Volume V, Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society. I find

it replete with historical sketches which I am sure will be appreciated by our race. The classification of the subject-matter is admirable and prompts me, an officer of the Society, to thank you for the painstaking research and neatness exhibited in its issue.”

From Miss Marcella A. Fitzgerald, Gilroy, Cal.: “Please accept my thanks for the interesting volume of the Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society which I received recently. All that concerns the Green Isle has a charm born of the magic power Erin wields over the hearts of her children, and I pray that success will crown your efforts to preserve the records of our race in America.”

From the New England Historic Genealogical Society: “The New England Historic Genealogical Society has received the Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society, Volume V, 1905, a gift from the American-Irish Historical Society, for which I am instructed to return a grateful acknowledgment. William Prescott Greenlaw, Librarian. Society’s House, 18 Somerset Street, Boston, January 17, 1906.”

From the library of the U. S. Military Academy, West Point: “I have the honor to acknowledge, with many thanks, the receipt of the following-named publication presented to this library: Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society, Volume V. To the secretary American-Irish Historical Society, 36 Newbury Street, Boston, Mass. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, Edward S. Holden, Librarian.”

From the Thomas Crane Public Library, Quincy, Mass.: “The Thomas Crane Public Library of the City of Quincy has received from the American-Irish Historical Society, as a gift to the library, the book mentioned in the following schedule, for which the board of trustees return their sincere thanks. H. H. Keith, Secretary. (The Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society.) A. L. Bumpus, Librarian.”

From the Very Rev. Edmund T. Shanahan, Ph. D., S. T. D., J. U. L., Catholic University, Washington, D. C.: “Many thanks for Volume V of the Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society, the receipt of which I hereby acknowledge. It is a genuine pleasure to read the growing list of the resurrected dead of our race who are made to live again in the warmth of affectionate recollection. I congratulate you.”

From the University of Michigan: “I beg leave to acknowledge with best thanks the receipt of Volume V of the Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society, which we are much pleased to add to our shelves. We now have Volumes 1, 3, 4 and 5. Would it be possible for us to secure a copy of Volume 2? Assuring you of our sincere appreciation of any help you may give us in the matter, I am, very sincerely yours, Theo. W. Koch, Librarian.”

From Prof. Daniel W. Shea, Ph. D., Catholic University, Washington, D. C.: “The fifth volume of the Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society reached me safely. Several of the articles have interested me very much. In the details which they contain there is more that appeals to our human interests than there is in the great national events of any country. I am glad that such details are finding in this Journal a repository for permanent preservation.”

From Mr. John Mulhern, San Francisco, Cal., for the Knights of St. Patrick, that city: “The copy of the Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society, No. 5, which you mailed me for the Knights of St. Patrick has been received and I was very much pleased with its appearance. I haven’t had an opportunity of examining it carefully yet, but I can see there is much interesting matter in it. Mr. O’Connor, I am sure, will be pleased to see the sketch of the life of Martin Murphy, Sr., in print.”

GENERAL INDEX.

Abbe Bartholome Omahony (O’Mahony), 53.

Abbe Dowd (“Irlandais”), 53.

“A certain green isle in a northerly sea,” 85.

Address by President-General McGowan, 12.

Adjutant-General of New York state, 103.

Adjutant-General of the Sixth Corps, M. T. McMahon, 102.

“A land here once known as Great Ireland,” 15.

Almost pathless woods, The then, 72.

American Academy of Social and Political Science, 130.

American army in Montreal, The, 101.

American Bankers’ Association, 147.

American Geographical Society, 113.

American Historical Association, 110.

American Medical Association, 146, 148.

American Oriental Society, 135.

American prisoners put to death by the bayonet, 21.

American revolution, Some Irish-French officers in the, 51.

“Among the hardiest pioneers of the Cumberland Valley,” 92.

Among the pathfinders, Sons of Ireland, 97.

An aged man comes from Ireland to Newton, Mass., 55.

An amazing record of Celtic leadership, 85.

“A native of Cork,” Roger Connor, 40.

“And 104 veterans of the Revolution acted as pall-bearers,” 30.

A New York settlement called “Vinegar Hill,” 22.

Annual meeting and dinner of the Society, 7.

An interesting pioneer family, 55.

Antietam, Battle of, 113, 147.

Anti-Slavery movement, 114.

Antrim, Ireland, 45.

A prisoner aboard the _Jersey_, William Burke, 21, 22.

A prominent Irish Catholic settler, 38.

A remarkable Irishman—Jeremiah Conners, 48.

A Rhode Island vessel is stranded on the Irish coast, 33.

Armagh, Ireland, 101.

Army of the Potomac, 102.

“At the bloody angle of Gettysburg,” 96.

At the head spring of the Opequan, 72.

At the storming of Port Hudson, 113.

A vessel from Ireland is wrecked on Block Island, 32, 33.

Austria, General McGuire of, 41.

Baker, Miss Virginia, of Warren, R. I., Paper by, 59, 60, 61.

Banbridge, Ireland, Immigrants from, 72, 73.

Barry, Commodore John, 8.

Barry, Richard, a lieutenant in the Irish-French regiment of Walsh, 52.

Baton Rouge, Siege of, 113.

Belfast, Ireland, 32, 33, 35, 36, 45, 61, 62, 72, 78, 85, 89.

Belfast Lough, Ireland, 72.

Bellefontaine, Old Fort, 48.

Berkeley, Bishop, 93.

Border wars against the Indians, 40.

Boston and vicinity, Irish pioneers in, 75.

Boston massacre, The, 40, 106, 107.

Boston, Ships from Ireland for Pennsylvania or Virginia put into, from stress of weather, etc., 77.

Bradford, Governor of Plymouth, 15.

Brady’s, Cyrus Townsend, new work, 20.

“Brendan and his voyages,” 15.

Brig _Orient_ arrives at New York from Dublin, 36.

Brilliant Chattanooga campaign, 44.

Bull Run, Second battle of, 112, 114.

Burke, William, a prisoner aboard the _Jersey_, 21, 22.

Bunker Hill Monument Association, 120.

“But they went to work with a laugh and an ‘Irish hurrah,’” 96.

Calhoun, John C., 96.

Carrick-on-Suir, Ireland, 133.

Carr, Patrick, a victim of the Boston massacre, 107.

Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 95.

Casson, Herbert N., Paper by, 85.

Cavan, Ireland, 122.

Celtic leadership. An amazing record of, 85.

Celtic Medical Society, New York, 119, 146.

Chancellorsville, Battle of, 96, 147.

Chantilly, Battle of, 112.

Charitable Irish Society, of Boston, 78, 80.

Chattanooga campaign, 44.

Chevalier McCarthy, 46.

Cincinnati, Society of the, 142.

Clark, Gen. George Rogers, 46, 47, 48, 68, 70.

Clary Reunion Family, 121.

Cleburne, Gen. Patrick R., 96.

Collins, Patrick A., mayor of Boston, 92, 108.

“Colonial hero of the Catskills,” Timothy Murphy, 94.

“Color sergeant of this green flag,” 112.

Connolly, Volume of poems by Capt. James, 99.

Commodore John Barry, 8.

Commodore Perry, 71.

Commerce between Ireland and Rhode Island, 31.

Concerning “Thomas the Irishman,” 54.

Congressional Medal of Honor, 102, 117.

Connor, Roger, “a native of Cork,” 40.

Corcoran Legion, The, 103.

Cork, Ireland, 32, 35, 36, 40, 57, 58, 76, 78, 117.

Cork, Ireland, a great butter mart, 76.

Cork names, McCarthy one of the great, 76.

Cork, The brig _Lydia_ arrives at Providence, R. I., from, 35.

Council of the Society, Executive, 5, 6.

Crimmins, Exercises at the home of Hon. John D., New York City, 17.

Crimmins, _Irish-American Historical Miscellany_ by Hon. John D., 20, 21.

Crimson field of Chancellorsville, 96.

Croghan, George, and the defence of Fort Stephenson, 66.

Croghan, William, 67.

Cromwell transports Irish to New England and the West Indies, 75, 77.

Defence of Fort Stephenson on the Sandusky, 66.

De Fitzmaurice, Capt. Thomas, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

De Macdermott, Bernard, a lieutenant in the Irish-French regiment of Dillon, 51.

DeNagle, Jacques, a lieutenant in the Irish-French regiment of Walsh, 52.

De Roo’s _History of America Before Columbus_, 15, 125.

De Walsh, The Chevalier Charles, a captain in the regiment of Walsh, 52.

Dillon, Barthélemy, of the Regiment of Dillon, 51.

Dillon, Count Arthur, of the Regiment of Dillon, 51.

Dillon, Lieut. Thomas, of the Regiment of Dillon, 51.

Dillon, Regiment de, 51, 52.

Dillon, The Chevalier Théobald, of the Regiment of Dillon, 51.

Dinner of the Society, Annual, 8.

Donahoe, Patrick, founder of the Boston _Pilot_, 91, 112.

Donegal, Ireland, 37, 40, 43, 44.

Donegal (Pennsylvania) Presbytery, 72.

Dollard, Patrick, an Irish redemptioner, 40.

Dongan, Governor, 55, 93.

Dowd, Abbe (“Irlandais”), 53.

Dowd, Cornelius, “who came to this country about 1750,” 126.

Dowd, Mention of paper by Willis B., 10, 11.

Down, Ireland, 48, 72, 73, 114.

Dring, Capt. Thomas, a prisoner aboard the _Jersey_, 27.

Dublin, Ireland, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 67, 85, 91, 124, 150.

Dublin, A Providence, R. I., brig is lost near, 35.

Early Irish in St. Louis, Mo., 46.

“Early Irish Settlers of North Carolina,” 10, 11.

Eighty-eighth New York Volunteers, 117.

Emmet rising, The, 48.

Executive Council of the Society, 5, 6.

Extract from a letter by Andrew Jackson, 19.

_Faithful Stewart_, The ship, 34.

Fermoy, Ireland, 117.

Field, Darby, of New Hampshire, 80.

Foreign Wars, Military Order of, 120, 139.

“For you know my parents were Irish,” 19.

Frazers, The, of Pennsylvania, 39.

“From Derry to Rhode Island,” 93.

Frontispiece—the Hon. Theodore Roosevelt.

General information regarding the Society, 153.

“General Jackson, another Irishman’s son,” 70.

Gettysburg, Battle of, 44, 96, 112, 130.

Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield, 91.

_Golden Grove_, Wreck of the, 33.

Good words for Vol. V of the Journal of the Society, 154.

Gorman, John, “came to Pennsylvania from Ireland in 1784,” 108.

Haleys, The, of the Isles of Shoals, 57.

“He must have gone to Holland from Ireland some time previous to 1657,” 54.

Hibernian Society of Philadelphia, 44, 45.

Historical fragments, Two interesting, 58.

Historical Papers, Some, 21.

_History of America Before Columbus_, De Roo’s, 15, 125.

_History of the Slocums_, 64.

Holland Society, The, 54.

Horrors of the _Jersey_ prison ship, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30.

“How the Irish Came as Builders of the Nation,” 75.

Hughes, Felix, a Pennsylvania settler, 37, 38.

Hughes, Thomas, an Irish immigrant to Virginia, 37.

Illinois campaign, Clark’s, 46, 47.

Illinois National Guard, 126.

Importation of Irish butter, 57, 58.

Information regarding the Society, General, 153.

Ipswich, Mass., Early Irish in, 79.

Ireland, a brig arrives at Newport, R. I., from Waterford, 33.

Ireland and Barbadoes, The people of, “are warm in the cause of America,” 33.

Ireland and Rhode Island, Commerce between, 31.

Ireland, A Providence, R. I., brig is lost near Dublin, 35.

Ireland, A ship is advertised to sail from Newport, R. I., for Belfast, 33.

Ireland, A tragic voyage from, 61.

Ireland, A vessel from, is wrecked on Block Island, 32, 33.

Ireland, Belfast Lough, 72.

Ireland, Rhode Island vessels mentioned as arrived in, 34.

Ireland, “So many were coming from,” 78.

Ireland, The ship _Neptune_ departs from Providence for, 36.

Ireland to Rhode Island, Articles imported from, 32.

Ireland, Voyages of the ship _Tristram_ between Providence, R. I., and, 34, 35.

Irish Academy, Royal, 121.

_Irish-American Historical Miscellany_, a new book by Hon. John D. Crimmins, 20.

“Irish blankets and Kilkenny rugs,” 76.

Irish boys and girls transported, 75.

Irish Brigade, Meagher’s, 112, 113, 117, 147.

Irish butter imported, 57, 58.

Irish coast, A Rhode Island vessel is stranded on the, 33.

Irish, Early, in St. Louis, Mo., 46.

Irish fatherland, The, 13.

Irish-French officers in the American Revolution, Some, 51.

Irish have been structural in the making of America, 85.

Irish imprisoned aboard the _Jersey_, Many, 22.

Irish in America, The, 85.

Irish in the Plymouth colony, 15.

Irish in the war against the Indian King Philip, 15.

Irish Jasper Greens, The, 129.

Irish manufacturers of paper, 80.

Irish names borne by prisoners aboard the _Jersey_, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26.

Irish names in the Old Dominion, 15.

Irish pioneers in Boston and vicinity, 75.

Irish poplins, cambrics, lawns, silks, hosiery, sheetings, butter, beef, pork, etc., imported, 32, 33.

Irish ports, Voyages to and from, 32.

_Irish Race in the Past and the Present_, Thebaud’s, 64.

Irish in Virginia, Early, 15.

Irish refugees locate in New York and Brooklyn, 22.

Irish settlements, 58.

Irish settlers in Pennsylvania, 37.

Irish settlers on the Opequan, 71.

Irish school teachers in Pennsylvania, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45.

“Irish soldiers for discovery,” 80.

Irish Society of Boston, Charitable, 78, 80.

Irish trade, Rhode Island vessels in the, 32.

Irish Tract, The district known as, 58.

Irish women of Boston present a flag to the Twenty-eighth Massachusetts Regiment, 112.

Irish youths captured by a French privateer, 78.

“I saw the devoted Irish charge up to our breastworks,” 147.

Isles of Shoals, The Haleys of the, 57.

“Iveagh,” Paper by, 71.

Jackson, Andrew, Extract from a letter by, 19.

Jackson, Andrew, 19, 70, 95, 100, 139.

Jefferson Barracks, 48.

_Jersey_ prison ship, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30.

Kaskaskia, Clark’s surprise of, 47.

“Kelly and Burke and Shea,” 86.

Kerry, Ireland, 41, 112, 117.

Kilkenny, Ireland, 76, 88.

“King of the Shoals,” 57.

King Philip, Irish in the war against, 15.

Kinsale, Ireland, 124.

Lake Erie, Battle of, 71.

Lawless, Mention of paper by Hon. Joseph T., 10.

“Les Combattants Francais de la Guerre Americaine,” 51.

Limerick, Ireland, 58, 78, 131.

Linehan, Hon. John C., Paper by, 75.

Lodewicksen, Thomas (“Thomas the Irishman”), 54.

Londonderry, Ireland, 32, 34, 36, 78, 142.

Lookout Mountain, 44.

McCarthy, Chevalier, 46.

McCarthy, Florence, an early resident of Boston, 75.

Mac-Carthy, Lieut. Eugène, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

“McCarthy is one of the great Cork names,” 76.

Maccarty, Dennis, of Warren, R. I., 59, 60, 61.

Macdermott, Capt. Thomas, of the Regiment of Dillon, 51.

McGowan, Address by President-General, 12.

McGowan, Reception to President-General, 17.

McGowan, Rear Admiral John (U. S. N.), Sketch of, 138, 139.

McGuire, Edward, comes to Philadelphia in 1751, 41.

McGuire, General, of Austria, 41.

Maclosky, Sous-Lieut. Jacques, of the Regiment of Dillon, 52.

McMahon, Gen. M. T., 101, 102.

Mahony, Sous-Lieut. Denis, of the Regiment of Dillon, 52.

McManus, John and Charles, 38, 39.

MacSheehy, Sous-Lieut. Patrice, of the Regiment of Dillon, 52.

Many Irish imprisoned aboard the _Jersey_, 22.

Marye’s Heights, 112, 113, 147.

Massacre, The Boston, 40, 106, 107.

Massacre, Wyoming Valley, 42.

“Matthew Thornton, James Smith and George Taylor,” 95.

_Mayflower_, The, 15, 93.

Meagher’s Irish Brigade, 112, 113, 117, 147.

Medal of Honor, Congressional, 102, 117.

Membership roll of the Society, 119.

Members of the Society who have died during the year, 112.

Military Order of Foreign Wars, 120, 139.

Miss Fitzgerald, The Story of, 64.

Missouri, Early Irish in St. Louis, 46.

Monaghan, Ireland, 39.

Montgomery, General, 94, 101.

“Monmouth, Brandywine and Germantown,” 67.

Morgan, Daniel, of the Revolution, Mention of paper on, 10.

Munster, Ireland, 81.

Murphy, Sous-Lieut. Patrice, of the Regiment of Dillon, 52.

Murphy, Timothy, “colonial hero of the Catskills,” 94.

Murray, Paper by Thomas Hamilton, 31.

Necrology of the Society, 112.

New Hampshire, General Court of, 58.

Newport, R. I., A brig arrives at, from Waterford, Ireland, 33.

Newport, R. I., a ship from Cork, Ireland, touches at, 35.

Newry, Ireland, The brig _Recovery_ of Newport, R. I., at, 34.

Newry, Ireland, 32, 34, 35.

Newton, Mass., An aged settler from Ireland, in, 55.

New York, Brig _Orient_ arrives at, from Dublin, 36.

New York Historical Society, 22.

“No-Linn-Hill,” Kentucky, 74.

North Carolina, Early Irish Settlers of, 10, 11.

Notorious British prison ships, 56.

O’Brien, Capt. Jean, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Brien, FitzJames, 90.

“O’Brien, MacCarty and Sullivan,” 81.

O’Brien, Maj. Thadée, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Brien, M. J., Paper by, 37.

O’Brien, William Desmond, 91.

O’Briens of Machias, Me., The, 150.

O’Brien’s School Dictionary, 56.

O’Cahill, Sous-Lieut. Louis, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Connor, The Chevalier Armand, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Croly, Capt. Charles, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Conor, Charles, 92.

O’Crowly, Sous-Lieut. Felix, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Driscol, Capt. Jacques, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Farel, Lieut. Claude, of the Regiment of Dillon, 51.

O’Farell, Lieut. Jacques, of the Regiment of Dillon, 52.

O’Flyn, Sous-Lieut. Jacques, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Gorman, Lieut. Charles, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Keeffe, Lieut. Patrice, of the Regiment of Dillon, 51.

O’Killia, David, “the Irishman,” 132.

Omahony (O’Mahony), Abbe Bartholome, 53.

O’Meara, Lieut. Jean-Baptiste, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Meara, Sous-Lieut. Daniel, of the Regiment of Dillon, 52.

O’Moran, Maj. Jacques, of the Regiment of Dillon, 51.

O’Moran, Sous-Lieut. Charles, of the Regiment of Dillon, 52.

O’Neill, Capt. Bernard, of the Regiment of Dillon, 51.

O’Neil, Capt. Jean, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Reilly, Capt. Jean, of the Regiment of Dillon, 51.

O’Reilly, Count, commandant of the Louisiana Territory, 46.

O’Reilly, John Boyle, 90.

O’Reilly, Sous-Lieut. Charles, of the Regiment of Dillon, 52.

O’Riordan, Lieut. Jacques, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

O’Sheil, Lieut. Jacques, of the Regiment of Walsh, 52.

Officers of the Society, 5, 6.

Old Brooklynites, Society of, 22.

“Old Hickory,” 95.

Patriots bearing Irish names who were confined aboard the _Jersey_ prison ship, 21.

Peach Orchard, Battle of, 122.

Pennsylvania, Irish settlers in, 37.

Pennsylvania, The Frazers of, 39.

Perry, Commodore, 71.

Phipps, Charles, “from Dublin,” 41.

Pioneer Family, An Interesting, 55.

Plymouth colony, Irish in the, 15.

Pollock, Oliver, borrows $70,000 from Count O’Reilly, 46, 47.

Port Hudson, At the storming of, 113.

Potomac Flotilla, The, 138.

Presidents-General of the Society, 152.

Providence, R. I., The ship _Neptune_ departs from, for Ireland, 36.

Queen’s County, Ireland, 115.

Reception to President-General McGowan, 17.

Regiment de Dillon, 51, 52.

Regiment de Walsh, 52.

Review of the year, 99.

Revolutionary cavalry, Moylan the Murat of the, 95.

Rhode Island, Commerce between Ireland and, 31.

Roll of the Society, Membership, 119.

Rutledge, Edward, 95, 110.

School teachers in Pennsylvania, Early Irish, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45.

_Seaflower_, Voyage of the, 61.

Seminole War, The, 139.

Shenandoah Valley, The, 72.

Ships from Ireland for Pennsylvania or Virginia put into Boston from stress of weather, etc., 77.

Sheridan, “Little Phil,” 96.

Shields, Gen. James, 96.

Six Nations, The, 38, 40.

Sixth Corps, The, 102.

“So many were coming from Ireland,” 78.

Some historical papers, 21.

“Sons of Old Hibernia,” 15.

_South County Neighbors_, 66.

South Mountain, 112.

South of Ireland families, 81.

Spottsylvania Court House, 147.

State vice-presidents of the Society, 6.

Stevenson, James, a, patriot of the Revolution, 56.

Storming of Port Hudson, 113.

Story of Miss Fitzgerald, 64.

Sullivan, Governor James, of Massachusetts, 124.

Sullivan, Maj.-Gen. John, proposed tablet in Providence, R. I., to the memory of, 16.

Tammany patriotically honors the prison-ship victims, 30.

“The old Prendergrass homestead,” 38.

“The ship _Tristram_, Captain Crawford, sails this day for Dublin,” 34.

Thickets of the Wilderness, 96.

Thirteen coffins filled with bones of the dead, 30.

“Thomas the Irishman,” Concerning, 54.

Thompson, Charles, secretary of Congress, 95, 110.

Three monuments in front of a New York church, 94.

Tippecanoe, Battle of, 68.

Tragic voyage from Ireland, 61.

Twenty-eighth Massachusetts Regiment, Irish women of Boston present a flag to the, 112.

Tyrone, Ireland, 88.

Ulster, Ireland, 37, 87, 94, 95, 71.

United Irishmen, Society of, 45.

Unsuccessful attempts to recruit the British army in Ireland for America, 35.

“Until he fell mortally wounded,” 112.

Valley Forge, 67.

Virginia, Paper by Hon. Joseph T. Lawless of, 10.

Volume dedicated to Hon. John D. Crimmins and the American-Irish Historical Society by Cyrus Townsend Brady, LL. D., 20.

Vol. V of the Journal of the Society, Good words for, 154.

Wallabout, The, 21, 22, 29.

Walsh, Patrick, United States senator, 90.

Walsh, Regiment de, 52.

Ward, Paper by Francis J., 46.

“Was a noted hunter,” 37.

Washington “was a frequent guest,” 95.

Waterford, Ireland, 32, 33.

Wayne, Anthony, 39.

“We Americans are all more Irish than we realize,” 85.

Westmeath, Ireland, 48.

West Point military academy, 13, 124, 137.

White Oak Swamp, Battle of, 102.

“Without fee or reward,” 44.

Workmen find an interesting coin, 59.

Wyoming Valley massacre, 42.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Table of Contents added by transcriber. 2. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 3. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 4. Footnotes were re-indexed using numbers. 5. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 6. Enclosed bold font in =equals=. 7. Superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}.