar of sand extends a quarter of a mile into the lake, outside of which there is deep water, and if it were by the force of the water they had been thrown up, it is equally probable they would have been swept away by the first flood. From this it may be inferred that there was on the spot, at a very remote period, a crannog or lacustrine settlement. The large number of flint weapons found on the surface, or imbedded in the sandy bottom, renders it more than probable that they had been in use by the dwellers in this island village. Flint is not found within seven miles of Toome, so that it must have been carried to and manufactured in the crannog. The most conclusive proof of their having been made on the site was furnished by the presence of the large cores of flint from which the weapons had been struck. Two rudely-shaped, barbed spear-heads were here obtained, and four celts of the ordinary type, made from the trap rock, two of them polished, but the others were made with less care, the edge alone showing signs of careful working. Antiquities of great variety belonging to the stone and bronze periods were found at the time the river Bann was deepened; these were deposited in the Museum, R. I. A. All the good specimens, evidently designed for special purposes, and to which had been given certain and definite shapes, were made out of rocks characterised by possession of all the essential qualities needful for such articles; whilst the rude, ill-formed implements were composed of shale, slate, schist, grit, or any other stone which presented itself within reach. The greater number of the flint weapons were formed by not more, probably, than three or four skilful strokes, thus: one would strike the fragment from the core, two more would form the mid-rib giving it a leaf-shape, and a fourth stroke would cause the slight depression at the base intended to secure the weapon to its shaft or handle. These opaque flint flakes, of the largest size and honey yellow in colour, were found six feet under the bed of the river Bann, lying with several others and a stone celt “in one mass on the old or former gravel-bed of the river, not far from Toome Castle, on the county Antrim side.” At Toome were found also the bronze weapons figured plate XXXVII., in which No. 1 represents a sword in a perfect state, having the point worked down below the level of the blade, for about four inches; it has a broad handle-plate, cleft for pommel, with six rivets still in position; it is 25⅜ inches long and 1⅛ broad. No. 2 is a complete blade, but the handle-plate is defective; it is brazed in two places, only half an inch asunder, the line of junction being scarcely discernible; it is bevel-edged, has hilt notches, four rivet-holes, and is 26½ inches long, by 1¼ broad. No. 3 is a plain blade, slightly corroded, and wanting part of handle; its length is 19¼ inches, by 1¾ broad. No. 4, _ibid._, perfect, feather-edged, slight hilt notch, four rivet-holes in handle-plate, 21 inches long, by 1⅜ broad. No. 5 is a leaf-shaped blade, 19 inches long and 1⅞ wide at broadest part: this weapon is from the crannog of Bohermeen, county Meath, and is here given for purpose of comparison. No. 6 is a perfect knife-shaped dagger, grooved in casting; slight raised notch on handle-plate, and 4¾ inches in length. No. 7 is a perfect specimen of the long narrow spear-head; it has straight edges, loops at angle of slender socket, broad bevelled edges, and is 16¼ inches long, by 2 in. broad at base. No. 8 is a thick, short, cast bronze spear-handle, with bulbous extremities, 6¾ inches long, and it “still contains a fragment of the ancient shaft.” This relic points to a close intercourse between the north of Ireland and Scotland, for in their wars against the Romans, A.D. 208, the Caledonians had, amongst other weapons of offence, a spear of peculiar construction, “having a brazen knob at the end of the shaft, which they shook to terrify their enemies.”[193]

_Lough Mourne._--The waters of this small lake, situated upon a hill about 600 feet above the level of the sea, and three miles due W. of Carrickfergus, were temporarily drained off in the summer of 1882, to enable the engineers of the water-works to carry on their operations; and, when the level of the lake had been lowered ten feet, a number of artificial islands were exposed to view. There was a _group_ of crannogs consisting of four islets erected on one common pile foundation, and at some little distance there was a _solitary_ crannog. The group was formed of some hundreds of piles, four or five inches in diameter, with a cross timbering of branches of various sizes upon a thick layer of heather and moss. Upon this the four islets were built of boulder-stones to form the floors of the wooden houses … the piles generally retained their bark, and were mostly of pine, willow, and ash, with occasionally some of oak; they were rudely pointed on one side only. Many of the stones bore traces of fire, and had evidently formed part of the hearth; a piled causeway, one hundred yards long, led part of the way to the shore; the interior was filled with heather and moss. The single crannog lay somewhat farther from the shore, and in deeper water than the others; greater skill, too, appears to have been displayed in its construction. The lowest course (see section, plate XXXVIII.) was composed of large stones, whose exact depth could not be ascertained owing to a strong spring of water which flowed up between them; upon this was a layer, two feet thick, of moss, which time and pressure had converted into peat. Upon the moss were radiating timbers, the outer ends of which rested on and were notched or mortised into piles disposed in several rings round the island; these piles and cross timbers were larger than in the composite crannog, and many of them were of oak. Upon the timbers was a layer of heather and brushwood, upon which rested the stones forming the floor of the hut: in this case there was no causeway to the land. The relics discovered were not numerous, but the soft, almost liquid nature of the mud rendered a thorough search almost impossible. There was found about five feet of the prow of a “dug out,” and, in addition to charcoal and bones in considerable quantity, there were two small stone crucibles, calcined flint flakes, several fossil sea urchins from the chalk, worn smooth by having been carried about as ornaments or charms; a small stone with a hole in it--possibly also a charm--and a pair of “rubbing-stones.”[194] In midsummer, 1884, a very fine canoe of oak, found entire in the bed of this lake, was presented to the Field Club by the Water Commissioners, and has been by them lodged in the Belfast Museum. This canoe appears to have been shaped chiefly by the axe; it is hollowed out of a single trunk, is twelve feet eight inches in length, and two feet six inches in width, the inside depth being nine inches--the same breadth continues throughout--the bottom of the canoe is perforated with six rather cleanly cut round holes, about three quarters of an inch in diameter.

_Lisnacroghera_ crannog lies at a little distance from Broughshane, in the parish of Skerry, barony of Antrim. About the year 1882, workmen employed in cutting turf--bared by the partial drainage of the lough--came upon oaken timbers laid in regular order; unfortunately nearly all were removed before anyone acquainted with the peculiarities of crannog structure had seen them, and in the autumn of 1883, most of the timbers had disappeared, though a few of the encircling piles remained in position. Some remarkable antiquities, discovered either within or around it, have been rescued from oblivion and destruction. A spear with iron head and butt, and rivets of bronze, and the iron sword-blades enclosed in sheaths of bronze (which are now in Canon Grainger’s museum), seem to call for prominent notice. With regard to these the Rev. James Graves says:--“It cannot be denied that this crannog find is one of the most important and valuable yet recorded in Ireland, especially in its bearing on the style and the chronology of the art of that early period when the bronze and iron eras overlapped. The spears have bronze butts, with terminal iron heads, for such were discovered in the crannog, whilst no spear-heads of bronze--an imperishable metal--were found. The bronze rivets remained in the shafts by which the iron heads had been secured. All this reminded one of the ninth century legend of the armourers of the Tuatha dé Danann when preparing for battle with the Fomorians at the northern Moytura. The mode of workmanship is graphically described:--Goibniu at his forge finishes the spear-heads in three hammer-strokes (probably they went through three processes in their fabrication); so it was also with the work of Luchtiné on the ashen spear-shafts, and Creidné on the bronze rivets. When Goibniu had finished the iron lance-head, he seized it with his pincers and sent it quivering into the door-post. Then Luchtiné launched the finished shaft so surely aimed that it found the socket of the lance-head, and penetrating to the bottom was firmly fixed there: whilst Creidné instantly flung from his pincers the finished _bronze_ rivet with so sure and true an aim that it entered the rivet-holes to the required depth, and so the weapon was completed (_Three Irish Glossaries_, p. 32, _Sanas Cormaic_, p. 123). Hence, without assuming that the bronze-iron age should be thrown back to the mythic period of the Tuatha dé Danann and the Fomorians, it is evident that in the ninth century there was a tradition of its characteristics and existence in Ireland, and that of so remote a date as to suit the myth of the contest of the gods of light and life with the deities of darkness and death. The fashion of the spears, of the swords, and of their sheaths, prevailing at this early period, when the use of bronze and iron overlapped, has been hitherto but sparingly revealed to us by finds of weapons in England, Scotland, and Scandinavia. Kemble, in his _Horæ Ferales_, engraves several examples of short swords or daggers, the fashion of which is identical with that now for the first time so clearly shown us by the Lisnacroghera crannog find.” Professor Anderson, in his _Rhind Lectures_, has recorded the discovery of a bronze spear-butt, exactly similar, in one of the _brochs_ of Scotland; it is correlated by him with the pagan iron age; and in a recent number of the _Proceedings_ of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Denmark there is engraved an iron sword-blade, with bronze haft-mountings, nearly identical in form and fashion with those discovered at Lisnacroghera.[195]

The antiquities found in this crannog consisted of a plain bronze sheath (plate XII., fig. 1), containing an iron sword (p. 61, fig. 17): the haft is represented full size (plate XXXIX.). One side of ornamented sheath slightly smaller than the former (plate 12, fig. 2): a full-sized representation is given (plate XL.).

Another ornamented bronze sheath (plate XII., fig. 3), of which the upper portion is here given, full size. A sword of iron with bronze fittings to the handle: this is not the sword to which the sheath belongs. An iron sickle that had been affixed to its handle by a tang; their usual length was twelve inches--occasionally much smaller--and they may be divided into two classes, bronze and iron. Sickles of iron have been found amongst Roman and Saxon remains in Britain. A spear-head of iron (_ante_, plate X.). An iron adze (_ante_, p. 69, fig. 31), and some miscellaneous objects of the same metal (_ante_, p. 68, figs. 28 to 30). Six butt-ends of spear-shafts formed of bronze: five of these are represented (p. 64, figs. 19 to 23); the sixth is here given (fig. 201). Boss-like objects (six in number) and rings of bronze, supposed to be fragments of defensive armour (plate XV.). A bronze rivet (_ante_, p. 119, fig. 152). Two hollow penannular rings of bronze (_ante_, p. 119, fig. 150). An article composed of bronze, probably an amulet (_ante_, p. 116, fig. 145). An object in bronze, richly decorated (_ante_, p. 67, fig. 26). Three circlets of bronze (_ante_, p. 119, figs. 153-5). A small loop of bronze (_ante_, p. 109, fig. 135). A disc composed of thin bronze (_ante_, p. 72, fig. 34). A small boss or stud of bronze (_ante_, p. 119, fig. 151). Portion of an amulet of jet. Three beads of glass (_ante_, p. 124, figs. 165-7).

_Craigywarren._--_Ante_, p. 110.

_Loughavarra._--_Ante_, p. 153.

_Lough Lynch._--_Ante_, p. 153.

_Lough Crannagh_ (or Lough-na-crannagh).--_Ante_, p. 28.--Amongst the scientific grants for the year 1885, recommended by the Council, R.I.A., appears the following;--“£20 to Mr. Alexander M’Henry for a report on the animal and other remains found in the sand-hills of Ballintoy and the crannog of Lough-na-crannagh.”

_Lough Ronel_ is a name set down in the MS. register of Irish crannog objects, &c., British Museum. It is most probably an incorrect designation for Lough Ravel.

COUNTY DOWN.

During the working of the Commission for the Arterial Drainage of Ireland, a crannog--no name given--was discovered in this county, and traces of another at _Ardbrin_ (_ante_, pp. 126-8).

_Ballykinler._--In 1860 this crannog was no longer traceable, but fortunately a short description of it had been previously given. The section made through its centre showed it to be of the usual construction--surrounded by a circle of small piles, driven deep into the mud, and secured by cross-beams firmly mortised together, the space so enclosed filled with brushwood, on which was placed a layer of gravel and earth, that process being repeated until the surface became perfectly solid.[196]

_Lough Faughan, or Falcon_, in the barony of Lecale.--About the year 1845 a crannog was discovered in this lake. “There were large stakes driven into the ground, completely enclosing the space within, and not rising above the surface as a palisade, but evidently for the purpose of keeping in the soil from encroachment of the water. The tradition respecting it is, that there had been a castle on the shore opposite, the chieftain of which caused this island to be made as a place of refuge from the sudden onslaughts of the O’Neils; and to render this retreat more secure he would never allow more than one boat or canoe on the lake.” During drainage operations a “dug-out” of oak was found near this crannog, from which locality were also procured two earthen pitchers (_ante_, p. 92, fig. 66).

_Ballywoolen._--This crannog was entire when seen in 1860, in a lake surrounded by hills, the surface of the island nearly level with the water. At one spot there was a flagging of flat stones where the hearth had been, and near it lay a quern.[197] The discoverer states the site of this crannog to be in the county Down; but the only townland in Ireland named Ballywoolen, is set down in the Ordnance Survey as situated in the parish of Dunboe, barony of Coleraine, county Derry.

COUNTY ARMAGH.

_Camlough_ has a crannog at its north end.

_Marlacoo Lough_, near Armagh, has another.

_Lough Ross_, near Crossmaglen, also contains one, stated to have been the place of meeting of the Irish leaders in 1641.[198]

COUNTY TYRONE.

During the working of the Commission for the Arterial Drainage of Ireland, a crannog was discovered in this county, but its exact locality was not defined.

_Corcreevy_ (alias _Loch-Laoghaire_), by which latter name it is mentioned in the _Annals_ (_ante_, pp. 155-6).--The site was examined and the following articles brought to light: a pair of bronze and iron manacles; a double comb of bone in a perfect state, length 3 inches, and breadth 2⅜ inches, and having a brass ring attached to one extremity--it is now in the Museum, R.I.A.; parts of a musical instrument; an arrow-head; a spear-head; a sling, or hammer-stone.[199]

_Cranny_ townland in this county possibly derives its name from having been the former site of a lake dwelling.

_Clogherny_, in the parish of this name, in the barony of East Omagh. The Rev. R. V. Dixon, D.D., thus notices the discovery of a crannog situated in a bog on the borders of the townland of Roscavey. About eight or ten feet below the surface turf-cutters laid bare the tops of a row of oaken planks which described a circle about seventy feet in diameter. These planks were from eight inches to fourteen inches in width, and from three inches to five inches in thickness, roughly split from the log, the lower extremities pointed and driven ten or twelve inches into the ground; their tops were all decayed; the length of the remaining part was about four feet. Each plank was pierced by a square hole, bearing marks of having been made by a blunt tool, and this orifice was narrower at the centre than at the edges. The planks forming the enclosure were placed edge to edge, and several rough logs of alder and birch, from two inches to four inches in diameter, were laid horizontally against the lower part of the planks on the inside of the enclosure, which was floored with oak, and underneath was about two feet of peat. Between the oaken floor and the outer fence were several flag-stones, evidently the old hearths, as shown by the quantity of charred wood that was about them. Southward two square posts were found. This crannog lay in a depression running nearly E. and W. between two sloping hills. “The fall of this hollow is towards the east, where it spreads out and sinks into a large basin, or glen, closed by rising ground of considerable height to the north and east; by a gravel ridge, or ‘esker,’ on the south; and opening on the west into the hollow in which the crannog stood. A considerable mountain stream enters this basin from the east, and after flowing round a conical gravel hill (connected with the esker) which stands in the middle of it, escapes through a deep natural cut or gap in the esker which, as before mentioned, closes the basin on the south. If this cut were closed, the basin would be filled up by the stream which now flows through it, and the level of the water would probably rise sufficiently high to fill the hollow in which the crannog stood, and this hollow would then form a shallow arm of the lake.”[200]

_Galbally._--_Ante_, p. 60, plate VII.

_Roughan._--_Ante_, p. 88.

COUNTY DONEGAL.

_Crannog-boy_, parish of Inishkeel, barony of Banagh.--_Ante_, p. 28.

_Mongavlin_, parish of Taughboyne, barony of Raphoe.--_Ante_, p. 151.

_Lough Veagh._--_Ante_, p. 154.

_Drumkelin_, or _Drumkeelin_, parish of Inver, barony of Banagh.--The account of the crannog-hut here exhumed is given, _ante_, pp. 39-41.

COUNTY DERRY.

_Inishrush._--_Ante_, p. 152.

_Loughshillen._--_Ante_, pp. 148-9.

_Loughan Island._--_Ante_, pp. 153 and 155.--Six stone celts, two bronze celts, three fibulæ, a bridle-bit, two bronze cheek-pieces (_ante_, pp. 136-7), an iron spear-head and spike,[201] were found here, and are now in the Museum, R.I.A.

_Fort Lough_ occupies nearly the centre of an extensive bog on the right-hand side of one of the roads leading from St. Johnstown to Burt on Lough Swilly. It is described as about one mile long, and a quarter wide, but was formerly of much greater extent. There was a tradition that formerly a castle erected in the centre of this lake had been submerged by the neglect of a girl in not carefully _re_-covering a fairy fountain in the vaults, and consequently the waters burst forth in a raging torrent! After drainage operations, when the level of the lough subsided, marks of an island became visible in the centre, and by degrees stonework was observed rising above the surface, proving that the subaquatic castle was not altogether mere visionary fiction. These walls were found supporting a deposit of peat.[202]

COUNTY FERMANAGH.

_Ballydoolough_ (_the place of the dark lake_) is five miles distant from the town of Enniskillen; the expanse of water covers not more than twenty-four acres, and even during times of flood never exceeds twenty feet in depth; at the bottom could be discerned remains of a primæval forest. In June, 1870, from the effect either of drainage or of long-continued drought, a small island became apparent, on which were found fragments of fictile ware, and this led to a careful examination being made. Near the centre was an oaken beam, fifteen feet seven inches long, having evidently formed portion of one side of the lower framework of a dwelling. It was grooved throughout its entire length (plate XLI., No. 7), and had two holes--measuring nine inches by six--that were plainly intended for the reception of upright posts, to which the sheeting or side-boards of the structure were attached. Several oaken slabs, grooved at the sides (plate XLI., No. 9), were discovered in close proximity buried in the sand and mud. Upon clearing the foundation, the framework of the house was shown to be composed of well-squared beams of oak, grooved for the reception of planks, and mortised for the insertion of uprights, the angles dovetailed together, and fastened with wooden pins. The beam forming the eastern foundation of the house rested upon two blocks of dressed oak that projected from it at a right-angle to a distance of seven feet (plate XLI., No. 2), and this foundation may perhaps have supported a landing-stage. The lowest timbers of house and projecting beams were secured in position externally and internally by a row of wooden pegs, or small stakes, which enclosed the entire foundation, and rested against it on the exterior (on the plan these are indicated by a dotted line); the south-western angle of the house was strengthened by a flat block (No. 6). Of the upper work of the edifice no description can be attempted, though several dressed boards (Nos. 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, on a scale of ⅛ inch to a foot), that had evidently formed part of the structure, were found scattered about.[203] On the western side of the island, being the one most exposed to the action of the water, the stakes were in greatest number, placed four, and at one point even five, feet deep. In some instances their upper extremities had been inserted in holes cut for their reception in beams of oak laid horizontally, and although only one such beam was found still _in situ_, yet an inhabitant of the locality stated that within his memory many of the horizontal timbers could be seen actually resting upon the stakes or piles, just below the surface of the water. The kitchen-midden of the dwelling contained a considerable quantity of bones, intermixed with numerous fragments of pottery. A selection of the bones having been forwarded to Professor Richard Owen for analysis, he pronounced them to be parts of _Bos longifrons_, _Cervus elephas_, _Sus scrofa_, and _Equus asinus_. In a more or less restored form, characteristic specimens of the pottery are figured (_ante_, pp. 92, 95, 96, 97). There were not many articles of bronze, but mention may be made of a plate of that metal, oblong in form, about as thick as a sixpenny-piece, and measuring five and a-half inches in length, by four and a-half inches in breadth; it retained a number of rivets, and appeared like a patch off some pan or dish. In Ireland the majority of cauldrons or dishes composed of thin golden bronze are usually found to have been carefully mended. Of wood, a vessel was discovered in an entire state, but from long saturation reduced almost to a pulp (_ante_, p. 102, fig. 103); and there was a small oaken vessel formed with staves. There were also balls of stone, varying in size from that of an orange to a walnut; several querns, and the inscribed stone described and figured (_ante_, p. 134).[204]

_Coolyermer_ is the name of a lake four miles from Enniskillen, in the direction of Letterbreen; it contains an island which seemed to be composed entirely of oaken beams; the water, however, was too high to admit of an examination being made.

_Drumdarragh_, otherwise _Trillick_, has been recently thoroughly examined by W. F. Wakeman, whose report, accompanied by numerous drawings of remains discovered within the crannog, is prepared for publication in the _Journal of the Royal Hist. and Arch. Association of Ireland_. To the Museum of that Society the Earl of Enniskillen, in 1875, presented an oak paddle found at Drumdarragh crannog, in company with a single-tree canoe that had been unfortunately destroyed.[205]

_Drumgay_ (_the ridge of the geese_) lies nearly four miles to the north of the town of Enniskillen, and separated from the northern shore of Lough Erne by a narrow belt of land. This sheet of water is completely land-locked; there are in it three islets, and the south-eastern shore has a projecting point of artificial construction that becomes an island owing to the rise of water in winter time. Plate XLII., No. 1, conveys an excellent idea of the general aspect of the lake, and of the position of the islands; the large wooded one, situated near the centre, and now known as “Bone Island”--although its older appellation appears to have been “Cherry Island”--is constructed of beams of oak, ash, and pine, laid in rough blocks, radiating from a centre to the edge of a circle formed of stakes set in the ground, the diameter from north to south being one hundred and five feet, but from east to west a few feet less (plate XLII., No. 2). When the lake is at summer level the encircling piles are plainly visible; they had been roughly trimmed with an instrument of metal; the longitudinal cuts measured nearly a foot, and some of the piles were of oak (plate XLII., No. 7); they had no slope outward, and only at a few points did the rough wood and small branches usually interwoven with them still remain in position. From a point near the centre of the crannog, in a direct line to the eastern shore, a trench was dug; it commenced in the centre, was cut outwards to the water’s edge, and thus prevented sudden flooding; a similar trench was subsequently made on the opposite shore. As the result of these excavations, a very distinct idea of the internal construction of the work was obtained (plate XLII., No. 4). The old crannog-builders appear to have selected a natural shoal in the lough as the scene of their operations. This shoal consisted of marl covered by a streak of whitish sand about four inches in depth; over the sand, to a height of six or eight inches, was a stratum of yellowish clay, which supported unhewn logs of oak and birch, together with an immense quantity of small branches, twigs, brambles, and small pebbles, all compressed into a peat-like mass about two feet thick; this was covered by two feet of earth, containing here and there layers of burnt clay and bones; the clay was mixed throughout with bones of animals greatly broken, articles of early manufacture, slag or dross iron, charcoal, and rough stones. The surface of the island was in many parts covered with flat stones of considerable size, and stakes larger than those which formed the outer circle, yet of the same character, were found here and there, even in the highest and most central parts; they were designed to stay and prop the work, for their points were deeply imbedded in the marl which formed the bottom of the lough. It was impossible to procure any perfect specimen of these supports, as the wood, softened by saturation, broke off on application of the slightest pressure. Scattered amongst the bones that lay upon the shore of the island, were several fragments of earthen vessels; the one represented (_ante_, p. 93) was found here. Although search was made, yet comparatively few antiques were brought to light.[206]

In plate XLII. a large island is represented to the extreme left; this is what may be termed a composite crannog. The body of the island, formed entirely of stones, was formerly surrounded by rows of oaken stakes; none, however, are now to be seen; they served as fuel to a man who lived on the shores of the lake. The greatest height of this island above summer level of the water was about five feet, the form an irregular oval, two hundred and seventy feet in length, by one hundred and thirty-eight feet in breadth, and a trench cut through to a depth of five feet reached what seemed to have been the ancient bottom of the lake. The great peculiarity of this structure is that the collection of small flat sandstones of which it was composed had been placed on edge (plate XLII., No. 5). By the country people it is appropriately styled “the quarry.” Close to the north-western extremity of the lake may be seen a small crannog--about thirty feet in diameter--that is all but submerged even in the dryest season; the few oaken timbers that remain seem to radiate from a common centre, and are intermixed with stones, as shown in plate XLII., No. 3. Evidently this islet had originally been strongly staked. The fourth and last crannog is represented at the extreme right of the general view of the lake; but here the crannog wrecker had been at work, and the stakes that formerly entirely surrounded it were pulled up and used as fuel. A curiously sculptured stone (_ante_, p. 90) was discovered here. The last two crannogs lay at a very low level, owing perhaps to the fact of an unusual quantity of boughs and compressible matter having been used in their construction. Portion of a single-tree canoe of oak was found in the lake, as also two very neatly formed paddles of oak, measuring about two and a-half feet in length.[207]

_Gortalough (the field of the lake)_ is situated near Drumgay, and within three miles of Enniskillen. Here a log-house, or crannog-hut was discovered buried under many feet of peat, but no trace of it now remains.[208]

_Drumskimly_, near Derrygonnelly.--In this lake, now almost drained, there were formerly two crannogs that are in the present day dry and under cultivation; but there remained a little island surrounded by water and well palisaded in the usual manner; it was circular in form, and about thirty-five feet in diameter; its surface has been converted into a garden. From time to time were here disinterred a spear-head and arrow-head, both of iron; a pair of quern-stones, and many fragments of pottery; one of the latter is figured (_ante_, p. 100).[209]

_Drumsloe._--See _ante_, pp. 87-88.

_Ballaghmore_ is the name now applied to a lake (about a mile and a-half from Enniskillen) in which was a crannog seemingly composed entirely of earth and stones, in a soft depth of mud, surrounded with a mass of aqueous vegetation. No piles were visible.

_Moinenoe (the bog of the yew)_ is a locality about a mile from Enniskillen, and sometimes called Chanter Hill. It was the former site of a lake which now in summer becomes a soft and treacherous swamp, and such traces of the crannog as yet remain would be difficult to explore. A single-tree canoe was found in the bed of the ancient lough.

_Breagho (wolf-field)._--Near a place of this name labourers when cutting turf came upon a stockaded enclosure buried some twelve or fourteen feet below the then surface of the bog; the crannog was circular, and about thirty-five feet in diameter. A pair of quern-stones, a large oaken, bowl-shaped vessel, split in several places, and the sawn and perforated bones of a _Megaceros hibernicus_, were the only “finds” recorded.

_Aughlish._--In a lake so called, about five miles from Enniskillen, in the direction of Boho, there is a crannog, but the height of the water precluded an examination. The tops of numerous piles are frequently visible in summer-time.

_Killynure (the wood of the yews)_ is a small lakelet, distant a mile from Enniskillen, on the Tempo road. It contains a crannog which is usually flooded.

_Lough Acrussel_ is situated near Enniskillen. The crannog was found standing in deep water; but after a continuance of dry weather the piling all around could be distinctly seen, and the posts were, as a rule, connected by horizontal beams. Near the centre of the island there was a large flag-stone that had evidently been used as a hearth. Upon sinking shallow trenches through portions of the work, bones and teeth of animals of the usual character were discovered, as also iron slag, wood charcoal in small quantities, and some thin pieces of bronze, seemingly parts of a cauldron or dish. The plan of the crannog was nearly a perfect circle, and its diameter sixty feet.[210]

_Lough Yoan._--In the summer of 1883, the crannog in this lake was visited by W. F. Wakeman, who reported that its surface seemed covered with bones of various animals, the larger of them having been broken apparently for extraction of the marrow. There were several whetstones and fragments of querns; but no traces of woodwork remained visible, though possibly by digging through the sand and stones, of which the shoal is chiefly composed, some discoveries might be made.

_Lankhill._--In this lake, situated near Enniskillen, a crannog was discovered by W. F. Wakeman, by whom it will be described in a forthcoming number of the _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Association of Ireland_.

_Lough Macnean_ contains four islets, the one lying close to the western shore being appropriately designated “Crannog Island.” Its diameter is about sixty-four feet, and the work, which consists of a cairn of stones--rising to a height of eight or ten feet above the winter level of the water--had been formerly enclosed by a double row of piles composed of oak, yew, and pine. The usual amount of bones, a couple of fragments of pottery, and a large quantity of iron slag and charcoal, alone were discovered, although the shore was carefully searched. The island situated near Belcoo was of the same dimensions and formation; nothing but bones, slag, and charcoal, were found in it. In the crannog at the southern extremity of the lake, digging had to be discontinued in consequence of the percolation of the water. Much of the piling was still visible, although everywhere reduced to a state of pulp. The fourth islet, named _Inishee_ (i. e. _fairy island_), yielded nothing; it was of natural formation.[211]

_Lenaghan._--Here, about three miles from Enniskillen, is a small lake containing a crannog. On it were found immense numbers of animal bones, as also some few antiquities; one of them, a dagger of bone, measured fourteen inches in length.

_Lough Eyes_ is situated two miles north-east of the village of Lisbellaw; it is about two-thirds of a mile long, by less than a quarter of a mile across at its greatest breadth. This lough was not known to possess any manner of interest, scenic or otherwise, except indeed for the disciples of Isaak Walton, who found it well stocked with scaly prey. The Irish name of the lake appears to have been lost, possibly corrupted, or perhaps translated, for near the southern shore a spring called _Tobernasoul_--“_the well of the eyes_”--still gives forth water forming a small rivulet that connects the well with the lake, so that in all probability this furnishes a clue to the modern name of the sheet of water. Lough Eyes, like the crannog retreats of Ballydoolough and Drumgay--distant respectively about three miles--was anciently embosomed in a dense primæval forest. The roots and portions of the stems of oak, pine, and alder, of immense size, remained _in situ_, and were in such close proximity that their foliage must have commingled and formed a canopy impervious to storm. The forest, however, has been “pared to the stump,” as may be seen from the sketch of the locality--taken from the south-east--which conveys a fair idea of the _tout ensemble_ of the scene. In consequence of the exceptional dryness of the summer of 1870, the level of the water was greatly diminished, and the islands (six in number) became exposed to view (plate XLIII., No. 1). Although the elevation of the remains above the surface of the water was unequal, still the rows of piling by which the lake dwellings had been protected and enclosed were on about the same plane. The crannog that was situated in the deepest part of the lake would appear to have sunk, but its subsidence may be attributed to the perishable nature of its component parts--logs and branches. The other habitations were constructed upon shoals--in one instance upon a natural turf-bank artificially strengthened, and then raised to the required height with layers of sticks, brambles, earth, and stones. Plate XLIII., Nos. 2, 3, 4, give the ground-plan, section, and general aspect of the most important crannog of the group; its greatest height above summer level is ten feet, but it is never entirely submerged; it measures two hundred and eight feet in circumference. A trench cut across the island (plate XLIII., No. 3) demonstrated its artificial strata to be as follows:--The surface consisted of a layer--averaging a foot in depth--of stones deposited without any appearance of regularity; these stones rested upon a layer of earth (A) of similar thickness, from which broken bones and small particles of charcoal were disinterred. Underneath was a stratum (B) that had been formed of branches of oak, alder, pine, hazel, &c., roughly thrown together, and with traces of the bark still distinctly discernible, intermixed also with remains of brambles, decayed foliage, small stones or gravel, a little earth and bog mould. Next followed about six feet of a seemingly undisturbed stratum of peat (C), lying upon a deposit of sand and marl (D and E), which probably at some very remote period had formed the original lake bottom. The stockading that originally surrounded the islet still existed. To the west and north the stakes were four deep, driven in close together, and forming an almost solid whole; they were nearly all of oak, roughly hewn, and sharply pointed by a metal instrument (plate XLIII., No. 5). Half buried in the soil were several pieces of oak--one a barrel-shaped block (plate XLIII., No. 8), one foot four inches in length, by one foot ten inches in circumference; the groove cut in one of its sides is two inches deep, by one and a-half inches broad. The other block (plate XLIII., No. 6) measures one foot seven inches, by six inches; another is slightly smaller; and a fourth (No. 9) has all the appearance of having formed portion of the bottom of a wooden vessel; it measures twelve inches across.

Subsequently, at a season when the water was exceptionally low, the locality was again examined, and a shoal or ridge, evidently the remains of a piled causeway by which the islands in Lough Eyes had been connected together, was then discovered. In the neighbourhood a tradition existed that in ancient times “a road passed through Lough Eyes.” This lingering belief would be fully explained by the existence of a _kesh_ or causeway--and upon this, as well as upon the main crannog, was found a quantity of bones of the _Bos longifrons_, red deer, ass, sheep, goat, and pig. Mixed with the animal remains was an extraordinary collection of broken earthen vessels like those in the Drumgay and Ballydoolough sites. The fragments were nearly all more or less ornamented with indented patterns, sometimes arranged simply in lines, in other cases presenting chevron designs. The illustrations (_ante_, pp. 93, 94) represent two of these vessels restored. Fig. 71 is a flat disc, seemingly a cover or lid. Figs. 72, 73, 98, 99, and 100, were also found in this locality. Second in position from the left side of the general view of Lough Eyes (plate XLIII.), a very small island (No. 2 crannog) may be discerned in the distance: this is a sunken crannog; its appearance is shown in the lowest sketch (plate XLIV.). To the right, in the general view (plate XLIII.), is the most northern crannog (No. 3) of the group; its general plan and details form the three upper sketches of plate XLIV. The shape was circular, the diameter about fifty feet, the piles stood almost as originally driven, but the horizontal timbers of the interior had disappeared. A cruciform section demonstrated that the island consisted of a low mound formed of sand, earth, and stones, which had settled down into their then position. A whetstone, and portion of a highly decorated quern (_ante_, p. 88), rewarded the search. Bones lay scattered along the beach, as well as over the surface of the islet, and pottery was found in abundance (see _ante_, plate XVIII.). The fourth island (No. 4) from the left of the view is represented in the sketch second from the bottom (plate XLIV.). It was similar to the last described: a cruciform section of considerable depth threw little light on the internal construction; there were only layers of earth, sand, and sticks. The result of a search and digging along the shore brought to light a portion of the upper stone of a quern, fractured bones, and small fragments of pottery. The fifth crannog was of the sunken class, although some of the stakes were still _in situ_. It was low and narrow, seldom above water, therefore its exploration was practically impossible. Some bones and fragments of pottery (_ante_, plate XIX.), a whetstone, and pieces of a jet bracelet, were the sole mementoes discovered. The sixth, and last crannog is to the extreme right of the general view (plate XLIII.). In summer-time, during low water, it was a peninsula. Many of the stakes retained their position, but a section made into it presented nothing of importance. From about the group of crannogs, fragmentary specimens of what had probably been bracelets of jet were discovered, and the axe-head of deer’s horn figured and described (_ante_, p. 59) was dug up in this locality. The bones, pottery, and other debris, seemed to be distributed pretty equally all around. Copper vessels had been found in connexion with these lake dwellings, but attracted no attention as they were supposed to be part of the “plant” of poteen distillers.[212] In the neighbourhood small mounds--consisting chiefly of heaps of burnt sandstone--were very common; these stones were easily pulverised.

_Pad_, or _Boat Lough_, close to Lough Eyes, is a very small lake, in which is the site of a crannog, not yet explored on account of the depth of the water.

_Monea._--See _ante_, pp. 69-70.

_Wolf Loch._--There is said to have been formerly a crannog in this lake.

_Loughavilly (the lake of the old tree)_, now nearly drained, is represented (plate XLV.) as seen from the south, with Topped Mountain in the background. The piled mound visible in the middle distance, to the right, is the remains of a crannog that appeared to belong to an age when stone implements were in use, judging from the character of the few antiquities found within it. In the summer of 1871 there was still observable a small portion of the original lake dwelling. “This consisted of a roughly squared block of oak, measuring four feet three inches in length, by one foot in breadth. It was nine inches in thickness, and exhibited upon what appeared to have been its upper surface two quadrangular mortise-holes, one of which was a square, six inches by six inches, and four inches in depth; the other, an oblong, six inches by five inches, and somewhat shallower than the former. They were placed at a distance of one foot three inches apart, and presented all the appearance of having been fashioned by a rude stone instrument.” The mortise-holes were not deeply sunk in the two logs remaining on this crannog; they are represented (plate XLVI., figs. 14 and 15). Fig. 16, a rudely-shaped stone axe-head or chisel, four and a-half inches in length by two and a-half inches in extreme breadth, was also discovered here.

_Kilnamaddo._--For description of this crannog, see _ante_, pp. 37-39. Amongst the “finds” were an ordinary whetstone, a couple of hammer-stones, some flint-flakes, a large tray-like vessel composed of oak, some fragments of rude pottery, and a pair of rubbing-stones. Plate XLVI., figs. 5 and 9, are angle-posts of the second hut, they measure respectively three feet eleven inches, and four feet nine inches. Figs. 6, 7, and 8 (about one foot four inches in length), are pegs used probably to secure the lower logs in position; these pegs varied in size, and bore the marks of being cleanly cut by a sharp metallic instrument.

_The Miracles._--At a place bearing this singular name, and situated near the village of Monea, turf-cutters in the year 1875 came upon the remains of a hut occupying the centre of an artificial island which stood in the middle of what had formerly been a small lake. Unfortunately the timbers and beams with which it was constructed were carried off before anyone skilled in archæological matters had seen them _in situ_; but the posts represented (plate XLVI., figs. 11, 12, and 13) were evidently angle-posts, resembling those in Kilnamaddo, and, like them, not exhibiting the bruised appearance produced by stone hatchets. There were pieces of iron slag, quantities of burnt wood, a well-formed crucible, sharpening and grinding stones, a stone or pounding instrument (_ante_, p. 74), and a beautifully-formed, highly-polished, axe-head, and a chisel of stone. Amongst the “finds” were numerous articles of bronze, which are now dispersed, and cannot be traced; but from the description given of them by the workmen they were probably fibulæ. There were also several oaken paddles, of which one is now in the Museum, R. I. A.; the dimensions of another were seven and a-quarter inches in length, the breadth of the blade being three inches; the handle terminated in an oval expansion measuring two and a-half inches across. Single-piece canoes have, from time to time, been discovered in the neighbourhood.[213]

_Rossole Lake._--In the neighbourhood of this sheet of water (_ante_, p. 49) there lingers a tradition of a “buried city” lying in its depths; therefore, in the event of drainage, it is more than probable a crannog site might be disclosed to view.

COUNTY MONAGHAN.

During the working of the Commission for the Arterial Drainage of Ireland, six crannogs were disclosed in this county; four of these sites have not been identified.

_Lough Fea._--A stockaded island in this lake (discovered in 1843) is described in Shirley’s _Dominion of Farney_.

_Aghnamullen._--_Ante_, p. 135.

_Lough Ooney._--_Ante_, p. 156.

_Ballyhoe_ Lake, distant about five miles from Carrickmacross, was described by G. Morant as situated on the southern verge of the county Monaghan, the greater part of it being in Meath. The lake, of horse-shoe form, is of tolerable extent; the river Glyde, or Lagan, runs through it, and by this stream it is connected with several lakelets lying more northward in the county Monaghan; at the toe of the horse-shoe, owing to the large deposit of mud brought down by the river, the water is very shallow. In this lake were two artificial islands, one of great extent, the other much smaller. In the larger island, to which a causeway led from the mainland, were numerous mounds which had been partially excavated, and here were found two fine specimens of bronze pins, other articles of lesser interest in lead and iron; also a flint spear-head. The shores of the lake were for the most part boggy and full of large timber, stumps and stems appearing in great quantities, both above and below the level of the water, which was reduced several feet by the drainage of the river. The centre of the horse-shoe was occupied by a peninsula of bog-land with a coating of grass: this tract also abounded with timber, the stumps in many places projecting above the soil. In August, 1864, on the east shore of this peninsula, were observed two chert spear-heads lying just beneath the water at its lowest summer level, and a few yards further along the beach was a rude stone hatchet, about six inches long and two inches deep in its broadest part. The following spring, when the winter floods had subsided, measures were taken to search very carefully, and the result was the collection of a great many flint implements of various types, the greater number of which were lying only a few inches below the surface of the soil, and generally ashes were found with them. In one place a dark-coloured glass bead of barrel-shape was with the flint-flakes, and close to the stump of a large tree was a very fine polished stone hatchet with squared sides, the edge sharp and quite uninjured. In one of the holes made in the bog by the feet of cattle lay a beautiful little arrow-head of dark flint, triangular in shape, chipped to an exquisite sharpness, and curved inwards at the base to form the barbs. With the flakes, knives, scrapers, arrow and spear-heads of flint, were also many specimens in chert or Lydian stone. Near the exit of the river from the lake two different types of light-coloured flint arrow-heads were discovered, the one barbed, and about one and three-quarter inches, the other two inches in length, and of peculiar form; the latter lay where a deep cutting had been made during the drainage works, and near this spot was anciently a ford, the scene of several encounters between the Danes and Irish, and where in later times the forces of Elizabeth, and the Irish under Tyrone, met in battle array. In a field on the Meath side of the river, stood a castle of which no vestige now remains above the ground: the foundation may, however, still be traced, and many articles have, from time to time, been ploughed and dug up about the site of this old fortalice of the Pale. A fine silver coin of Mary, and a good specimen of a pin-brooch in bronze, with red enamel setting, were found there.

The larger crannog, separated from the mainland by a shallow channel, was in summer accessible by a narrow causeway. In one of its mounds--principally composed of ashes--were leaden bullets, sharpening-stones, and implements of iron; on its shores a flint spear-head and bronze pins; on the edges of the lake close by, flint arrow-heads, hatchets, &c., all of which, found at about the same level, were certainly submerged until the drainage works permanently reduced the height of the lake by several feet. Bullets discovered in these crannogs prove that they were occupied up to a comparatively late date.[214]

_Cargaghoge._--_Ante_, p. 42.

_Glaslough_, or _Erny Lough_.--_Ante_, p. 151.

_Lisanisk._--_Ante_, p. 151.

_Lough-na-glack._--_Ante_, p. 81. Two bronze instruments, supposed to have been used for piscatory purposes, were found in connexion with this crannog, also several beads of amber and blue glass; a comb and three pins made of bone; an iron dagger fifteen inches in length; several primitive iron plough-coulters; fragments of iron instruments (use unknown); a long gun-barrel, or caliver; part of the lock of a pistol, and many bullets of lead.[215]

_Lough Mucknoe._--_Ante_, p. 151.

_Lough Monnachin._--_Ante_, p. 151.

_Lough Rouskey._--_Ante_, p. 151.

_Monalty_ (near Lisanisk).--The first mention of the discovery of various ancient relics in a small artificial island in this lake was made by Mr. Shirley. There was a canoe (hollowed out of a single piece of oak), measuring twenty-four feet in length, also stone and bronze celts, spear-heads, needles, pins, &c., from all which it would seem that here had been one of the strongholds of the chiefs of the district. This crannog--afterwards explored by G. Morant--is situated close to the shore, and during the low state of the water in the year 1863, it became accessible by wading over a few yards of mud. When searching on the exposed side of the island a jewelled ornament was perceived, slightly projecting above the gravel, stones, and mud of which the beach was composed. This proved to be a rock crystal, oval in shape, and set transparently; the crystal, with its silver setting, measured two and a-half inches in length, by one and three-quarter inches across, and was much corroded on the front; the little points were surrounded with a cable-twist, as was also the setting. It was pronounced by a competent authority to be a work of the fourteenth or fifteenth century. Lying on the surface of the boggy soil was another antique, considered to be a harp-pin; it was of highly-finished work in bronze, the barrel having within it indications of rust.[216] The crannog had been searched long previously by a man who made a trade of selling antiquities, so that the good fortune of discovering these curiosities must be attributed to the fact of the water-level having been so exceptionally low in the year 1863.

_Rahan’s Lake_ is situated near Carrickmacross, and here in 1863 the hearth of a crannog was uncovered; on it were found a quantity of ashes, together with five Queen Mary shillings, fused into a mass, probably by the conflagration which had consumed the dwelling. A bronze pin, a flat spear-head, and stone celt, were also brought to light.[217]

_Leesborough Lake._--An iron skean, seventeen inches long including the tang, the blade thirteen inches, one and a-quarter inches wide at the handle, and one-quarter inch thick, tapering to the point, was found here.

_Kilmore Lake._--Two crannogs are known to have existed in this sheet of water.[218]

COUNTY CAVAN.

_Cloneygonnell_ (otherwise Tonymore)--a townland in the parish of Kilmore, barony of Lower Loughtee--contained three crannogs that became exposed when the waters of Tonymore Lough had been run off by arterial drainage. Although the tops of the outer row of piles could be seen projecting above the surface, yet the real nature of the largest of these islands--a green oblong mound--was not suspected until after the railway had passed through a portion of it. The land was described as rising, in a succession of low hills, from what had been the ancient margin of the lake; on the north and south sides were the raths of Shancloon and Cloneygonnell, as shown (plate XLVII., fig. 202), and there were several raths of minor importance. In 1862, Dr. Malcomson of Cavan, carefully examined the locality, and made a sketch of the general appearance of the ancient lake bed and neighbourhood (fig. 203), as well as a representation of the section of the larger crannog where cut by the railway (fig. 204). The piles or stakes were arranged in two circles, one within the other, the diameter of the greater one being one hundred and twenty feet, and that of the other ninety feet. The piles in the outer circle were very numerous, and in some instances driven in close proximity to each other; a few appeared about three feet above the surface, and upon being withdrawn and examined were found to have been carefully pointed. The stakes in the inner row were not so numerous; some of them were of oak, others being of sallow or other soft wood. Within the stockade were observed two small mounds, one at the north, the other at the south. Corresponding with the depression between these, and three feet under the soil, was discovered during the excavation a flat stone four feet square and three inches thick, resting on a number of upright blocks of oak; this, no doubt, was a hearthstone. The most elevated point of the mound, towards the south of the island, had a crater-like appearance. Besides the wooden stakes which entered into the formation of the circles, others appear to have been laid horizontally, their beam-like ends showing at that part of the enclosure which was disturbed by the passage of the railway. On exploring the crannog, and when the excavations had been carried to the centre, the cut surface presented from above, downwards--

1st. _Clay._

2nd. _Black and grey ashes, with small stones and sand._

3rd. _Bones and ashes, with lumps of blue and yellow clay._

4th. _A quantity of grey ashes_, and

5th. _The horizontal sleepers, or stretchers, and hazel branches resting on the peat bottom._ (Plate XLVII., fig. 204.)

The superficial soil was gradually removed in order to expose the original flooring and examine its peculiar arrangement. During the removal of this stratum the workmen turned up a few antique specimens, amongst them portion of a glazed crucible, and a large mass of brownish metallic dross, quite convex on one surface. The principal stretchers--about forty in number--which composed the flooring were of black oak, in a tolerable state of preservation; each plank was from six to twelve feet in length, and from six to twelve inches square. They were laid down so as to extend lengthways from the circumference towards the centre, forming a number of radiæ somewhat like the spokes of a wheel; their outer ends were kept in position by slender crooked trunks of oak-trees forming a kind of circle, these again being fixed into their places by the outer row of stockades. The planks were not in close apposition, and the spaces so left were filled with thick branches of sallow, deal, and hazel, with the bark on; many of the branches extended underneath the sleepers, thus separating them from the peat bottom. The branches were for the most part rotten, and easily broken down. Hazel nuts were found here hard and brown, as if but just fallen from the tree. When the peat was removed to a depth of two feet near the outer part of the enclosure, the space so left was immediately filled up with bog water. A similar examination made near the centre exposed a hard foundation of blue clay. The timbers composing the crannog appeared to have been roughly hewn, and were not joined together by nails or mortises; two of the stretchers, however, had mortises. This site was most thoroughly examined. In the same marsh, but nearer to the ruin of Tonymore Castle, there were traces of two other stockaded dwellings (plate XLVII., fig. 202), an elevated causeway leading from them to what had been formerly the mainland.[219]

_Cornagall._--_Ante_, p. 67.

_Drumkeery Lough_ is situated two and a-half miles north of Bailieborough. In 1863 the level of this lake having been lowered, the fact became apparent that it had been, in olden times, the abode of a lacustrine population. Plate XLVIII., fig. 206, shows the former extent and shape of the lake. Near its southern margin there was an oval-shaped island, converted into a peninsula by the change in the water-level. The aspect of the locality is described, and also represented in an outline sketch, by Professor Harkness, the original island being shown (plate XLVIII., fig. 207) by the portion marked A, including the area B, while the present peninsula is indicated by the letters CCC. The crannog was situated on the peninsula, and the approach to it had been from the south, as indicated by remains of a stockade of birch piles, DD, extending from both sides of the entrance, whilst at the eastern corner of the latter was a large oak pile with a four-sided hole cut through it. Large vertical oak slabs, with interspaces of three feet between each pile, formed the sides of the entrance EE, the interspaces filled in with smaller slabs of oak inclined outwards; the strong vertical piles had been well secured; on examination it was found that about nine feet of their length lay below the then surface. The floor of the entrance F was formed of large flat stones, and underlying this rude pavement were pieces of cleft oak. The area occupied by the crannog was an Irish acre--the longer axis being nearly north and south--and it was enclosed by piling composed principally of birch, retaining the bark. These birch poles, on the end inserted into the ground, had usually a wedge-shaped outline; some of the smaller trees seem to have been cut down by a single blow, and driven into the ground without further sharpening. Piles of oak which also occurred in the crannog were much better pointed, tapering regularly in some cases from their extremity for four feet upwards. Round oak piles were found in several parts of the stockade; whilst cleft oak was observed only at the entrance in one or two parts of the stockade, and in single piles here and there in the crannog. It has been computed that the number of piles used in forming and strengthening the construction must have exceeded 30,000. The stockade was composed of piles placed in close contiguity, without interspaces; and in the interior, near the piling, there was a layer of gravelly clay and large stones, varying from two inches to two feet in thickness, its object being to give a uniform level; and this comparatively narrow space was the only artificially elevated portion of surface in the crannog, which differed from most others previously met with in Ireland, in apparently not having required to be raised above the water; but there is evidence of the level having risen five and a-half feet since the period of its occupation. At the northern extremity of what had been the crannog was a space about a rood and a-half in size, B, occupied by fragments of burnt bones and charcoal--the kitchen midden of the place. This deposit, nine inches in thickness, rested upon the natural surface of the island, of which the entire area AB was flat, and before the lake was lowered stood two and a-half feet above the ordinary level. On the north side the supports for a landing-stage, H, were composed of two rows of piles that ran obliquely _outwards_ from the girdle of piling G; and on the east side was another series of double piling, I, the piles about three and a-half feet apart, and they differed from the formation on the N.W. in extending _inwards_ from the main stockade. Opposite to this, and firmly embedded in the oozy bottom of the lake, was seen a single-piece canoe, J, formed out of an oak trunk; the double row of piling extending inwards doubtless enclosed a “dock” destined to receive and secure the canoe when not in use.[220]

On the north side of the lough, nearly opposite this crannog, there were traces of another of smaller size. Birch and round piles of oak were distinctly recognizable; these occurred also at various intervals along the margin of the water, indicating the former existence of several lake dwellings. Along the shore have been discovered traces of many ancient fireplaces[221] more than six inches above the present surface of the lake, but five and a-half feet below its level previous to drainage; the largest of these consisted of a heap, thirteen feet in diameter, of small flattish, angular-shaped stones resting on peat; the small stones had a reddish colour, and consisted of fragments of greywacke shale. Immediately contiguous to this heap of small stones was another, about four feet in diameter, made up of large stones, some a foot and a-half in breadth. These larger blocks exhibited no trace of the action of fire which had given to the smaller fragments their red colour.[222]

_Lough Ramor._--There are numerous islands on this lake, which is five miles in length, and from a mile to a mile and a-half in breadth. In the _Irish Annals_ this sheet of water is said to have burst forth A.M. 2859, and in A.D. 845, King Malachy is reputed to have here attacked and destroyed an island on which rebels had fortified themselves after joining with the Danes, and from whence they continued to commit depredations on the neighbouring districts. On its shores was found the curious stone mould figured _ante_, p. 73; a bronze vessel like a modern pot, eleven and a-half inches high, and the same wide, with small handles attached below the rim, and one foot wanting; another bronze vessel in a perfect state, with three transverse raised lines on sides, trident-shaped ornaments spring from the base of each leg, angular handles attached between junction of rim and conical pot, fifteen and three-quarter inches high, twelve across mouth. These latter articles were both found in Lough Ramor, and in Museum, R. I. A. they appear as Nos. 40 and 43.

_Lough Crannog._--Judging from the name, there was formerly an artificial island in this lake.

_Lough Aconnick_ and _Derreskit Lough_.[223]

At a meeting of the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland, held at Portrush, July, 1885, a paper on the crannogs of the county Cavan was read by Mr. Seaton Milligan of Belfast, who stated that he had at various times visited several of those structures, which he considered to be more numerous in Cavan than in any other county in Ireland, owing perhaps to the great number of lakes scattered over its surface. He described some eleven sites that lay within a radius of seven or eight miles from the town of Cavan; and was of opinion that their outer row of piling was generally formed of oak, and the inner circles of smaller stakes of hazel and sallow. A looped spear-head of bronze was shown by him, and he minutely described two canoes dug out of a bog on the shores of a lake containing a crannog, and situated near Heath Lodge. A bronze rapier found near a crannog in Lough Oughter was also exhibited by him, and a description given of the castle of the same name, where Bishop Bedell was protected by the Irish during the troublous times of 1641. This castle stands on an island surrounded by piling, and bearing the impress of having been an ancient crannog whereon the more modern structure was erected (_ante_, p. 155).

The exact locality of two sites in the province of Ulster still remains undefined, i.e. _Loch-da-damh_ (_ante_, p. 158), and the crannog attacked by Sir Henry Sidney in 1566 (_ante_, pp. 146-8).

PROVINCE OF LEINSTER.

COUNTY MEATH.

_Lagore_, otherwise _Dunshaughlin_. (See _ante_, pp. 23-5, 157, for the discovery and historical account of this celebrated crannog.)--In the kitchen midden were bones of the _Bos longifrons_, _Bos frontosus_, four-horned goat, wolf, dog, bear,[224] red deer, wild boar, sheep, fox, horse, &c.; also a sea-shell (_Fusus antiquus_), here figured one-third its real size. This relic is preserved in the Petrie Collection, R. I. A. It is curious to find a shell of any marine species within the bounds of a crannog situated many miles inland; and with it were shells of limpets and baccinums, together with numerous portions of fictile ware.[225] Around the crannog were several single-tree canoes, and near the centre there were two human skeletons lying at full length; the country people would not allow them to be removed; one specimen was, however, secured, and deposited in the Museum, R. I. A.[226]

_Bohermeen._--_Ante_, pp. 82 and 171.

COUNTY WESTMEATH.

During the working of the Commission for the Arterial Drainage of Ireland a crannog was discovered in this county, but its site is unidentified.

_Joristown._--In this townland, parish of Killucan, there would seem to have been formerly a crannog in the river Deel, for when deepening the bed of the stream a bronze spear-head was found five feet below the surface, and in the immediate neighbourhood of an artificial island, which is described upon the label attached to this weapon in the R. I. A. as “a little mound, formerly an island, which contained a quantity of bones and some iron spears.”[227]

_Ballinderry_, in the parish of Kilcumreragh, barony of Clonlonan, is situated not far from Moate. When, as the result of drainage, the water of this lake fell, it was discovered that it had formerly contained a large crannog surrounded by a stockade of oak piles, around and on which was an immense quantity of the antlers of red deer, and fractured bones of deer, oxen, sheep, and other mammalia, all afterwards sold as manure. Many objects of archæological interest found here were obtained by various collectors--some are in the Museum, R. I. A., and others have been figured in the _Journal of the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of Ireland_. The first notice of the crannog occurred in 1844, when Mr. Hayes forwarded to Sir W. Wilde a description of it, together with a plan and map of the locality. Two single-piece canoes were disinterred from this site, and portion of an ancient harp of wood. The pendent amulet of stone, figured p. 115, was found here.[228]

_Ballinacarriga._--_Ante_, p. 136.

_Lough Owel._--A canoe was here found, and a crannog is said to exist beneath the waters of this lake, opposite Portlenon. It is situated on a shallow, still called by the fishermen “the Old Crannog.”

COUNTY LONGFORD.

_Castle Forbes._--_Ante_, p. 33.

_Aughamore_, near Granard.--At this place was said to have been discovered a curious wooden hut, constructed of black bog-oak, which lay under water in an exhausted bog at considerable depth beneath the surface. It measured twenty-three feet by ten, and had eight very strong beams supported by cross-beams firmly jointed; the side-beams mortised, as if intended for uprights. It was taken asunder in the process of raising, and as far as can be ascertained it has never been viewed by any person competent to form an opinion on the matter, so that no conjecture can be hazarded regarding the age or purpose of this so-called hut.

COUNTY LOUTH.

_Iniskeen._--_Ante_, p. 158.

_Ballyhoe Lake._--A stone pestle, an amulet made of black stone, and a flat circular stone, were here found,[229] and from the bed of the river _Glyde_ were obtained a portion of a double comb and two beads of bone, the one seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, the other one-half inch wide.

KING’S COUNTY.

During the working of the Commission for the Arterial Drainage of Ireland, a crannog was discovered in this county, locality not mentioned.[230] “Just above the Pass Bridge, at the east end of Droughtville demesne, is a marsh, called the ‘Muddy Lake’ on the Ordnance Map, but by the people, the ‘Island Lough.’ On the north side of this marsh there is a small island, on which are the remains of _Kiltubrid Castle_. Between the castle and mainland, on the north side, there is an ancient causeway about one hundred yards in length.” A new channel made by the Drainage Commissioners in 1852, crossed this causeway within thirty yards of the castle. In the excavation several large pieces of oak were found, having evidently formed portion of a framework, as the mortises were tolerably perfect. Here also were discovered an article formed of wood, a pan of white bronze or _findruin_, three coins of the reign of Charles I., two of Elizabeth, and numerous others worn and defaced.[231]

QUEEN’S COUNTY.

_Grantstown._--About the year 1860, the permanent water-level of this lake being lowered six feet, disclosed an artificial island; the stakes forming the enclosure were very sharply pointed; those laid horizontally in the centre were grooved and nailed together. R. Langrishe--who had visited Grantstown, and was often on the lake--states that the country people spoke of these remains as “the castle”: they said “it had sunk.” No canoe was found, the water in the immediate vicinity of the crannog being upwards of eighty feet in depth. The only relics discovered were an iron hasp, two nails with large heads, an arrow or spear of charred wood, a polished piece of bone resembling a pin for the hair, having grooved circles all round it at top, an enormous quantity of animal bones and charred timber, a lump of gypsum, also a rude box, about four and a-half feet in length, which contained two small bones.[232]

_Lough Annagh_, situated in the barony of Tinnehinch, separates the King’s from the Queen’s County; it is three miles in circumference, and the waters abound with pike, roach, and perch. In the middle of this lake, where most shallow, oak framing was visible, and a tradition existed that “in the war of 1641 a party of insurgents had a wooden house erected on this platform, whence they went out at night in a boat and plundered the surrounding country.” The site was suitable for such a retreat, the lake having formerly been embowered in forest. Queen Elizabeth thanked one of her commanders for conducting a detachment of horse in safety through the surrounding woods of the district. T. Stanley, who visited the place in 1868, observed an island-like patch rising a little above the water-level; of piles then visible he counted upwards of one hundred and twenty, arranged in lines, with spaces of two feet between the alignments, the average diameter being about five inches. The island sloped down gradually in every direction, and the piles--apparent only on one side--accommodated themselves to the slope, and were in general only a few inches above the surface of the water. Four piles had been uprooted, and thus showed that originally they were pointed with a sharp instrument, possibly with small iron hatchets similar to those found on the spot a few days previous to T. Stanley’s visit. Between the island and the shore there was a half-submerged space, about thirty feet in diameter, strewn with stones and broken querns; a few piles appeared among this debris. There was a lesser tract closely adjoining, where well-burnt brick, both whole and broken, were mingled with the stones. On the mainland, near the crannog were traces of a curious bog-pass, made like an American corduroy road, and there can be little doubt of this being “the tougher of Malahone,” mentioned by Major Edward Wood in his despatch, giving an account of an action fought by him on the 4th May, 1691,[233] when he defeated a portion of the Irish army on a hill above the lough. It is more than probable that the crannogs in question had either been the head-quarters of the Irish force, or that after their defeat the fugitives took refuge on the islands, for in the year 1868, the Rev. J. Graves saw at Tullamore articles purchased from the men who had picked them up near the crannog. The items first named seem to tell their own story.[234]

During the progress of drainage operations, five canoes became exposed to view; they lay at the bottom in the same part of the lake, with their bow in a north-westerly direction, all having the same inclination or dip in the sandy or muddy deposit. A drawing was made, with measured plans and sections of the most perfect of the “dug-outs”; it was, however, split or fissured from starboard right through to the stern; it measured twenty-two feet seven inches over all, its greatest beam being thirty-one inches. It was formed out of one large trunk of oak, and appeared to have been hollowed by means of fire; close inspection showed that edged tools had been used in finishing it. The bottom (two inches thick) was perfectly flat, and without keel, and its perfectly smooth sides inclined outwards from the bottom. Two stout ridges of solid timber, one near either end of the “dug-out,” served to prevent the sides from collapsing, and between them and the bow and stern cavities had been hollowed out of the solid trunk, seemingly for the purpose of rendering the craft more buoyant. The port side was several inches lower than the starboard--manifestly the effect of accident. There were no traces of thwarts or benches; the sides had neither row-locks nor thole-pins; the canoe must therefore have been intended for propulsion by paddles. A horizontal hole, about one and a-half inch in diameter, had been bored in the most forward and highest part of the stern.

This entire fleet of ancient boats, together with several querns and bones found in the locality, were, in 1868, at Brittas, the residence of the Right Hon. General Dunn.[235]

_Cullina._--Mr. Louis Orr states that in 1872 he saw exposed by turf-cutters in the bog of Cullina, about three miles from Maryborough, the remains of a primitive wooden dwelling. “The building lay from ten to twelve feet beneath the original surface of the bog, and consisted chiefly of four upright posts, which formed the angles of a square of six or seven feet across. These posts were about six feet in height. A quantity of timber, consisting of planks and trunks of trees, principally oak, lay scattered around, and some of the woodwork appeared to have been charred by fire. Within what had been the area of the hut was a trough made of oak, measuring three feet in length by two in breadth.” A piece of thin metal (whether bronze or iron is not stated), very much corroded, was also discovered. It was supposed to have been a sword.

PROVINCE OF MUNSTER.

COUNTY TIPPERARY.

_Annagh_, in the parish of Kilbarron.--There is here (as stated by the Rev. James Graves) a piled crannog, situated at the extremity of a shallow spit--submerged except when the river Shannon is very low--and at the outlet of a great circular spring or small lake, six or seven hundred yards in diameter, which runs into Lough Derg. This site has not yet been examined, but a map of the locality is here given.

_Monaincha_ (the island of the bog) is--as stated by W. F. Wakeman--an artificial construction, on which had been subsequently erected a church in the Hiberno-Romanesque style. It is to the present day surrounded by bog.

_Lough Nahinch_ (the lake of the island).--In the year 1810 the waters of this lake, situated near Roscrea (at the junction of King’s County and Tipperary), having been lowered four feet by drainage, a considerable portion of the land it once covered (fig. 211, _b b b b b_) was laid bare, and the site of a crannog became apparent. The lake is now much reduced in dimensions, but the surrounding ground being low, its expanse in winter (_a a_) is greater than in summer. Mr. Trench of Cangort Park--although at the time of its discovery unaware of the real nature of the construction--gave the following graphic description of it:--“The bottom (of the lake) consists of blue shelly marl, which seems to extend to a great depth, and when dry it is exceedingly light. In the highest part of this reclaimed land, which is about the middle of the old lake, there is seen a circular part resembling in shape the top of an immense tub, about sixty feet in diameter. The large planks which form the staves are from one to ten feet (?) broad, and six inches thick, quite straight as far as it has yet been possible to trace them downwards; none of them have been raised without cutting them.” There was no appearance of either axe or saw having been used in their formation.[236]

Since the change in the water level, the original aspect of the crannog has been completely transformed, its circular shape changed, many of the piles removed, and where the water was deep a quay was built for the convenience of landing turf from the southern shore. On the east there was a track into the mainland (_c_), and at its junction with the quay at the S.E. of the island, was one of the old oak sheeting piles. On the north, oak piles were noted forming part of a circle, and from them, running S. and S.E., there were two rows of round perpendicular ash piles (two feet five inches in diameter), that may have formed part of walls, or partitions dividing the space inside the circle of sheet piles into rooms or dwellings. On the N.W. of the island, about three yards from the present shore, were also some of the circle of sheet piles, and between them and the land ran E. and W. beams four feet apart, and four feet lower than the surface of the island: above these were irregularly-laid logs of oak, mingled with large stones. On the S.W. there was a set of oak sheet piles bounding the end of the quay. Only the general section of the island could be made on account of the inrush of water into the excavation.

GENERAL SECTION.

ft. in. 6. Bog, (about) 0 6 5. Bog, ashes, bones, and nuts, 1 6 4. Stones and large oak sticks irregularly laid, 0 6 3. Peat, bones, and ashes, in which were oak beams lying in different directions, 1 6 2. Oak beams, about four feet apart, and laid nearly E. and W., 0 6 1. Peat, wood chips, and bones, (over) 1 0 ------ 5 6

The artificial work, measured from the present surface, was more than five feet six inches in thickness. On the beams (_layer 2 in section_) there seemed to have been a basket flooring, but of this there could not be certainty, owing to the depth of water in the excavation. In connexion with them were observed _wicker-walls_ made of hazel rods, and where these crossed the oak beams there were round holes through the latter for the stakes to pass through. In the vicinity of these beams a small rude stone implement of Silurian grit was found, but so rotten that it broke when handled. The beams in _layer_ 3 were charred on the under surface, as if they had formed the rafters of an edifice destroyed by fire. Near the north of the island, immediately over these charred beams, there was a plank pointing N.W. and S.E.; it was ten feet long, twenty inches wide, and two inches thick; at about one foot nine inches from its N.W. end there were two holes through it, running N. and S. in a line with the north and south piles seen on the N. shore, and on each side of the plank there were upright stakes ranging in the same direction. The conclusion may be drawn that the island was occupied at two distinct periods--the first being when the E. and W. beams formed the floor of the habitations which seemed to have been destroyed by fire: afterwards the oak sticks and stones--irregularly laid--were placed as a floor for new dwellings, and between the periods it must be supposed that the water of the lake had risen considerably.[237]

COUNTY WATERFORD.

_Ardmore Bay._--Here, in the year 1879, a submarine crannog was discovered on the shore under high water-mark, where a small stream runs into the sea between Ardmore chapel and the old coastguard houses; this little stream described a semicircle around the crannog at low water, but at high water all was submerged; a bank of shingle had covered it in whole or in part, but the rapid denudation going on from the action of the sea had removed the shingle and is wearing down the bed of turf, so that it is quite possible no remains of the crannog may be left. Its greatest diameter was from ninety-two to one hundred feet: the turf was over nine feet deep where the piles were driven in; these were of oak, rudely pointed and forming a double enceinte--irregularly oval in shape--of which the inner row of piles generally sloped slightly inwards, and those of the outer row--closer together and more numerous than the inner--sloped outwards. In many cases they stood above the turf, and were for the most part large--as thick as a man’s thigh. Several smaller piles were in the S.E. quarter of the crannog, probably the remains of wattled partitions. To the N.E. the sea denudation had been very great, and there, at the surface, were found many roots of bog-timber, similar to those which near the centre of the crannog lay more than two feet below the level of the solid peat.

SECTION INSIDE EAST MARGIN OF CRANNOG.

ft. in. 8. Peat, } 1 0 7. Thin stratum of bluish clay with worn pebbles, }

6. Peat, } 1 0 5. Thin stratum of bluish clay and an angular } piece of limestone, } 4. Thin stratum of charcoal, }

3. Peat, 2 0 2. Clayey peat, 3 0 1. Very clayey peat full of small oak roots, 0 6 ------ 7 6

In the peat Nos. 1, 2, and 3, roots and twigs of oak occurred, and in the peat Nos. 6 and 8 were many twigs and boughs of oak, also stouter pieces of sallow. The cross-section taken along the line AB shows the present surface of the ground, with the oak piles, hazel stakes, planks, beams, &c., found in the excavation, also the high water-mark of average spring tides, and the depth of the peat--where proved. Any implements, or other relics that may have remained in this site, must have been long since washed away. A few antiquities are said to have been discovered in the Ardmore peat, but not within the bounds of the crannog, so that some charcoal found in one spot, two feet below the surface, and the “kitchen midden”--which at the close of 1880 became exposed by the action of the sea--form the only traces remaining of man’s former presence in this abode.[239]

On Arranmore island, in the Bay of Galway, the Rev. W. Kilbride discovered habitations and artificial structures extending from above high water-mark to under the low water-level of spring tides: from this it may be inferred that man existed in Ireland before the last subsidence of the land. The _Irish Annals_ contain much that was formerly looked upon as fabulous relations of inbreaks of the ocean, but which may be reasonably held to be the reflex of traditionary tales having some foundation in fact. Geologists assert that at one time Great Britain and Ireland were connected with the Continent by a great level plain, over which roamed the _Megaceros_, so that even within the period of the existence of this animal, whose contemporaneity with man may be considered beyond dispute, both seas and continents have changed.

There are proofs of elevation and subsidence in the Bay of Baiæ, where the Temple of Jupiter Serapis “affords in itself alone unequivocal evidence that the relative level of land and sea have changed twice at Puzzuoli since the beginning of the Christian era; and each movement, both of elevation and subsidence, has exceeded twenty feet.”[240] It is difficult to decide whether the crannog at Ardmore had, like the Temple of Jupiter, subsided with the land, and had again been elevated: the denudation of the crannog may point to the possibility of the latter hypothesis.

COUNTY LIMERICK.

A crannog was discovered in this county during the working of the Arterial Drainage Commissioners. Site unidentified.

_Coolcranoge_.--_Ante_, p. 28.

_Knockanny_.--_Ante_, p. 156.

_Lough Gur._--_Ante_, pp. 6, 25-6, 83, 150, 156, &c. There was found here a remarkably fine bronze spear-head, now in the collection of General A. Pitt Rivers, F. R. S. The lower part of its socket was ornamented with gold (see figs. 214 and 215). Homer more than once mentions the gold ring, or ferrule, around the spear-head of Hector. The two following relics--also from Lough Gur--may be seen in the British Museum:--(1) A moiety of a stone mould for casting spear-heads and other pointed objects of various sizes: “it is a four-sided prism, six and a-half inches long, and two and a half inches broad at one end of each face, and one and three-quarter inches at the other. A second similar prism would, it has been observed, give four perfect moulds for casting spear-heads slightly varying in form, but in each case provided with side-loops. These loops are, as usual, semicircular in form on the mould, and were no doubt destined to be flattened in the usual manner by a subsequent process of hammering. There is one special feature in this mould, viz., that at the base of the blade there is a transverse notch in the stone, evidently destined to receive a small pin which would serve to keep the core for the socket in its proper position. There is a similar transverse notch in one of the smaller moulds for the pointed objects”[241] (fig. 216). (2) An iron sword, which is ornamented on the blade thus, [Illustration]. The cross-like form does not necessarily denote that the weapon belongs to the Christian era, for an almost similar symbol [Illustration] appears in an ancient Mexican MS. now in the Belfast Museum.[242]

COUNTY CLARE.

_Effernan._--In the year 1873, a gentleman desirous to provide his residence with an ample supply of water, decided on bringing it down from this lake, situated at a distance of about two miles, and at a level of three hundred feet above his house. Before a syphon could be placed in working order, it was necessary to reduce the height of the water much below its ordinary summer level, which was effected by clearing and deepening the outlet. When making the cutting the labourers, at about six feet below the surface, came upon a densely-intertwined layer of roots of a pine forest; the trees had evidently attained maturity in the position in which they were found, and they extended also under the water. The forest must have been very ancient, as no lake could have been formed there at the time of its existence. The roots were in the exact position in which the trees grew, and these, with the direction to which their stumps pointed, seemed to indicate that, while the present prevailing wind is the S.W., it must then have been the N.W. Hills and valleys guide the aerial currents, and some convulsion of the earth’s crust may have altered these, and formed the present lake. When, by drainage, the water had been reduced nine feet, there was laid bare a low neck of land stretching into the lake, its outer end being highest. Along this neck of land ran, in irregular order, a row of posts, from four to six inches in diameter, and which, in general, only just topped the ground. At the extremity of the promontory was an unmistakable crannog, circular in form, and with wooden piles surrounding the exterior; the floor was of stone; and one large flag--seemingly the fireplace--took up the greater part of the interior space. Unfortunately, no one specially interested about lake dwellings was at the time aware of this discovery, and the syphon being completed, crannog and causeway became once more submerged.[243]

PROVINCE OF CONNAUGHT.

COUNTY GALWAY.

_Ballinlough_ is situated in the barony of Leitrim, and parish of Ballinakill; in it were four islands, bearing no distinctive appellation; but G. H. Kinahan, who made the explorations, named them, respectively--_North Island_ (1), (fig. 217), _West Island_ (2), _Middle Island_ (3), _East Island_ (4). In the general view of the lake (fig. 218), _North Island_ (1) is in the far distance; near the mouth of the rivulet is _West Island_ (2); to its right lies _Middle Island_ (3); whilst a glimpse of a portion only of _East Island_ (4) is to be seen. The horns and skulls of numerous red deer have been discovered at various times in the lake-bed; also the head and horns of a _Megaceros hibernicus_. _North Island_ (1) is nearly one hundred yards from the shore, to which, during the dry season, it was connected by a reedy bank, and, when visited, was a foot above the surface of the water; the excavation was stopped on finding the stratum undisturbed, and no traces around of ancient dwellings, either of stone, or of piling. _West Island_ (2), twenty-six yards from the shore, was connected with it during the dry season; its form was a rude oval, the diameter thirty-three and fifteen yards, respectively, and there were flat stones round the outside. An excavation in the centre showed:--

ft. in. Bog and clay, with a few bones, 2 0 Wood ashes, full of charred bones, over 1 6 ------ 3 6

_Middle Island_ (3) lies nearly eighty-four yards from _West Island_ (2); it was almost circular, its diameter being thirty-two yards; and outside, for a width of nearly twelve feet, it was lined with regularly-placed flat stones. When the water was low, piles could be distinctly observed around it; but the porous nature of the materials, joined to the height of the water at the time, precluded a systematic examination. A small excavation near the western extremity gave the following section:--

ft. in. 6. Peat and clay, about 0 9 5. Peat and stones, with a few bones, 0 9 4. Wood ashes and peat, quantities of unbroken cherry stones, broken hazel nuts, broken animal bones and teeth, also a ball of red colouring matter, 2 6 3. Basket flooring, one and a-half inch thick, 0 1½ 2. Oak beams, 0 6 1. Peat, over 0 6 ------ 5 1½

The oak beams were sawn, not split; they seemed to run nearly N. and S.; through them, at distances of nine inches, were pairs of dowels, and at intervals of nine inches were ash poles, two and a-half inches thick, through which the dowels passed and secured the flooring beams. The wicker-work flooring was formed of hazel rods; and the crannog would appear to have been divided into huts, or apartments, as portion of a row of ash piles was observable. Below the beams there was a stratum of peat; but in consequence of the rapid influx of water, the working had to be abandoned at this point. No relics were discovered, owing probably to the narrow area of the excavation. _East Island_ (4) was of irregular pear-shape, sixty-seven yards by fifty; it lay three hundred feet from the southern shore, and seemed to be partly natural, partly artificial. An excavation in the centre gave four feet of peat, and under it was shell marl, whilst for a radius of about twelve feet around the island there were layers of regularly-placed stones, small and flat; also at the S.E. shore there were two beams, seven inches wide; the height of the water, however, precluded further examination.

The lake occupied a hollow among low hills, the only outlet being at the village of Ballinlough, where there is an artificial cut through a bank of coarse boulder clay. If this cut were filled up, the water would rise at least four feet higher than at present; and it would seem to have been at that level not long since, for all round the beach, to over that height, there is a deposit of shell marl and peat. In the bank of drift on the west of the village is the trace of an ancient ravine, _artificially filled up_ with stuff taken from an oblong excavation (marked _a_ on fig. 217). To account for this artificial filling, it may be suggested that the inhabitants of the crannogs were flooded out by an enemy, who stopped the egress of the lake, thus raising the water until the islands were swamped; after this they remained submerged until the opening of the present cut. In later years they had been occasionally occupied for purposes of illicit distillation.[244]

_Lough Naneevin_ is situated in the townland of Gortacarnam, barony of Moycullen. In the summer of 1865, G. H. Kinahan observed, in this lake, a crannog which is described as oval in form, about one hundred and fifty feet in length, seventy-five feet wide, and on the south a narrow causeway, then partly submerged, had joined it to the mainland. The island bore traces of having (since last inhabited) been covered with water _at least_ two feet higher, for shell marl was deposited on the portion below that level. On the south shore of the crannog there was a row of round oak piles, four inches in diameter, and on the S.W. shore were two rows of similar piles, five feet apart; alongside them were oak beams, and there was a double row of piles, seemingly part of a wall, bearing north and south. No piles were observable on the east of the crannog, but there was an irregularly-laid flooring of beams of ash, oak, and sallow; from these latter, it was supposed, had sprouted the sallow trees, which at that time formed a fringe round the island. The piles had been pointed with a sharp-cutting instrument; therefore metal had been in use either when the crannog was constructed, or repaired.

Six small excavations made near the centre of the island, where the surface of the crannog was three feet above the water-level, disclosed the following section:--

ft. in. Bog, with a few bones, sticks, and stones, 3 6 A bed of regularly laid fern-stalks and leaves (_Pteris } aquilina_, or brake fern), on a flooring of } wicker-work, made of hazel rods, about an inch in } diameter; over the ferns were a few bones and a } quantity of nutshells, } 0 6 Bog-stuff, mixed with branches, and containing a few } stones and logs of timber, (over) } 5 0

About a foot below the water-level were traces of what G. H. Kinahan considered to be a basket-flooring; and a large flag-stone, used as a hearth, was found resting on an accumulation of wood-ashes, three feet in depth. Some distance to the west was a long rude bench (or perhaps the foundation of a wall) formed of stones. The height of the water prevented excavations outside the crannog, therefore few bones were met with, but a little east of the fireplace was the probable site of the kitchen midden.[245]

_Loughrea_ is situated in the barony of same name. In the locality there lingered a tradition that a city lay buried under this lake, and indeed on a clear calm day--where the waters are shallow--there may be observed various heaps of stones, placed with a degree of regularity that renders it probable they may be remains of ancient lake dwellings. Upon examination it was ascertained that four of the islands in the lough were undoubted crannogs, and it was quite possible that another (known as Blake Island) might prove to be also of artificial formation.

_Reed Island_, situated at the N.W. corner of the lake, about fifty yards from the shore, lies too low to be observable in any picture. Excavations showed (section, fig. 219)--(6) marl; (5) peat; (4) large stones; (3) a layer of birch trunks and branches; (2 and 1) two layers of squared oak beams, laid at right angles to each other. The island was surrounded with a circle of piles (fig. 219)--two feet apart--that were seemingly strengthened against wave action by a layer of flat stones, deposited with great regularity; three sets of piles crossed the crannog, which rose about six inches above the ordinary level of the lake, and the lowest beams (1 in section) were four feet two inches beneath the then water surface. The island originally consisted of a wooden platform, enclosed by “a circular wall, the framework of which was the piles, the interstices being filled with sods. As the lake rose, it was found necessary to raise the floor, first by a mass of birch timbers and branches, and afterwards by a layer of stones.”[246]

_Shore Island_, situated immediately below Lord Dunlo’s house, and a quarter of a mile from Reed Island, appears to have been formerly connected with the mainland by a causeway formed of marl and peat; but in comparatively recent times the waters of the lake have worn a gap through it, about fifteen yards in breadth. (Plate XLIX., figs. 220 to 223.) The S.S.E. and E. shores were found to be a mass of stone, between and outside two semicircles of oak piles, whilst the W. and N. were banked up with shell marl. Twenty yards south of the island, three circles of piles, three feet apart, could on a calm day be seen below the water. Thirty-five feet from the E. shore part of a circle of piles was visible under the water, being perhaps portion of the circle found in the most northern excavation made. From the east shore a double row of piles extended from the circle, and on the north of these were horizontal beams in parallel line. A little N.W. of the double row, in an old working, there was part of a circle of piles, and in another a row of piles running nearly E. and W. Some of the upright piles formerly bore marks showing that horizontal beams had been mortised on them. This settlement was thoroughly explored, and in it basket-flooring and partitions were noticed (_ante_, p. 32). In 1848, among the numerous bones raised from this site were perfect crania of oxen, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, and what seemed to be those of large dogs, or wolves, together with the head of a _Megaceros hibernicus_, measuring over thirteen feet from tip to tip of the antlers.[247]

_Ash Island_ (figs. 220 and 224) is sixty yards from the shore at the south-west corner of the lake. When examined, the surface above water measured twenty yards in diameter, and it was covered with flat stones, which continued for a short distance under the water. Towards the S. W. a spur, covered with small shingle, extended outwards about three yards, and to the N. and S. W. were similar spurs stretching to a distance of four yards from the water edge. On the N. E. there were visible, below the water, a number of parallel logs of round ash, six inches in diameter, and two feet apart; also one or two logs on the east side. A few piles of oak were discovered; there were no indications, however, that the island had at any time been surrounded by a regular piling, but there was found a wicker, or dividing wall, the stakes composed of round fir, two inches in diameter, and one foot apart. The finds consisted merely of fractured bones, wood ashes, hazel-nuts, two hones, and a round sea-stone.

_Island M’Coo_ is one hundred and eighty yards from the nearest shore. It seemed to be surrounded by a circle of piles thirty-five feet in diameter, and in a season of low water _gun-barrels_ and _bronze spear-heads_ were said to have been brought up in the prongs of eel-spears. The incongruity of the juxta-position of gun-barrels and bronze spear-heads can easily be explained. In the year 1798 all the guns seized throughout the surrounding country were brought into the town of Loughrea, and the magistrate in charge, having orders to destroy them, caused them to be carried out and sunk in the lake. At the east side of the island were observed traces of four canoes with their prows turned towards the shore. An attempt to raise one of them--a single-piece canoe of oak--failed, it being so decomposed that it broke across in the middle.

The age of these crannogs was estimated to be over 1800 years, or before the Christian era. When they were first constructed the surface of the lake must have been at least seven feet lower, and at a subsequent period the west part of the lake must have been twelve feet deeper. The change in the level of the water was caused by the silting up of its outlet. The ancient stream from the lake seems to have been at the west end of the town of Loughrea, where is an alluvial deposit; whilst at its modern outlet there is strong corn gravel, and a little below its present bed there seems to be rock. The town is more than four hundred years old, and since that date the water could scarcely have changed its level, because the eastern outlet of the lake ran at the foot of the town wall; and thus forming part of the town defences, the inhabitants would have kept the stream free.[248]

_Crannog Mac Navin._--_Ante_, pp. 149-50.

_Ballinafad._--_Ante_, p. 24.

_Ballinahinch._--Ante, p. 34.

_Caislen-na-Caillighe._--_Ante_, pp. 33-4.

_Goromna Island._--Ante, p. 33.

_Lough Bola._--_Ante_, p. 34.

_Lough Cam._--Ante, p. 34.

_Lough Hackett_, formerly _Lough Cimbe_ (pronounced Kimmay), _ante_, p. 157.--An allusion that, in all probability, refers to a siege of this crannog, occurs in the _Annals_ of Lough Cé, under date A.D. 1067, where it is stated that Torlogh O’Brien led “a hosting to Loch-Cime.”

COUNTY MAYO.

_Loughannaderriga._--There are, doubtless, many persons who, if asked to point out the exact position of Achill, would be unable to do so, yet it contains an area of about thirty-six thousand acres, and a population which may be reckoned by thousands. Here, two miles from the village of Doogort, is an “imperium in imperio,” an island within an island, and this is believed to be, at present, the only authenticated crannog in Mayo, to which county Achill Island belongs. Loughannaderriga (_the lakelet of the oaks_) is about two hundred yards in diameter, and in shape somewhat inclined to an oval; it is environed by abrupt banks of peat, which, in recent years, have considerably encroached on the water-area. The bottom consists of deep, treacherous mud, so that an exploration could only be attempted by aid of planks, and even then a cursory examination was alone found practicable, the water not having been withdrawn by drainage.

Of the crannog, the diameter is about sixty feet; its exterior face so worn away by wave action, that the traces of the outer row of piling are now some feet distant. The Irish-speaking natives still call it the [Gaelic: Crannogh], and in English designate it “the island”; its surface is covered with a luxuriant growth of bilberry and _Osmunda regalis_. An excavation showed--

1. A natural growth of peat, about three and a-half feet thick.

2. A layer of branches.

3. Small stones.

Some feet from the exterior face of the crannog, on the side shown in fig. 226, numerous pointed ends of stakes, evidently dressed with a sharp metallic tool, were extracted from the mud (fig. 227, No. 1), and a large portion of another (No. 4) lay on the beach. A fragment of a beam, mortised at one extremity, was found in close proximity (No. 6); its quadrangular incision, which did not quite penetrate the plank, was saucer-shaped at bottom, and an unique arrangement of a peg-hole in each corner shows the firm manner in which it had been originally secured: it probably belonged to the framework of the crannog hut. Not far from this was part of the blade of a canoe paddle (No. 5), the bottom of a wooden vessel, one side bearing traces of fire (No. 2), and a stave (most likely of the same utensil), pierced for reception of the handle (No. 3). There were also several nondescript portions of worked timber, numerous chips, pieces of charred wood, and a couple of white sling-stones, consisting of water-worn sea-beach pebbles. Deeply imbedded in the mud was a large whetstone (fig. 228), much worn on three sides by the friction of whetting, and bearing deep and sharp indentations produced by the edges of metallic tools; the fourth side presents the natural surface of the stone.

The most interesting “find” was a bronze pin (fig. 229), very sharp at point, the superior portion of the acus ornamented with a row of circular indentations, and the flattened head pierced with a round hole, through which passed a thin golden-bronze loop, of material so fragile that it crumbled away when touched. The pin itself was covered with a thick coating of “patina” and boggy sediment, which at once scaled off; it is composed of early and pure bronze called “golden,” from its resemblance to the precious metal, and it is of the type of those found in the ancient _Emania_ destroyed in the third century. There were no traces of either bones or pottery; as the probable level, on which they might be expected to rest, was not reached.

COUNTY ROSCOMMON.

Twelve crannogs were discovered in this county during the working of the Commission for the Arterial Drainage of Ireland: these sites have all been identified.

_Loughlea._--A flint mass, a piece of a circular grindstone, a fragment of a bone spike, two portions of the blades of iron swords, and an antique-shaped iron key, were here brought to light. There were three crannog sites in this lake.[249]

_Muckenagh._--Ante, p. 154.

_Derreen Lake._--There were here found an iron hatchet and a pair of stirrup irons.[250]

_Kilglass._[251]--Of this site the name alone is given.

_Cloonfree_, _Cloonfinlough._--In the year 1852, by the operation of drainage works in the vicinity of Strokestown, the level of the three lakes of Cloonfree,[252] Cloonfinlough, and Ardakillen was greatly lowered, and one artificial islet in the first-named sheet of water, and two in Cloonfinlough were laid bare. Of the latter, one island was one hundred and thirty feet in diameter, constructed on oak piles driven into the soft marl at regular distances, bound together by horizontal oak stretchers forming a triple stockade, with an interval of five feet between each. To the N. W. were a number of irregularly-placed piles, stretching a short distance from the islet. The centre of the stockades was laid with trunks of small oak-trees, placed flat on the marl; they all pointed to a common centre, thus forming a platform whereon the island itself was constructed. When first observed, there was jutting out from the island, towards the west, a kind of jetty or pier, formed of a double row of piles and stretchers running parallel, and about eight feet asunder, on which logs of timber were laid closely and horizontally.

In a short time very little of either the gangway or stockades remained, so much had been broken up and removed by the peasantry. A trench--twenty feet long by five wide--having been cut as near the centre of the island as possible, there was found, at about eight inches under the surface, a very closely-laid pavement of irregular-sized boulder stones; then a stratum of black earth, with occasional fragments of bones through it, became exposed, and about six inches beneath this was a considerable layer of burnt earth, with several inches of unburnt clay under it. It is evident that the height of the island had been raised and a new surface pavement laid, for then came a second very closely-laid floor of large-sized, flat-surfaced stones, beneath which were alternate layers of black earth, burnt clay, and marl, reaching down to the log flooring, and interspersed, like the one above it, with occasional bones and fragments of bones. A human skull, and portions of others, were got on the exterior edge. Between the island and the ruined church were found two single-piece oak canoes, little more than two feet wide, the stern of one being perforated with numerous auger holes about an inch in diameter.[253]

Close to the island were numerous articles of a miscellaneous description, some of great antiquity, others of more modern date; also a deposit of bones of _Bos longifrons_, _Cervus elaphus_, _Equus caballus_, _Sus scrofa_, _Capra hircus_, fallow deer, sheep, fowl, dogs, &c. One or two osseous fragments, said to be human, were found in the lowest stratum, together with splintered bones and horns of the _Megaceros hibernicus_. Traces of this great “Bighorn” have (as already noticed) been found also in the crannog of Breagho, in the lacustrine settlement in Loughrea, and in Ballinlough, _i.e._ in connection with four crannog sites, whilst the exploration of the cave of Ballynamintra,[254] situated near Cappagh, county Waterford, has proved the contemporaneity of man with the _Megaceros_. In that cave, and lying but a little over the stratum which contained the bones of the _Megaceros_, was found the bone handle of what, judging from its ferruginous colour, appeared to have been an iron blade.[255]

Amongst the bronze relics, not the least remarkable was a lamp, of which the accompanying illustration affords a correct idea. It measures in extreme length four inches and five-eighths. The bottom was perforated, evidently for the admission of a support or stand, up or down which the lamp could have been slid to suit the convenience of anyone using it. Lamps fashioned in this way are still in common use in Italy. The aperture to admit a stand has been covered by a small plate of iron about the thickness of a shilling. A similar lamp in the collection of Celtic antiquities formed by the late Dean Dawson, as well as the Cloonfinlough specimen, are now in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy. The design is graceful and classic, so much so, indeed, as to suggest the idea that the little object may have formed portion of a spoil taken from Britain at a time while yet Roman influence there prevailed. Raids by the Irish on the coasts of Britain were very frequent, from whence they generally returned laden with spoil: this may account for traces of Roman civilization discovered in Ireland, for hoards of Roman coin have been unearthed in various localities.

_Ardakillen._--In this lake one of the four crannogs discovered was constructed of both stones and oak piling. Fig. 231 represents a section of this island. The upper line (_a_) shows the former high water-level before the drainage operations; (_b_) the ordinary winter flood; and (_c_) the average summer level.

Under a slight earthy deposit there was a deep layer of loose stones, bounded by an enclosing wall, the foundation supported by piling. The lower portion of the island consisted of clay, peat, and stones, mingled with strata of ashes, bones, and logs of timber. The various rows of oak-piling are shown in the section; the sheet-piling, driven in obliquely, formed an unbroken circle round the island. When the level of the lake was lowered, four islands became visible, and on the largest upwards of fifty tons of bones were found: this is probably the crannog mentioned in the _Irish Annals_, under dates 1368 and 1388 (_ante_, p. 154). The scene which this site presented shortly after the lowering of the water-level was very remarkable; scores of persons visited it, at first in search of bones, for which they found a ready sale as manure, and afterwards with the view of picking up antiques, with which the bog-matter around the sheet-piling or stockade was plentifully studded. Large numbers of these were disposed of to an English collector, and amongst the objects known to have been obtained by him was a beautifully-formed vessel of wood, bound round with plates of thin golden bronze, upon which a variety of designs were displayed.[256] What appears to have been a very similar article was found many years ago in deepening the bed of the Kinnegad river, and is figured (p. 67) in Wilde’s _Boyne and Blackwater_. A “dug out,” eighteen feet in length, discovered lying on the bottom of the lake, was wantonly destroyed, and ultimately utilised for firewood. Near the crannog was a canoe, forty feet in length, and four feet across the bow; it was hollowed out of a single trunk of oak, and in it were a skull, a spear-head, and a bronze pin. The skull bears the mark of no less than twenty sword-cuts, showing the murderous conflict in which its owner must have been engaged. Near it was found a neck-piece of iron with twenty feet of rude chain attached[257] (fig. 232). Another set of “irons” (fig. 233) came from a crannog in the immediate neighbourhood, and from the size it is likely they were intended for ankle-fetters; it is stated that similar instruments have elsewhere occurred in Irish lacustrine sites, and, strange to say, in one instance there were traces of gilding. In Irish MSS. allusions frequently occur to the practice of putting captives in fetters; they were sometimes so severely manacled as to produce almost unbearable torture. Prisoners were often slain when fettered. One instance, though a comparatively modern one, will suffice:--According to the _Annals of Loch Cé_, in the year 1585, a son of Teige O’Rorke, and a son of Magnus Oge O’Currin, were captured, “placed in irons on _Loch-na-cula_,” in the county Leitrim, and slain.

The skull found lying in the bottom of the canoe was of the oval or elliptical (_Dolicho cephalic_) type, characteristic of the natives of western or southern Europe. There is a theory that in primeval times in Erin there were two races, each distinctly marked both by features and the form of the cranium. The one possessed thick elliptical skulls, low foreheads, deep orbits, high cheek-bones, prominent mouths, and narrow chins; the other had round, or globular (_Brachi cephalic_) skulls, possessed more intellect, and less marked features. Wilde observes that the two fragments of human skulls discovered in the crannog of Lagore[258] (_ante_, p. 204) partook of the character of the long-headed race, whilst the antiquities found with them would lead to the belief that the persons to whom the skulls had belonged did not live later than the tenth century. Good examples of both races may still be seen amongst the modern Irish.

“There are reasons for considering that the Ardakillen skull belonged to a young adult, or to a man in the prime of life. This opinion is based upon the fact that the coronal and sagittal sutures were not obliterated. (The coronal suture is the name given to the line of articulation between the frontal and parietal bones; it forms a _vertical transverse_ line over the top of the front of the skull. The sagittal, or interparietal suture, occupies a _median longitudinal_ position between the two parietal bones.) The coalescence into one plate of bone (calvarium, or skull-cap) of the frontal and the two parietal bones, and the consequent obliteration of the sutures (coronal and sagittal), generally occurs between thirty and forty years of age; however, the period at which this union commences, and the order in which it proceeds, is subject to so much variation, that no more than an approximation to the age of the skull is attainable thereby.

“Examination of the teeth remaining in one side of the upper jaw--the opposite side of the jaw was broken away--showed that the third molar tooth (_dens sapientiæ_) had been erupted.

“The many marks of cutting instruments upon the skull were found chiefly over the vertex and the frontal and occipital regions. In many the force had been applied at right angles to the cranium, resulting in nicks or linear marks; in several horizontally, so as to slice or shave off a portion of the outer table of the bone. In no case was there a perforation of the inner table apparent, nor a fracture or fissure of the entire thickness of the skull, whence it might be inferred that the weapons were not of any great weight; the force of the blows might have been broken by protecting headgear, thick coils of matted hair, or by defensive movements of the arms. There were no appearances to negative the idea that all, or the majority of, the cuts were received about the same date. They have all the characters of _ante mortem_ injuries, as contrasted with such injuries as the skull is liable to from rough usage, or from its being knocked about. From the distribution of the marks it may be assumed that the man was in an upright or semi-upright position. In the hacking of a dead and prostrate enemy the wounds would be on the part of the head which was uppermost.

“Though there is no single wound which must have proved fatal _ex necessitate rei_, death might have ensued from the accumulation of injuries, from concussion, erysipelas, or secondary inflammation of the brain or its membranes.”[259]

COUNTY LEITRIM.

Twenty crannogs were discovered in this county during the working of the Commission for the arterial drainage of Ireland: these sites have all been identified.

_Drumaleague_ may be cited as a good example of a lacustrine dwelling: the form circular, and, with the exception of the hearth-stones, it was composed wholly of wood, principally alder. Drumaleague lake, situated in the vicinity of Lough Scur, was originally about a mile in length. The level of the water having been lowered thirteen feet, two crannogs became visible, as also a canoe--hollowed out of a single trunk of oak--eighteen feet long, twenty-two inches broad, square at stem and stern, and having apertures or row-locks cut in the sides.

The annexed plan of one of the islands conveys a good idea of the general arrangement of this class of structure. The outer line of stakes enclosed a circle sixty feet in diameter, and within the enclosure there were groups of stakes--in some parts two or three deep--driven into the ground, seemingly for purposes connected with some internal arrangement. A, the central oblong portion, consists of a platform of round logs cut in lengths of from four to six feet, possibly the floor of the hut; B, a collection of stones with marks of fire on them; C, a heap of stiff clay; D, the root of a large tree nearly buried in the peat, the surface of the wood bevelled off, so as to form a sort of table, under which was found a considerable quantity of bones, apparently those of deer and swine.

Fig. 235 is a section of the second crannog, which was surrounded by a tolerably regular circular enclosure formed of a single row of oak stakes F, F; it was seventy-two feet in diameter. The upper stratum B, consisted of horizontal logs of alder, reposing upon a black peaty surface; the logs were from three to eight inches in diameter, completely water soaked and rotten: this stratum of timber was three feet six inches deep. A, a heap of stones with marks of fire on them. Other hearths were found in different parts of the island. C, the lower stratum of decayed and blackened sticks and branches of all descriptions lying in every direction: this layer extended as far as it was pierced in the examination, viz., about four feet, but was evidently of greater depth. D, D, two heaps of stones found in the lower stratum. E, the kitchen midden, in which was a large quantity of bones of deer, swine, oxen, &c., that lay four feet below the surface. There was here found also the thin topstone of a quern, formed of micaceous quartzite, smooth upon the grinding surface, but otherwise rude and unfinished: the hole for the handle passes quite through; the grain-hole, two and a-half inches in diameter, is not directly in the centre.[260]

_Lough Scur._--This crannog is alluded to in the _Annals of Loch Cé_, under the following dates:--1345, four sons of _Cathal Mac-in-caich Mac Raghnaill_ were taken prisoners on _Loch-an-Scuir_, and put to death; 1390, O’Rorke, who had been in confinement, escaped to the castle of _Loch-an-Scuir_, but was overtaken and slain “when coming out of his cott”; 1580, _Loch-an-Scuir_ was taken, and _Maelsechlainn Mac Raghnaill_ slain. On this site was found the largest quern in the Museum, R.I.A., the nether-stone being twenty and three-quarter inches long by three and three-quarter inches thick; the aperture for the pivot one and three-quarter inches deep, the same across; it is surrounded by a raised lip to retain in position the upper stone, which is nineteen and a-half inches in diameter by two and three-quarter inches in thickness: the grain aperture is three and a-half inches wide; upon the upper surface is the mark of the cross-bar of the pivot, its upper surface left in a rude state; it has one handle-hole. The stone mould, figured _ante_, p. 72, was found here, and a model of a portion of the oak framework of the crannog--one-quarter real size--was deposited in the Museum, R.I.A.

_Lough Rinn_ (_the lake of the promontory_) lies in the barony of Mohill. It is mentioned in the _Annals of Loch Cé_, under date 1345, when O’Conor, “king” of Connaught, was killed by an arrow at _Loch Airinn_ whilst assisting _Mac Raghnaill_, to whom the crannog on the lake belonged; for the sept of the Mac Rannals formerly possessed the neighbouring district, then called _Conmaicue Moyrein_. In the year 1847, the waters of Lough Rinn having being lowered, two canoes were found imbedded in the mud near an old castle at the promontory from whence the locality derives its name; there was also a chain, or manacle, composed of iron rods, looped at their ends, like one found in the Strokestown crannogs. One of these canoes was a “single-piece,” hollowed out of oak, and flat-bottomed, the length thirteen feet and the breadth nearly two feet throughout; the sides were only four inches high; but the original depth must have been greater. In front of the old castle stands an island covered with self-sown ash and thorn, and constructed with wooden piles, of slight scantling, but perfectly sound; “the paling was interlaced and pegged down in a very rude manner: the island appeared to have been formed inside of it, and raised upon a similar description of work.” A small bronze arrow and a spear-head were found two feet deep in a gravel shoal close to Rinn Castle, between Loughs Rinn and Sallagh.

_St. John’s Lough_ contained four crannogs, in which three silver coins of Edward I., II., and III. were found.

_Loughtown_ crannog measured one hundred and twenty feet from east to west by one hundred feet from north to south, and was surrounded by a mass of stakes upwards of fifteen feet wide, inclining in towards the centre of the island.

_Aghakilconnel Lough._--Three iron pots, one of them triangular in form, were found on this site.

_Lough MacHugh_ contained two crannogs; one measured seventy-four feet by one hundred and eighteen feet.

_Cloonbo_ and _Cloonturk Loughs_ had each two sites.

_Cloonfinnan_, _Cloonboniagh_, _Castlefore_, and _Funshinagh Loughs_, each contained a crannog.

_Crannog Island._--No account is given of this site.

_Manorhamilton._--A crannog, a canoe paddle, and other articles were discovered not far from this village.[261]

_Muinter Eolius._--A crannog in this district is mentioned in the Irish Annals (_ante_, p. 152).

COUNTY SLIGO.

_Glencar_ lake, situated between the counties of Sligo and Leitrim, is embosomed in mountains; to the north lies the Ben-Bulben range, and to the south the Castlegal range with bold precipitous sides, its grey limestone cliffs resembling ancient weather-beaten fortifications, and its slopes in parts clothed with plantations of fir. The rain that falls on the summits of the Ben-Bulben range descends to the vale in numerous streamlets, which, after a continuance of wet weather, appear when viewed from a distance like streaks of silver. Some form waterfalls of more or less magnitude, of which one is called in Irish _Sruth-an-ail-an-ard_, or the stream against the height; because in this instance, when the wind blows from a certain point, the ordinary laws of hydrology seem to be reversed, and the water, instead of falling, is either driven upwards and back against the mountain, or it is blown outwards in a sheet of spray, like a pennant. Ben-Bulben, or Ben-Gulban, _Gulban’s Peak_, is said to be so named from Gulban, son of Nial of the Nine Hostages, who was fostered near it. Gulban was ancestor of the O’Donnells, who, through this mountain gorge, frequently poured their forces into Sligo. In the year 1595 O’Donnell, when pursued by Bingham, retired to this valley, in full confidence that the wary Saxon would not attempt to follow him through the narrow and difficult defile, and in 1597, the same chief encamped in the immediate vicinity of the eastern crannog. So late as 1609, in a curious old map of the county, the valley of Glencar and the slopes of Ben-Bulben are delineated as covered with wood, and the following quaintly-worded information is appended:--“Ye high hills of Ben-Bulben, where yearly timbereth a falcon esteemed the hardiest in Ireland.” The locality is still the _habitat_ of the peregrine falcon.

Although, in the present day, lovers of the picturesque resort to Glencar, yet, probably, few are aware that the locality was anciently the home of a considerable lacustrine population. In the early part of this century, when the level of the lake had been lowered by drainage operations, several crannogs became visible; and the one situated at the eastern extremity, where the stream enters the lake, had seemingly been the largest. Broken bones, antlers of deer, a quantity of old timber, and some articles of bronze (amongst them a tweezers) were said to have been obtained. In the _Annals of the Four Masters_, under date 1541, this site is noticed as the scene of strife between two branches of the O’Rourkes.--“The eastern crannog, on the lake of _Glen Dallain_,[262] was taken by the sons of Donal, son of Donogh O’Rourke, from Donogh, the son of Donogh O’Rourke. In some time after, the sons of Donogh O’Rourke, namely, Donal and Ferganainm, made an attack on the crannog, and privately set fire to the fortress; that act was perceived and detected, and they were pursued on the lake and were overtaken by the sons of Donal; Ferganainm, the son of Donogh, was slain, and drowned by them; and Donal having been taken prisoner, was hanged by the sons of Donal, the son of Donogh O’Rourke.” At the western end of the lake--on the subsidence of the water after drainage--four crannogs became visible; but, owing to the subsequent silting up of the cutting in the bed of the Drumcliff river, they have all again disappeared, with the exception of the largest, which, at the time of the drainage, was accessible from the land dryshod, though now the water reaches to a wader’s knees. To the east of this crannog there is still a considerable depth of water: the beach descends rapidly, and layers of large beams, from six to seven inches in diameter, can be seen radiating from a common centre; in some instances, three or even four layers can be traced. Cross-beams are noticeable, also piles driven in at intervals; these are only three or four inches in diameter, and sharply pointed at the ends; this side of the crannog presents the appearance of having been denuded of stones. The height of the water prevents exploration; but it has been roughly computed that, including the wooden substructure now submerged, the diameter had formerly averaged seventy feet, or possibly more. Careful search amongst the stones merely led to the discovery of fractured bones of _Bos longifrons_, _Cervus elaphus_, _Sus scrofa_, &c., and numerous teeth of mammalia, together with a fossil, possibly a selected specimen used as an ornament or charm, and pronounced to be a _Zaphrentis_--a coral of the carboniferous formation.

“… in that rock are shapes of shells and forms Of creatures in old worlds, of nameless worms Whose generations lived and died ere man, A worm of other class, to crawl began.”

Opposite the crannog, the beach on the mainland is strewn with fractured bones similar to those on the island. The antlers of a _Cervus elaphus_ were found close to the shore, and a wooden peg (_ante_, p. 104, fig. 108) was seen lying on the bottom near a beam. In one of the mythical legends of the “Pursuit of Diarmuid and Grainne,” mention is made of the Glencar lake-dwellings as one of their places of refuge.

_Lough Arrow._--Not far from the old Abbey of Ballindoon is an artificial island formed almost entirely of stones; the earth--in which a few young firs are now growing--was brought to it by the late proprietor, J. Gethin. This crannog, the largest of a group, still stands well above the surface of the lake. To the north--but separated from it by a deep and narrow channel--is a shoal called “Sunken Island,” which is in summer weather almost dry, and around both these sites were numerous fractured bones of the _Bos longifrons_, _Cervus elaphus_, and _Sus scrofa_. Still further to the north, and close to the shore of Ballindoon demesne, is plainly discernible the summit of a large pile of stones, evidently deposited by human agency, but the depth of water effectually precluded any hope of obtaining handicraft “finds.” The island at _Annaghcloy Point_ is said to be artificial, and around _Oilean-na-prechaun_ (_Crow Island_)--seemingly formed of small stones, and situated near the exit of the river Unshin from Lough Arrow, at Bellarush bridge--were found lying on the beach numerous fractured bones of the usual crannog type.

_Lochanacrannog_ is the name of a small townland in the barony of Tireragh, near the residence of Sir Malby Crofton, Bart. The small pond in which the crannog is situated becomes almost dry in summer, yet, despite this favourable circumstance, no relics have been discovered. A trench cut through the island showed that it was composed of clay mingled with some few stones, and these, around the exterior edge, were arranged in a systematic manner.

_Ballygawley._--This lake, picturesquely situated at the foot of the Slieve Dæane range of mountains, is embosomed in wood, which may be viewed as now representing the primeval mantle that had formerly covered the neighbouring slopes, when

“The wolf, the wild-cat, and the bear, Prowled in these woods, or made their lair.”

The crannog lies about one hundred and eighty yards from the eastern shore, and the diameter of the area covered with stones is eighty-five feet, but the wooden substructure extends to a considerable distance under water. The beams, protruding from under the superincumbent stones, appeared--as is usual--to radiate from a common centre, but two beams on the west shore, and one that was raised from a depth of one foot under the present water surface on the south shore, seemed to lie at a tangent to the circle of the crannog. In fig. 238 the mortises _a_, _b_ secured the heads of piles, and _c_, _d_ (of larger size) may have held some of the radial beams. The highest point of the crannog now stands about five feet above the level of the lake, which has been reduced three feet in height, as the result of drainage operations carried out by the proprietor, Colonel Cooper. Some of the encircling piles remain in position; three were noticed on the north, and one on the south-east shore. To the west and south the water is shallow, and this shoal would seem to have been the “kitchen midden,” or refuse heap, for numerous teeth of the _Bos longifrons_ were here dredged up, and close to the encircling piles lay a quantity of fractured hazel nuts and some pieces of charcoal. On the east and west there were, in the fine sand on the crannog beach, small portions of calcined bones, resembling those found in the cromlech interments at Carrowmore. A. W. Foot, M.D., to whom they were submitted, states that these fragments were “undoubtedly bone, several of them unmistakably calcined (from carbonaceous residue). Some of the fragments are entirely composed of carbonate of lime, others are a mixture of carbonate and phosphate of lime. It could not be determined whether they are animal or human; this should be conjectured from surrounding or collateral circumstances.”

_Lough Gill_ is one of the numerous localities in Ireland to which is attached the legend of a buried city. Amongst the peasantry there long lingered a tradition that these waters had overspread a plain whereon stood the ancient town of Sligo, the numerous islands being supposed to represent former knolls on its green expanse. As the result of recent extensive drainage operations in the county Leitrim, a large additional amount of water has, through the river Bonnett, been directed into Lough Gill at its eastern extremity. The consequent greatly increased height of surface would, of itself, present an insuperable bar to exploration, so that no means remain of ascertaining if an extensive lacustrine settlement had ever really existed here of old. Within the actual bounds of the lake, which is seven miles in length, the islands, highly picturesque, and of some extent--one of them contains twenty-five acres--are of undoubted natural formation; there is, however, near the site of the ancient Castle of Annagh--noticed in the _Annals of the Four Masters_, under date 1533--one small islet, bearing a crannog-like appearance, but, as far as can now be ascertained, no traces of occupation have been found around it. The short stretch of the Garvogue, or Sligo river, which forms the outlet from the lake to the sea, seems to present the peculiar features characteristic of sites the most favoured by a lacustrine population, viz., good fishing-ground, and wide borders of marsh on the adjoining mainland. The ancient name of the demesne of Hazlewood was Annagh (_a swamp_), and a portion of the grounds which skirt the river, and now remarkable for its peculiarly ornamental planting, was so late as sixty years since a mere spongy bog, on which no firm footing was obtainable. The opposite shore, called Cleveragh, was of still softer and more watery nature, and its name implies that either hurdles or rude wicker-work bridges had been formerly used for crossing the river or the marshy spots near it.[263] Along this side, and but a short distance from the shore, there were, at varying intervals of space from each other, three shoals, about the size of ordinary crannogs, and nearly circular in form. They were occasionally so little perceptible as to prove an obstruction for boats, and in the early part of this century the proprietor, after surrounding each shoal with a low wall of masonry, caused a sufficient quantity of soil to be conveyed to them for the growth of a few trees. At that period nothing was known respecting former lacustrine populations in any part of Europe, so that no special examination was made of the nature of the shoals in question. In the present day, however, with the aid of the light thrown upon the construction of lake dwellings by modern discoveries, the position and aspect of the three islets becomes striking, and cannot fail to call to the mind of an observer the old tradition of a “buried city” in Lough Gill.

* * * * *

The number of lacustrine sites in each county in Ireland is marked within a small circle on the map (plate L.), and the lake dwelling area, as at present known, is shown by a shading, light or dark, according to the number of sites. The province of Ulster (including historical notices of crannogs) contains one hundred and twenty-four; Leinster, nineteen; Munster, nine; and Connaught, sixty-nine. This makes for all Ireland a total of two hundred and twenty-one. The ascertained sites are, however, in all probability, but a mere fraction of the multitude that had formerly existed. Further explorations amongst the remains of Irish and Scottish lake dwellings would, doubtless, tend to strengthen the evidence of these structures having been the work of a people who, at that remote period, formed most probably a homogeneous community.

In the opinion of some theorists, these dwellings seem characteristic of an early wave of immigration from the East--then throwing off its superabundant population as does now the West--and in this manner it is supposed that the lakes of Central Europe and Great Britain became studded with water-laved homes. However, as before stated, they, with a greater degree of probability, sprang up independently by reason of the natural laws which govern man’s actions in a semi-civilized state--in Erin, their first founders being rude flint-armed hunters of the _Megaceros_, the bear, the wolf, and their descendants wielders of the pike and matchlock. Recent investigation traces “island homes” back to a period so remote, that the evidences of man’s formation and occupation of these retreats prove in their way as interesting as the remains of the buried cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, for lacustrine dwellings, also, show traces of a species of civilization long passed away (evidences of which were observable on the sites of Venice, Mexico, and London), and the purposes of their primitive founders were alike, whether situated on the lagoons of the Adriatic, the flats of Central America, or the reaches of the Thames.

FOOTNOTES

[1] _Prehistoric Times_, Sir John Lubbock, 2nd ed., p. 214.

[2] Some Irish scholars give a different interpretation.

[3] Hull, in his _Physical Geology of Ireland_, cites the “Four Masters” as alluding to man and the _Megaceros_ being contemporaneous, p. 270.

[4] Sir John Lubbock, writing of extinct mammalia, states that remains of the _Megaceros Hibernicus_ never occur in the ‘Kjökken-moddings,’ lake habitations, or sepulchral remains; nor are there any traditions in Western Europe which can be regarded as indicating even obscurely a memory of this gigantic mammal.--_Prehistoric Times_, 2nd ed., 1869, p. 291.

[5] _Proceedings, R. I. A._, vol. viii., p. 424.

[6] _Journal of the Royal Geological Society of Ireland_, vol. v. p. 170. New Series.

[7] “As far as we can judge from the present evidence, the first appearance of the reindeer in Europe coincided with that of the mammoth, and took place at a later period than that of the cave bear or Irish elk.”--Sir John Lubbock, _Prehistoric Times_, 2nd ed., 1869, p. 293.

[8] _Geology of Ireland_: G. H. Kinahan, p. 262.

[9] Hippocrates, vol. i., p. 209. _De Aeribus_, xxxvii.

[10] ὲν μέση ἒστηκε τῇλίμνῃ. These dwellings in the middle of the lake were out of bow-shot, out of reach of fiery projectiles against thatched roofs and wooden walls--a description of attack to which some of the Helvetian settlements probably succumbed.

[11] _Herodotus_, Book v., chap. xvi.

[12] _Prehistoric Times_, Sir John Lubbock, 2nd ed., p. 169.

[13] _Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_, Keller, 2nd ed., p. 73.

[14] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. vii., p. 151.

[15] _Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings._

[16] (1) bronze dish with handle of Roman work; (2) two bronze dishes hammered out of the solid; (3) a small bronze dish of separate pieces rivetted together; (4) a bronze ring having attached to it a portion of the vessel of which it had been the handle; (5) fragment of leather with a stamped pattern on it; (6) a large blue glass bead; (7) two glass beads with streaks and spots; (8) a bead of amber; (9) a bead of vitreous paste; (10) a small brooch of bronze; (11) a small ring of bronze; (12) _a copper coin_; (13) five querns; (14) a fragment of bronze; (15) a piece of iron slag; (16) a small earthen crucible; (17) whetstone; (18) three iron hammers; (19) portions of armlets of enamelled glass; (20) five canoes.--_Notices of Scottish Crannogs_, John Stewart, p. 8.

[17] “A description of certain piles, found near London-wall and Southwark, possibly the remains of Pile-Buildings.” A Paper read before the Anthropological Society, December 18, 1866.

[18] _Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society_, vol. xii. p. 255.

[19] _Early Man in Britain_, p. 352.

[20] _Nature_, vol. xvii. p. 424.

[21] _Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_, Keller, 2nd ed., p. 660.

[22] _De Bello Gallico_, lib. v. xviii: “ripa autem erat acutis sudibus præfixis munita; eiusdemque generis sub aqua defixæ sudes flumine, tegebantur.” The _oppidum_ of Cassivellaunus is described as being, “Sylvis paludibusque munitum,” and by Orosius, “inter duas paludes situm, obtentu insuper sylvarum munitum.” Cæsar also states, lib. v. xxi., “oppidum autem Britanni vocant, quum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandæ caussa convenire consuerunt.”

[23] Supplementa tabulæ Syriæ, cap. ii., as quoted in Keller’s _Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_, 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 497.

[24] Prescott’s _Conquest of Mexico_.

[25] _New Guinea_, vol. i. pp. 47, 145, 216, 218, 401.

[26] “Jadis toute la ville de Tondano était construite sur le lac, et l’on ne communiquait d’une maison à une autre qu’en bâteau. Forts de cette disposition, en 1810, les habitants eurent de démèlés avec les Hollandais, et voulurent secouer leur joug, ils s’ármèrent et furent battus. Ce ne fut pas sans peine qu’on en vint à bout; il fallait y porter de l’artillerie et constuire des bateaux canoniers. Depuis ce temps, et pour éviter cet inconvénient on a défendu aux indigènes de construire leurs habitations sur le lac.”--_Histoire_, Dumont D’Urville, vol iv. p. 607; vol. v. p. 635.

[27] _Transactions of the Ethnol. Soc._ (new series), vol. ii. p. 28.

[28] _Illustrated Travels_, vol. ii. pp. 19-21. An account of a Visit to the Guajiro Indians of Maracaibo, by A. Goering, Esq.

[29] _The Crew of the Falcon_, vol. i. p. 132.

[30] _Memoirs of the Anthropological Society_, vol. i. p. 311.

[31] _Across Africa._

[32] _The Lakes and Mountains of Eastern and Central Africa_: Elton, pp. 156 and 243.

[33] In Lewis’s _Topographical Dictionary_, published 1837, mention is made of a “wooden house” which formerly existed in Lough Annagh, vol. ii. p. 175.

[34] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. v. (4th Series), pp. 325-26.

[35] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. (3rd Series), pp. 220, 21, Rev. W. Kilbride.

[36] Joyce, _Irish Names of Places_, 4th ed. p. 299.

[37] _Geology of Ireland_, p. 278.

[38] The peasantry of the neighbourhood say that “crannog” signifies the hopper of a mill, and that in all probability there was formerly a mill there. This is the popular explanation given of every crannog in the kingdom.--_MS. Letters, Ordnance Survey._

[39] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. vii. p. 157.

[40] _Old Statistical Account_, vol. viii. p. 304.

[41] John Stuart, _Notices of Scottish Crannogs_, p. 33.

[42] _Edinburgh Review_, No. 275, p. 207.

[43] In the year 1508, it is of record that a Scottish monastery granted a lease of a crannog, one of the covenants being that the occupant was to place a certain quantity of stones outside the piling in each year, to protect the structure from the destructive influence of the waters of the lake.

[44] _Wightown_: Barhapple, Barlockhart, Barneallzie, Castleloch, Dowalton, (5,) Eldrig (3), Loch-Inch-Crindel, Machermore (2), Merton, Sunonness.

[45] _Kircudbright_: Barean, Carlingwark (2), Loch-Kinder, Loch-Lotus, Loch-Rutton.

[46] _Dumfries_: Black Loch, Corncockle, Friar’s-Carse, Lochmaben.

[47] _Ayr_: Buston, Loch of Kilbirnie, Lochlee, Lochspouts.

[48] _Bute_: Dhu Loch, Loch Quien. The remainder of the Scottish sites are situated as follows:--

_Aberdeen_: Banchory, Loch Canmore. _Argyll_: Kielziebar, Ledaig, Loch-na-Mial (Mull), Lochnell. _Forfar_: Loch of Forfar. _Inverness_: Loch-in-Croy, Loch Lochy. _Lanark_: Greenknowe. _Linlithgow_: Loch Cot. _Moray_, _Nairn and Elgin_: Loch Flemington, Lochindorb, Loch-in-Dunty, Loch of the Clans, Loch Spinie. _Perth_: Loch Rannoch. _Ross_: Loch Achilty, Loch of Kinellan. _Stirling_: Loch Lomond.

[49] Namely at Loughrea, county Galway; at Ballinlough, near Marble Hill, same county; at Lough Nahinch, on the borders of Tipperary and King’s County, and Lough Naneevin, West Galway.

[50] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. vii. p. 150. This crannog may be said to form portion of the Strokestown group; excavations were made, and several bronze pins found.

[51] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. ii. pp. 11-13 (4th Series)--G. H. Kinahan.

[52] Toome Bar, county Antrim; Rahans, county Monaghan; Drumkeery and Cornagall, county Cavan; Lagore, near Dunshaughlin, county Meath; Nahinch, county Tipperary; Cloonfinlough, county Roscommon; are examples of crannogs which show visible traces of having been consumed by fire, and some of them of having been rebuilt.

[53] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. v. (4th Series), pp. 327-336.--W. F. Wakeman.

[54] “The framework was composed of oak logs, as shown in the sketch (fig. 1. side elevation); the main sleepers, one on each side, were principal pieces, and rested on the sand. These logs were made from a large oak-tree, split in two, with the round part upwards; they measured, when put together, twenty-three inches in diameter and twenty-four feet in length; into these the upright pieces, or posts _B_ of the frame, were mortised, _p_; and the end of the post protruding through the mortise in the sleeper _A_, was forelocked by a large block of wood below, as shown, fig. 1. The mortises were roughly cut, as if they had been made by a kind of blunt instrument.… The planks which formed the sides _D_ were laid edgewise, one upon another, the lower one resting in a groove cut in the sleeper _A_, as shown in fig. 2, and the but-ends on a log of wood mortised into the framework, as in fig. 1. The planks butting home against the supports, … were more firmly fixed by the two uprights, which passed through a hole in the cross-beam _c_, fig. 1, and slipped into the mortise in the sleeper.”

[55] A somewhat similar “find” was dug up in one of the crannogs in Loch Dowalton, Wigtownshire.--_Ancient Lake Dwellings of Scotland_, p. 49.

[56] “These jambs, of which there were six at each extremity, stood on well-wrought foundation stones, but of course in a calcined state.”--Schlieman, _Troja_, p. 80.

[57] _Archæologia_, vol. xxvi. p. 361. _Dublin Journal_, p. 381-83, 1836.

[58] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. p. 269.

[59] _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish_, pp. 31-2.

[60] Mr. Mackinlay, describing a crannog in Loch Quien in Bute, states that two rows of piles extended obliquely from it to the shore of the lake, between which the ground was covered with flat stones, “_not raised like a causeway_.”

[61] _Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science_, vol. vi. p. 69.

[62] _Mem. Geol. Sur. Ireland._

[63] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. ii. (4th Series), p. 435.

[64] _Geology of Ireland_, G. H. Kinahan, p. 276.

[65] _Proceedings R. I. A._ vol. vii. p. 154.

[66] _Cat. Mus. R. I. A._ p. 251.

[67] A writer states that around the Crannog of Lough Ravel were found “a whole fleet of boats,” each cut out of a single trunk of oak; one was made fast to a stake of the crannog by a rude chain.

[68] _Journal of a Cruise on the Tanganyika Lake, Central Africa._

[69] _Arch. Journal_, vol. iii. p. 46.

[70] _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, vol. vii. p. 194.

[71] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. ii. p. 247; vol. viii. p. 293.

[72] It may be observed that a canoe found at Cudrelin, on the Lake of Neufchatel, had a similar kind of handle.--_Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_, Keller, 2nd ed., p. 282.

[73] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. ii. (4th Series), pp. 16-18.--W. F. Wakeman.

[74] The following list of single-tree canoes, though necessarily incomplete, yet enables an approximate estimate to be made of the number already discovered:--Ardagh, 1; Ardakillen, 1; Ballinderry, 2; Boyne, 1; Cahore, 1; Cloonfinlough, 1; Cornagall, 1; Derryhollagh (_several_), 1; Drumaleague, 1; Drumdarragh, 1; Drumgay, 1; Drumkeery, 1; Erne, 2; Lough Eyes, 3; Kilnock, 1; Lough Annagh, 5; Lough Faughan, 1; Lough Owel, 1; Loughrea, 4; Lough Rinn, 2; Loughtamand, 1; Miracles (_several_), 1; Moinalty, 1; Moinenoe, 1; Mourne, 2; Randalstown (_several_), 1; Sligo (_Ballydoogan_), 1; Toome, 3.

[75] The above illustration represents No. 3 in the Museum, R. I. A. No. 4 in the same collection is two feet two inches long, by five inches across the blade.

[76] _De. Bel. Civil._ 1-54.

[77] The coracles used still in Caermarthenshire are of oval form, five feet and a-half long, by four feet and a-half broad; the hides forming the skin of the skiff are pitched.

[78] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. ii. (4th Series), pp. 74-5.

[79] _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, vol. i. p. 32.

[80] _Cat. Mus. R. I. A._ pp. 276-7.

[81] Æs erat in pretio, chalybeia massa latebat.

[82] Utuntur aut aere, aut taleis ferreis, ad certum pondus examinatis, pro nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum; sed eius exigua est copia; aere utuntur importato.--Cæsar, _De Bel. Gal._ Lib 5. cap. xii.

[83] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. (4th Series), pp. 461-465.--W. F. Wakeman.

[84] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. v. (4th Series), p. 119, vol. vi. p. 392.

[85] Plate VI.--Nos. 1 and 9 are from Ballinderry; 2, 3, and 4 from Drumdarragh; 6 from Drumsloe; 7 from Kilnamaddo; 8 and 10 from Lagore; 11 and 12 from Ardakillen.

[86] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. (4th Series), p. 558.

[87] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. ii. (4th Series), p. 197.

[88] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), p. 374.--W. F. Wakeman.

[89] Quite recently a bronze axe-head, now in the writer’s possession, was supposed by its peasant discoverer to be “_rale goold_”--and it was not till after repeated failures to effect sale of his “find” as gold that he could be convinced of the real nature of the metal.

[90] See Ardakillen Crannog.

[91] Plate IX., Nos. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14 are from Lagore; Nos. 3, 8, 10 from Ballinderry; No. 15 from Lough Gur.

[92] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), pp 381-3.--W.F. Wakeman.

[93] _Cat. Mus. R.I.A._, pp. 261, 463, 466.

[94] pp. 222-3, figs. 224-30.

[95] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), pp. 373-379.--W. F. Wakeman.

[96] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. (4th Series), pp. 463-5.--W. F. Wakeman.

[97] “There is a tradition that this lough contains a brazen cauldron full of treasure and guarded by a _piast_ in the form of a serpent. Old people say that some years since a farmer actually saw the vessel, and with the aid of plough harness endeavoured to get it out of the water. The demon guardian, however, was too strong, the tackle broke, and with a horrible hiss the serpent regained his lair, taking the cauldron along with him.”--_Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. ii. (4th Series), p. 319.

[98] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. i., s. s. 1870-8, p. 155; _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. ii. (4th Series), pp. 118, 122.

[99] _Journal, Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), p. 384.--W. F. Wakeman.

[100] _Cat. Mus. R. I. A._, p. 91, No. 83.

[101] _Ibid._, p. 93.

[102] In Swiss lacustrine sites, stones of the cherry and of the sloe are found together in heaps, mixed with plentiful remains of the seeds of the blackberry and raspberry.

[103] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. v. (New Series), p. 119.

[104] _Proceedings, R.I.A._, vol. vii., pp. 192, 211.--W. Wilde.

[105] _Journal Royal. Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. v. (4th Series), pp. 507-8.

[106] A fine example of a utensil of this kind was discovered at Navan Rath (the ancient _Eamhain_), the seat of the sovereigns of Ulster down to the year A.D. 332; and a curious account of the value in which bronze cauldrons of this description were held in Ireland in the middle of the fifth century is given by Dr. Reeves in his translation of a portion of the “Book of Armagh,” written in the eighth century.

[107] See _Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings_, p. 213, fig. 195.

[108] _Cat. Mus. R. I. A._, p. 533.

[109] _Archæological Journal_, vol. vi., p. 103.

[110] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. ii. (4th Series), p. 322.

[111] It is No. 19 in the collection of querns in the Museum R.I.A. Roughan Crannog is said to be the last retreat of Sir Phelin O’Neill in 1641: it held out until boats were brought to the lake from Charlemont to aid in the attack.

[112] _Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings_, p. 55.

[113] Plate LVII., fig. 13, vol. ii., 2nd ed.

[114] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. iii. (4th Series), p. 318.

[115] _Ibid._, vol. ii. (4th Series), pp. 308-9.

[116] _Cat. Mus. R.I.A._, p. 158.

[117] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. (4th Series), p. 556.

[118] Vol. i. (4th Series), plate II., p. 583.

[119] _Cat. Mus. R.I.A._, p. 265.

[120] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), p. 391.--W. F. Wakeman.

[121] _Proceedings, R.I.A._, vol. viii., p. 329.

[122] Several soft lumps of what appeared to be a blue and a red pigment were discovered in the crannog of Lochlee, in Ayrshire, though the latter specimen shortly after turned blue; whilst at Lochspouts were found two pieces of colouring matter, the one red and the other black; and at Holderness, in Yorkshire, “red ochre” was picked up on the site of a lake dwelling.--_Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings_, pp. 139, 160, 300.

[123] _Cat. Mus., R.I.A._, p. 303.

[124] _Cat. Mus., R.I.A._, p. 333.

[125] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), pp. 198-202.--Rev. James Graves.

[126] _Ibid._, pp. 198-202.--Rev. James Graves.

[127] W. F. Wakeman states that fig. 127 came from Ballinderry Crannog; and, fig. 128 from Lagore; in the _Cat. Mus., R.I.A._, they appear as Nos. 302 and 326.

[128] Now in the British Museum.

[129] _Cat. Mus. R.I.A._, p. 560.

[130] _Ibid._, p. 559.

[131] _Ibid._, p. 556.

[132] Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 are from Lagore; the remainder were discovered in crannogs, but the exact sites not now known. Wilde alludes to Nos. 10 and 11 “as conical bits of carved wood, like chessmen. The former, however, is hollowed at the base, as if for the insertion of a stamp, and the latter is carved upon the face of the base, with a device not unlike a seal: each is 2½ inches high.”

[133] _The Origin of Civilization_, p. 38.

[134] _Cat. Mus., R.I.A._, pp. 271-2.

[135] _Cat. Mus., R.I.A._, p. 549.

[136] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), pp. 197-8.--Rev. James Graves.

[137] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), pp. 389-391.--W. F. Wakeman.

[138] _Cat. Mus., R.I.A._, p. 568.

[139] Petrie Collection, _Mus., R.I.A._, No. 157.

[140] Petrie Collection, _Mus., R.I.A._, No. 156.

[141] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), p. 386.--W. F. Wakeman.

[142] _Proceedings, R.I.A._, vol. vii., pp. 155-6.--Reeves.

[143] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. ii. (4th Series), p. 74.--W. H. Patterson.

[144] Nos. 1, 3, 20, 21, are from Ardakillen. Nos. 2, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, from Lagore. Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, from Ballinderry. No. 17, from Drumdarragh. No. 22, from Cloonfinlough. Nos. 23, 24, from Lough Eyes.

[145] _Journal Royal. Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi (New Series), p. 391.--W. F. Wakeman.

[146] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. v. (4th Series), p. 534.--W. J. Knowles.

[147] _Cat. Mus., R.I.A._, pp. 531-2.

[148] Sir Denham Jephson Norreys, in a Paper contributed to the R. Hist, and Arch. Asso. Ireland (_Journal_, vol. iv., pp. 278-79), thus explains the original process of riveting:--

“1st. Prepare a wooden core, or mandril, of the size and form of the inside of the trumpet.

“2ndly. Place the strap of bronze to hold the rivets in the centre of its inner surface.

“3rdly. Cut the plate of bronze which is to form the trumpet to such a size that, when folded on the core, the edges may meet accurately on the centre of the bronze strap: hold all together by solder, or by any other means--perhaps coils of wire may have been used.

“4thly. Drill the holes for the rivets, countersinking them on the outside. See Plate XXIX., fig. 1.

“5thly. Remove the wooden core.

“6thly. By means of a cleft stick (or other contrivance) insert the rivets from the inside, outwards.

“7thly. As each rivet passes through to the surface it is to be drawn up as tightly as possible; the shank is to be bent back, or held up by any other means, so that the head of the rivet shall not be allowed to fall.

“8thly. Having inserted all the rivets, insert a metal core, or mandril, fitting the interior with great exactness.

“9thly. Complete the riveting from the outside, the metal core preventing the rivet-heads from being disturbed, and allowing the countersunk portion of the hole to be securely filled by a portion of the shank.

“10thly. Remove the metal core. The trumpet is now ready to be burnished off.

“After writing the above, it occurred to me that I had neglected to inquire how the inner strap was to be held in its place for the insertion of the rivets. Ordinary solder could not have been used, as none appears between the strap and the plates. It might, perhaps, have been effected by a slow removal of the wooden core, and by the insertion, from the smaller end of temporary rivets or fastenings, as the core was being pushed forward; by such means at least half of the length of the strap could be firmly held in its place.”

[149] The MSS. from which it was extracted by O’Curry is the “Leabhar-na-h-Uidhre,” written about A.D. 1106, but the tale, as therein recounted, was extracted from the “Book of Dromsneachta,” a work undoubtedly written before, or about the year 430.

[150] W. F. Wakeman states that at one time this slab was in the possession of Petrie, the well-known antiquary. An engraving of a chess-board of the fourteenth century shows but 42 squares, 7 × 6.

[151] British Museum.

[152] _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, vol. iii., p. 11.

[153] _Book of Leinster_, p. 206, as quoted by O’Curry, Lectures, p. 469.

[154] _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, vol. vii., p. 73.

[155] W. F. Wakeman offers a suggestion in connection with the name Balhu; he states that Joyce in his _Irish Names of Places_ translates the name of the Fermanagh town of Lisbellaw, _Lis-bel-atha, the lis of the ford mouth_. Now, there was no river ever there, consequently there could be no “ford mouth.” There is certainly a _lis_ or ford in the neighbourhood, but the little stream which now drives the woollen mill of Lisbellaw flows through a deep cutting communicating with Loch Eyes, and which was made only in recent times. The _natural_ outlet from the loch ran, and still runs, in a northerly direction, and cannot have influenced the naming of Lisbellaw, as its course commences at a distance of some miles from the village. “The name Lisbellaw seems to invite investigation. Could it be translated ‘the fort or lis of Balhu,’ even as Dunleary is ‘the fort or dun of Laighaire’”?

[156] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. v. (New Series), p. 229.

[157] _Cat. Mus. R.I.A._, p. 267.

[158] _Ibid._, p. 343.

[159] Plates XXXIII. and XXXIV. are reproduced from a paper by the late Edward Benn, which appeared in the _Journal of the Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_. Some of the articles represented may now be seen in the “Benn Collection,” Belfast Museum.

[160] When not otherwise notified, the extracts are from the _Annals of the Four Masters_, or from O’Donovan’s annotations to same.

[161] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (New Series), p. 139.

[162] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. vii., pp. 157-8.

[163] “_Mac Cnaimhain_,” now anglicised Mac Nevin, and among the peasantry shortened to Neavin and Nevin. This family was originally settled at Crannog-Meg-Cnaimhain, now Crannagh-Mac-Nevin, in the south-east extremity of the parish of Tynagh, barony of Leitrim, county Galway, and the name is still general in that and the adjoining barony of Loughrea. The first notice of this family to be found in Irish history occurs in the _Annals of the Four Masters_, at the year 1159, where it is recorded that “Athius Mac Nevin was slain at Ardee.” The crannog is mentioned in an inquisition taken at Galway on the 10th of October, 1605:--“Quod Hugo Mac Knavin, alius dictus Mac Kellie intravit in actionem Rebellionis et captus et suspensus fuit 4 Junii, 1602; et fuit seisitus in Ballilie Cranach Mac Knavin,” &c. “In a grant to the Earl of Clanrickarde, dated 19th July, 1610, mention is made--among various other lands granted to him--of part of the lands of Crannach-Mac Knavin, parcel of the estate of Hugh Mac Knavin, otherwise O’Kelly of Cranagh-Mac Knavin, executed in rebellion”(_a_).

(_a_) _The Tribes and Customs of Hy-Many._ Note by O’Donovan, pp. 68-9.

[164] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. ix., p. 176.

[165] _Ibid._, vol. i. (2nd Series), p. 223.

[166] _Researches in the South of Ireland._ Crofton-Croker.

[167] _Stories of Lough Gur._

[168] Maps of the escheated counties in Ireland, 1609. Ordnance Survey Office, 1861.

[169] Shirley’s _Dominion of Farney_, pp. 93-4.

[170] [Gaelic: Crannoig Muighi gaiblín], Magh-gaibhlin. _Annals of Lough Cé._ Note by the editor, W. M. Hennessy.

[171] _Annals of Loch Cé._

[172] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. vii.

[173] _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, vol. vii., pp. 192-3.

[174] The townland of Cargin is situated in the parish of Ogulla. The lake is mentioned in the _Annals of Loch Cé_, A.D. 1092.

[175] _Annals of Loch Cé._

[176] _Annals of Loch Cé._ Note by W. M. Hennessy. This is doubtless the place (then in possession of Cathal O’Raighilligh) against which O’Donnell led a great hosting in 1281; “and they brought vessels with them upon Loch Uachtair and plundered Eo-innis.” Again, in 1369, a naval expedition was made by Philip Mac Udhir to Loch Uachtair, and Cloch Ui Raighilligh was taken by him, and Philip O’Raighilligh, “King” of Brefne, who was imprisoned therein, was taken out of it.

[177] _Ibid._, vol. i., p. 143.

[178] Could it be Inis-Sgeillend?

[179] [Gaelic: da ronad dna … ocus inis locha Cend, ocus inis locha Gair … ocus inis locha Saiglend, ocus inis in gaill duib.]

[180] _Irish Names of Places_, p. 475. P. W. Joyce.

[181] _Chronicon Scotorum._

[182] [Gaelic: Aois Criost, sé chéd triocha asch … Maolduin, mac Aodha do lorcadh i ninis caoin.] In the _Annals of Ulster_ this chieftain’s death is under date 640. “Combustes Maelduin in insula Caini.”

[183] _Irish Names of Places_ (1st Series), p. 258. P. W. Joyce.

[184] _Miscellany of the Irish Arch. Society._ Translation and notes by O’Donovan.

[185] _Museum, R.I.A._, No. 259.

[186] Also the following articles: a circular stone not unlike the upper stone of a pot-quern; it was perforated in the centre, and decorated at the top. A small whorl of red grit, and a water-worn pebble that may have been used as a net weight or sinkstone (_a_). A whetstone, four inches long (_a_). A curved stone, five inches long, bearing on it some rudely carved devices (_a_). A celt-shaped, smooth, flat stone, about six inches in length, evidently a natural formation (_a_), and much resembling the modern polished stone used by linen weavers as a “rubbing-stone.” Two fragments of pottery, exceedingly rude, one of them unglazed (_a_): the first is portion of a small pipkin, between three and four inches wide, and two and three-quarter inches high, with an indented band round the top; it bears marks of the long-continued action of fire, and is in composition very like a cinerary urn.

The articles marked (_a_), appear in Museum, R. I. A., as Nos. 36, 67, 128, 84, 30, 31, 10 and 11.

[187] Et est in eodem le tuogh quidam lacus alias stagnum vocatus Loughinchefeaghny in quo est insula similiter fortificata.

[188] _Proceedings R.I.A._, vol. vii., pp. 156-7.

[189] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. vii., p. 155.

[190] _Proceedings R.I.A._, vol. vii., p. 154.

[191] There were also shears of various sizes; two well-formed needles of bronze; a shoemaker’s awl with blade of bronze and handle of stone; several axes or hatchets; a light spade of wood tipped with iron; an iron sword; a horse-shoe of ordinary size, thicker at the outer edge and without raised heels, but drawn out at the extremities to a great length; many whetstones; knives, very narrow and sharp at the point, but thick on the back; a bronze dish much scored, its diameter fifteen inches, including the rim; a wooden scoop; a large bead and small crescent-shaped piece of glass, which bore marks of having been set as a jewel; several pins of bronze, iron, bone, and wood, varying greatly in shape; the fragments of pottery were evidently the remains of strong, well-shaped vessels; the bones and horns of mammalia were principally those of oxen (of short-horn species), sheep, goat, deer, and dog; there were tusks of the boar, and in one instance the skull of a _Cervus Elephas_ showed that the horns had been sawn off. In the museum of the College of Surgeons, London, is preserved the skull of an Irish deer from which the horns had been similarly cut, and it is said to have been found in that state in the west of Ireland.--_Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. iii., pp. 86, 90; vol. iv., pp. 36, 38.--E. Benn.

[192] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i., pp. 20-2.--E. Benn.

[193] _Celtic Scotland_, vol. i., p. 83.

The remaining bronze weapons from Toome Bar, now in the Museum, R. I. A., are therein numbered as follows:--No. 1, a long and perfect leaf-shaped sword-blade, narrow above the handle, and with a central mid-rib; no side bevel, broad edges to handle-plate, which had been probably covered with gold; there is a longitudinal perforation instead of rivet-holes; length 26½ inches, by 1⅝ broad in the widest part of the blade. No. 2 is also in a perfect state. No. 3 has a plain, smooth blade, with a slight rib within margin, hilt cleft, nine holes in handle-plate; 24⅝ inches long, by 1⅝ broad. No. 4 is composed of bright Dowris-coloured metal, smooth and narrow above handle-plate, which has four perforations; the length is 23¾ inches, by 1¾ broad. No. 10 has an imperfect handle, notched for hilt, bevel edge, six rivet-holes; length 20 inches, by 1¾. No. 122 is a small sword, rapier blade, narrow handle-plate; 16 inches by 1⅞. No. 147 is a rapier-shaped dagger-blade; wants point, has two rivet-holes, one rivet still in position; 8⅝ inches in length.

[194] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), pp. 177, 194-5.--W. T. Lockwood.

[195] _Journal Royal. Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi. (4th Series), pp. 406-8.--Rev. James Graves.

“Solinus relates that the Irish formed the handles of their swords from the teeth of large sea-monsters which they polished to a most beautiful whiteness.” “That the handles were very much smaller than those of modern swords with guards, and used for cutting as well as thrusting, there can be no doubt, yet some of them are large enough to receive a moderate-sized hand. Without discussing the generally received opinion that the men who used such swords had very small hands--like some of the Asiatics of the present day--the mode of using these weapons must not be forgotten. They were employed for stabbing and fencing, in which the middle, ring, and little fingers alone grasped the handle completely, while the thumb and fore-finger passed upwards on each side of the blade, fitting into the curved hollows of the hilt--and not like the method of the cavalry soldier of the present day, who, when about to deal a heavy blow, grasps his weapon with the closed hand, which must occupy a space of about four and a-half inches.”--_Cat. Mus., R.I.A._, p. 456.

[196] In the kitchen-midden was the ordinary complement of bones, principally those of the ox, boar, sheep, goat, dog, and deer. Seven short scythes of bronze, a plough-sock of iron, a plough-share of flint, several iron spear-heads, and some pins, were also brought to light.

[197] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. iii. (New Series), pp. 86-7.

[198] _Ibid._, vol. vi. (4th Series), p. 432.--H. W. Lett.

[199] _Proceedings R.I.A._, vol. v., p. 215.

[200] _Lake Dwellings of Switzerland._--Keller. 2nd ed.

[201] _Proceedings R.I.A._, vol. v., p. 417.

[202] _Ireland: its Scenery_, &c., &c., by Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Hall, vol. iii., p. 259.

[203] A considerable portion of the timbers of this dwelling was presented by the Earl of Enniskillen to the Museum of the Royal Hist. and Arch. Association of Ireland.

[204] The following is a list of antiquities of minor interest:--A crucible of the usual crannog kind, in a perfect state. A brooch, or fibula, composed of iron, bronze, and a white metal--perhaps silver; it had evidently been prepared for enamel--the pin was eaten away by corrosion. An iron knife, with bronze mounting to the handle, which was pierced for rivets. An ordinary crannog knife-blade, like those found in Anglo-Saxon interments. Portion of a small iron shoe for horse or ass. Piece of an iron band. A thin bronze fillet that might have been used for securing the staves of a small wooden vessel, or intended for a hair-band: a lady who tried it on, pronounced it to be decidedly an article of feminine adornment--let that decide the point! A small article of late bronze, apparently belonging to horse trappings. A whetstone. A worked stone or disc. A lump of iron dross or “slag.” The under stone of a quern. From time to time no fewer than three single-piece canoes have been discovered beneath the waters of the lough; one was for years used as a trough for cattle, and afterwards cut up for firewood; the others were utilized in the roofs of out-offices.--_Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. (4th Series), pp. 360, 371.

[205] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. iii. (4th Series), pp. 314-15.

[206] The following is a list of the articles found on “Bone Island”:--Nine pieces of deer’s horn, four of them curiously fashioned (_ante_, p. 80). Several fragments of quern-stones; it was stated by the older inhabitants of the surrounding district that many years previously the entire surface of the island was covered with querns in a more or less perfect condition; two of those obtained (_ante_, p. 89) were inscribed with a cross-like ornamentation. Four whetstones of the usual four-sided crannog type; they vary in size from six inches to four inches in length. Portions of rims of vessels of fictile ware (_ante_, p. 98); a large fragment had been discovered on the island some time previously. There were also articles both of bronze and iron, but so greatly fractured and corroded that their character could not well be defined. When excavating near the centre of the island, at a distance of about two and a-half feet from the surface, a large stone was found with a punched cross-like pattern upon one of its sides (plate XLII., No. 6). Bones of animals, principally of the cow, goat, sheep, and pig, were found in such immense numbers, that the crannog became known as “Bone Island.”

[207] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. (4th Series), pp. 232-235, 305-314.

[208] _Ibid._, vol. v. (4th Series), p. 336.

[209] _Ibid._, vol. i. (4th Series), p. 583.

[210] _Holly Island_, in Lough Erne, had evidently been fortified; it is situated within a mile of Enniskillen, and in summer-time distinct traces become visible of the stockade by which it had been defended on the side facing the mainland; the island itself is, however, of entirely natural formation.

[211] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. ii. (4th Series), pp. 323-4.

[212] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. (4th Series), pp. 553-564.--W. F. Wakeman.

[213] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. v. (4th Series), p. 332.--W. F. Wakeman.

[214] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. vi., pp. 8-10.

[215] _Archæological Journal_, vol. iii., p. 48.

[216] There were also found here a pair of quern-stones; burnt corn; numerous fragments of coarse earthenware vessels; fragments of thick dark glass; an earthen pot; a “grey-beard,” with the representation of a man’s head beneath the spout; worked oval stones; “spindle-whorls”; hones of different shapes and sizes; a brass token, almost defaced.

[217] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. iv., p. 379.

[218] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. v., Appendix.

The following antiquities were found on crannog sites in the county Monaghan, but the exact localities not mentioned:--Three bronze celts, with loops on their side--in one instance traces of the handle still remained; a bronze dagger, twelve inches in length; two double-pointed bronze arrow-heads; a bronze gouge or chisel; the head of a bronze hunting-spear; part of a bronze sword; a bronze cap, seemingly the termination of the butt of some weapon; the bronze handle of a javelin or spear, with loop attached; the boss of a shield of bronze; a bronze knife, with traces of gilding; two bronze daggers, the one ten and a-half inches, the other seven inches in length; several bronze rings of different sizes, two of them with transverse spring openings, others hollow, being probably parts of armour or horse-trappings; two bronze needles; a bronze pin, the head hollowed like a cup; several bronze pins, of which some were ornamented, and two were of large size and common type; parts of bronze fibulae; fragments of several bronze instruments and numerous rivets; a small circular bell and three bronze hair-pins of various sizes.--_Archæological Journal_, vol. iii., pp. 47-8.

[219] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. viii., pp. 275-6, 290-2, 301.

The following articles, discovered in the large crannog, were presented to the Museum, R. I. A.:--The upper stone of a grain-rubber; a perfect quern, seventeen inches in diameter, its upper surface highly decorated; a flat circular stone disc or quoit, like some found in connexion with cinerary urns; three do., one-half inch thick, and three and a-quarter inches in diameter; a portion of the stone coulter of a plough, thirteen inches long, with an artificial hole near the broad end for attaching it to the beam; a mortar, eight inches high, by seventeen and a-half inches wide, decorated at the corners with grotesque figures; a stone mould, with the casting groove in the long axis; two weapon-sharpeners of a remarkably hard stone resembling quartz; eleven fragments of sharpening-stones, averaging from two and a-half inches to six inches in length, two of them perforated; a four-sided whetstone, twenty inches by three inches; a large oval stone, artificially smoothed on all its surfaces--like a web-polisher--it measures ten and a-half inches, by three and a-half inches; several smaller-sized do.; a curved, water-worn, dark-coloured stone, highly polished, probably a burnisher; a flat red touchstone, three and a-half inches long, formed of jasper, and used for testing gold; a portion of slate with three circular cavities; a stone half perforated; a small perforated stone like a “whorl”; five globular stones like sink-stones for nets; a stone bullet, three inches in diameter; three oval-shaped, artificially worked stones; a bone spoon (p. 140, fig. 194); four portions of combs; two large beads; a ferrule, solid at one end, and two and a-half inches long; a small, highly-polished pin, and a very perfect piercer of bone; two horns of red deer, both imperfect; ten large boar-tusks, and some teeth of ruminants; a ring of bronze, that had been probably part of a fibula--it was in an imperfect state; a ring, three and a-quarter inches in diameter; a large decorated bronze pin, seven and a-half inches long, and a smaller one that measured three inches; the head of a battle-axe of iron; a knife-blade, with perforated haft, eight and a-half inches, and a smaller blade, two and three-quarter inches in length; a globular piece of iron, two and three-quarter inches in diameter; the head of a small hammer; three fragments of rings, and eleven other fragments of iron, the former uses of which could not be determined; several pieces of slag; fourteen pieces of broken pottery--amongst them was part of a bowl or urn, unglazed, decorated on the outside with deeply-grooved lines, and with slight indentations on the inverted lip--it was formed of very dark-coloured clay, mixed with particles of white quartz or felspar; four small earthen crucibles of the usual shape, three of them very small; a pipe-clay vessel, manifestly intended for refining purposes; the bowls of two small pipes, commonly, but erroneously, denominated “Danish tobacco-pipes”; a flat, highly-coloured bead of amber, and a larger one of irregular shape; a small bead of enamel paste, showing a mixture of the colours red, yellow, and blue; also fragments of Kimmage coal-rings; parts of a bracelet, which seems to have been pointed at one end. Great numbers of hazel nuts were found throughout the crannog, and there was a barrel-shaped piece of wood, three and a-quarter inches long, hollow, and perforated with six holes; it had been used either in weaving, or as a net float.

[220] In addition to the usual collection of bones, the articles obtained from the crannog were as follows:--A large stone, hollowed in its upper surface, used evidently for crushing corn, the rock forming this crusher, being coarse basalt, is foreign to the district; it appears to be portion of a block of columnar basalt, brought to the spot probably from the N. E. of Ireland. There was another large stone of a carboniferous grit foreign to the locality, evidently the upper stone of a grain-rubber; it was slightly convex on one side, and had an artificially-polished surface. Two round stones--the one of quartz, the other of carboniferous grit. Three pieces of spoon-shaped flint. A stone ring, made from the ordinary greywacke shale of the district; it was too small for the finger. Part of another ring, somewhat larger in size. A bead of glass, and one of amber. Portion of a jet bracelet. Some articles of brass, comparatively modern. Fragments of pottery (undescribed). A crucible. An article formed of baked clay, two inches in length by one in breadth, having one of its surfaces convex, and the other concave; it bore the mark of a cross near one of its extremities. Several pieces of iron ore; and a bronze axe that was discovered in 1843 on the shores of the lake in the immediate vicinity of the crannog.

[221] Fireplaces on shore of lake--see _ante_, pp. 90 and 191.

[222] _Archæologia_, vol. xxxix., pp. 433-440.

[223] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. v., Appendix.

[224] _Journal Royal. Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. (New Series), p. 230.

[225] _Collectianea Antigua_, vol. iii., pp. 35-44.

[226] _Cat. Mus., R. I. A._, p. 223.

The following are a few of the articles found on this site, and nearly all are now in Museum, R. I. A.:--Two double-edged swords of iron. A curved blade. A peculiar single-edged weapon. An iron ring and chain, supposed to have formed portion of a manacle (plate VIII., p. 61). Two spear-heads in fine preservation (p. 63). An axe-head (p. 68). A bowl and a ladle (p. 85). A small single-edged knife. An iron pipe, with hook attached. A bronze object of unknown use (p. 143). Three armillæ of rude fashion; one of them formed of a thin plate measuring rather more than half an inch in diameter; the extremities slightly recurved. An ornament of mixed metal, and an enamelled plate of iron (p. 138). Portions of a small ring fibula, with cavities in the metal in which enamel appears to have been encrusted. Numerous bronze pins of various sizes and fashion. A skean or dagger (p. 65). A thin triangular blade, corroded at edges; the lower portion prolonged into a tang; the bevel on the edge, continued round the flat handle-plate, shows that the article was cast and not subsequently hammered out. A very rude piece of bronze somewhat resembling a broad arrow. A sling stone of quartz rock. An oblong or natural kidney-shaped stone, five inches long, and rounded at the extremities. Several whetstones. Two bone needles or bodkins, perforated at the extremity. A double-toothed comb, rudely ornamented with lines and concentric circles; and other combs, or fragments of same, one of them being a small perfect specimen, four inches long. A horn tine, polished at top. A very small four-sided drinking vessel of horn, two and a-half inches high. A polished leg-bone of a deer, curiously carved. A wooden spike, broad in the middle, and sharpened at each end; it is supposed to belong to the weapon class. There were also amber, jet, glass, and enamelled beads, now in the Museum, R. I. A.

[227] _Proceedings R.I.A._, vol. v., p. 55.

[228] And also the following antiquities:--A small stone, on which was carved a headless naked human figure. A sandstone ring. Several whetstones. A dark-coloured piece of shale and sandstone, three inches across, marked on the surface like the “game stones” in the Museum, R. I. A. A mould, formed of agalmatolite or potstone; on one side it had a circular cast for a harness stud. A decorated bone comb, and portions of eight others. Many curious bone pins (described _ante_ “Articles of the Toilet,” &c.). A spatula-shaped bone (_ante_, p. 140). Flat pieces of ornamental bone (p. 139). A bone knife or skean, highly decorated on the handle and along a portion of the blade. A knife and fork of bone, colour dark brown; the handles are square, and decorated with the domino pattern. Several miscellaneous bone articles, consisting of pins, handles, knives, &c. Bronze tweezers, and several ornamented bronze pins. An admirably-designed brooch, or brooch-pin, of _findruin_ or white bronze; its ring, two inches in diameter, was a mass of spiral ornamentation, pointing to an extremely early age. A very perfect short-bladed bolt-head, with narrow loops. A narrow dagger-blade, with high mid-rib and ridge on handle-plate. Amongst the iron remains there occurred, swords, varying in length from six to eighteen inches, axe-heads, spear-heads, shears, bodkins, and many small articles of domestic use.

[229] _Proceedings R.I.A._, vol. v., p. 417.

[230] Not far from Tullamore, on the direct route from the crannog of Lough Annagh to Killeigh, and under a considerable depth of bog, was found a very fine bronze pin, eleven inches long; it tapered to a sharp point at the end, and was headed with a disc, one and a-half inches in diameter, having an obtusely pointed boss in the centre.

[231] _Proceedings R.I.A._, vol. v., p. xxxvii.

[232] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. v. (New Series), pp. 228-9.

[233] “A Letter from Major Wood,” &c.; also, Story’s _History_, part, ii., p. 73.

[234] The “finds” were as follows:--An iron cuirass, ornamented with sunk lines and projecting pigeon-breast medial line; it was furnished with hook and staple to fasten the “back-piece” to the “breast.” This piece of armour was undoubtedly of the seventeenth century; a matchlock, barrel thirty-six inches long; a gun-barrel of small calibre; three pistol-barrels; an iron halbert--a fine sixteenth century specimen; an iron spade, trowel, chisel, axe, and door-bolt; an iron skean or dagger, thirteen inches long, and another, four and a-half inches long; a small iron knife; two sword-blades, twenty-six inches in length; a nondescript article of iron; three curiously-wrought iron keys; a fragment of a bronze ornament; two iron spurs of antique shape; a “spindle-whorl” of stone; a bronze ladle; a bronze spear-head, and a very curiously-shaped brick.

[235] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. i. (3rd Series), p. 157. _Ibid_, vol. ii. (New Series), pp. 71-5.

[236] Wakefield’s _Account of Ireland_, vol. i., p. 94.

[237] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. ix., pp. 176-9.--H. B. Trench and G. H. Kinahan.

[238] Omitting the ideal restoration, fig. 213 is reproduced from a Paper by R. J. Ussher and G. H. Kinahan, as is also fig. 212.

[239] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, October, 1879. _Proceedings R. I. A._ (2nd Series), vol. ii., December, 1880.--R. J. Ussher and G. H. Kinahan.

[240] Lyell’s _Principles of Geology_, vol. ii., p. 164.

[241] _Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain and Ireland_, p. 436.

[242] In the Museum, R. I. A., Nos. 297 to 302, are stone celts from this crannog, and amongst the miscellaneous bone articles Nos. 1 to 4, and 18, are bone hafts or handles, one of them stained black, and ornamented by spiral and interrupted grooves. There are two horn tines, artificially shaped, and No. 40 is a shank-bone of a sheep or goat, stained black, highly polished, and perforated at one end. Besides the celebrated bronze shield described (_ante_, p. 71), the following antiquities are recorded as having been discovered in this site:--“A long, narrow, spear-head of bronze, in excellent preservation, the socket--circular in form--measuring nearly twenty-three inches in length, and two one-eighth inches in breadth at base of blade, along which there is a ridge with a feather edge running into flat compressed loops at the junction of blade and socket. A bronze spear-head, slightly defective in socket, but blade perfect; it was found with a portion of the charred handle remaining in it. A very small dagger-blade of bronze, with wide notches in the handle-plate. A bronze tube, probably the ferrule-end of a spear, and having a rivet-hole.”--_Cat. Mus., R. I. A._, pp. 487, 507-517.

[243] _Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Asso. of Ireland_, vol. v. (4th series), pp. 336-9.--W. F. Wakeman.

[244] _Proceedings, R. I. A._, vol. ix., pp. 172-176.--G. H. Kinahan.

[245] The “finds” here were unimportant, they consisted of a polishing-stone; a dart or arrow-head formed of the carboniferous sandstone of the district; a few sea-shells; some charred bones, principally those of the cow, sheep, pig, and goose--the latter very numerous; hazel nutshells; pieces of chert, off some of which chips seemed to have been struck; small round pebbles of white quartz.--_Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. x., pp. 31, 33.--G. H. Kinahan.

[246] The “finds” on Reed Island were, a whetstone, and fragments of another; a slab of sandstone (probably the hearth); a piece of iron, seemingly portion of some cutting instrument; a quantity of wood-ashes; a circular wooden _noggin_, with a small round handle; the handle of another vessel; some bright-red colouring matter, rolled up in a piece of birch bark. Near the outside piles were bones of the ox, sheep, and pig, all very much broken and gnawed.

[247] Other “finds” on Shore Island were, numerous flat stones, bearing marks of fire--evidently ancient hearths; fragments of upper and lower stones of a two-handled quern; a small arrow-head (chert); a small celt; eighteen hones of various sizes; a rubbing-stone; several sling-stones; two pieces of Silurian grit (artificially worked); a large Silurian nodule; part of a clay crucible; a bronze pin with a swivel head; a crozier of bronze inlaid with silver; iron shears, like sheep-shears of the present day, but some of them small and fine; a battle-axe, hatchet-edged on the one side, and spiked on the other; a vessel of hammered iron, that had been used for smelting purposes; a knife set in a rude bone handle; a semicircular knife; a piercer of bone; a cut piece of deer’s horn; a bone handle of an iron instrument; part of a deer’s horn; many heaps of ashes, and hazel nuts.

[248] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. viii., pp. 412-427.--G. H. Kinahan.

[249] _Cat. Mus. R. I. A._, p. 29. _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. v., Appendix lxi.

[250] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. v., Appendix lxii.

[251] _Ibid._

[252] No special description of the Cloonfree crannogs (2) has been furnished; but the following antiquities, found in or around them, were presented to the Museum R. I. A.:--A small bone spear-head, four inches long; a rude pin, formed apparently of the long bone of a fowl; a boar’s tusk; bronze tweezers; a pin, with ornamental head, carved on two sides; a long pin, with ornamental spike-head; a ring; a (?) buckle; an iron horse-shoe; a fragment, like part of the hilt of a sword; a spike, for butt-end of spear; a pair of tweezers; a small pin, the head bound with bronze wire; two amber beads, one of them flat in shape.--_Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. v., p. 219.

[253] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. v., p. 208, &c.--Appendix, D. H. Kelly.

[254] _Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society_, vol. i., series ii., p. 222.

[255] In the crannogs of Cloonfinlough (2) there were found several bronze spear-heads; pins of great variety of form; a bowl hammered out of the solid (_ante_, p. 84); a fragment of another (_ante_, plate XVII., No. 3); two vessels composed of small pieces curiously rivetted together; a brooch of handsome workmanship (_ante_, p. 117); numerous bone pins and implements; combs of great artistic merit (_ante_, p. 113); discs and deer’s horns; knives, sickles, hatchets, swords, and spear-heads of iron; an implement made of sheet iron rivetted together, having in the centre a circular ornament with a cross, that evidently once had borne an arabesque pattern; many diminutive frying-pans; small whetstones; single and double bronze rings; a coin of the Emperor Hadrian; a Bulla of Pope Paul V.; several silver coins of the Edwards--one so late as James II.; also a silver coin, unfigured, it is stated, in any collection. From the same locality the following articles, purchased from Mrs. E. Devenish, Clonfinla House, Strokestown, are now in the British Museum:--A bronze dagger and brooch (_ante_, plate XXXV., Nos. 1 and 2); a plain brooch pin, 5¾ inches in length; fourteen bronze pins of varying size and shape; a cruciform object for attachment, diameter, 1⅞ inches; a harp pin, quatre-foil at one end, round at the other, which is pierced with a hole for the string, length, 2¾ inches; an iron bill-hook, penannular socket, one rivet-hole; a double axe (plate XXXV., No. 6); a spear-head much corroded, no rivet-hole, length, 7⅝ inches; an arrow-head (plate XXXV., No. 4); a knife with long handle, all of iron, length, 7¼ inches; a gouge and chisel combined, length, 9 inches; a gouge, 7⅛ inches; a pair of shears, length, 7¼ inches; a piece of iron with remains of loop handle, length, 4½ inches; a circular pan with straight handles, remains of a loop at the end, length, 7 inches; diameter, 3½ inches; a key, openwork handle, length, 2⅛ inches; a stone chessman (_ante_, p. 132); a sharpener, grey in colour, square in section, decreasing to each end, length, 4¾ inches; a flat bead of dark-grey shale, diameter, ½ inch; a bone scoop resembling No. 8, on plate VI., and having two rivet-holes at butt, ornamented with group of four dots, length, 5⅞ inches; a curved pin of bone, with flattened head, length, 4⅜ inches; a second pin about half that size; two needles of bone, varying in length from 3⅝ to 2⅞ inches; a ring of stag’s horn (plate XXXV., No. 5); draughtsmen of stag’s horn (p. 131, figs. 176, 177); a wooden peg, roughly cut, length, 2½ inches; a bucket stave, with marks of two bands on outside surface, and furrow for bottom on inside, length, 7⅝ inches; a single-piece leather shoe (plate XXXV., No. 7); a silver Scottish 20 shilling piece, _obv., crowned head of king_, to left in field XX--legend, CAR·D·G·MAG·BR·FR·ET·HIB·REX.--_R. crowned thistle_--legend, IVST·THRONVM·FIRMAT.

[256] The following “finds” from Ardakillen are deposited in the Museum, R. I. A.:--Numerous bone pins of various sizes and designs; twenty-two combs or fragments of same; a bone dart, six and a-half inches long; do., five and a-half inches long; do., four and three-quarter inches long; do., five inches long; a curved piece of deer’s horn, hollowed at the base, and another piece slightly longer; a tine of deer’s horn, hollowed at base; numerous harp-pins of bone (one is figured, _ante_, p. 125); a curious ovoid piece of bone, polished (_ante_, p. 105); the leg-bone of a deer, covered with carvings (plate XXXII.); a bronze brooch (_ante_, p. 117); a small slender torque-pattern ring (_ante_, p. 118); a bridle-bit (_ante_, p. 137); several whetstones; a very perfect, thin, narrow rapier-blade, double notches in handle-plate; beads of stone, bone, wood, porcelain, glass, and amber; numerous bronze pins; an oaken water-scoop, with a hollowed-out handle; a wooden mallet; some ogham-inscribed wooden objects.--_Journal Royal Hist. and Arch. Assoc. of Ireland_, vol. iii. (4th Series), p. 206.

[257] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. v., p. 214. _Cat. Mus., R. I. A._, p. 219.

[258] Unfortunately these remains in the Museum, R.I.A., cannot now be identified.

[259] The report on the skull has been most kindly furnished by A. W. Foot, M.D., Member, Royal Hist. and Arch. Association of Ireland.

[260] _Cat. Mus., R.I.A._, p. 110.

[261] _Proceedings, R.I.A._, vol. v., Appendix, lix. _Cat. Mus., R.I.A._, p. 552.

[262] Another name for Glencar lake. This crannog lies within the bounds of the Co. Leitrim. The more ancient name of Glencar, as used by the _Four Masters_, was _Cairthe Mulchean_, i.e. Mulchan’s Pillar-stone. _Gleann-a-Chairthe_, pronounced Glencarna, and _Glen Dallain_, signify the Glen of the Pillar-stone.

[263] _Irish Names of Places_ (2nd Series), p. 7. P. W. Joyce.

INDEX.

Aberdeenshire, crannogs in, 15, 32.

Achill Island, crannog in, 230-32.

Adze, iron, 67, 69, 176.

African tribes, pile dwellings of, 22-23.

Aghakilconnel Lough, crannog in, 243.

Aghaloughan Bog, crannog in, 163.

Aghnamullen, crannog of, 135, 193.

Ahoghill, crannog near, 165.

Amazon, pile dwellings on the, 22.

Amber beads, 118, 122, 195, 200 n., 201 n., 205 n., 233 n., 237 n.

Amulets, 116, 117, 177, 206, 207.

Amusements, 36: _see_ chess, counters, discs, games.

Anchors, canoe, 51.

Ancient forests cut down, 4, 189.

Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings: _see_ Munro.

Anderson, Professor, 174.

Ankle fetters, 238: _see_ fetters.

Annagh, crannog of, 212.

Annagh (Sligo), 248.

Annaghclone, 126.

Annaghcloy Point, crannog at, 246.

Antlers: _see_ deer.

Antrim, barony of, 173.

Antrim, county, 33, 35, 37, 44, 45, 48, 58, 110, 120, 121, 124, 141, 170.

Antrim, county, crannogs in, 152-3, 163-177.

Anvil, 166, 168.

Apamæan lake, pile dwellings on the, 18-19.

Arabesque pattern, 235 n.

_Archæologia_, VIII., 41 n.

Ardakillen, crannog of, 59, 60, 62, 90, 105, 118, 135, 137, 142, 154, 233, 236-39.

Ardbrin, crannog of, 126, 177.

Ardbrin, crannog of, trumpet from, 126.

Ardmach: _see_ Armagh.

Ardmore, crannog at, 29, 216-17.

Ardnahue, kitchen midden at, 74.

Argyleshire, crannogs in, 32, 89.

Armagh, county, crannogs in, 178.

Armagh, crannog near, 147.

Armagh, crannog near, attack on, 147-8.

Armillæ, 204 n.

Armour, 69, 72, 177, 196 n., 209 n.

Arran, Isles of, 36.

Arrow-heads, bone, 80, 237 n.

Arrow-heads, bronze, 196 n., 205 n., 242.

Arrow-heads, iron, 144, 179, 186, 235 n.

Arrow-heads, stone, 40, 45, 225 n., 227 n.

Arrow-heads, wooden, 200.

Arterial Drainage Commission, crannogs discovered by the, 77, 179, 193, 205, 207, 218, 233, 240.

Articles, miscellaneous, 163, 185 n., 204 n., 206 n.

Ash island, 227.

Ash spear-shafts, 174.

Ashes, 42, 43, 194, 196, 198, 214, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227 n., 228, 236.

Attacks on crannogs, 36, 88 n., 147, 148-9, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 229, 244.

Aughamore, crannog of, 206.

Auglish, crannog of, 187.

Austria, lake dwellings in, resemble Irish, 11, 12-13.

Auvernier, 89.

Axe-heads, bone, 45, 59, 60, 191.

Axe-heads, bronze, 202 n.

Axe-heads, iron, 141, 144, 164, 168 n., 199 n., 204 n., 206 n., 209, 210 n., 227 n., 233, 235 n.

Axe-heads, stone, 59, 167, 192.

Axis, stone, 142.

Ayrshire, crannogs in, 32, 104.

Aztecs, pile dwellings of the, 19.

Baccinums, 204.

Baiæ, bay of, 217.

Baile-an-locha, crannog of, 152.

Baked clay pot-cover, 94.

Balhu, ogham name of, 134-5.

Ballaghmore, crannog of, 186.

Ballinacarriga, crannog of, 136, 206.

Ballinafad, crannog of, 34, 229.

Ballinahinch, crannog of, 28, 34, 229.

Ballinakill, parish of, 221.

Ballinamallard, crannog near, 81, 87.

Ballinderry, crannog of, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 75, 108, 109, 114, 133, 139, 142, 146, 207.

Ballinderry crannog, unique pins from, 106-8, 109, 110, 111.

Ballindoon, crannogs near, 245-6.

Ballinlough, crannogs in, 32, 73, 150, 221-4, 234.

Ballintlea, glass beads from, 124.

Ballintoy, crannog in, 153.

Ballintoy, sand-hills of, 177.

Ballyalbanagh, wooden roadway in, 44.

Ballybetagh, 6.

Ballybollen, crannog near, 167.

Ballydoolough, crannog of, 37, 92, 95, 96, 132, 133, 181, 183, 188, 190.

Ballydoolough crannog, pottery at, 89, 95, 96, 97.

Ballydoolough crannog, pottery resembling a sepulchral urn, 102.

Ballydoolough crannog, wooden vessels from, 102.

Ballygawley, crannog of, 246-8.

Ballyhoe Lake, crannogs in, 193, 195, 207.

Ballykeine Bog, 102.

Ballykillen Bog, 45, 60.

Ballykinler, crannog of, 177-178.

Ballylough, crannog of, 152.

Ballymena, crannog near, 142, 169.

Ballymote, the Book of, 104.

Ballynamintra, cave of, 234.

Ballywillen Lough, crannog in, 154.

Ballywoolen, crannog of, 178.

Balls of stone, 183.

Banagh, barony of, 180.

Band, iron, 183 n.

Bann, river, 135, 155, 165, 170.

Barnes, pile-dwellings at, 18.

Barton, 169.

Barton Mere, pile-dwellings at, 18.

Basket-work: _see_ wicker-work.

Bavaria, lake dwellings in, 11.

Bead, lead, 123.

Beads, amber, 118, 122-3, 195, 200 n., 201 n., 205 n., 233 n., 237 n.

Beads, bone, 122, 199 n., 207, 237 n.

Beads, earthenware, 122-3.

Beads, glass, 124, 164, 168 n., 195, 201 n., 205 n., 237 n.

Beads, jet, 122, 205 n.

Beads of various materials, 122-4, 168 n.

Beads, porcelain, 205 n., 237 n.

Beads, stone, 122, 235 n., 237 n.

Beads, wood, 122, 237 n.

Beams, mortised, radial, stretcher, etc., 163, 166, 178, 181, 183, 184, 187, 192, 198, 207, 208, 214, 223, 224, 226, 231, 233, 241, 245, 247.

Bede, 36.

Bedell, bishop, 203.

Belfast Field-club, 173.

Belfast Museum, 142, 164, 173, 219.

Bell, circular, 196 n.

Ben-Bulben, 243-4.

Bench, stone, 225.

Benn Collection, 142.

Benn, E., 142, 168.

Begerin, 44.

Belcoo, crannog near, 188.

Bellarush, 246.

Bighorn: _see Megaceros_.

Bilberry, 231.

Billy, parish of, 152.

Bird-headed ornamentation, 67, 118.

Bits, bridle, 136-7, 181, 237 n.

Bittern, 8.

Blackberries, 73 n.

Black Sea, 10.

Blake Island, 225.

Boar, 4, 73, 74, 168 n., 178 n., 182, 185 n., 190, 199 n., 204, 225 n., 226, 233 n., 241, 245, 246.

Boat lough: _see_ Pad-lough.

Bodkins, 164, 205 n., 206 n.

Bogs of Ireland, 4.

Bohermeen, crannog of, 81, 171, 204.

Boho, 187.

Bolts, bronze, 81, 206 n.

Bone implements, 59, 60, 80, 188, 219, 337 n.

Bone Island, 89, 184, 185 n.

Bone, spatula-shaped, 206 n.

Bone spoon, 140.

Bones, 88, 172, 182, 184, 187, 188, 190, 199, 205, 208, 214, 222, 223, 224, 225 n., 228, 232, 234, 236, 241, 244, 245, 248.

Bones, broken for the marrow, 46, 187.

Bones, calcined, 201, 225, 248.

Bones, immense quantities of sold as manure, 46, 205, 236.

Borris-in-Ossory, 70, 77.

_Bos frontosus_, 204.

_Bos longifrons_, 70, 66, 182, 190, 204, 234, 245, 246, 248: _see_ Oxen.

Bosphorus, pile-dwellings on the, 19.

Boss-like objects, 177, 196 n.

Bowl, bronze, 85, 204 n., 234 n., 235 n.

Bowl, wooden, 168.

Box, rude, 208.

Bracelets, 121, 123, 191, 200 n., 201 n.

_Brachi cephalic_ crania, 238.

Brandenburg, lake dwellings in, 11.

Breagho, crannog of, 4, 82, 187, 234.

Brian Borumha, 27, 156-7.

Brick, 218 n.

Britain, lake dwellings in, 15.

British Museum, crannog objects in, 143-4, 218, 235 n.

British Museum, register of, 177.

Brittas, crannog near, 210.

_Bro_: _see_ Querns.

_Brochs_ of Scotland, 174.

Bronze age, 30, 55-6, 160.

Bronze age, animal ornamentation rare in, 113.

Bronze age, chronology undetermined, 30.

Bronze age, overlapping of the, 160.

Bronze and iron age, 174.

Bronze objects, 116, 119, 142, 177, 183, 196 n., 201 n.

Brooch, bronze, shape unchanged for ages, 143.

Brooch, of mixed metal, 183.

Brooch, silver, 121, 164.

Brooches, bronze, 117, 118, 143, 206 n., 235 n., 237 n.

Broughderg, 87.

Broughshane, Canon Grainger’s Museum at, 82, 173.

Brute force, sway of, 3.

Buckets, 231, 232, 235 n.

Buckle, bronze, 233 n.

Bulla, 235 n.

Buried cities, legends of, 28-9, 193, 225, 248, 249.

Burnisher: _see_ Polishing-stone.

Burt, crannog near, 181.

Buteshire, crannogs in, 32, 44.

Butter, bog, 79.

Button, bronze, 141.

Butts of spear-shafts, 63-4, 173, 196 n., 233 n.

Cable pattern, 121, 195.

Cæsar, 18, 57.

_Caislen-na-caillighe_, 33, 34, 229.

Caledonian forests, 9.

Caledonians and Romans, wars of the, 3, 171.

Camlough, crannog in, 178.

Cangort Park, crannog near, 213.

Canoes, 46, 67, 126, 163, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 178, 183, 183 n., 186, 193, 203, 204, 206, 228, 234, 237, 240, 242.

Canoes at Ardagh, 49.

Canoes at Ardakillen, 43, 50 n., 237.

Canoes at Ballinderry, 50 n., 206.

Canoes at Ballydoolough, 183 n.

Canoes at Cahore, 48-49.

Canoes at Cornagall, 48, 50 n., 76.

Canoes at Derryhollagh, 48, 50 n., 163.

Canoes at Drumdarragh, 50 n., 183.

Canoes at Drumgay, 50 n., 183.

Canoes at Drumkeery, 50 n., 201.

Canoes at Drumaleague, 50 n., 240.

Canoes at Kilnock, 50 n., 167.

Canoes at Lough Annagh, 50, 210.

Canoes at Lough Erne, 49, 50.

Canoes at Lough Eyes, 50 n.

Canoes at Lough Faughan, 50 n., 178.

Canoes at Lough Mourne, 50, 172-3.

Canoes at Lough Owel, 47, 48, 50 n.

Canoes at Loughrea, 50 n., 228.

Canoes at Lough Rinn, 50 n., 242.

Canoes at Lough Rossole, 49.

Canoes at Loughtamand, 50 n., 193.

Canoes at Miracles, 50 n., 193.

Canoes at Moinenoe, 50 n., 193.

Canoes at Moynalty, 48, 50 n., 195.

Canoes at Randalstown, 50, 168.

Canoes at Sligo, 50 n.

Canoes at Toomebar, 48, 50 n., 172-173.

Canoes, dock for, 201.

Canoes, fleet of, 46 n., 218.

Canoes, perforated with holes, 48, 173.

Canoes, portable, 49 n., 50.

Canoes, various form of, 47.

Canoes, wanton destruction of, 50, 183 n., 237.

Cappagh, cave of, 5.

_Capra hircus_: _see_ Goat.

Carbonate of lime, 248.

Cargaghoge, crannog of, 36, 42, 43, 195.

Cargin’s Lough, crannog in, 154.

Carlingwark Loch, 29.

Carlow, county, 74.

Caroline Islands, pile-dwellings in the, 20.

Carrickfergus, 171.

Carrickmacross, 42, 193, 196.

Carved bones, 205 n., 237 n.

Castleblakeney, 54.

Castleconnell, 44.

Castleforbes, crannog near, 33, 206.

Castlefore Lough, crannog in, 243.

Castles, antipathy of the Irish to, 146.

Castles, erected on crannogs, 33-4, 203.

Cattle kept in crannogs, 79.

Cauldrons, 82, 166, 187.

Causeways to crannogs, 166, 167, 172, 190, 193, 194, 199, 207, 224, 226.

Cavan, 203.

Cavan, county, 35, 48, 67, 69, 73, 154, 155, 157, 197, 203.

Cavancarragh, 100.

Celebes, pile-dwellings in the, 20.

Celtic, trumpet pattern, 117.

Celts, bronze, 181, 195, 106 n.

Celts, iron, 163.

Celts, stone, 59, 164, 169, 181, 192, 195, 196, 219 n., 227.

_Cervus alces_, 6.

_Cervus elaphus_: _see_ Deer, red.

_Cervus tarandus_, 6.

Chanter Hill: _see_ Moinenoe.

Charcoal, 172, 184, 187, 188, 201, 216, 207, 248.

Charms, 172, 245.

Cherry Island, 184.

Cherry stones, 73, 223.

Chert spear-heads, 194, 225 n.

Chess, 128-132.

Chess, a favourite amusement, 128.

Chess, anecdotes of, 129.

Chess-board of human bones, 130.

Chess, fight at, 128.

Chess in the Pagan age, 129.

Chessman, stone, 132, 235 n.

Chips of wood, 214, 232.

Chisel, bronze, 196 n.

Chisel, iron, 210 n., 235 n.

Chisel, stone, 192.

Circlets, bronze, 119, 177.

Civilization, crannog, progressive, 160.

Clare co., crannogs in, 43, 219-220.

Cleveragh, 249.

Climatic changes, 6.

Cloch-Oughter Castle, 155, 203.

Clogher, barony of, 155.

Clogherny, crannog of, 179-80.

Cloneygonnel, crannog of, 104, 140, 197-199.

Cloonbo Lough, crannog in, 243.

Cloonboniagh Lough, 243.

Cloonfinnan Lough, crannog in, 243.

Cloonfree, crannog of, 82, 233.

Cloonfinlough, crannog of, 5, 82, 84, 89, 90, 113, 135, 143, 144, 233, 236.

Cloonloch, crannog of, 154.

Cloonturk Lough, crannog in, 243.

Clothing of lake dwellers, 53.

Cloughwater, 169.

Coffee-pot shaped utensil, 33.

Coins, 135, 167, 194, 196, 207, 235 n., 236, 243.

Cold Ash Common, 18.

Coleraine, barony of, 178.

Colkitto, birthplace of, 153.

Colouring matter in Irish lake dwellings, 104, 223, 226 n.

Colouring matter in Scottish and Yorkshire lake dwellings, 104, 223, 226 n.

Combs, 113, 114, 179, 195, 199 n., 205 n., 206 n., 207 n., 235 n.

Combs, Irish, Swiss, and Roman, with dot and circle pattern, 113.

_Conmaicue Moyrein_, crannog in, 242.

Connaught, province of, great numbers of crannogs in, 145, 221-249.

Connaught, islands of, 157.

Coolcranoge, 28, 218.

Coolistown, barony of, 45.

Coolyermer, crannog of, 183.

Corcreevy, crannog of, 155-6, 179: _see_ Loch Laighaire.

Corduroy road, 44, 209.

Cornagall, crannog of, 67-8, 200.

Corn, burnt, 196 n.

Corn-crusher: _see_ querns.

Coulter, stone, 199 n.

Counters: _see_ Discs.

Craigs, parish of, 164-5.

Craigywarren, crannog of, 110, 177.

Coral, 245.

Crania: _see_ human remains.

Crannog, a modern term, 26.

Crannog, a townland name, 27.

Crannog, attempt to flood a, 149, 223-4.

Crannog-boy, crannog of, 28, 179, 180.

Crannog builders bound by no conventional engineering rule, 30.

Crannog, derivation of, 26.

Crannog fictilia, resemble mortuary, 99.

Crannog, first discovery of an Irish, 23.

Crannog Island, 28, 188, 243.

Crannog-na-n-Duini: _see_ Mevagh.

Crannog of Lough Leisi, 154.

Crannog of Mac Clancy, 154.

Crannog of Mac Gauran, 154.

Crannog of Mac Navin, 149-50, 229.

Crannog of O’Raighilligh, 155, 342.

Crannog sites unidentified, 177, 179, 193, 205, 207, 218.

Crannog, townland of, 28.

Crannoge, townland of, 150.

Crannogs, a list of, but of temporary value, 145.

Crannogs are of all ages, 30.

Crannogs, buoyant tendency of, 178, 180.

Crannogs, burnt, list of, 35.

Crannogs connected by causeways: _see_ causeways.

Crannogs damaged by tempests, 36, 154.

Crannogs, favourite sites for, 30.

Crannogs, greatest number in Ulster, 32.

Crannogs, highest development of, 145.

Crannogs, historical occupancy of, traced, 145-160.

Crannogs, numbers discovered in 1857, 26.

Crannogs, numbers discovered in 1885, 249.

Crannogs, mode of construction of, 30-31.

Crannogs occur in groups, 35, 172, 190.

Crannogs preferred to castles, 146.

Crannogs, submarine, 29, 215-217.

Crannogs, subsidence of, 31, 215-217, 224.

Crannogs, Wilde on the age of, 26.

Cranny, townland of, 179.

Creidné, the bronze worker, 174.

Cremorne, barony of, 151.

Croker, Crofton, 130, 150.

Cross, figure of the, 87, 89, 90, 126, 185, 202 n., 235 n.

Cross, wooden, 112.

Crossmaglen, crannog near, 178.

Crow Island, 246.

Crozier, bronze, 227 n.

Crucibles, 120, 141, 168, 172, 183, 192, 198, 200 n., 202 n., 227.

Crystal ornament, 195.

Cullina, crannog at, 110-111.

Curach, description of a, 51-53.

Dabaybe, tribe of, 19.

Daggers, bone, 65, 188.

Daggers, bronze, 65, 143, 163, 171, 196 n., 205, 206 n., 219 n., 235 n.

Daggers, iron, 65, 195, 210 n.

Dalaradia, 165.

Dalrieda, 165.

Danes and Irish, encounters between, 194.

Danes destroy crannogs, 57, 155-57.

Danish tobacco pipes, 200 n.

Dartry, barony of, 156.

Dawson’s, Dean, collection, 235.

Day, Alderman, 136.

Day, Robert, 169.

Deal forest age, 7.

De Boot, 120.

Deel river, crannog in, 205.

Deer, fallow, 234.

Deer, red, 74-75, 168 n., 178 n., 182, 185 n., 190, 199, 204, 205, 205 n., 219, 221, 226, 227 n., 235 n., 234, 237, 241, 244, 245, 246.

Denmark, lake dwellings in, 11.

Denudation of a crannog, 216.

Derreen Lake, crannog in, 233.

Derreskit Lough, crannog in, 203.

Derry, co., 103, 152, 169, 178, 181.

Derrygonnelly, crannogs near, 186.

Derryhollagh: _see_ Lough Ravel.

Desertmartin, 148.

Designs on bones, 138-140.

Designs on bones, their purpose problematical, 138-140.

Devenish, 90.

Discs, bone, 130-132, 235 n.

Discs, bronze, 71, 177.

Discs, flat earthenware, 190.

Discs, stone, 183 n., 199 n.

Discs, with dot and circle pattern, 130-131.

Dish, bronze, 166, 168 n.

Dish, wooden, 102, 163.

Distillation, crannogs used for illicit, 191, 224.

Divergent spiral ornamentation, 111.

Dixon, Rev. R. V., 179.

Dock for canoe, 201.

Dog, bones of, 168 n., 178 n., 204, 227, 234.

_Dolicho cephalic_ crania, 238.

Donagh, parish of, 151.

Donegal, co., 33, 39, 150, 151, 154, 80.

Doogort, crannog near, 230-232.

Door-bolt, iron, 210 n.

Dorei, pile-dwellings in, 20.

Dot and circle pattern, 106-7, 113-4, 115, 130-1, 206 n.

Dowalton, settlement of, 15-16.

Down, co., 92, 97, 126, 177, 178, 140, 141.

Dowris metal, 171 n.

Dowth, 87.

Draughtsmen: _see_ discs, chess.

Drinking-cup, 205 n.

_Drom-adharach_: _see_ oxen.

Dross, metallic, 198.

Droughtville, crannog near, 207.

Drowned, chief going to a crannog, 152.

Drowned, guards, 154.

Drowned island, 28.

Drumaleague Lake, crannogs in, 36, 240-1.

Drumdarragh, crannog of, 59, 100, 183.

Drumgay, crannog of, 80, 87, 89, 90, 93, 184-186, 188, 190.

Drumkeelin, crannog at, 39, 180.

Drumkeery Lough, crannogs in, 35, 91, 200-202.

Drummaul, 167.

Drumskimley, crannogs at, 100, 186.

Drumsloe, crannogs of, 59, 82, 87, 186.

Dug-outs: _see_ canoes.

Dumfries, crannogs in, 32.

Dun Ængus, 36.

Dunboe, parish of, 178.

Duncan’s flow bog, 44.

Dungannon, 6, 88.

Dunn, Right Hon. General, 210.

Dunshaughlin: _see_ Lagore.

Dwellings: _see_ huts.

Dyaks, pile-dwellings of the, 21.

Dyeing, the art of, 104.

_Eamhain_, 81, 232.

Early allusion to crannogs, 157-9.

Earthenware: _see_ pottery.

East Omagh, barony of, 179.

Eel spears, 144-45.

Effernan, crannog near, 43, 219-220.

_Elephas primigenius_, 6, 54-55.

Elizabeth, Queen, repulse of her troops from a crannog, 36, 147-8.

Elk, Irish: _see_ Megaceros.

Elk hole, 5.

_Emania_: _see_ Eamhain.

Enamel, 66, 119, 137-8.

Enamel, Irish resembles British, 138.

Enamel, Philostratus on, 138.

Enamelled iron, 138, 205.

Enniskillen, 69, 183, 184, 186, 187, 187 n., 188.

Enniskillen Castle, remains of a crannog near, 151.

Enniskillen, Earl of, 182 n., 183.

_Eo_: _see_ brooch.

_Equus asinus_: _see_ ass.

_Equus cabalus_: _see_ horse.

Erin, first dwellers in, 3, 250.

Erny Lough: _see_ Glaslough.

Esker of Goig, 44.

Euphrates, pile dwellings on the, 11.

Fæces of cattle, 78.

Fairy mill-stones: _see_ whorls.

Fastening, dress, 141-142.

Feenagh, townland of, 164.

Fermanagh, county, 37, 70, 73, 81, 82, 87, 88, 94, 100, 146, 181, 194.

Ferrule, 199 n., 218, 219 n.

Fettered captives, 238.

Fetters, gilt, 238.

Fetters, iron and bronze, 61, 179, 204 n., 237, 238, 242.

Fibulæ, 118, 164, 181, 193, 196, 199 n., 205.

Fictile ware: _see_ pottery.

_Fidh-inis_, 4.

Fillet, bronze, 183.

_Findruin_, 206 n., 207.

Fireplaces: _see_ hearths.

Fireplaces on shores of lakes, 90, 191, 202.

Fir platter, 102.

Fishing implements, 80-81, 144-145, 195.

Flax, 105.

Fleet of canoes, 46, 228.

Flesh-fork, iron, 83.

Flint arrow-heads, 40, 45, 100, 194, 195.

Flint cores, 58, 170, 233.

Flint flakes, 42, 172, 192.

Flint implements, 58-9, 101, 194, 195.

Flooding crannogs, 149, 223-4.

Flooring, 32, 198, 223-4, 234, 241.

Foote, A. W., M.D., 238-9, 248.

Forests, 6-7, 188, 189, 244, 247.

Forests, submerged, 194, 220.

Forfar, crannogs in, 32.

Fork, bone, 206 n.

Fomorians, 173, 174.

Fort Lough, crannog of, XXII., 181.

Fossils, 172, 245.

Fowl, bones of, 233 n.

Fox, 75, 204.

France, lake dwellings in, 11.

Funshinagh Lough, crannog in, 243.

_Fusus antiquus_, 204.

Galbally, crannog of, 60-61, 180.

Gallagh, 54.

Galway, barony of, 217.

Galway, county, 33, 36, 54, 103, 122, 150, 221.

Games: _see_ chess, discs.

Gangways to crannogs, 43-45, 190, 220, 234.

Gangways, various forms of, 44-45.

Garvogue river, 248.

_Gearr-adharach_: _see_ oxen.

Gocktscha lake, pile-dwellings in the, 11.

Geometrical decoration, 89.

Geographical distribution of Irish lake-dwellings, 161, 250.

Gilding, 196 n., 238.

Gillespie, Dr., 83.

Gillistown, 167.

Glaslough, crannog in, 151, 195.

Glass beads, 122, 124, 125, 164, 177, 194, 195, 201 n., 205 n.

Glass beads of all colours, 122.

Glass beads of native manufacture, 125.

Glass, lumps of, found, 125.

Glass, ornamental, 168 n.

Glencar, crannogs of, 104, 153-4, 243-245.

Glyde river, 193, 207.

Goat, 75, 168 n., 178 n., 185 n., 190, 204, 219 n., 234.

Goibniu the smith, 173-4.

Gold, bronze spear ornamented with, 218.

Gold in crannogs, 157.

Gold ornaments, 120, 166.

Golden age, 55.

Golden bronze, 117, 232, 237.

Goose, bones of, 225 n.

Goromna Island, 33.

Gortacarnam, townland of, 224.

Gortalough, crannog of, 37, 186.

Gouges, 196 n., 235 n.

Grain, 73, 196 n.: _see_ Corn.

Grainger, Canon, Museum of, 64, 173.

Granite, object of, 141.

Granard, crannog near, 206.

Grantstown, crannog at, 208.

Graves, Rev. James, 71, 108, 116, 173, 174, 209, 212.

Greybeard, 196 n.

Grinding stones: _see_ whetstones.

Green Lough, crannog in, 152.

Grosses Island, 106.

Gun-barrels, 195, 228.

Gypsum, 208.

Hadrian, coin of, the Emperor, 135, 235 n.

Hafts, sword, 60, 61, 62, 174-5 n.

Hag’s Castle, 33-34.

Hair-pins, bronze, 196 n.

Hair-pins, wooden, 111-112.

Halbert, iron, 210 n.

Hall, Mr. and Mrs. J. C., 181 n.

Hammer-headed pins, 110-111.

Hammer stones, 58, 73, 179, 192, 194.

Hammers, iron, 67, 166, 199 n.

Handles, bone, 206 n., 219 n.

Handles, stone, 168 n.

Handles, wooden, 50, 196 n., 219 n.

Handmills: _see_ querns.

Harkness, Professor, 200.

Harp-pins, 125, 126, 196, 235 n., 237 n.

Harps, 125-6, 206.

Hatchets: _see_ axes.

Hazel nuts, 73, 214, 223, 224, 225 n., 227 n., 228, 248.

Hazel rods, 214, 223, 224, 248.

Hearths, 31, 163, 172, 178, 186, 187, 196, 197, 220, 225, 226 n., 227 n., 240, 241.

Heath Lodge, crannog near, 203.

Herodotus, on lake dwellings, 10-11.

Hippocrates, on lake dwellings, 10.

Historical notices of crannogs, 23, 27, 145-160, 202, 236, 238, 241, 242, 244, 248.

Holderness, lake dwellings in, 17.

Holland, lake dwellings in, 159.

Holly Island, 187 n.

Hones, 69, 196 n., 227 n., 228.

_Horæ Ferales_, 174.

Horse, bones of the, 75, 204, 234.

Horse furniture, 136-8, 183 n., 196 n., 233.

Horse-shoes, 168 n., 183 n., 233 n.

Household economy, 81-105.

Houses, stone, on crannogs, 36, 165.

Human race, duration of, 1.

Human remains, 90, 204, 234, 237-239.

Hungary, lake dwellings in, 11.

Huts, crannog, 23, 36-37, 167, 172, 181-182, 186, 192, 210-11, 223, 231.

Iar Connaught, 122.

Implements, bone and iron, 169, 226 n., 227 n., 235 n.

Implements, bronze, 169.

Implements, stone, 214.

Implements, stone and iron, found together, 169.

Importance of crannogs, 157.

_Inis-an-Lochain_, crannog of, 152.

Inis Floinn burnt, 152.

Inish, 28.

Inishee, 188.

Inishrush, crannog of, 181.

Iniskeel, parish of, 180.

Iniskeen, 158, 207.

_Inis-Lachain_, crannog of, 155.

_Inis-Laodhachain_, crannog of, 155.

_Inis-locha-Burrann_, crannog of, 153.

_Inis-locha-Leithinnsi_, crannog of, 153.

_Inis-Mic-David_, 152.

_Inis-Muinremhar_, crannog of, 157.

_Inis-na-ghaill-dubh_, 156.

_Inis-o-Lynn_: _see_ Lough Shillen.

_Inis-ua-Fhloinne_: _see_ Lough Shillen.

Inscribed stone, 183.

_Insula fortificata_, 30, 163, 164 n., 165, 167.

Interlacing tracery, not antecedent to Christianity, 116.

Inver, parish of, 39, 180.

Irish beads resemble Scottish, 124.

Irish lake dwellings, continuous use of, 145.

Irish prefer crannogs to castles, 146.

Iron age, 144, 174.

Iron age, articles of the, 83, 112, 141, 142, 193, 195, 199 n.

Iron age, form of brooches in the, 144.

Iron, cross on, 89.

Iron lamp, 142.

Iron ore, pieces of, 202 n.

Iron pins, 105, 111, 141, 233 n.

Iron shears: _see_ shears.

Iron vessels, 81, 166.

Island Lough, 207.

Island M’Coo, 228.

Japan, pile-dwellings in, 21.

Jasper, 120, 199 n.

Javelins: _see_ spears.

Jet, articles of, 121, 122, 123, 142, 169, 177, 191, 201 n., 205 n.

Jetties on crannogs, 46, 201, 233.

Jewelled ornament, 195.

Joristown, crannog at, 205.

Joyce, Irish names of places, 27, 134, 135 n., 157, 158, 249.

Jupiter Serapis, Temple of, 217.

Kamtschatka, pile-dwellings in, 21.

Keller, Dr. F., 13, 18, 49 n., 81, 124.

Kemble, 174.

Kew, pile-dwellings at, 18.

Keys, iron, 210 n., 233, 235 n.

Kilbride, Rev. W., 26, 217.

Kilcumreragh, parish of, 205.

Kilglass, crannog of, 233.

Killeevan, parish of, 83, 151.

Killeigh, 207 n.

Killucan, parish of, 205.

Killukin, parish of, 154.

Killynure, crannog of, 187.

Kilmean, parish of, 154.

Kilmore Lake, crannogs in, 169.

Kilmore, parish of, 197.

Kilnamaddo, crannog of, 37-39, 192.

Kilnock, crannog of, 37, 45, 166-167.

Kiltubrid Castle, 207.

Kimmage-coal rings, 200 n.

Kinmay lough, crannog of, 229.

Kinahan, G. H., 7, 27, 150, 215, 216, 217, 221, 224, 225, 229.

King’s Co., 45, 207, 208, 212.

Kinnegad river, 237.

Kircudbright, crannogs in, 32.

Kitchen middens, 38, 45, 46, 71, 178 n., 182, 201, 204, 217, 225, 241, 248.

Kitchen middens, mines of antiquities, 46.

Knives, bone, 59, 206 n., 235 n.

Knives, bronze, 65, 142, 169, 196 n.

Knives, iron, 83, 141, 168 n., 183 n., 199 n., 204 n., 227, 234, 235.

Knockany, crannog of, 156, 218.

Knockmore, 87.

Knowles, W. J., 125.

Lacustrine period? was there a purely, 159.

Ladle, bronze, 82, 210 n.

Ladle, iron, 84, 85, 204 n.

Lagan river, 193.

Lagore, crannog of, 23-5, 35, 46, 56-7, 59, 63, 65, 68, 75, 78, 83, 84, 85, 90, 110, 204, 205 n., 238.

Lagore, crannog of, derivation of name, 157.

Lagore, crannog of, destroyed by fire, 25, 35, 157.

Lagore, crannog of, first discovery of, 23-25.

Lagore, crannog of, mass of bones from, 24.

Lagore, crannog of, objects, use unknown, 143.

Lagore, crannog of, undiscovered sites at, 157.

Lagore, crannog of, weapons from, 24, 61, 63, 112.

Lake country: _see_ Fermanagh.

Lake dwellings, age of, VII., 9, 250.

Lake dwellings, area of, 145-146, 249-250.

Lake dwellings, classical writers on, 11.

Lake dwellings, of all countries, 10-23.

Lake dwellings, Swiss, Scottish, and Irish, identity of, 11-15, 73 n.

Lake Moyhrga, pile dwellings in, 22-23.

Lake Prasias, pile dwellings in, 10-11.

Lake Rossole, crannog in, 193.

Lakes, contraction and expansion of, 7-9.

Lamps, 142, 168, 235.

Lanark, crannogs in, 32.

Landing stages: _see_ jetties.

Langrishe, R., 208.

Lankhill, crannog of, 187-88.

_Lapis Hibernicus_, 120.

_Lapis Lydius_, 120.

Lead, articles of, 123, 193, 194, 195.

Leather cloaks, 54, 129.

Lecale, barony of, 178.

Leesborough Lake, crannog in, 196.

Leinster, crannogs in, 204-211, 249.

Leitrim, county, crannogs in, 36, 48, 72, 150, 152, 153, 134, 238, 240-2.

Leitrim, barony of, 221.

Lenaghan, crannog of, 188.

Lestar, 100.

Lett, H. W., 178 n.

Letters, ancient, on crannogs, 146-8, 152.

Letterbreen, 183.

Lettered cave, 87.

Leucophibia, 16.

Limerick, county, 44, 71, 74, 83, 156, 218-219.

Limpets, 204.

Lindisfarn, bishop of, 36.

Linen, 105.

Linlithgow, crannogs in, 32.

Lisanisk, crannog of, 151, 195.

Lisbellaw, crannog near, 134-135, 188-191.

Lisnacroghera, crannog of, 33, 58, 60, 63, 65, 68, 71, 84, 104, 109, 116, 119, 173-177.

Llangorse Lake, pile-dwelling in, 18.

Loch-an-Scuir: _see_ Lough Scur.

Loch Cairgin, 154.

Loch Crannoige, 154.

Loch-da-Damh, 158, 203.

Loch Dowalton, 15-16.

Loch Kinord, 15.

Loch Laodhachain, 155.

Loch Laighaire, 155-156.

Loch-n-Uaithne: _see_ Lough Ooney.

Loch-na-Cloyduff, 87.

Loch-na-Cula, 238.

Loch of Forfar, 130.

Loch Quien, 44 n.

Loch Ruidhe, 155.

Loch Saiglend, 156.

Lochan Eilean, 15.

Lochanacrannog, 27-28, 246.

Lochinadorb, 15.

Lochlea, 104, 155-156.

Lockwood, W. T., 172.

Log houses: _see_ huts.

London, pile dwellings in, 17, 250.

Londonderry, 148.

Longford, co., 33, 206.

Loops, bronze, 177, 232.

Lorony, pile dwellings at, 20.

Lough Aconnick, crannog in, 203.

Lough Acrussil, crannog in, 187.

Lough Annagh, crannogs in, 23, 69, 208-210.

Lough Arrow, crannogs in, 245-246.

Lough Betha: _see_ Lough Veagh.

Lough Bola, 34, 229.

Lough Cam, 35, 229.

Lough Cend, 156.

Lough Cimbe, 36, 157, 229.

Lough Crannagh, 28, 177.

Lough Crannog, 203.

Lough Derg, 212.

Lough Erne, 184, 187 n.

Lough Eyes, crannogs in, 59, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 99, 100, 123, 135, 188-191.

Lough Falcon, or Faughan, crannog in, 92, 137, 178.

Lough Fea, crannog in, 193.

Lough Foyle, 151.

Lough Gill, 248-249.

Lough Guile, crannog in, 141-2, 169.

Lough Gur, crannog in, 6, 25, 27, 63, 69, 74, 78, 150, 156.

Lough Gur, crannog in, repaired, 27.

Lough Gur, crannog in, siege of, 150.

Lough Gur, discovery in, 25.

Lough Hackett, crannog in, 36, 157, 229.

Lough Hilbert, 33.

Lough-inis-olyn: _see_ Lough Shillen.

Lough Leisi, crannog in, 154.

Lough Lynch, crannog in, 152, 177.

Lough Lynch, birthplace of Colkitto, 153.

Lough Mac Hugh, crannogs in, 243.

Lough Macnean, crannogs in, 28, 188.

Lough Mask, 33.

Lough Melvin, crannog in, 154.

Lough Monnachin, crannog in, 151, 195.

Lough Mourne, crannogs in, 171, 173.

Lough Mucknoe, crannog in, 151, 195.

Lough-na-Glack, crannog in, 81, 195.

Lough Nahinch, crannog in, 32, 35, 44, 73, 212, 215.

Lough Naneevin, crannog in, 32, 224-225.

Lough Neagh, 28, 169.

Lough Neagh, islands of, 157.

Lough Ooney, crannog in, 156, 193.

Lough Oughter, crannogs in, 155, 203.

Lough Owel, crannog in, 47-8, 206.

Lough Ramor, crannogs in, 73, 157, 202.

Lough Ravel, crannog in, 46, 58, 118, 124, 163-4, 177.

Lough Rinn, crannog of, 242.

Lough Ronel, crannog of, 177.

Lough Ross, crannog of, 178.

Lough Rouskey, crannog of, 151.

Lough Sallagh, 242.

Lough Scur, crannog of, 72, 240, 241-2.

Lough Shillen, crannog of, 148-9, 181.

Lough Shillen, crannog of, attack on the, 148-9.

Lough Swilly, 181.

Lough Veagh, crannog in, 154, 180.

Lough Yoan, crannog in, 187.

Loughan Island, 67, 136-7, 152, 155, 181.

Loughannaderriga, crannog in, 230-232.

Loughavarra, crannog in, 153, 177.

Loughavilly, crannog in, 37, 191-2.

Loughernegilly, crannog in, 167.

Loughinchefeaghny, crannog in, 164.

Loughinsholin, crannog in, 148, 152.

Loughlea, crannog in, 233.

Loughmagarry, crannog in, 164-5.

Loughran: _see_ Loughan.

Loughrea, crannogs in, 32-3, 157, 225-229.

Loughrea, town of, 228, 229.

Loughspouts, 104.

Loughtamand, Loughtarmin, or Loughtoman, crannog of, 33, 120, 142, 165, 166.

Loughtee, lower, 195.

Loughtown crannog, 243.

Louth, co., 158.

Lubbock, Sir T., 3, 5, 6, 11, 113.

Luchtiné, 174.

Lydian stone, 120, 194.

Lyell, Sir C., 217.

MacClancy, crannog of, 154.

MacGauran, crannog of, 154.

MacHenry, Alexander, grant to, for crannog exploration, 177.

MacNavin, crannog of, 149-150, 229.

MacQuillan, crannog of, 33, 153, 165.

MacRaighnaill, crannog of, 242.

Madder: _see_ mether.

Madagascar, pile dwellings in, 23.

Mafar, pile dwellings of, 20.

Magh-gabhlin: _see_ Mongavlin.

Magh Ross, parish of, 50.

Malachy, King, destroys a crannog, 202.

Malahone, tougher of, 209.

Malcomson, Dr., 197.

Mallets, 104, 237 n.

Mammalia, crannog, 74-79.

Mammoth: see _Elephas primigenius_.

Manacles: _see_ fetters.

Manorhamilton, crannog near, 243.

_Maol_: _see_ oxen, various breeds of.

Maori pah, 36.

Maricaibo, pile dwellings of, 19-22.

Marlacoo Lough, crannog of, 178.

Maryborough, crannog near, 220.

Mausniam, pile dwellings of, 20.

Mayo, co., 33, 230-232.

Meader: _see_ mether.

Meath, co., 56, 82, 90, 171, 193, 194, 204.

Mecklenberg, pile dwellings in, 11.

_Megaceros Hibernicus_, contemporaneity of with man, 4, 5, 6, 71, 75, 187, 217, 222, 227, 234.

_Megaceros Hibernicus_, worked bones of, 187.

Melon-shaped beads, 123.

Mether, 103, 226 n.

Mevagh, crannog in, 150.

Mexican MS., 219.

Mexico, pile dwellings of, 19, 250.

Milligan, Seaton, on crannogs, 203.

Millstones: _see_ querns.

Mineral tallow, 79.

Miscellaneous articles, 138-145, 176-177, 231-232, 234, 243, 244.

Moate, crannog near, 136, 205.

Model of a crannog, 40, 242.

Modern period, crannogs inhabited to a, 149-150.

Moinenoe, crannog of, 186.

Monaghan, co., 35, 36, 42, 79, 81, 83, 135, 151, 156, 193-196.

Monaincha, crannog of, 212.

Monalty, crannog of, 195-6.

Monea, crannog of, 69-70, 191.

Money: _see_ coins.

Mongavlin, crannog of, 151.

Morant, G., 39, 42, 193, 195.

Moray, crannogs in, 15, 32.

Mortar, stone, 199 n.

Mortise: _see_ beams.

Moulds, stone, 72-3, 199 n., 202, 206, 218, 219, 242.

Moycullen, barony of, 224.

Moytirra, 99, 173.

Muckenagh Lough, crannog in, 154, 233.

Muddy Lake, crannog in, 207.

Mudge, Capt. W. S., R. N., crannog hut discovered by, 37, 39, 40-41.

Muinter Eolius, crannog in, 152, 243.

Mummy, Irish, 54.

Munro, Dr. R., 15, 100, 104, 113, 123, 130.

Munster, crannogs in, 146, 212-220, 249.

Murders in crannogs, 151, 154, 155, 237, 239, 242.

Museum, R. H. A. A. I., 182 n., 183.

Music, 125-128.

Nails, iron, 25, 208.

Navan Rath: _see_ Eamhain.

Needles, bone, 142, 195, 205 n., 235 n.

Needles, bronze, 142, 164, 168 n., 196.

Needles, iron, 141, 142, 168.

Neolithic period, 160.

Net floats, 53, 200 n.

Net weights, 50, 164 n., 199 n.

Nets, fishing, 80, 81.

New Guinea, pile dwellings in, 20.

Newry Magazine, 126.

New Zealand, 36.

_Niello_, 66.

Nodule, ornamented, 115-16.

Noggin: _see_ mether.

Nore, river, 70.

Norman Baron, crannog erected by a, 155.

Norrys, Sir D. J., 127-8 n.

Northmen, crannog erected by, 155.

Nuts: _see_ hazel.

Oak, block of, 189, 190, 192.

Oak bowl, 82.

Oak forest age, 7.

Oak trough, 211.

Oak vessel, 187, 192.

Ober Meilen, pile dwellings at, 11-12.

Ocean, inbreak of the, 217.

O’Curry, Eugene, 129, 134.

O’Flaherty, 34, 122.

Ogham, 132-5, 237 n.

Ogham, definition of, 133.

Ogham found in crannogs, 133-135.

Ogham, how used, 134.

Ogham-like inscriptions undecipherable, 107-8.

Ogham stone, 134.

_Oilean-na-prechaun_, 246.

O’Lynn’s Island, 148-9.

O’Neill, Sir Phelim, takes refuge in a crannog, 88 n., 148.

_Opus Hibernicum_, 137.

O’Raighilligh, crannog of, 155.

Oriel, crannog in, 158.

Orinoco, pile dwellings on the, 22.

Ornament, 205 n., 210 n.

Ornamentation, bird-headed, 121.

Ornamentation, cross-like, 89, 219.

Ornamentation, difference in, may imply difference in race, 113.

Ornamentation on sword, 219.

_Osmunda regalis_, 231.

Oval stone, 196 n., 199 n.

Overlapping of stone, bronze, and iron ages, 160, 174.

Ovoid bone, 237 n.

Owen, Professor Richard, 5, 182.

Oxen, bones of, 168 n., 178 n., 185 n., 205, 225, 226, 245, 246, 248.

Oxen, various breeds of, 75-79.

Paddles, canoe, 50-51, 126, 141, 144, 168, 183, 186, 193, 231, 243.

Pad Lough, crannog of, 191.

Pagan age, scenes laid in the, 129.

Palæolithic period, overlapping of the, 160.

Palisades: _see_ stockades.

Pan, iron, 84, 85, 235 n.

Partitions: _see_ wicker-work.

Pass Bridge, 207.

Patch on dish, 183.

Patina, 232.

Patterson, W. H., 121.

Paul V., Pope, Bulla of, 235 n.

Pavements, superincumbent, 32, 234.

Peat, preservative, property of, 54.

Peat, time required for formation of, 6-7, 46, 101.

Peg holes, 231, 247.

Pegs, wooden, 104, 182, 235 n.

Penannular bracelets, 118.

Penannular rings, 118, 177.

Pendant, stone, 115.

Peninsula, crannog situated on a, 200-1.

Perforated stones, 142.

Personal adornment, articles of, 36, 105-125.

Perth, crannogs in, 32 n.

Pestle, stone, 207.

Petrie, Dr., 23, 24, 56, 82, 117, 129.

Petrie collection, 111, 117, 118, 122-3, 132, 137, 204.

Phasis, pile-dwellings in, 10.

Pictish axe, 62.

Picts’ houses, 82.

Piercer, bone, 199 n., 227 n.

Pig: _see_ boar.

Pile-dwellings of all countries, 10-23.

Piles, 163, 166, 167, 172, 177-8, 182, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 197, 200, 201, 205, 208, 209, 214, 216, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 231, 233, 236, 240, 243, 248.

Pins, bone, 105, 106, 109, 141, 168 n., 195, 199 n., 205, 206 n., 208, 233 n., 235 n., 237 n.

Pins, bone, leading varieties of, 111-114.

Pins, bone, manner pendants were inserted, 108.

Pins, bronze, 88, 105, 141, 144, 168 n., 193, 195, 196, 196 n., 199 n., 206 n., 207 n., 227 n., 232, 233, 234 n., 235 n., 237.

Pins, iron, 105, 111, 141, 233 n.

Pins, numerous in crannogs, 105.

Pins, wooden, 141, 168.

Pipe-clay, crucible, 120, 200 n.

Pipe, iron, 143, 204 n.

Pipes, bowls of, 200 n.

Piscatory implements, 80-1, 144-5, 195.

Pistols, 195, 210 n.

Planks: _see_ beams.

Platters, wooden, 102.

Plough coulters, iron, 195.

Ploughshare, flint, 178 n.

Plough sock, 168, 141, 178 n.

Polishing stones, 199 n., 235 n.

Polynesia, pile dwellings in, 20.

Pomerania, lake dwellings in, 11.

Pommel, sword, 66-7.

Portlenon, crannog near, 206.

Poteen: _see_ distillation.

Pottery, 42, 88, 89, 91, 96-9, 141, 164 n., 168 n., 169, 178, 181, 182, 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 192, 196, 199 n., 202 n., 204 n.

Pottery, characteristic in style, 91.

Pottery, colour of, 102.

Pottery, hand-made, 102.

Pottery, Indian resembles Irish, 91.

Pottery, Irish, superior to British, 91.

Pottery, lids found with, 94-5.

Pottery, material of, 102.

Pottery not suggestive of Christian times, 98.

Pottery, resembles mortuary fictilia, 91, 99.

Pottery, well baked, 102.

Pounding instrument, 74, 192.

Prehistoric archæology, 2.

Prisoners kept in crannogs, 154.

Proverbs, Irish, 37, 46.

_Pteris aquilina_, 224.

Puzzuoli, 217.

Quarry island, 185.

Queen’s Co., crannogs in, 70, 124, 208-211.

“Queen’s people,” crannog taken from the, 150.

Querns, 42, 85, 86, 88, 90, 163, 178, 183, 183 n., 185 n., 186, 187, 190, 191, 196 n., 199 n., 209, 227 n., 241, 242.

Quern, cross inscribed, 88.

Querns, how worked, 86.

Querns, mentioned in scripture, 86.

Quern, pot, 86.

Quoit stone, 199 n.

Raghan, crannog of, 88 n., 148, 180.

Rahans lake, crannog in, 196.

Ramoi river, pile-dwellings in the, 20.

Randalstown, crannog of, 141, 163, 167-8.

Rangoon river, pile-dwellings on the, 19-20.

Raphoe, barony of, 180.

Rapier blade, bronze, 60, 61, 171 n., 203, 237 n.

Rapier dagger, bronze, 171 n.

Realgar, 104.

Red-deer: _see_ deer.

Redhaven, crannog near, 150.

Reed island, 225-226.

Reeves, Dr., 120, 152, 164, 165, 167.

Refining: _see_ crucibles.

Refuse-heaps: _see_ kitchen middens.

Rein-deer: _see_ _Cervus tarandus_.

Repulse of Sir Henry Sidney from a crannog, 36, 147-8.

Rhind lectures, 174.

Rings, bronze, 72, 109, 118, 196 n., 199 n., 233 n., 235 n., 237 n.

Rings, iron, 199 n.

Rings, stag’s horn, 235.

Rings, stone, 121, 201 n., 206 n.

Rinn Castle, 242.

Rise of the waters of lakes, 3, 214, 226, 229.

Rivers, General A. P., collection of, 218.

Rivets, bronze, 119, 173, 174, 177, 196.

Robenhausen, settlement of, 79.

Robe, river, 34.

Roman coins, 235 n., 236.

Roman origin of ladle, 83.

Roman origin of lamp, 235-6.

Rosario, pile-dwellings at, 22.

Roscavey, townland of, 179.

Roscommon co., 35, 82, 90, 113, 152, 154, 233-239.

Roscrea, crannog near, 212.

Ross, crannogs in, 32.

Ross-Guill: _see_ Mevagh.

Roughan: _see_ Raghan.

Rouskey, crannog of, 83, 151, 195.

Rubbing-stone, 192, 227 n.

Saddle, 136.

Saint Columbkille alludes to a crannog, 158.

Saint John’s Lough, crannog in, 243.

Saint Johnstown, crannog near, 181.

Saint Lasser’s Cell, 38.

Saint Patrick, advent of, 56.

Saint Patrick, crannog mentioned in Life of, 158.

Salwatee, pile dwellings at, 20.

Sanas Cormaic, 174.

Sandals, leather, 40, 144, 235 n.

Savoy, lake dwellings in, 11.

Saws, iron, 84.

Scales, 142, 166.

Scenes of strife in crannogs, 147-159, 244.

Schlieman, discoveries of, 41 n., 90.

Scoop, bone, 59, 235 n.

Scoop, wooden water, 141, 168 n., 237 n.

Scoring on pins, 106-9.

Scotland, crannogs of, 32.

Scottish crannog, lease given of, 31 n.

Scottish crannogs, 15, 16, 27, 31, 83, 104.

Scottish crannogs, colouring matter found in, 104.

Scottish crannogs, identical with the Irish, 31, 249-250.

Scottish crannogs, number discovered, 31.

Sculptured stone, 186.

Scythes, bronze, 178.

Seal-like articles, 112.

Sea pebbles, 228, 232.

Sea shells, 204, 225 n.

Shancloon, rath of, 197.

Shannon, river, 81, 106, 159, 212.

Sharpeners: _see_ whetstones.

Shears, iron, 112, 168 n., 206 n., 227 n.,235 n.

Sheep, bones of, 75, 168 n., 178 n., 185 n., 190, 204, 205, 219, 225-26, 234.

Sheephaven, 150.

Shell marl, deposit of, over crannogs, 223, 224.

Shell mounds, 73.

Shield, bronze, 69, 71, 219 n.

Shield, bronze boss of, 196 n.

Shoe: _see_ sandal.

Shore Island, 226.

Siberia, 54.

Sickles, iron, 176, 235 n.

Siculus, Diodorus, 128.

Sidney, Lord Deputy, 36, 147-8.

Silver, bronze inlaid with, 227 n.

Silver brooch, 164.

Silver coins: _see_ coins.

Silver ornaments, 120, 121.

Silurian grit, artificially worked, 214, 227.

Similarity of “finds” in Irish and Scottish lake dwellings, 83, 249-50.

Singapore, pile dwellings at, 21.

Sink-stones: _see_ net weights.

Skeans: _see_ knives.

Skeletons: _see_ human remains.

Skerry, parish of, 110, 173.

Slag, iron, 70, 183 n., 184, 187, 188, 192, 199.

Slate, article of, 199.

Slieve Dæane, 246.

Sligo, co., 104, 131, 152, 153, 243, 249.

Sligo river, 248-9.

Sling-stones, 73, 179, 205 n., 227 n., 232.

Society, disturbed state of, 159.

Solinus on the Irish, 174 n.

Southwark, remains of pile dwellings at, 17.

Spades, 168, 210 n.

Spatula-shaped bone, 140.

Spear butts, bronze, 63-5, 174, 177.

Spear handle, bronze, 171.

Spear heads, bone, 233 n., 235 n.

Spear heads, bronze, 88, 163, 171, 179, 196 n., 203, 205, 210 n., 218, 219 n., 228, 234 n., 237, 242.

Spear heads, iron, 62, 63, 174, 176, 178, 179, 186, 204 n.

Spear heads, stone, 194, 225 n.

Spear shafts, 63-64.

Speke, Captain, 47.

Spike, bone, 233.

Spike, iron, 181, 233 n.

Spike, wooden, 205 n.

Spindle whorls: _see_ whorls.

Spiral ornamentation, 206 n.

Spoon, bone, 140, 199 n.

Stag’s horn ring, 144.

Stakes: _see_ piles.

Stanley, T., 208, 209.

Staves, 183, 232, 235.

Steel age, 55.

Stirling, crannogs in, 32.

Stirrup: _see_ horse furniture.

Stockades, 30, 36, 200, 233, 234, 241.

Stone age, antiquities of, 170.

Stone age, late, animal ornamentation rare in, 113.

Stone age, late, geometrical pattern characteristic of, 113.

Stone, bronze, and iron ages, 55-6.

Stone, carved, 164 n., 206 n., 207.

Stone, perforated, 172, 199 n.

Stone implements no proof of barbarous society, 160.

Stone lake dwellings, 33-4, 155, 203.

Stones, worked, 169, 199 n., 201 n., 205 n.

Story’s history, 209 n.

Strange medley, antiquities found in, 56.

Strathspey, crannog in, 15.

Street cuttings, antiquities found in, 111.

Stretcher: _see_ beams.

Strife, crannogs scenes of, 147-159.

Strokestown, crannogs near, 33, 113, 132, 133, 144-5, 237.

Stud, bronze, 119, 177.

Submarine crannogs, 29-30, 215-217.

Subsidence of crannogs, 189, 215, 217.

Sulphuret, yellow, 104.

Sunken island, 245.

Supposed origin of Scottish crannogs, 18.

_Sus scrofa_: _see_ boar.

Swastica, 89, 116.

Swine: _see_ boar.

Swiss fascine dwellings resemble Irish, 12-13.

Switzerland, lake dwellings in, 11-15.

Swords, bronze, 60-61, 170-171, 203, 237 n.

Swords, hafts of, 60, 66-7, 174-5, 233 n.

Swords, iron, 60, 65, 166, 173, 174, 175, 204 n., 206, 210 n., 211, 218-19, 225.

Swords, sheaths of, 65, 66, 173, 175.

Taughboyne, parish of, 151, 180.

Tchakash, city of, built on piles, 19.

Teeth of ruminants: _see_ bones.

Tempest, crannogs damaged by a, 154, 157.

Tempo, crannogs near, 187.

Thames, ancient pile dwellings on the, 17-18, 250.

The Island, 163.

The Miracles, crannog of, 37, 73, 192-193.

“The old crannog,” 206.

Tigearnmas, the monarch, 104.

Tinnehinch, barony of, 208.

Timahoe, glass bead from, 124.

Tines: _see_ deer.

Tipperary, co., 35, 44, 212-215.

Tireragh, barony of, 246.

Tobernasoul, 188.

Toilet, articles of the, 105-125.

Tonymore: _see_ Cloneygonnel.

Tondano, pile dwellings at, 20.

Tongs, 168.

Tools, iron, 67-68.

Tools, transition from to weapons, 57.

Toomebar, crannog settlement of, 35, 169-171.

Toomebridge, 169.

Toome Castle, 170.

Toome, Lower, barony of, 164, 165.

Topped Mountain, 191.

Torque pattern, 118, 237.

Touchstones: _see_ jasper.

Trappings, horse, 136-138.

Trap rock, celts of, 170.

Traps for catching game, 90-91.

Triangular iron pot, 243.

Trillick: _see_ Drumdarragh.

Tripod, iron, 25, 83.

Trowel, iron, 210 n.

Troy, 41.

Trumpets, bronze, 126.

Tuatha de Danann, 173, 174.

Tullamore, 207 n., 209.

Tulsk, 154.

Tweezers, bronze, 115, 206 n., 233 n., 244.

Tyrone, county, 60, 87, 88, 100, 179, 180.

Ulster, circumstances favoured lake dwellings in, 33, 145, 146.

Ulster inquisitions, 30, 163, 164, 165, 166.

_Ulster Journal of Archæology_, 118, 133-134.

Ulster, lake dwellings in, 163-203, 229.

Ulster, scientific frontier of, 146.

Ulster, staple industry of, traced back to crannogs, 105.

Ulster, the chosen home of the lake dweller, 146.

Umbo, bronze, 72.

Unshin, River, 246.

Usher, R. J., 216-217.

Utensils, culinary, 25, 81, 83, 84, 191, 202.

Vegetable remains, 73: _see_ corn, grain, hazel.

Venezuela, pile dwellings in, 19, 21-22.

Venice, a pile settlement, 19, 250.

Vessels, bronze, 183, 184, 187, 191, 202.

Vessels, iron, 85, 166, 243.

Vessels, wooden, 100, 141, 183, 187, 190, 192, 232, 236, 237.

Vikings, strange customs of the, 130.

Wakefield’s _Ireland_, 213.

Wakeman, W. F., 23, 24, 25, 33, 52, 82, 97, 104, 116, 119, 123, 124, 129, 134, 183, 187, 191 n., 193 n., 212, 220.

Walnuts, 73.

Water, districts covered by, 8.

Water levels, variety of, 8, 165, 167, 169, 171, 181, 192, 195, 202, 205, 216, 219-20, 236, 245, 248.

Waterford, co., 29-30, 215-217, 234.

Weapons, ancient account of fabrication of, 173-174.

Weapons: _see_ swords, spears, daggers, knives, axes.

Weaving, bone utilized in, 105.

Weaving, block utilized in, or as net float, 200 n.

Weaving in crannogs, 105.

Web polishers, 199 n.

Westmeath, co., 47, 126, 136.

Wexford, co., 40, 44.

Wheel-shaped objects, 112, 142.

Whet-stones, 69, 164 n., 168 n., 183 n., 185 n., 187 n., 190, 191, 192, 194 n., 195, 199, 205 n., 226 n., 232 n., 233, 235 n., 237.

White bronze: _see_ findruin.

Whorls, 130-132, 142, 164 n., 169, 196 n., 199 n., 210 n.

Whorls, cross-marked, 90.

Whorls, great numbers of, 104.

Whorls, in classic sculptures, 105.

Wicker-work, 32, 33, 214, 223, 224, 225-226, 228.

Wigtonshire, crannogs in, 32, 40 n.

Wild animals, 4-6, 250.

Wild fruit, 73.

Wilde, Sir W., 23, 126, 139, 140, 206, 237.

Willow platter, 102, 227.

Wilson’s _Prehistoric Annals of Scotland_, 124.

Wolf-hound, 75.

Wolf Loch, crannog in, 191.

Wolves, 4, 75, 250.

Wood, enduring properties of, 41.

Wooded country, 3-4.

Wooden articles from Lagore, 205 n.

Wooden buildings, earliest form of, 43.

Wooden cross, 112.

Wooden hair-pins, 111-112.

Wooden handle of celt, 59.

Wooden objects, 104, 192, 231-232.

Wooden sword, 40-41.

Wooden vessels, 82, 100-102, 112, 183.

Wray, Albert, 87, 97.

Wurtemberg, lake dwellings in, 11.

Yellow glass, 125.

Yellow sulphuret, 104.

Yew case, 117.

Yokes, oxen, 79.

Yorkshire, lake dwellings in, 15.

Yorkshire lake-dwellings, colouring-matter found in, 104.

Zaphrentis, 245.

Zurich, pile dwellings near, 11.

THE END.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Lake Dwellings of Ireland, by W. G. Wood-Martin