Volume XVIII; and the letter to the English newspapers was printed

in _The Free Press_, No. I (1898, England), in the article of P. I. Biriukov and afterwards reprinted in his book _The Dukhobors_.

[298] When _What Is Art?_ was already printed in the _Problems of Philosophy and Psychology_ and submitted to the censorship there came an order from Petrograd to submit it to the theologic censorship. The theologic censor not only crossed out many passages, but in some places made changes which perverted the very thought of the author. In the preface to the English translation of this work, Tolstoi expressed regret that, contrary to his custom, he consented at the request of N. Y. Grot to print this work with the censor deletions and softenings. And he also speaks about the harm of every kind of compromise.... This preface was printed in Russian in _The Free Press_, No. 1.

[299] At this place in the Journal there was a diagram composed of flowing lines, irregularly drawn. As the editors did not have the original of the Journal, but used the copy made by Prince Obolensky, it was impossible to make an exact facsimile of the original diagram.

[300] In his letter to V. G. Chertkov, Tolstoi wrote: “... This happened: In the morning they told me that two men came from the Caucasus. They were the Dukhobors, P. V. Planidin, an acquaintance of yours, and Chernov. They came, naturally, without passports to give me information and to find out everything pertaining to their affair. After talking with these dear friends and finding out everything, I decided to send them to Petersburg.... They went, spent the day there, and returned.... They are touchingly instructive.” “The principal reason for Planidin’s and Chernov’s coming,” Tolstoi wrote April 6th, “was to ask some one of our friends to go to visit Verigin in Obdorsk.”

[301] Ivan Petrovich Brashnin, a typical old-fashioned Moscow merchant, a dealer in raw silks; his family consisted of his wife and two sons. A. N. Dunaev introduced him to Tolstoi in the eighties. He was then over 60. He had wanted to make his acquaintance, because the views of Tolstoi were near to his soul; in spite of his former strict orthodoxy he warmly accepted the views of Tolstoi. Being sincere and straight-forward, he rejected the ... teaching and became a convinced follower of the pure Christian teaching. He spoke with great pleasure and emotion about his visits and talks with Tolstoi, which gave him the greatest joy.

A few years prior to his death he became a strict vegetarian. Before his death he refused the viaticon of the priest and the rites of confession and the sacrament.

In his letter to A. C. Chertkov of March 30, 1898, Tolstoi wrote him about his last visit to Brashnin:

“You know there is an old man, a rich merchant, Brashnin, who is near to us in spirit. I have already known him for about fifteen years. He has cancer of the liver, so the doctors have found out. I visited him once in the winter. He was very weak, thin, yellow, but on his feet. One morning about a week ago A. N. Dunaiev came to me with the news that Brashnin is dying and that he had sent a boy to ask that I take leave of him. We went and found him dying. My first words were: ‘Is he calm?’ Absolutely. He was in full possession of his memory, had a clear mind, thanked me, and took leave of me and I of him, as people do before going on a journey. With sadness we spoke about the ... I said that we will see each other again. He calmly answered, ‘No more.’ He took leave and thanked us for our visit. Everything was so simple, peaceful and earnest.”

[302] The article on war and on military service was called forth by the request of two foreign papers to the representatives of political and social workers, and the representatives of science and art, to express themselves on whether war was necessary in our time, what were the consequences of militarism and what were the means that led the quickest way to a realisation of universal peace.

[303] The former estate of Count I. L. Tolstoi in Cherni, the province of Tula, to which Tolstoi went to help the famine-stricken peasants. As in the year 1891 when Tolstoi helped the famine-stricken peasants of the province of Riazan, he considered the establishment of soup-kitchens as the most sensible form of help, for which he set himself to work upon his arrival in Grinevka. On May 2, 1898, in his letter to the Countess S. A. Tolstoi, Tolstoi wrote in reference to his activity that “the work which was being done was necessary and is advancing. There is no famine, but the need is killing, cropless, very difficult, and it helps us to see it.” (_Letters of Tolstoi to his Wife_, Moscow, 1913, pages 542 and 543.)

[304] April 21, 1898, by order of the Minister of the Interior, the _Russkia Viedomosti_ was suspended for two months “for the collection of contributions in aid of the Dukhobors and for evading the executive orders of the Moscow Governor-General.” The regulation of the Moscow Governor-General which the newspaper did not fulfil was to give over for disposal to the authorities the money contributed through the editorial offices for the aid of the Dukhobors. The editors could not do that, because the money had already been sent to Tolstoi.

[305] Lopashino, as well as Sidorovo, Kamenka, Gubarevka, Bobriki, Michails Ford, Kukuevka, which are mentioned below, are villages near to Grinevka where Tolstoi established soup-kitchens for the famine-stricken.

[306] For an orderly organisation of aid for the needy, Tolstoi had collected the necessary detailed information concerning the number of souls and the economic condition of each household in the suffering villages.

[307] See Note 136.

[308] The Tsurikovs and Ilinskys--neighbouring landlords.

[309] Tolstoi wrote to V. G. Chertkov on that day: “I haven’t written for a whole week, but I feel pretty well. It seems to me that after the Moscow bustle my impressions are finding their place, the necessary thoughts are coming forth.”

[310] See _Letters of Count L. N. Tolstoi to his Wife_, March, 1913, pages 543 and 544.

[311] I.e., at his son’s, Count S. L. Tolstoi, on his estate of Nicholskoe, near the station of Bastyevo.

[312] V. G. Chertkov then wrote an article, “Where is Thy Brother? About the attitude of the Russian Government to the People Who Cannot Become Murderers,” in the defence of the oppressed Dukhobors. This article was published in _The Free Press_ (England, 1898).

[313] G. R. Lindenberg, one of Tolstoi’s co-workers in aid of the famine-stricken, an artist.

[314] The name of this teacher is Gubonin. Together with Lindenberg he came to Tolstoi from Poltava.

[315] _The Appeal_ served as the beginning of two articles on the labour question: _Should it really be so_, and _Where is the way out?_ upon which Tolstoi worked during the year 1898 and revised it once again for printing in 1900.

[316] The deceased, N. N. Strakhov.

[317] The county seat of the province of Orel.

[318] A railroad station on the Moscow-Kursk Railroad.

[319] Tolstoi speaks here of gymnastic exercises which he sometimes took (see entry of May 11, 1898).

[320] Tolstoi used to receive contributions in aid of the famine-stricken from various people.

[321] In this article under the title, “Is There Famine or No Famine?” Tolstoi answers the following questions: 1. Is there in the current year a famine or is there not a famine? 2. To what is due the oft-repeated need of the people? 3. What is to be done in order that this need be not repeated? These were printed with omissions in the newspaper, _Russ_, of July 2 and 3, of 1898 and in full in Leaflets of _The Free Press_, No. 2 (England, 1898).

[322] The Countess S. N. Tolstoi (born Philosophov), wife of Tolstoi’s son, Count I. L. Tolstoi.

[323] Neighbouring landlords near Grinevka.

[324] After a tiring, long ride by horse, Tolstoi arrived at the Levitskys’, and fell ill of severe dysentery.

[325] Tolstoi was forced to stop his work in aid of the famine-stricken, as the Tula Governor forbade all non-residents without his permission to establish and help in the construction of soup-kitchens. Without these people it was impossible to continue the work. (See article “Is There Famine or No Famine?”)

[326] The well-known Swedish physician, Ernest Westerlund, and his wife--parents of the wife of Count L. L. Tolstoy, Dora Fedorovna--who arrived from Sweden to visit her.

[327] The novel, _Father Sergius_, which Tolstoi wrote from 1890–1891.

[328] I.e., from V. G. and A. K. Chertkov.

[329] The story, _The Forged Coupon_, begun by Tolstoi as early as the end of the eighties and only begun again by him at the end of 1902.

[330] N. S. Lieskov (1831–1895), a well-known writer. In the last years of his life he shared in many respects the views of Tolstoi. The story of Lieskov mentioned by Tolstoi is called _The Hour of the Will of God_.

[331] Five years later, in 1903, Tolstoi worked this theme out in a story entitled _Three Problems_.

[332] The christening of the first child of Count L. L. Tolstoi.

[333] About this time Tolstoi wrote to V. G. Chertkov: “My sickness at first began as dysentery, then I had very great pains and fever and weakness. Now everything has passed.”

[334] Prince E. E. Ukhtomsky, the editor and publisher of the Petrograd _Viedomosti_.

[335] “Is There Famine or No Famine?”

[336] The weekly newspaper issued in Petrograd by S. F. Sharapov.

[337] This was done in those places where Tolstoi organised aid to the famine-stricken.

[338] I. C. Dieterichs, a former Cossack artillery officer, who held the same views as Tolstoi, a brother of Madame A. C. Chertkov, and his sisters, Maria and Olga Constantinovna.

[339] There occurred in England at this time, some misunderstandings between several friends of Tolstoi, who had to be convinced by experience that having the same point of view is far from being of one mind. The misunderstandings were later smoothed over.

[340] The contemporary French novelist.

[341] See Note 339.

[342] Elizabeth Picard, a Quaker, wrote an open letter to the well-known English publisher, Stead, editor of the magazine _War Against War_, which preached universal peace, and which at the same time was against those persons who refused military service.

[343] C. T. Willard of Chicago offered himself as mediator in the emigration of the Dukhobors to America. Tolstoi sent his letter to England to V. G. Chertkov, whose house at this time was the headquarters for all communications concerning the emigration of the Dukhobors.

[344] V. P. Gaideburov, from 1894 on, editor and publisher of _Nediela_.

[345] In English in the original.

[346] This intention was carried out by Tolstoi, at least in regard to _Resurrection_, which he gave to the publication _Niva_, edited by A. F. Marx, who paid twelve thousand roubles for the first printing. The money was used by Tolstoi in aid of the emigrating Dukhobors.

Originally, Tolstoi suggested selling the copyright of three of his novels, _The Devil_, _Resurrection_, and _Father Sergius_, to English and American papers on advantageous terms. Then he decided not to publish _The Devil_. At first he thought that he would not make a final revision of _Resurrection_ and of _Father Sergius_, but would give them over to be printed straight away, just as they were written. But later he re-read _Resurrection_ and little by little began to work on it with such absorption “as he had not experienced in a long time.” Later Tolstoi decided to give only _Resurrection_ for the benefit of the Dukhobors and did not begin to work on _Father Sergius_.

[347] Arvid Järnefelt. The well-known Finnish writer who held the same opinions as Tolstoi. After graduating from Helsingfors University, he prepared himself for the career of magistrate, but becoming acquainted with the writings of Tolstoi, he brusquely changed his life. He learnt the trade of cobbler and locksmith and later, at the end of the nineties, he bought a plot of land and began to till the soil, not ceasing his literary labours, however. He translated many works of Tolstoi into Finnish. The novels of Järnefelt are _My Native Land_, _Children of the Earth_ and several stories which are translated into Russian. The acquaintance of Järnefelt with Tolstoi began with his sending his book called _My Awakening_ to Tolstoi in 1895. It was in Finnish, and with it he sent a translation of one of his chapters: “Why I Did Not Undertake the Post of Judge.” This chapter, together with an accompanying letter by Järnefelt, Tolstoi included in his manuscript No. 4, _Archives of L. N. Tolstoi_.

Tolstoi’s letter to Järnefelt, mentioned in the Journal, is as follows:

“Although we have never seen each other, we know and love each other, and therefore I boldly turn to you with a request to do me a great service.

“The matter which I bring before you ought to remain unknown to any one except to us, and therefore speak to no one about this letter, but answer me (Station Kozlovka on the Moscow-Kursk Railway), where you are now, and whether you are ready to help me. I am writing thus briefly, because I have little hope that with the insufficient address, my letter will reach you.

“LEO TOLSTOI.”

In explanation of this letter Järnefelt communicated the following to the editors: “I quickly answered Tolstoi’s question. I was convinced that he wanted to leave Yasnaya and to plan an escape. But when we met later in Moscow in 1899, Tolstoi immediately said: ‘Yes, yes, you understood me, but the temptation passed by me in time.’ And then glancing about him with a deep sigh of pain he said, ‘You will excuse me, Järnefelt, that I live as I do, but probably it is as it ought to be.’ And we did not speak any more about this matter.”

And so, in his letter to Järnefelt of December 16, 1898, i.e., still before this meeting with him, Tolstoi wrote: “If I should ever meet you, which I want to very much, I will then tell you what kind of help I expected from you. Now the temptation which forced me to seek help from you has passed.”

In his letter to V. G. Chertkov of July 21st of that year, i.e., three days after the above mentioned note in the Journal, Tolstoi wrote: “_Read this to no one._ I teach others, but do not know how to live myself. For how many years have I given myself the question, Is it fitting that I continue to live as I am living, or shall I go away?--and I cannot decide. I know that everything is decided by renouncing oneself and when I attain that then everything is clear. But they are rare moments.”

[348] See Note 347.

[349] A collection in the church Slavonic tongue, _Love of Good_, or _Words and Chapters of Sacred Sobriety_, collected from the writings of the Saints and God-inspired fathers. In his library, Tolstoi had a volume of _Love of Good_ with a great many notes in the margin made in his own hand.

[350] With I. I. Gorbunov, who came for a short time to Ovsiannikovo to his brother, who lived there at this time, the actor N. I. Gorbunov. At this meeting, Tolstoi said to I. I. Gorbunov that it was the gentlemanly state of his life that had become more agonising to him, that he was “ashamed to look in the eyes of his lackeys” and that he wanted to go away. He said among other things that he was thinking of going away with I. I. Gorbunov to Kaluga (where Gorbunov lived at that time)--and further than that, he still had another plan ... perhaps it was the plan about which Tolstoi had written a little while before to Järnefelt. (See Note 347.)

[351] Tolstoi’s brother, Count Serge Nicholaievich.

[352] Tolstoi’s sister, Countess M. N. Tolstoi.

[353] The English authorities of the Island of Cyprus asked a money guarantee of about two hundred and fifty roubles for each man from the Dukhobors emigrating there, so that in case of need they would not have to be supported at the government expense. At that time it became known, that in Russia several influential governmental persons had begun to zealously urge the government to send the Dukhobors to Manchuria for the Russification of those Chinese borders adjacent to Russia. It was necessary to hurry with the emigration of the Dukhobors; the English Quakers pulled them out of their helpless position, who first of all persuaded the English Government to decrease the guarantee from two hundred and fifty roubles to one hundred and fifty for each man, and afterwards in several days, collected among themselves a guarantee of one hundred thousand roubles, which, together with the fifty thousand roubles which were contributed at that time by various people, made up the necessary sum for giving the guarantee for the whole party of Dukhobors. In his letter to the Dukhobors of August 27, 1898, Tolstoi ended thus: “May God help you to accomplish His will with Christian manhood, patience and faithfulness, in establishing this change in your life.”

[354] M. N. Rostovtzev, the daughter of Madame M. D. Rostovtzev, a land-lady of Voronezh, and a follower of Tolstoi, on coming from the Chertkovs, was arrested on the border because, at the custom examination some pieces of proof of a forbidden book were found on her. She was soon freed.

[355] The interruption in receiving letters from V. G. Chertkov was caused by the secret police looking through them. Therefore Chertkov was forced to carry on a part of this far-distant correspondence through a circuitous address. In the letter to him at the end of August, 1898, Tolstoi, informing Chertkov that one of his letters was kept back a month, wrote: “Yesterday I received your letter of August 5th. It is terribly vexing, this interference with our communications which now have become so specially important. And what is it for?”

[356] See Note 355.

[357] L. A. Sullerzhitsky went to the Caucasus to help the Dukhobors arrange for their emigration abroad.

The first group of Dukhobors, to the number of 1,126 persons, who had suffered the most from exile, hunger and illness, left on the 6th of August, 1898, for the Island of Cyprus while other lands be found and sufficient money collected for the transportation of those remaining to a more suitable place.

At the request of Tolstoi, L. A. Sullerzhitsky later accompanied a group of Dukhobors to Canada. He wrote a book about this journey, _In America With the Dukhobors_, issued by _Posrednik_, Moscow, 1905.

[358] The sister of Tolstoi, Countess Maria Nicholaievna. A month later, September 30, 1898, Tolstoi wrote to V. G. Chertkov: “Yesterday my sister, M. N., left, with whom I spent a very friendly month, never having been so loving.”

[359] V. A. Kuzminsky, a niece of Countess S. A. Tolstoi.

[360] Countess Vera S. Tolstoi, a niece of Tolstoi, daughter of Count S. N. Tolstoi.

[361] Tolstoi’s seventieth birthday, celebrated August 28, 1898.

[362] According to the contract with the publisher of _Niva_, A. F. Marx, Tolstoi at the conclusion of the contract, received the whole of his royalty for only the first 200 pages of _Resurrection_.

[363] In regard to the false rumours which were reaching Tolstoi at this time, about the affairs of the emigrating Dukhobors.

[364] One of the Dukhobors exiled to Siberia, V. N. Pozdniakov, was sent by his brethren to the leader of the Dukhobors, P. V. Verigin, who was then in exile in the village of Obdorsk in the province of Tobolsk. Receiving a letter of instructions from Verigin for the group in general, he brought this letter to his brethren in the Caucasus and on his way reached Yasnaya Polyana. He showed Tolstoi marks on his body from ill-treatment he had suffered three years before.

[365] Herbert Archer, an English co-worker with V. G. Chertkov, who went at his request to Tolstoi to transmit information to him with regard to the Dukhobors and to dissipate the false rumours about them which had reached Tolstoi from outsiders. About this time, in his letter to Countess S. A. Tolstoi, Tolstoi wrote about Archer: “He looks insignificant, but he is a very good man and a remarkably clever one.” (_Letters of Count L. N. Tolstoi to his Wife_, March, 1913, page 555.)

[366] This thought Tolstoi changed in the following form for _The Reading Circle_: “Now I consider as myself my body with its senses, but then something entirely different is being formed in me. And then the whole world will become different, since the whole world is not something different, only because I consider myself such a being separated from the world and not another. But there may be an innumerable quantity of beings separated from the world.” _The Reading Circle_, issued by _Posrednik_, Volume I, Moscow, 1911, for April 16.

[367] Tolstoi’s son, S. L. Tolstoi, and L. A. Sullerzhitsky went to the Caucasus to accompany the remaining Dukhobors to Canada. Tolstoi in order to protect them from the oppression of the authorities wrote a letter to the commander-in-chief of the Caucasus, Prince G. S. Golitsin.

[368] Tolstoi sometimes could not remember which thought from his pocket note-book he had written out into the Journal and which one he had not. This explains the fact that several thoughts are entered without any changes at all in the Journal, in places not far from one another.

[369] In the eighties and nineties the Tolstois went yearly from Yasnaya Polyana to Moscow to spend the winter.

[370] Princess E. V. Obolensky, niece of Tolstoi, daughter of his sister, Countess Maria Nicholaievna.

[371] In the finished form, the novel had 129 chapters.

[372] In another place Tolstoi says: “Playing the fool (like Christ) i.e., the purposeful representing of yourself as worse than you are, is the highest quality of virtue.” (Journal, May 29, 1893.)

[373] An omission in the copy in possession of the editors.

[374] Tolstoi wrote to V. G. Chertkov as early as December 13, 1898: “I absolutely cannot occupy myself with anything else than with _Resurrection_. Just like a shell, when it gets to the earth, falls more and more quickly, in the same way I now, when I am nearing the end, I cannot think--no, not that I cannot: I can and even do think--but I don’t want to think about anything else but about it.”

[375] At this time the emigration of the Dukhobors to Canada had not yet been accomplished. Tolstoi took an active part in the affair: he addressed various people with the request for contributions for this purpose, he carried on a correspondence with friends in England in regard to a place of settlement for the Dukhobors, he sent letters to the authorities to try to remove obstacles which were in their way, he saw agents who suggested places of settlement, he carried on a correspondence with the Dukhobors themselves, etc.

[376] February 15, 1899, Tolstoi wrote to V. G. Chertkov: “My back hurts all the time and I am weak and I am disgusted with _Resurrection_, which I can’t touch.”

[377] The retired officer addressed himself to Tolstoi with the question whether the Gospels were not against military service. Tolstoi’s answer was printed in the leaflets of _The Free Press_, No. 5, 1899, and in 1906 in Petrograd in the publication, _Obnovlenia_, No. 130 (which was confiscated).

[378] A group of representative Swedish intellectuals addressed themselves to Tolstoi with a letter as to the means of attaining universal peace. In this letter on the one hand, they expressed the thought that universal disarmament could be attained by the surest path of each separate individual refusing to take part in military service, and on the other hand, they acknowledged that the Peace Conference fixed for The Hague at the instigation of the Russian Government was useful to the attainment of universal peace....

[379] In the middle of February, 1898, the students of the University of Petrograd, in the form of a protest against the beating of people in the streets, decided on the day of the student holiday, February 8th, as a peaceful-minded group of students, to cease work. They were soon joined by students of other higher schools in Petrograd and later in Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov, Jurev, Odessa, Tomsk, Kazan, Riga and Novaia Alexandria. In this way the studies of several thousand men and women students were suspended. The representatives of the Moscow and Petrograd student bodies came to Tolstoi with the purpose of obtaining his opinion and sympathy for the student movement.

[380] Sinet, an artist, who refused military service on religious grounds and was sent to the Algerian disciplinary battalion and who escaped from there. Tolstoi called Sinet the first religious Frenchman, therefore, because he was the first Frenchman he met who believed truly as he did.

[381] In his letter to V. G. Chertkov of July 9, 1899, Tolstoi wrote, “The matter of the translations worry me. I can imagine, therefore, how they worry you. To-day I thought this: To drop all contracts with the translators and print the following in the newspaper....” Further on Tolstoi expounds the project of his letter to the newspapers, that he, in the matter of translation, decided to destroy the contracts with the publishers of the translations and to refuse the royalty of the first printing of these translations. And yet the need of the Dukhobors was so great that “having no means of employing cattle, they have hitched themselves and their wives to the plough and are ploughing with human power to till their land.” For this reason, Tolstoi drops his plan: “I ask all the publishers who will print this novel and the translators of it, as well as the readers of the novel, to remember those people for whom this publication has been begun and as far as their strength and their desire go, to help the Dukhobors by giving their mite to the Dukhobor fund in England.”

[382] Taking no part in 1899, in the work of organising help for the famine-stricken peasants, Tolstoi directed the contributions received for this purpose from various people, to be sent to those who were occupied on the spot in giving help to the inhabitants.

[383] Originally in English.

[384] This thought was maintained in the book then being read by Tolstoi: _Vergleichenden Uebersicht der Vier Evangelien_, von S. G. Verus, Leipzig, 1897. In the letter of Biriukov of August 1, 1899, Tolstoi wrote thus about the significance of Verus’ book: “This supposition or probability is the destruction of the last suburbs which are susceptible to attacks from the enemy, so that the fortress of the moral teaching of the good, flowing not from a source which is only temporary and local, but from a totality of the whole spiritual life of humanity, be unshaken.”

[385] Countess S. N. Tolstoi.

[386] See Note 384.

[387] This thought is developed more in detail by Tolstoi in the _Legend of the Stones_ (see _The Reading Circle_, Volume II).

[388] Alfred B. Westrup. _Plenty of Money._ N. Y., 1899.

[389] Countess O. C. Tolstoi, born Dieterichs, first wife of A. L. Tolstoi.

[390] The artist, Julia Ivanovna Igumnov, who lived a long time in Yasnaya Polyana. At this time she helped Tolstoi to copy his manuscripts and his letters.

[391] A. D. Arkhangelsky, a student in the Moscow University, who lived as a teacher in Tolstoi’s house.

[392] These chapters on _Resurrection_ were sent to the publishing house of _Niva_ to be set up.

[393] An interrogation point in the copy at the disposal of the editors.

[394] Living at this time with the Tolstois in Moscow, Countess O. K. Tolstoi, in a letter to V. G. Chertkov on November 22nd, 1899, described Tolstoi’s illness in this way: “Yesterday we lived through a terrible evening and night. In the evening after dinner, Tolstoi went to his room to lie down, and after several minutes we were all attracted by terrible groans from him ... he was taken with severe stomach pains which were very severe from four o’clock in the morning to seven in the evening. He suffered terribly and at first nothing helped.” Tolstoi suffered especially from vomiting which lasted twenty-eight hours. His doctors were P. S. Usev and Prof. M. P. Cherinov. “Both medicine and feeding,” another person wrote to Chertkov from Moscow, December 5, 1899, “is given now by entreaty and persuasion, now by tears and now by deception, which is even more depressing than tears. To-day everything is better: pains and appetite and strength.” Tolstoi got out of bed December 6th and little by little began to walk. But the following days he had pain and felt weakness.

[395] An omission in this place in the copy in possession of the editors.

[396] This word in the original is underlined twice.

[397] From Derzhavin’s Ode, “God.”

[398] The exact title of the book by M. A. Engelhardt is _Progress, As an Evolution of Cruelty_, issued by F. F. Pavlenkov, Petrograd, 1899. To the author of this book, M. A. Engelhardt (1858–1882), Tolstoi wrote, in 1882, a very remarkable letter on the problem of non-resistance to evil by violence.

[399] The journal, _Niva_.

[400] The novel, _The Forged Coupon_.

APPENDIX

A SHORT SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF TOLSTOI AT THE END OF THE NINETIES

BY CONSTANTINE SHOKOR-TROTSKY

The present volume of Tolstoi’s Journal covers a period from October 28, 1895, to December, 1899. During this time Tolstoi made in all 170 entries[a1] in the Journal, the greatest number of them falling in the year 1897, and the smallest in 1899. During certain months, Tolstoi made no entries whatever. There were nine such months in the four years; April and August, 1896; June, 1897; September, October and December, 1898; March, May and August, 1899. The greatest number of interruptions in the entries was caused by ill health, sometimes also by intensive work and sometimes on account of spiritual depression.

[a1] Of the 170 entries in the present edition, the editors have omitted 102 places (1,707 words) because of their intimate character, and 55 places (1,102 words) on account of the censor. Besides this, in the Notes, one place (9 words) has been omitted on account of its intimate character and 14 places (245 words) on account of the censor.

I

IMPORTANT EVENTS

Of important outer events which had more or less significance for Tolstoi, and to which he responded during this time, the following are to be mentioned:[a2]

In the first two months of 1896, Tolstoi notes in his Journal and in private letters the death of several people more or less near to him: his relative, N. M. Nagornov; the well-known philosopher, N. N. Strakhov, to whom he was bound by an old friendship; an old woman, Agatha Michailovna, a former maid of his grandmother, who lived all her life in Yasnaya Polyana; the Yasnaya Polyana peasant, Phillip Egorov, who had been a coachman for many years at the Tolstois’, and the steward, at one time; the wife of a professor, Olga Storozhenko.

In March and April of the same year, according to his own words, the important events of his life were: making the acquaintance of the peasant, M. P. Novikov; the arrest of his friend, a woman doctor, M. M. Kholevinsky, because she gave his forbidden works to the working people; hearing Wagner’s Opera, “Siegfried,” which aided him in clarifying his conception of true art; becoming acquainted with the works of the noted philosopher, A. A. Spier, which were sent to him by the latter’s daughter.

In May, in Moscow at the time of the Coronation, the unfortunate catastrophe which took place on the Khodinka field, the reports of which produced a strong impression on Tolstoi.

In October of this same year, two Japanese came to Tolstoi, whose visit was both interesting and pleasant for him.

In February, 1897, several friends of Tolstoi were subjected to governmental prosecution for their intercession in behalf of the persecuted Dukhobors: P. I. Biriukov was exiled to the city of Bausk in Courland, V. G. Chertkov was exiled abroad and I. M. Tregubov some time later was exiled to Goldingen in Courland.

In February of that year there was the tragedy of an acquaintance of Tolstoi; Miss M. F. Vietrov burning herself, who had been imprisoned in the Fortress of Peter and Paul.

In July of that year Tolstoi’s daughter, Maria Lvovna, who stood especially near to him, was married to Prince N. L. Obolensky.

In September, P. A. Boulanger, a friend, was exiled abroad for his activity in behalf of the Dukhobors.

At the end of October the noted American writer, Henry George, died, whose works and whose personality Tolstoi valued very highly.

In November Dr. D. P. Makovitsky, a follower of Tolstoi, came for a short visit from Hungary; later becoming a close friend, he remained with Tolstoi uninterruptedly until the latter’s death.

In December, Tolstoi received several anonymous letters with threats of assassination.

In February, 1898, the Dukhobors received permission to emigrate from Russia, which Tolstoi for two years had worked hard to accomplish. In April of that year the Moscow merchant, I. P. Brashnin, a follower of Tolstoi, died.

In April and May there was famine in several districts of Tula, and Tolstoi occupied himself energetically for some time to aid the famine-stricken. He established soup-kitchens, collected money, etc.

In May of that year, the _Russkia Viedomosti_ was suppressed for collecting funds in behalf of the Dukhobors.

In July, Tolstoi decided to finish his novel, _Resurrection_, “so that it could be published for the benefit of the Dukhobors.”

In October, the Dukhobor, V. N. Pozdniakov, visited Tolstoi, coming secretly from his exile in Yakutsk to the Caucasus to see his co-religionists before their emigration to America.

In this same month the peasant, T. M. Bondarev, died, who had lived many years in exile in Siberia, for whose book on _The Labor for Bread_ Tolstoi wrote a preface, and with whom he corresponded. Tolstoi only learned of his death in December.

In 1899 there were almost no external events.

In November of that year, Tolstoi’s eldest daughter, Tatiana Lvovna, was married to M. S. Sukhotin.

[a2] The compilation of facts concerning the important events in Tolstoi’s life were not only made from his Journal but from letters to various individuals.

II

THE PLACES THAT TOLSTOI LIVED IN AND VISITED

Between 1896–1899 Tolstoi lived principally in Yasnaya Polyana. There he generally not only spent most of the summer, but often all of autumn and sometimes even up to January. In Moscow, he generally spent the winter months--from November or December until April and sometimes until May. Besides this, for short periods, Tolstoi would go to other places. Thus, in August, 1896, he visited his sister, the nun, Countess M. N. Tolstoi, living in the convent of Shamordino. At times during these years he visited his brother, Count S. N. Tolstoi, who lived on his estate in Pirogovo in the province of Tula (in May, July and October, 1896, in November, 1897, in August and November, 1898, and in May, 1899).

Besides this, from February to March, 1896, and from February to March, 1897, he visited his friends, the Olsuphievs, on their estate, Nicholskoe, near Moscow; once he spent two weeks with them, another time a whole month with an interruption. The interruption was caused by his sudden trip to Petrograd (in February, 1897) to take leave of his friends, Chertkov and Biriukov, who were being exiled.

At the end of 1897, Tolstoi visited the village Dolgoe, and saw the house in which he was born and in which he spent his childhood and boyhood and which in the fifties was sold to be transferred to this village.

The month of May of 1898, Tolstoi spent in Grinevka, the estate of his son, Count I. L. Tolstoi. While living there, he took charge of the aid to the famine-stricken. From Grinevka he went by horse to visit his friend, the landlord, Levitsky, where he fell seriously ill and spent ten days.

III

WHAT TOLSTOI WROTE

From the period of November, 1895, to 1899 Tolstoi worked on the following manuscripts:[a3]

A. FICTION

1. The novel _Resurrection_ (November, 1895–February, 1896, January–February, 1897, July–December, 1898, and all of 1899).

2. The drama _The Light That Shines in Darkness_ (December, 1895--planned it; January–April, 1896; October, 1896, and July–August, 1897--planned it).

3. The novel _Hadji Murad_ (September, 1896; March–April, 1897--planned it; September, 1897–June, 1898).

4. The story _Father Sergius_ (June, 1898; August, 1898--planned it). Besides this, there are indications that he planned during this period:

5. The story _Who is Right?_ (November, 1897).

6. _Notes of a Madman_ (December, 1896, January, 1897).

7. The drama _The Living Corpse_ (December, 1897).

8. The novel _The Forged Coupon_ (June, 1898, December, 1899).

B. ESSAYS

1. _The Christian Doctrine_ (November–December, 1895, May–July, September–December, 1896).

2. _Shameful_ (December, 1895).

3. _A Letter to the Italians_ (_About the Abyssinians_, unfinished, March–April, 1896).

4. _What Is Art?_ (May–July, 1896--planned it; November, 1896–April, 1897, July, 1897–February, 1898).

5. _How To Read the Gospels and in What Is Their Essence_ (July, 1896).

6. _The Beginning of the End_ (September–October, 1896).

7. _On War_ (unfinished--November–December, 1896).

8. The Appendix to _The Appeal_, by P. Biriukov, I. Tregubov and V. G. Chertkov--_Help!_ (December, 1896).

9. _The Appeal_ (unfinished, January–April, 1897, September, 1897–April, 1898--planned it; May–July, 1898).

10. Preface to the essay by Edward Carpenter, _Contemporary Science_ (October, 1897–February, 1898).

11. Preface to the English edition of _What Is Art?_ (April, 1898).

12. _Carthago delenda est_ (April, 1898).

13. _Is There Famine or No Famine?_ (May–June, 1898).

14. _Two Wars_ (August, 1898).

C. LETTERS

(Those important according to volume and contents).[a4]

1. To P. V. Verigin (on the harm and benefit of printing). November 21, 1895.

2. John Manson (“Patriotism and Peace”). December, 1895.

3. Ernest Crosby (“On Non-resistance”). December, 1895–February, 1896.

4. To M. A. Sopotsko (“On the Church Deception”). March 16, 1896.

5. To the Ministers of Justice and the Interior (on the subject of the arrest of Mme. M. N. Kholevinsky). April 20, 1896.

6. To Madame A. M. Kalmikov (“A Letter to the Liberals”). August–September, 1896.

7. To E. Schmidt (“To the editor of a German paper”). October 12, 1896.

8. To P. V. Verigin (an answer to the objections to printing). October 14, 1896.

9. To the commander of the Irkutsk Disciplinary Battalion (on the refusal of P. Olkhovik and C. Sereda from military service). October 22, 1896.

10. To the Commander of the Ekaterinograd Disciplinary Battalion (on the refusal of the Dukhobors from military service). November 1, 1896.

11. To the Countess S. A. Tolstoi (on leaving Yasnaya Polyana). July 8, 1897.

12. To the Swedish papers (with the suggestion that the Nobel prize be awarded to the Dukhobors). August–September, 1897.

13. To the Emperor (about the Molokans). October, 1897.

14. To the _Peterburgskaia Viedomosti_ (about the Molokans). October, 1897.

15. To the _Russkia Viedomosti_ (about aid for the famine-stricken). February 21, 1898.

16. To G. H. Gibson--of the American colony Georgia (on agricultural communities). March, 1898.

17. To the Russian papers (on the Dukhobors). March 20, 1898.

18. To the English papers (on the Dukhobors). March 18, 1898.

19. To N (“A letter to an officer”). December, 1898–January, 1899.

20. To the Swedish Group (on the means for attaining universal peace). January–February, 1899.

21. To Prince G. M. Volkonsky (“On the Transvaal War”). December 4, 1899.

22. To A. I. Dvoriansky (“On religious education”). December 13, 1899.

D. THEMES

(Mentioned in the Journal)[a5]

1. “On Religious Education” (February 13, 1896, in answer to a letter of V. S. Grinevich).

2. “The story of what a man lives through in this life who committed suicide in a past life” (February 13, 1896).

3. “Pictures of Samara life: the steppe, the struggle between the nomadic patriarchal principle and the agricultural culture” (June 19, 1896).

4. “Hadji Murad” (July 19, 1896, under the same title).

5. “Suicide of the old man, Persianninov” (September 14, 1896).

6. “The substitution of a child in an orphan asylum” (September 14, 1896).

7. “A wife’s deception of her passionate, jealous husband: his suffering, struggle and the enjoyment of forgiveness” (November 22, 1896).

8. “A description of the oppression of the serfs and later the same oppression through land ownership, or rather, the being deprived of it” (November 22, 1896).

9. “Notes of a madman” (December 26, 1896).

10. “The theme: A passionate young man in love with a mentally diseased woman” (July 16, 1897).

11. The theme “In _pendant_ to Hadji Murad”: “Another Russian outlaw, Grigori Nicholaev” ... (November 14, 1897).

12. “Sergius” (December 13, 1897, “Father Sergius”).

13. “Alexander I” (December 13, 1897, “Posthumous notes of the monk, Fedor Kuzmich”).

14. “Persianninov” (December 13, 1897).

15. “The story of Petrovich--a man who died a pilgrim” (December 13, 1897, “Korni Vasiliev”).

16. “The legend of the descent of Christ into Hell and the resurrection of Hell” (December 13, 1897, “The resurrection of Hell and its destruction”).

17. “The Forged Coupon” (December 13, 1897, under the same title).

18. “A substituted child” (December 13, 1897).

19. “The drama of the Christian resurrection” (December 13, 1897).

20. “Resurrection--the trial of a prostitute” (December 13, 1897, _Resurrection_).

21. “An outlaw killing the defenceless” (December 13, 1897).

22. “Mother” (December 13, 1897).

23. “An execution in Odessa” (December 13, 1897, _Divine and human_).

24. “A bit of fiction, in which would be clearly expressed the flowing quality of man: that he, one and the same man, is now an evil-doer, now an angel, now a wise man, now an idiot, now a strong man, now the most impotent being” (March 21, 1898).

25. “Everything depends, to what one directs one’s consciousness” (November 14, 1898).

26. “On why the people are corrupted” (November 25, 1898).

[a3] This list has been compiled not only from Tolstoi’s Journal, but from other sources. As far as can be judged from the Journal, Tolstoi during some months, while busied with the revision of some one of his manuscripts, would at the same time not write but only consider some other bit of work; this kind of creative work is noted in the list as “planned.”

[a4] All these letters have been printed, if not in Russia then abroad; in those instances where a letter has been printed under a definite title, that title is enclosed in quotation marks.

[a5] In parentheses I have given the dates in which he mentions the theme and the final title of the theme as it was developed.

IV

REFLECTIONS ON TOLSTOI’S THOUGHTS IN THE JOURNAL

Besides the above mentioned literary labours of Tolstoi, his thought life ought to be mentioned which at first found expression in his note-book and from which later he would transcribe those thoughts into his Journal which appeared to him valuable. These thoughts were sometimes, as we say, absolutely accidental, sometimes they were called forth by conversations with various people and sometimes they were the responses to outer events. The greater part of them came in connection with some work on hand or one which he was planning, or were for some inner clarification or spiritual discussion of problems which, above all, agitated and interested him.

Of the thoughts which came in connection with his works on hand from 1896 to 1899, a sufficiently important number can be pointed out as auxiliary thoughts for the thinking over and working out of his “Catechism” (or the “Christian Doctrine”); such were a number of thoughts about faith, Christian doctrine, sin, etc. A great number of thoughts on art appeared in connection with his contemplated work, _What Is Art?_ On the conclusion of this work there are almost no thoughts on art in the Journal. Many thoughts were entered for _The Appeal_, _i.e._, for the purpose of including them in the contemplated manuscript but which was never finished in that form. Rarely, thoughts are met in the Journal which are in connection with his work on some literary topic.

Besides the thoughts which appeared in connection with his writings, one meets in the Journal, as was said above, such thoughts which appeared during the period of intense clarification of the various problems of his personal and family life. In connection with the observations which he lived through and experienced, Tolstoi quite often wrote down his own spiritual state, his personal sufferings and the right attitude that he should take towards them.

At one time, he was occupied especially with the problem of the philosophic definition of time and space and he wrote down his thoughts on this theme quite often. At another time, he was interested in the problem of error, of whether the outer world was such as it appeared. Quite often he noted his thoughts on the themes: On God, on the meaning of life, on the difference between the spiritual and the animal life, on reason, on prayer. Quite often, at this time, thoughts came to him about the given work of God, about service to God, about love in general and about love towards enemies in particular.

Besides this, there are scattered in the whole Journal for the four mentioned years, various thoughts on the sex-problem--on falling in love, on women, on marriage--and also quite a number of thoughts on illness, on death, on the unjust life of the rich, on memory and on many other subjects. Sometimes one finds thoughts in the Journal which appear in connection with the books that he was reading; for instance, there are several thoughts called forth by the reading of the philosophic works of Schopenhauer and Spier. The fact that there are few notes in the Journal about the books that had been read or were being read is, of course, no sign that Tolstoi read little. It is sufficient to open his book, _What Is Art_, to convince oneself as to the enormous amount of books that were read and studied by Tolstoi on the one theme of art alone for this work; nevertheless, there are very few of them mentioned in the Journal.

V

SOME FEATURES FROM THE SPIRITUAL DOMAIN OF TOLSTOI’S LIFE[a6]

In due time, when absolutely all Tolstoi’s Journals and letters and all his writings which have not yet appeared will be printed, and also when all the unused material about him, that literary inheritance in all its enormous volume, will be made use of, then it will be possible to carefully study the great process of the _growth of Tolstoi’s soul_. At the present moment, when a great number of Tolstoi’s writings and the reminiscences about him are not yet published, it is impossible to really penetrate the whole depth and breadth of Tolstoi’s spirit. At present, it is only possible to throw light on the general characteristics of several separate sides of his inner life, in one or several of its periods.

Therefore, this short sketch of Tolstoi’s life at the end of the nineties, which deals not only with his outer but with his inner life, does in no way intend to give an exhaustive exposition of his varied and complicated spiritual states. In the description which is here placed of _several features_ of Tolstoi’s spiritual life, the principal attention is given to that state, which for over three years almost constantly dominated Tolstoi, in connection with one of the most lasting and torturing periods of intense spiritual suffering in the domain of his domestic life. Such periods happened to Tolstoi even before, in the seventies and in the eighties and in the very last years of his life.

Of course, the description of only one feature of Tolstoi’s inner life, cannot be an indication that he had not other kinds of spiritual states, not connected with his home life. The numerous and extensive entries in the Journal testify that Tolstoi often experienced states of high religious exaltation and of intimate spiritual union and fusion with God, as well as states of the earnest seeking of the path towards perfection, flowing from a sharp discontent with himself and a repentance for his errors and weaknesses (quite often the states were called forth by spiritual suffering). In this sketch are emphasised and brought forth the logical connection of at least one most torturing feature of his inner life, which is reflected in disconnected brilliant entries in his Journal--features which show the cross that he bore for the last thirty years of his life. The time has not yet come for a full description of all the sides and conditions of Tolstoi’s life, and therefore the intimate places have been omitted in the present edition of the Journal. In consequence, the reader will not find an exhaustive description in these chapters of the personal life of Tolstoi which is connected with his family relations.

* * * * *

From 1895 to 1899 Tolstoi lived through much spiritual suffering and struggle, and during this time he was ill quite often. If one carefully followed all the entries in the Journal, then it would clearly be seen that almost all his severe illnesses came after depressing inner experiences.

With the strength of his deep religiousness, Tolstoi invariably strove to use, in the best spiritual sense, all the trials which were given to him as his lot, physical as well as spiritual, and through intense inner labour he generally at the end succeeded in converting all his sufferings, to use his own language, to the joy of fulfilling the will of God.

* * * * *

At the end of 1895, Tolstoi was earnestly occupied with the plot of his drama, _The Light that Shines in Darkness_; this plot agitated him so that he even dreamed of it and he raved about it in his sleep. This can be easily understood in view of the fact that there are many autobiographic elements in this drama.

And so he wrote in the Journal that he “lived through much,” in reading over, at the request of his wife, his journals for the past seven years.[a7]

At the same time, Tolstoi complains several times in his Journal of his general indisposition, of his weakness, and of his lack of energy.

In the course of the three years, from 1896 to 1898, Tolstoi often experienced a fall of spirit, strong attacks of sorrow and torturing agony. The greatest part of his suffering was caused by the lack of understanding of several people near to him, either for his point of view or for his inner life,[a8] and because of the “emptiness of his surrounding life.”[a9]

He even felt “hatred” for himself[a10] and he was burdened by his part in the “unjust, idle, luxurious[a11] life.” But here the thought would come to him that he had to suffer humiliation,[a12] and at times he created supplementary thoughts, which in fun he called “prescriptions” for his spiritual suffering.[a13]

On December 2, 1896, Tolstoi wrote in his Journal: “This is my condition ... oh, this luxury, this richness, this absence of care about the material life!...”

The thought that this indeed was his task, given to him, had a calming effect. He tried to look on the conditions in which he was placed as upon a test of humbleness, “humiliation.” But “in chains, in a prison, one can pride oneself on one’s humiliation”--he wrote--“but here it is only painful, unless one accepts it as a trial sent by God.”[a14] The calm state which was created through the influence of these thoughts was only short-lived. His heart began soon again to pain and he “wants to cry over himself, over the remnant of his life which is being futilely ruined.”[a15]

His surrounding life[a16] which tortured him called forth long periods of agony, dejection and fall of spirits. But with the thoughts about love towards enemies,[a17] there came to him the urge to look upon his work, as the work of love which was given to him, and again peace possessed him, “because a loving one.”[a18] But soon again this peace became principally an outer one, and within himself he again wavered.[a19] Again he is “ashamed and depressed because of the consciousness of the lawlessness of his life.”[a20]

After a month, he makes an entry in his Journal, but tears it out, putting only the words, “A bad and sterile month” and adds, “Have torn out, burned, what I have written in heat.”[a21] Then for a long time he wrote nothing, and during this time he “lived through much that was difficult and good.”[a22] On the 8th of July he wrote his very famous letter to his wife, which she received after his death,[a23] which began with the words, “It is already a long time that I am tortured by the lack of harmony between my life and my beliefs” and in which further on he wrote about his decision to do that which “he had wanted to do for a long time: to go away.” But no matter how difficult the conditions of his family life were at this time, they were not yet sufficiently ripe to bring him over to a definite decision to leave his family, and to fulfil his ancient dream of life in more simple conditions among working people. And in view of the fact that he decided to change his decision, he gave the above-mentioned letter for safe-keeping to his son-in-law, Prince N. L. Obolensky, with the request to give it to the one designated, when he was no longer among the living. Although Tolstoi remained this time in Yasnaya Polyana, his life among master-class conditions did not cease to burden him even for a short time, and he felt himself alone,[a24] he often experienced sorrow as before, and in spirit he felt “solemn,” “gloomy.”[a25]

At the end of that year (1897), he wrote the thought in his Journal, of the tragedy of the situation of “a man kindly disposed wishing only the good” but who in return meets only “hissing malice and the hatred of people.”[a26] And soon again he writes in his Journal that he is in an agonised, sad, crushed state,[a27] which, however, he is trying to fight off with all his strength. (“The house is depressing but I want to and will be joyous.”[a28]) But this inner struggle in spiritual isolation was of course not easy, and demanded great spiritual strength before it could be fully successful. He was constantly tortured by the injustice of his surrounding life and his own almost futile situation in this life; and he becomes “at times good and calm, at times uneasy and not good.”[a29] In this state he often wants to cry,[a30] and only in time does his condition become less agitated and sometimes even entirely calm.

In the summer of 1898, Tolstoi was twice seriously ill. After these illnesses he entered in his Journal the joy of getting well and a clearness of thinking. Soon after this he underwent new spiritual experiences and in July, 1898, he again considered going away from the conditions of life in Yasnaya Polyana which were depressing and which were against his philosophy. He then wrote a letter to A. A. Järnefelt and made a note in the Journal that he has no strength to withstand the customary temptation,[a31] _i. e._, the desire to go away; it was to Järnefelt that he turned with the request to help him in his plan of going away which he was then considering. But this time also, “the temptation passed,” as he wrote him later. And again his life flowed on as before.

The thought of “going away” came to Tolstoi more than once, both early and late, but he considered it a temptation because it would have been spiritually much more easy for him to go away than to refrain from this step. As he expressed himself once, he believed that when there is a doubt in one’s soul, as to which one of two possible steps one should take, then it were better to give preference to that one in which there is the greatest self-sacrifice.

In 1899, Tolstoi felt himself spiritually improved and notwithstanding his severely undermined health, he occupied himself much and fruitfully with _Resurrection_. In the autumn of that year he made the entry in the Journal, “I have wrought for myself a calm which is not to be disturbed: not to speak and to know that this is necessary: that it is under these conditions one ought to live.”[a32]

Only ten years later, the circumstances arose which freed Tolstoi from the consciousness of the moral responsibility to remain in the conditions of his home life. And having come to the conclusion of the absolute inevitability of going away, he dared, only ten days before his end, to freely give himself to his cherished wish to change the outer conditions of his life.

[a6] I consider it absolutely necessary to mention that this exposition has been carefully revised by V. G. Chertkov, who, having been connected with Tolstoi by a friendship of many years, was closely acquainted with the home conditions of his outer life, as well as with the most intimate characteristic of his inner life.

[a7] November 5, 1895, page 5.

[a8] May 17, 1896, page 46.

[a9] May 28, 1896, page 52.

[a10] June 26, 1896, page 60.

[a11] June 19, 1896, page 58.

[a12] July 31, 1896, page 69.

[a13] October 20, 1896, page 83; November 5, page 88, and November 20, 1897, page 171.

[a14] December 20, 1896, page 108.

[a15] December 21, 1896, page 108.

[a16] January 18, 1897, page 117.

[a17] March 1, 1897, page 135.

[a18] March 9, 1897, page 136.

[a19] April 4, page 137, and April 9, 1897, page 139.

[a20] April 4, 1897, page 137.

[a21] May 3, 1897, page 139.

[a22] July 16, 1897, page 140.

[a23] This letter was published in many editions among others in the Letters of Tolstoi to his Wife, Moscow, 1913, pages 524–526.

[a24] July 16, 1897, page 140.

[a25] July 17, page 142; October 22, page 162; November 28, page 176, and further.

[a26] November 28, 1897, page 177.

[a27] December 2, 1897, page 177.

[a28] December 13, 1897, page 182.

[a29] January 13, 1898, page 195.

[a30] April 12, 1898, page 219.

[a31] July 17, 1898, page 244.

[a32] September 28, 1899, page 277.

INDEX

INDEX

“About Patriotism,” Tolstoi’s letter to Manson, _pp._ 19, 394; _note_ 36. Abrikosov, Kh. N., _note_ 167. Adam, Paul, _p._ 238; _note_ 340. _Adult, the_, a magazine, _p._ 193; _note_ 280. Africa, _p._ 166. Agatha Michailovna, maid to Tolstoi’s grandmother, _p._ 388. Aggeev, Aphanasi, _p._ 162; _note_ 237. Akime, peasant, _p._ 59. Alexander I, Emperor, _p._ 182. Alexander Petrovich, _see_ Ivanov. Alexeev, I., _note_ 129. Algerian Disciplinary Battalion, _note_ 380. Ambrose, Holy Man of Optina, _p._ 176; _notes_ 257, 258. America, _pp._ 14, 16, 241, 286; _notes_ 40, 96, 134, 177, 178, 221, 295, 343, 357. American, the, _see_ Hall. Americans, the, _p._ 61. Amsterdam, _note_ 18. Andrusha, _see_ Tolstoi, A. L., Count. _Anna Karenin_, Tolstoi’s novel, _note_ 182. Annenkov, K. N., _note_ 104. Annenkov, _pp._ 60, 144, 240, 243; _notes_ 104, 177. “Aphorisms,” Schopenhauer, _p._ 8; _note_ 24. Aphremovs, landlords, _p._ 232; _note_ 323. “Appendix, the” (by L. Tolstoi) to Chekhov’s story, _Dushechka_ (_Darling_), _note_ 177. “Appendix, the” (by L. Tolstoi) to E. I. Popov’s book, _Life and Death of E. N. Drozhin_, _note_ 38. Archer, _p._ 256; _note_ 365. Archives, Tolstoi’s, manuscript edition of the Nineties, _notes_ 7, 167, 347. Arensky, A. S., _p._ 96; _note_ 154. Aristophanes, _p._ 81. Aristotle, _p._ 130. Arkhangelsky, A. I., _p._ 113; _note_ 167. Arkhangelsky, Andre Dimitrievich, _p._ 289; _note_ 391. Arnold, Matthew, _note_ 182. Azov Sea, _p._ 218.

Baburino village, _p._ 59; _note_ 103. Bach, Johann Sebastian, _pp._ 55, 103, 104, 128; _note_ 153. Bacon, Francis, _p._ 166. “Ballade,” Chopin’s, _p._ 96. Barcelona, _note_ 144. Bastyevo, station, _p._ 230; _notes_ 311, 318. Bausk, Province of Courland, _p._ 389; _note_ 173. Bavarian, the, _p._ 255. Bazhenov, I. R., _p._ 6; _note_ 17. Bedborough, editor of _The Adult_, _p._ 193; _note_ 280. Beethoven, Ludvig, _pp._ 55, 60, 80, 102, 103, 128, 152. “Beginning of the End, the,” article by L. Tolstoi (preface to the letter of a Hollander), _pp._ 70, 393; _note_ 125. Behrs, A. A., _p._ 186. Behrs, S. A. (“_Stepa_”), _p._ 122. Beller, L. A., _p._ 160. Bénard, _p._ 130. Berkeley, George, _p._ 75. Bieli, Constantine, _see_ Zyabrev. Bielinsky, V. G., _p._ 43; _note_ 79. Bielopolie, Province of Kharkov, _note_ 134. “Bigarrure” by Arensky, _p._ 96. Biography of L. N. Tolstoi, compiled by P. I. Biriukov, _notes_ 2, 34, 85, 102, 114, 119, 180, 253. Biriukov, P. I. (Posha), _pp._ 7, 8, 53, 58, 108, 125, 127, 136, 145, 146, 185, 195, 230, 237, 389; _notes_ 9, 19, 23, 137, 160, 173, 219, 236, 257, 297, 353, 384. Black Sea, the, _p._ 218. “Blunders of Fear, the,” an article by M. O. Menshikov, _p._ 37; _note_ 74. Bobriki, village, _p._ 228; _note_ 305. Boccaccio, _p._ 223. Bochkarev, _p._ 5; _notes_ 11, 14. Bondarev, T. M., _pp._ 53, 185, 390; _note_ 90. Boulanger, P. A., _pp._ 95, 136, 144, 146, 160, 161, 171, 195, 237, 389; _notes_ 34, 134, 150, 219. Bourgas, Bulgaria, _note_ 167. _Boyhood_, Tolstoi’s novel, _note_ 119. Brahmins, _p._ 75. Brashnin, I. P., _pp._ 219, 389; _note_ 301. Bronnitsk, district of (Province of Moscow), _note_ 167. Budapest, _note_ 56. Buddha, _p._ 81. Bulakhov, P. A., _pp._ 144, 195; _note_ 211. Bulgaria, _p._ 237; _notes_ 46, 167. “Bulletins of the Tolstoi Museum Society,” _note_ 145. Buzuluk, district of (Province of Samara), _note_ 222.

California, _note_ 134. Canada, _notes_ 357, 367, 375. Carpenter, _pp._ 85, 206; _note_ 135. “Carthago Delenda Est,” article by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 219, 221, 393; _note_ 302. Carus, editor, _The Open Court_, _p._ 143; _note_ 206. “Catechism,” _see_ “Christian Doctrine, the.” Caucasus, _pp._ 258, 390; _notes_ 9, 195, 221, 240, 300, 357, 364, 367. Chekhov, A. P., _p._ 186; _note_ 177. Cherinov, M. P., _note_ 394. Cherni (Province of Tula), _p._ 231; _note_ 303. Chernigovitz (Vishnecsky), F. V., _note_ 24. Chernishevsky, N. G., _p._ 43; _note_ 81. Chernov, a Dukhobor, _note_ 300. Chertkov, A. C. (Galia), _pp._ 56, 174, 175, 181, 237; _notes_ 34, 42, 97, 202, 230, 301, 338. Chertkov, E. I., _p._ 149; _note_ 226. Chertkov, V. G., _pp._ 19, 25, 31, 61, 87, 89, 106, 124, 133, 140, 142, 144, 152, 153, 158, 160, 161, 173, 178, 181, 183, 186, 189, 195, 198, 226, 237, 247, 253, 256, 369, 393, 400; _notes_ 34, 48, 54, 80, 160, 173, 176, 190, 192, 200, 219, 226, 229, 231, 234, 240, 264, 269, 278, 293, 300, 309, 312, 333, 343, 347, 355, 358, 365, 374, 376, 381, 394. Chertkovs (the “_Exiles_,” “to England,” “from England”), _pp._ 14, 56, 65, 70, 100, 124, 139, 182, 233; _notes_ 107, 174, 192, 197, 198, 203, 210, 273, 280, 282, 328, 354. Chicago, _notes_ 206, 343. China, _p._ 212; _note_ 353. Chizhov, S. P., _p._ 185; _note_ 270. Chopin, _p._ 96. Chorvatia, _note_ 46. Christ, _pp._ 13, 60, 64, 65, 81, 141, 169, 201, 221, 240, 243, 245, 276, 277, 397; _notes_ 111, 151, 177, 192, 284, 372. Christian, _pp._ 105, 221. “Christian Doctrine, the,” by L. Tolstoi (“Catechism,” “Declaration of Faith”), _pp._ 5, 8, 14, 25, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 52, 56, 58, 61, 70, 74, 85, 87, 90, 262, 393, 398; _notes_ 4, 83, 95, 108, 190, 262. Christianity, _pp._ 74, 85, 163, 164, 213, 220, 221, 234. “Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue,” by Bach, _p._ 96; _note_ 153. Clara, St., _note_ 177. Collected Works of L. N. Tolstoi, edited by P. I. Biriukov, published by Sytin, subscribed edition (20 volumes), _notes_ 5, 27, 111, 134, 160, 238, 297, 331; popular edition (24 volumes), _notes_ 5, 27, 64, 111, 134, 160, 222, 238, 297. Commander, the, of the Ekaterinograd (“Caucasian”) Disciplinary Battalion, _pp._ 89, 394; _note_ 137. Commander, the, of the Irkutsk Disciplinary Battalion, _pp._ 85, 394; _note_ 134. “Concerning the Attitude towards the State,” by L. N. Tolstoi, _note_ 126. “Contemporary Science,” article by Carpenter, _p._ 85; _note_ 135. Conversation with Nicodemus, _p._ 40. Copernicus, _p._ 83. Corinthians, the message of the Apostle Paul to the, _p._ 232. Corneille, _pp._ 25, 30. “Corpse, the,” _see_ “The Living Corpse.” “Correspondence of L. N. Tolstoi with N. N. Strakhov,” _note_ 47. “Correspondence of L. N. Tolstoi with the Countess A. A. Tolstoi,” _note_ 176. “Coupon,” _see_ _The Forged Coupon_. Cracow, _note_ 53. Crookes, William, _p._ 143; _note_ 204. Crosby, _pp._ 16, 19, 21, 144, 185, 240, 394; _notes_ 37, 40, 215, 296. “Crucifix,” duet by Faure, _p._ 104; _note_ 162. Cyprus, _notes_ 353, 357.

“Daily Bread,” story by F. F. Tischenko, _p._ 96; _note_ 156. Dante Alighieri, _p._ 103. Darwin, Charles, _p._ 74. Davydov, N. V., _p._ 21; _note_ 49. Decadents, the, _pp._ 102, 144. “Declaration of Faith, the,” _see_ “Christian Doctrine, the.” Deibner, A., the publisher, _note_ 36. De-Kuh, _note_ 233. Demenka, village, _p._ 60; _note_ 107. Denisenko, E. S., Tolstoy’s niece, _note_ 257. Derzhavin, G. R., _note_ 397. Descartes, René, _pp._ 83, 89. Desert of Optina, the, _notes_ 121, 257, 258. _Devil, the_, Tolstoy’s story, _note_ 346. Dieterichs, the, _pp._ 237, 244. Dieterichs, J. K., _note_ 338. Dieterichs, M. K., _note_ 338. Dieterichs, O. C., _see_ Tolstoi, O. C., Countess. _Divine and the Human, the_, Tolstoy’s story, _note_ 266. Dobroliubov, N. A., _p._ 43; _note_ 81. Dolgoe, the town, _p._ 180; _note_ 261. Don, district of the, _note_ 90. Dragomirov, M. I., _p._ 91; _note_ 145. Drozhin, E. N., _p._ 16; _notes_ 38, 207. Dubrovin, M. N., _p._ 198. Dubrovsky, _p._ 198. Dukhobors, _pp._ 5, 91, 114, 117, 148, 193, 211, 222, 240, 243, 247, 253, 256, 269, 389, 390, 394, 395; _notes_ 9, 130, 134, 144, 155, 160, 173, 177, 195, 219, 220, 221, 240, 279, 297, 300, 304, 312, 343, 346, 353, 357, 363, 364, 365, 367, 375, 381. Dumas, Alexander, _note_ 96. Dunaev, A. N., _pp._ 6, 95, 136, 139, 237, 243; _notes_ 15, 196, 301. Duniasha, the peasant girl, _p._ 157. Dushan, _see_ Makovitsky. Dvoriansky, A. P., the teacher, _p._ 395.

Egorov, F. R., _p._ 388. Egypt, _note_ 37. Ekaterinograd (“Caucasian”) Disciplinary Battalion, The, _pp._ 87, 89, 394; _notes_ 137, 279. Elias, the prophet, _p._ 64. Engelhardt, M. A., _p._ 293; _note_ 398. England, _pp._ 14, 185, 212, 233, 240; _notes_ 27, 31, 36, 38, 80, 91, 125, 130, 132, 160, 195, 197, 231, 240, 264, 269, 278, 297, 312, 321, 339, 342, 343, 353, 375, 379, 381. Englishmen, The, _pp._ 61, 166. English papers, _p._ 211. Epictetus, _pp._ 242, 261. “Epilogue, the (by L. Tolstoi) to the appeal ‘Help!’” _pp._ 100, 393; _note_ 160. Ergolsky, T. A., _note_ 177. Ertel, A. I., _p._ 21; _note_ 50. “L’Esthetique d’Aristotle,” Bénard, _p._ 130. Europe, _p._ 164. Europeans, the, _p._ 71. Evgenie Ivanovich, _see_ Popov, E. I. Exiles, the, _see_ Chertkovs.

Factory hands, _p._ 100. “Famine or No Famine,” the article by Tolstoi (“On the People’s Condition”), _pp._ 232, 236, 393; _notes_ 321, 325, 335. Famine-Stricken, The, _pp._ 222, 270, 390, 391, 395; _notes_ 303, 305, 306, 313, 320, 321, 325, 337, 382. _Father Sergius_, a story by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 182, 233, 236, 243, 392, 396; _notes_ 177, 266, 327, 346. Faure, Jean Baptiste, _p._ 104; _note_ 162. Fet (Shenshin), A. A., _p._ 64; _notes_ 24, 114. Fire Refugees, The, _p._ 60. _Forged Coupon, the_, Tolstoi’s story (_Coupon, The_), _pp._ 182, 234, 296, 392, 397; _notes_ 177, 244, 266, 329, 400. _Fortnightly Review_, an English magazine, _note_ 182. Fortress of Peter and Paul, _p._ 389; _note_ 192. Four Gospels, harmonized, translated and studied, Tolstoi’s work, _note_ 289. Francis of Assisi, _note_ 177. “Free Press, the,” _pp._ 64, 270; _notes_ 7, 297, 298. Free Press, The, publishing house of A. and V. Chertkov, _notes_ 4, 9, 31, 38, 91, 125, 126, 130, 132, 134, 160, 269, 312. Frenchman, the, _p._ 6.

Gaideburov, V. P., _p._ 240; _note_ 344. Galia, _see_ Chertkov, A. C. Galileo, _p._ 83. Gay, N. N., the artist, _notes_ 80, 139. Gay, N. N., the artist’s son (“Kolechka,” “Kolichka”), _pp._ 87, 269, 271, 283. Gendarme, _p._ 56; _note_ 98. Geneva, _note_ 220. George, Henry, _p._ 56; _notes_ 37, 96. Georgia, the American agricultural colony, _pp._ 211, 395; _note_ 296. Germans, the, _pp._ 144, 212, 273. Germany, _note_ 66. Gibson, _p._ 395; _note_ 296. Gill’s Factory, _p._ 33; _note_ 70. Ginzburg, I. J., _p._ 144; _notes_ 138, 214. “God,” Derzhavin’s Ode, _note_ 397. Goethe, Wolfgang, _pp._ 54, 103, 128; _note_ 94. Gogol, N. V., _note_ 79. Goldenweiser, A. B., _pp._ 96, 144; _note_ 152. Goldingen (government of Courland), _p._ 389; _note_ 173. Golitsin, G. S., prince, _p._ 258; _note_ 367. Gorbunov (Posadov), I. I., _pp._ 124, 199, 244; _notes_ 149, 167, 350. Gorbunov, N. I., _notes_ 149, 350. Gorbunovs, _pp._ 95, 244. Gorchakov, E. S., Princess, _p._ 100; _note_ 157. Goremykin, I. L., _note_ 64. Gorokhov, the landlord, _note_ 261. _Gospel in Brief, The_, by L. Tolstoy, _note_ 215. Gospels, the, _pp._ 60, 61, 128, 151, 166, 179, 263; _note_ 111. Granovsky, T. N., _p._ 43; _note_ 78. Grave, _p._ 206; _note_ 292. Grevenhagen, the Dutch city, _note_ 233. Grinevich, V. S., _pp._ 22, 395; _note_ 54. Grinevka, the estate of Count I. L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 221, 223, 226, 228, 230, 231, 391; _notes_ 303, 305, 323. Grot, N. J., _pp._ 162, 163, 171, 173, 176, 199; _notes_ 238, 255, 265, 298. Gubarevka, village, _pp._ 226, 228. Gubonin (“The Teacher”), _p._ 226; _note_ 314. Gulenko, M. F., _p._ 199; _note_ 286. Gulliver, _p._ 164. Gusev, N. N., _note_ 237.

_Hadji-Murad_, _pp._ 62, 70, 85, 136, 137, 152, 158, 164, 166, 172, 174, 182, 186, 195, 198, 210, 216, 219, 226, 230, 392, 396; _notes_ 112, 122, 266. Hadji Murad, a Caucasian mountaineer, _pp._ 62, 70, 182, 216; _note_ 112. Hague Peace Conference, _note_ 378. Hall (“American, the”), _p._ 125; _note_ 178. Heath, _p._ 149; _note_ 225. “Help!” the appeal by P. I. Biriukov, I. M. Tregubov, and V. G. Chertkov, _notes_ 160, 173. Helsingfors, _note_ 347. Herzen, A. I., _p._ 43; _note_ 80. Hindus, the, _pp._ 71, 83. History of Music, the, _p._ 103. Holland, _p._ 7; _note_ 233. Hollander, the, _see_ Vanderveer. Holy Scriptures, _p._ 128. Homer, _p._ 103. _Hour of the Will of God_, a story by N. S. Lieskov, _note_ 330. “How to read Gospels and in what is their essence,” by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 61, 393; _note_ 111. Hungary, _pp._ 178, 389; _notes_ 8, 45, 46, 259.

Igumnov, J. I. (“Julie”), _p._ 289; _note_ 390. Ilinsky, a landowner, _p._ 226; _note_ 308. Ilya, Iliusha, _see_ Tolstoi, I. L., Count. “L’individu et la Société,” by Jean Grave, _p._ 206. Initials, the, substituting names and surnames, _see_ N, NN. “International Tolstoi Almanac, the, on Tolstoi,” compiled by P. A. Sergienko, _notes_ 56, 130, 178, 206. Introduction to _The Story of a Mother_ by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 266. _Ioga’s Philosophy_, by Vivekânanda, _p._ 71; _note_ 127. Irkutsk, _note_ 134. Irkutsk, the disciplinary battalion of, _p._ 394; _note_ 134. Ivan Mikhailovich, _see_ Tregubov. Ivanov, Alexander Petrovich, _p._ 163; _note_ 239. Iversk, ikon of, _p._ 275.

Jacob, _p._ 81. Japan, _p._ 212. Japanese, the, _note_ 215. Japanese, the (plural), _pp._ 74, 80. Järnefelt, A. A., _pp._ 244, 406; _notes_ 347, 350. Joseph, biblical, _p._ 81. Juriev (Dorpat), a city, _note_ 379. Jushkova, N. M., _p._ 129; _note_ 183.

Kalmikov, Mme. A. M., _pp._ 70, 87, 394; _note_ 126. Kaluga, _note_ 350. Kamenka, a village, _p._ 226; _note_ 305. Kansas (in America), _note_ 295. Kant, Immanuel, _pp._ 65, 75, 83; _note_ 115. Karma, _p._ 152. Kasatkin, N. A., _pp._ 144, 180; _notes_ 214, 263. Kashai, in Hungary, _note_ 8. Katiusha Maslov, heroine of _Resurrection_, _see_ Maslov. Kazan, _pp._ 94, 146, 163, 185; _notes_ 218, 232, 379. Kaznacheevka, a village, _note_ 237. Kenworthy, _pp._ 5, 14, 19, 21, 25, 276; _note_ 7. Kh., N. l., _p._ 198. Khaliavka, a peasant woman, _p._ 59. Kharkov, _p._ 5; _notes_ 151, 209, 379. Kharkov, Province of, _notes_ 134, 240. Khilkov, D. A., Prince, _pp._ 163, 165, 240, 253; _note_ 240. Khiriakov, A. M., _note_ 34. Khodinka, a square in Moscow, _pp._ 58, 388; _note_ 89. _Khodinka_, a story by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 89. Kholevinsky, M. M., _pp._ 31, 388, 394; _note_ 63. Kiev, _pp._ 140, 243; _notes_ 129, 202, 270, 379. _Kingdom of God Within Us, the_, L. Tolstoi’s book, _note_ 291. Kioto, a Japanese city, _note_ 129. Klein, I-Kh., _note_ 233. _Knizhki Nedieli_, a magazine, _notes_ 74, 156, 246, 253. Kolasha, Kolia, _see_ Obolensky, N. L., Prince. Kolechka, Kolichka, _see_ Gay, N. N.--son. _Konevsky_, _see_ _Resurrection_. Koni, A. F., _pp._ 100, 136; _notes_ 23, 158, 192. Konissi, D. P., _p._ 74; _note_ 129. Konius, Julius, and Leo Eduardovich, _p._ 129; _note_ 184. _Korni Vasiliev_, a story by L. Tolstoi, _p._ 397; _note_ 266. Kozlovka (or Kozlova Zasieka), a station, _note_ 347. Krapivensk, the district of, _notes_ 84, 261. Kronstad, John of, _see_ Sergiev. Kudinenko, F., _p._ 20; _note_ 43. Kudriavtsev, M. F., _p._ 100; _note_ 159. Kukevka, a village, _p._ 230; _note_ 305. Kukin (from Chekhov’s _Dushechka_), _note_ 177. Kursk, Province of, _note_ 38. Kuzminsky, A. M., _p._ 91; _notes_ 22, 145. Kuzminsky, T. A. (“Aunt Tanya”), _pp._ 8, 246; _note_ 22. Kuzminsky, V. A., _p._ 253; _note_ 359.

Langlet (“The Swede”), _p._ 150; _note_ 227. Lao-Tse, _note_ 129. Lawyer, _p._ 60. _Leaflets of the Free Press_, a publication by A. and V. Chertkov, _notes_ 27, 45, 279, 321, 377. Lebon, _p._ 212. Leipzig, _note_ 384. Letter to M. A. Engelhardt, A, (“On Non-resistance”), _note_ 398. “Letter to the Italians, a” (“On Abyssinians”), by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 29, 393; _note_ 59. “Letter to the Liberals, a,” by L. Tolstoi (“To Mme. Kalmikov”), _pp._ 70, 87, 394; _note_ 126. “Letter to the Officer, a,” by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 270, 395; _note_ 377. “Letter to a Peasant, a,” by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 96. “Letter to the Russian Public, a,” (“On Dukhobors”), _note_ 297. “Letter to the Swedish Newspapers, a” (“On the Nobel prize and the Dukhobors,” “The Swedish Letter,” “To Stockholm”), by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 148, 149, 158, 395; _note_ 220. Letter to the Swedish papers, a, _pp._ 270, 395; _note_ 278. Letters of Count Tolstoi to His Wife, _p._ 404; _notes_ 66, 129, 155, 179, 199, 242, 250, 251, 303, 310, 365. Letters (unpublished), fragments of these letters are cited in the editorial notes. Leo, _see_ Tolstoi, L. L., Count. Leontev, B. N., _p._ 146. Levitsky, the landlord, _pp._ 232, 391; _note_ 323. Liapunov, V. D. (“Viacheslav”), _pp._ 160, 199; _notes_ 236, 288. Liberals, the, _p._ 272. Lieskov, N. S., _p._ 235; _note_ 330. _Light that Shines in Darkness, The_, Tolstoi’s drama (“Drama”), _pp._ 14, 19, 20, 29, 85, 113, 141, 392, 402; _note_ 35. Lindenberg, G. R., _p._ 226; _notes_ 313, 314. “Living Corpse, the,” Tolstoi’s play (“The Corpse”), _p._ 186. Lombroso, Cæsar, _p._ 146. London, _notes_ 7, 80, 194. Longinov, V. V., _p._ 144; _note_ 209. Lopashino, a village, _p._ 223; _note_ 305. _Love for the Good_, _p._ 244; _note_ 349. Lvov (Lemberg), the capital of Galicia, _note_ 240.

Magdalene, _note_ 177. Maklakov, A. A., _note_ 213. Maklakov, V. A., _note_ 213. Maklakovs, _pp._ 144, 146. Makovitsky, D. P. (“Dushan”), _pp._ 20, 175, 178; _notes_ 45, 259. Malikov, A. K., _p._ 210; _note_ 295. Mallarmé, Stephane, _p._ 54; _note_ 93. Mallory, Lucy, _note_ 177. Manager of the Moscow Little Theatre, _note_ 10. Manchuria, _note_ 353. Manson (“The Englishman”), _pp._ 14, 394; _note_ 36. _Maria_ (a peasant woman), _p._ 59. Maria Alexandrovna, _see_ Schmidt, M. A. Maria Nicholaievna, _see_ Tolstoi, M. N. Marx, A. F., the publisher, _notes_ 346, 362. Marx, Karl, _pp._ 33, 248. Marxists, the, _p._ 248. Mary, _p._ 252; _note_ 177. Masha, _see_ Obolensky, M. L., Princess. Mashenka, _see_ Tolstoi, M. N., Countess. Maslov, Katiusha, heroine of _The Resurrection_ (_Konevsky_), _pp._ 51, 113; _notes_ 6, 166. Materialists, the, _pp._ 83, 242. Maude, A. F., _pp._ 139, 144, 167, 173, 175, 176, 195; _notes_ 194, 254. _Mayak, the_, children’s magazine, _note_ 102. Mediterranean, the, _p._ 218. Medusov, _p._ 100. Meletie, the archbishop of Riazan, _note_ 218. Menshikov, M. O., _pp._ 37, 167, 173, 199, 236, 240; _notes_ 74, 246, 253. “Menteur,” by Corneille, _p._ 30. Michael-Angelo, _pp._ 55, 103. Mikhailo, a harness-maker, _pp._ 53, 56. Mikhail’s Ford, a village, _p._ 228; _note_ 305. Miklukha-Maklai, N. N., _p._ 166; _note_ 243. Minister of the Interior, the (I. L. Goremykin), _pp._ 31, 394; _notes_ 64, 126, 304. Minister of Justice, the (N. V. Muraviev), _pp._ 31, 394; _note_ 64. Minusinsk, district of (Province of Yeniseisk), _note_ 90. Mohammed, _p._ 92. Molokans, the, _pp._ 148, 149, 395; _notes_ 222, 223, 224, 232. Morosov, V. S., a peasant from Yasnaya Polyana, _note_ 102. Moscow, _pp._ 8, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 31, 35, 53, 90, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 107, 109, 117, 136, 137, 139, 163, 171, 176, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 189, 194, 198, 199, 202, 206, 210, 213, 219, 222, 269, 286, 291, 292, 296, 388, 390; _notes_ 13, 28, 29, 49, 57, 61, 71, 78, 88, 129, 152, 157, 163, 213, 221, 235, 238, 239, 256, 262, 265, 286, 301, 304, 347, 369. Moscow, Court of, _notes_ 40, 53, 398. Moses, _pp._ 74, 92, 243, 245. _Mother’s Notes, a_, by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 266. Mtsensk, Province of, _p._ 230; _note_ 317. Muraviev, N. V., _note_ 64. Myasoyedov, G. G., _p._ 32; _note_ 68.

N, an army officer, _p._ 53. N, the artist, who refused to enter military service, _pp._ 9, 20, 53; _note_ 29. N, the journalist, _p._ 21. N, a revolutionist, _p._ 35. N, “a type for a drama,” _p._ 135. N, NN (as written by Tolstoi in the original), _pp._ 273, 279. N, NN, A, B, V, G, Z, (the initials, substituted for the names omitted by the editors), _pp._ 37, 53, 58, 60, 98, 102, 129, 131, 135, 142, 147, 160, 181, 183, 186, 205, 237, 245, 395; _notes_ 234, 264. Nagornov, N. M., _pp._ 19, 20, 388; _note_ 42. Nagornov, V. V., Tolstoi’s niece (“Varia”), _p._ 228; _notes_ 42, 257. Nakashidze, I. P., Prince, _pp._ 114, 136, 198. Napoleonic Wars, _p._ 212. Nazarenes, the, _p._ 20; _note_ 46. Nekhliudov, Dimitri, hero of _Resurrection_, _Konevsky_, _p._ 113; _notes_ 6, 166. _New Collection of Letters of L. N. Tolstoi_, compiled by P. S. Sergienko, _notes_ 53, 398. New Guinea, _note_ 243. Newton, Isaac, _p._ 83. New York, _p._ 95, _notes_ 127, 215, 388. Nicholaev, in Kazan, _p._ 185. Nicholaev, Grigori, an outlaw, _pp._ 166, 396. Nicholaev, _note_ 96. Nicholai, _see_ Tolstoi, N. N., Count. Nicholas II, Alexandrovich, ex-Emperor, _pp._ 21, 149, 395; _notes_ 49, 225. Nicholas I, Pavlovich, Emperor, _p._ 43. Nicholskoe, estate of the counts Olsuphiev, _pp._ 24, 29, 30, 117, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 132, 133, 134, 135, 391; _notes_ 55, 191. Nicholskoe, estate of Count S. L. Tolstoi, _p._ 228; _note_ 311. Nietzche, Friedrich, _p._ 163 _Niva_, a magazine (No. 51) _p._ 296; _notes_ 346, 362, 392, 399. Nobel, Alfred, _p._ 148; _note_ 220. Nobel prize, _pp._ 148, 395; _notes_ 220, 227. _Notes of a Madman_, by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 109, 113, 392, 396; _note_ 165. _Nov_, a newspaper, _note_ 129. Novaia Alexandria, _note_ 379. Novikov, the brother of M. P. Novikov, _pp._ 31, 143, 163. Novikov, M. P., _pp._ 31, 143, 144, 160; _notes_ 61, 205. _Novoe Vremia_, a newspaper, _notes_ 74, 147, 182, 204, 253.

Obdorsk (government of Tobolsk), _notes_ 130, 300, 364. “Obnovlenie,” a publishing firm, _notes_ 125, 126, 134, 377. Obolensky, E. V., princess, Tolstoi’s niece, _p._ 262; _notes_ 257, 370. Obolensky, M. L., Princess, Tolstoi’s daughter, “Masha,” _pp._ 14, 35, 53, 85, 100, 140, 142, 185, 194, 228, 233, 237, 245, 256, 262, 277, 292, 389; _notes_ 12, 32, 54, 105, 131, 193, 198, 201. Obolensky, N. L., Prince, Tolstoi’s son-in-law, “Kolasha,” “Kolia,” _pp._ 5, 142, 233, 262, 277, 292, 389, 405; _notes_ 12, 32, 60, 199, 201, 290. Odessa, _pp._ 182, 397; _note_ 379. _Ohne Staat_, a German newspaper, _note_ 56. Olga, _see_ Tolstoi, O. C., Countess. Olkhovik, P. V., _pp._ 85, 394; _note_ 134. Olsuphiev, A. M., Countess, _p._ 132; _note_ 190. Olsuphiev, A. V., Count, _p._ 149; _note_ 224. Olsuphiev, M. A., Count, _pp._ 129, 391; _note_ 185. Olsuphievs, the Counts, _pp._ 21, 24, 125, 391; _notes_ 48, 55. “On Abyssinians,” an article by Tolstoi, _see_ “Letter to the Italians, a.” _On a Cart_, a story by Chekhov, _p._ 186. “On Art,” _see_ _What is Art?_ “On the Condition of the People,” _see_ “Famine or No Famine.” _On Life_, Tolstoi’s book, _notes_ 37, 178. _On Life_, transcript by Hall, _p._ 125; _note_ 178. “On Science,” _see_ “Preface to Carpenter’s article ‘Contemporary Science.’” “On War,” an article by Tolstoi, _p._ 393; _note_ 146. “On War,” a French pamphlet, _p._ 7. “On Whipping,” _see_ _Shameful_. “Only Possible Solution of the Land Problem, the,” Tolstoi’s article, _note_ 96. _Open Court, The_, a magazine, _note_ 206. Orel, _note_ 295. Orenburg, _note_ 63. Ossipov, Peter, a peasant from Yasnaya Polyana, _p._ 165; _note_ 241. Ovsiannikovo, T. L. Sukhotin’s estate, _pp._ 6, 245; _notes_ 11, 13, 350.

P., _p._ 218. Paris, _p._ 216; _note_ 87. Pascal, Blaise, _pp._ 15, 273. Pashkov Sect, _p._ 188; _note_ 226. _Paths of Life_, by L. Tolstoi, _p._ 201; _note_ 289. “Patriotism or Peace?” _see_ “About Patriotism.” Paul, the apostle, _p._ 232; _note_ 249. Pavlenkov, F. F., _note_ 398. Peasant-Poet, from Kazan, _p._ 163. Perer, _p._ 32. Perfileev, V. S., _p._ 105; _note_ 163. Persianninov, _pp._ 72, 182, 396. Pet., _p._ 195. _Peterburgskaia Viedomosti_, a newspaper, _pp._ 158, 160, 211, 395; _notes_ 222, 232. Petrograd (St. Petersburg), _pp._ 124, 391; _notes_ 47, 90, 138, 145, 174, 176, 192, 300, 379. Petrovich, _pp._ 182, 396. Pharesov, A. I., _p._ 210. Phedoseev, N. I., _p._ 193; _note_ 279. Philosophov, N. A., _p._ 9; _note_ 30. Pickard, Elizabeth, _p._ 240; _note_ 342. Pirogovo, Count S. N. Tolstoi’s estate, _pp._ 52, 60, 85, 163, 246, 262, 269, 391; _note_ 84. Planidin, P. V., Dukhobor, _note_ 300. Plato, _p._ 95. “Ploughman, the,” a poem by V. D. Liapunov, _p._ 199; _note_ 288. Podsolnechnaia, _note_ 55. “Politics,” Aristotle’s, _p._ 131; _note_ 187. Poltava, _note_ 314. Popov, E. I. (“Evgenie Ivanovich”), _pp._ 143, 199, 205, 217; _notes_ 38, 207. Posha, _see_ Biriukov, P. I. “Posrednik,” a Moscow publishing firm, _notes_ 9, 19, 21, 75, 96, 102, 115, 119, 135, 149, 150, 167, 182, 259, 286, 357, 366. “Posrednik,” a Slavonian publishing firm, _p._ 178; _note_ 259. _Posthumous Literary Works of L. N. Tolstoi_, published by A. L. Tolstoi, _notes_ 89, 112, 165, 244. “Posthumous Notes of the Monk, Fedor Kuzmich, the,” by L. Tolstoi, _p._ 396; _note_ 266. _Power of Darkness, the_, Tolstoi’s drama, _p._ 8; _note_ 10. Pozdniakov, V. N. (“The Dukhobor”), _p._ 256; _note_ 364. Preface by L. Tolstoi to the English edition of _What is Art?_ _pp._ 211, 393. Preface (by L. Tolstoi) to the work of T. M. Bondarev, _note_ 90. Preface (by L. Tolstoi) to Carpenter’s article, “Contemporary Science” (“On Science,” “Carpenter”), _pp._ 161, 165, 167, 171, 175, 206, 393; _note_ 135. Prescriptions, _pp._ 83, 88, 171, 403. Priest, the, _p._ 185. _Problems of Philosophy and Psychology_, _notes_ 129, 169, 238, 265, 268, 278, 298. _Progress, as an Evolution of Cruelty_, a book by M. A. Engelhardt, _p._ 293; _note_ 398. Prugavin, A. S., _note_ 222. Public Library in Moscow, the, _p._ 136. Public Library in Petersburg, the, _note_ 138. Pugachev, _p._ 277. Purleigh, a town in England, _note_ 194.

Quakers, _notes_ 221, 342, 353.

Rachinsky, S. A., _p._ 27; _note_ 57. Rakhmanov, V. V., _note_ 140. Raphael, _pp._ 103, 128. Razin, Stenka, _p._ 277. _Reading Circle, the_, by L. Tolstoi, _notes_ 167, 177, 366, 387. _Religion des Geistes, die_, German magazine, _note_ 56. Repine, I. E., _pp._ 93, 194; _notes_ 147, 282. _Resurrection_, Tolstoi’s novel (_Konevsky_), _pp._ 5, 6, 21, 51, 58, 85, 113, 182, 243, 245, 246, 252, 256, 258, 262, 269, 270, 277, 283, 286, 289, 292, 296, 390, 392, 397, 407; _notes_ 1, 23, 96, 158, 190, 266, 346, 362, 371, 374, 376, 381, 392. “Resurrection of Hell and its Destruction, the,” a legend by L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 182, 195, 397; _notes_ 266, 284. Revolutionaries, the, _p._ 272. Riazan, the Province of, _note_ 303. Riga, _note_ 379. Robinson, a teacher, _p._ 185. Rostovtzev, M. N., _p._ 247; _note_ 354. Rostovtzev, N. D., _note_ 354. Rozanov, V. V., _p._ 173; _note_ 253. Rusanov, G. A., _pp._ 95, 182; _notes_ 151, 180. Rusanovs, _p._ 183. _Russ_, a newspaper, _note_ 321. _Russki Trud_, a magazine, _p._ 236; _note_ 336. _Russkia Viedomosti_, a newspaper, _pp._ 222, 390, 395; _notes_ 218, 304.

S., _see_ Tolstoi, S. A., Countess. Safonovo, a village, _p._ 133; _note_ 191. Sakia-Muni, _p._ 81. Salomon, K. A., _pp._ 53, 160; _note_ 87. Samara, the Province of, _pp._ 58, 396; _notes_ 102, 222. Samara, _p._ 148. Sasha, _see_ Tolstoi, A. L., Countess. Schmidt, Eugene, _pp._ 25, 85, 87, 394; _note_ 56. Schmidt, M. A. (“Maria Alexandrovna”), _pp._ 6, 8, 162, 165, 172, 292; _notes_ 13, 177, 252. Schopenhauer, Arthur, _pp._ 8, 400; _note_ 24. Sectarians, _p._ 262; _note_ 218. Seminary student, _p._ 53. Sereda, Cyril, _p._ 394; _note_ 134. Serezha, _see_ Tolstoi, S. L., Count. Serezha, _see_ Tolstoi, S. N., Count. Sergei, _see_ Tolstoi, S. N., Count. Sergienko, P. A., _notes_ 53, 56, 130, 178, 206. Sergiev, I. I. (Kronstad), _p._ 57; _note_ 99. “Sergius,” _see_ _Father Sergius_. Servia, _note_ 46. Shakespeare, William, _pp._ 55, 103, 128, 138, 152; _note_ 94. _Shameful_, an article by Tolstoi (on whipping), _pp._ 8, 393; _notes_ 27, 50. Shamordino (Province of Kaluga, “The Monastery”), _pp._ 70, 391; _notes_ 121, 257. Sharapov, S. F., _note_ 336. Shelkovo, a village, _p._ 135; _note_ 191. Shenshins, the landlords, _pp._ 69, 142; _note_ 118. Shidlovsky, a peasant, _p._ 140; _note_ 202. Shkarvan, A. A., _pp._ 5, 7, 10, 32, 53; _notes_ 8, 31, 91, 233. Shokhor-Trotsky, K. S., _note_ 90. Shorin, Mme., _p._ 132; _note_ 189. _Should it really be so?_ an article by Tolstoi, _note_ 315. Siaskov, M. V. (Maria Vasilievna), _p._ 8; _note_ 21. Siberia, _p._ 390; _notes_ 90, 134, 218, 237, 270, 279, 364. Sidorovo, a village, _p._ 226; _note_ 305. _Sieverni Viestnik_, a magazine, _pp._ 161, 207; _notes_ 53, 135. _Siegfried_, Wagner’s opera, _pp._ 31, 388; _note_ 65. Sinet, _p._ 270; _note_ 380. Siutaev, V. K., _note_ 90. Smolensk, the Province of, _note_ 211. Sobolev, M. N., _p._ 144; _note_ 214. _Social Gospel_, an American magazine, _note_ 296. Socialists, _pp._ 16, 213, 214, 272, 275. Soloviev, S. M., _p._ 188; _note_ 277. Solovievs, Vladimir and Vsevolod Sergeevich, _note_ 277. Sonya, _see_ Tolstoi, S. N., Countess. Sophocles, _pp._ 81, 103. Sopotsko, M. A., _pp._ 22, 394; _note_ 52. _Sovremennik_, a magazine edited by Chernishevsky, _note_ 81. Spielhagen, Friedrich, _p._ 16; _note_ 38. Spier, A. A., _pp._ 31, 32, 35, 56, 115, 388, 400; _notes_ 66, 67, 169. Spiritualists, _p._ 188. St., _p._ 195. St. John, _p._ 49. St. John, A. K., _p._ 148; _note_ 221. St. Thomas, L. Tolstoi’s tutor, _p._ 69; _note_ 119. Stakhovich, A. A., _note_ 212. Stakhoviches, _p._ 144. Stakhovich, M. A., _pp._ 145, 226, 253; _note_ 212. Stakhovich, S. A., _note_ 212. Stasov, V. V., _pp._ 87, 124, 194; _note_ 138. Stcheglov, I. L., _note_ 185. Stead, William, _note_ 342. “Step by Step” people, _p._ 214. Stockholm, _p._ 158; _notes_ 71, 220. _Stockholms Dagbladet_, a Swedish newspaper (_Tagblatt Stokholm_), _p._ 150. “Stones, the,” a legend by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 387. Storozhenko, N. I., _p._ 180; _note_ 262. Storozhenko, O. I., _p._ 388. Strakhov, N. F. (“Natasha Strakhov”), _p._ 52; _note_ 82. Strakhov, N. N., _pp._ 20, 37, 228, 388; _notes_ 47, 76, 316. Strakhov, Ph. A., _pp._ 37, 185; _notes_ 75, 77, 82. Students, from Kharkov, _p._ 5. Student Movement of 1899, the, _p._ 270; _note_ 379. Sudakovo, Shenshins’ estate, _note_ 118. Sudzha (the Province of Kursk), _note_ 38. Sukhotin, M. S., L. Tolstoi’s son-in-law, _p._ 390; _note_ 62. Sukhotin, T. L., L. Tolstoi’s daughter (“Tania”), _pp._ 31, 60, 129, 133, 136, 167, 173, 194, 237, 262; _notes_ 11, 13, 62, 71, 144, 185. Suller, _see_ Sullerzhitsky. Sullerzhitsky, L. A. (“Suller”), _pp._ 199, 253, 258; _notes_ 287, 357, 367. Sumsk, the district of (Province of Kharkov), _notes_ 134, 240. Sverbeev, D. D., _p._ 32; _note_ 69. _Svobodnaia Mysl_, a magazine edited by P. I. Biriukov, _note_ 220. Swede, the, _see_ Langlet. Sweden, _p._ 35; _notes_ 71, 326. Swedes, the, _note_ 378. “Swedish Letter, the,” _see_ “Letter to the Swedish Papers, a.” Swift, Jonathan, _p._ 95. Switzerland, _p._ 237; _note_ 46. Sytin, I. D., _note_ 5.

_Tagblatt Stokholm_, _see_ _Stockholms Dagbladet_. Tania, _see_ Sukhotin, T. L. Tanyeev, Sergei Ivanovich, _pp._ 53, 66; _notes_ 88, 117. Tarovat, _p._ 199. “Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, the,” _p._ 71; _note_ 128. “Thousand and One Nights, the,” _p._ 288. “Three Problems,” a story by L. Tolstoi, _note_ 331. Tiflis, _p._ 5; _notes_ 9, 155. Tischenko, F. F., _p._ 96; _note_ 156. Tobolsk, Province of, _notes_ 130, 364. Tod, the Hindu, _p._ 71. Tolstoi, A. A., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s aunt, _p._ 124; _notes_ 94, 176. Tolstoi, A. L., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s daughter (“Sasha”), _p._ 194; _notes_ 71, 283. Tolstoi, A. L., Count, L. Tolstoi’s son (“Andrusha”), _p._ 143; _note_ 208. “Tolstoi Annual, 1913,” _notes_ 90, 258. Tolstoi, D. F., Countess, born Vesterlund, wife of Count L. L. Tolstoi, _pp._ 70, 146; _notes_ 71, 123, 216, 326. Tolstoi, I. L., Count, L. Tolstoi’s son (“Ilya,” “Iliusha”), _pp._ 14, 70, 143, 150, 277, 391; _notes_ 30, 33, 85, 123, 208, 303, 322. Tolstoi, L. L., Count, L. Tolstoi’s son (“Leo”), _pp._ 70, 146; _notes_ 71, 98, 123, 216, 326, 332. Tolstoi, M. K., Countess, born Rachinsky, first wife of Count S. L. Tolstoi, _p._ 70; _notes_ 57, 123. Tolstoi, M. L., Count, L. Tolstoi’s son, _notes_ 71, 214. Tolstoi, M. L., _see_ Obolensky, M. L. Tolstoi, M. N., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s sister (“Mashenka,” “Maria Nicholaievna”), _pp._ 176, 246, 253, 291; _notes_ 121, 257, 352, 358, 370. Tolstoi, M. S., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s niece (“the girls”) _p._ 53; _note_ 86. Tolstoi Museum in Petrograd, _note_ 223. Tolstoi, N. N., Count, L. Tolstoi’s brother (“Nicholai”), _p._ 173; _note_ 253. Tolstoi, O. C., Countess, born Dieterichs, first wife of Count A. L. Tolstoi (“Olga”), _pp._ 158, 277, 289; _notes_ 231, 338, 389, 394. Tolstoi, S. A., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s wife (“S,” “Sonya,” “Wife”), _pp._ 5, 8, 10, 35, 68, 70, 86, 124, 125, 136, 150, 163, 172, 226, 231, 243, 245, 246, 256, 283, 286, 374, 404; _notes_ 3, 66, 71, 96, 121, 129, 199, 242, 258, 303, 359, 365, 374. Tolstoi, S. L., Count, L. Tolstoi’s son (“Serezha”), _pp._ 70, 86, 223, 226, 258, 292; _notes_ 57, 96, 123, 135, 136, 257, 311, 367. Tolstoi, S. N., Count, L. Tolstoi’s brother (“Sergei,” “Serezha,” “Brother S”), _pp._ 52, 60, 85, 246, 276, 286, 391; _notes_ 65, 84, 85, 86, 110, 133, 351, 360. Tolstoi, S. N., Countess, born Philosophov, wife of Count I. L. Tolstoi (“Sonya,” “Daughter-in-Law”), _pp._ 70, 232, 277; _notes_ 30, 123, 322, 385. Tolstoi, T. L., Countess, _see_ Sukhotin, T. L. Tolstoi, Vera S., Countess, L. Tolstoi’s niece (“The Girls”), _pp._ 53, 253; _note_ 86. Tolstoi, V. P., Count, the husband of L. Tolstoi’s sister, _note_ 257. Tolstoyanism, _p._ 178. Tomsk, _note_ 379. Transvaal, _p._ 395. Tregubov, I. M. (“Ivan Mikhailovich”), _pp._ 93, 133, 135, 139, 143, 145, 146, 181, 185, 195, 198, 253, 389, 393; _notes_ 148, 160, 173, 195, 196, 219. _Trilby_, _p._ 25. Trophime, a peasant, _p._ 59. Trubetzkoi, S. N., Prince, _p._ 181; _note_ 265. Tsurikovs, the landlords, _pp._ 226, 232; _note_ 308. Tula, _pp._ 53, 69, 89, 174, 195, 198; _notes_ 63, 98, 236, 325. Tula District Court, _notes_ 49, 237. Tula, the Province of, _pp._ 390, 391; _notes_ 61, 84, 236, 261, 303. Tver, _pp._ 19, 198; _note_ 41. “Two Wars,” the article by L. Tolstoi, _p._ 393. Typist, the, _p._ 148.

Ukhtomsky, E. E., Prince, _p._ 236; _note_ 334. Umansk, the district of (Province of Kiev), _note_ 270. United States of America, _notes_ 36, 37, 46. Ursin, M., _see_ Zdziekhovsky, M. E. Usev, P. S., _note_ 394.

Vanderveer (“The Hollander”), _pp._ 70, 89, 146, 163; _notes_ 124, 125. Van-Duyl, _note_ 18. Varia, _see_ Nagornov, V. V. _Vegetarian Review_, the magazine, _note_ 13. Venezuela, _note_ 36. Verigin, P. V., a Dukhobor, _pp._ 75, 394; _notes_ 9, 130, 300, 364. Verkholensk, _p._ 193; _note_ 134. Verus, _note_ 384. Viatka, the village of, _p._ 94. Viazemsky, Prince, _p._ 185. _Viestnik Evropa_, _p._ 236. Vietrova, M. F., _pp._ 136, 389; _note_ 192. Virgil, _p._ 128. Vivekânanda, Svami, _note_ 127. Vladimir, the ikon of, _p._ 165. Vladivostok, _notes_ 17, 134. Volkonsky, G. M., Prince, _p._ 395. Voronezh, the disciplinary battalion of, _note_ 38. Voronezh, the prison of, _note_ 38. _Vrede_, a Dutch magazine, _note_ 124.

Wagner, Richard, _pp._ 31, 388; _note_ 65. Walz, _p._ 6; _note_ 10. _War Against War_, Stead’s magazine, _note_ 342. Westerlund, Ernest, _p._ 233; _note_ 326. Westrup, _p._ 286; _note_ 388. _What is Art?_ L. Tolstoi’s book on art, _pp._ 88, 90, 96, 117, 120, 125, 127, 129, 136, 137, 139, 140, 144, 145, 150, 160, 161, 162, 163, 174, 175, 178, 180, 181, 182, 185, 195, 199, 206, 393, 398, 400; _notes_ 65, 93, 142, 181, 238, 247, 254, 255, 265, 267, 268, 269, 278. _What is my Faith?_ Tolstoi’s book, _p._ 31. _What Then Shall We Do?_ L. Tolstoi’s book, _note_ 90. “Where is Thy Brother?” the article by V. G. Chertkov, _p._ 226; _note_ 312. “Where is the Way Out?” the article by Tolstoi, _note_ 315. “Who is Right?” Tolstoi’s story, _pp._ 5, 392; _note_ 5. “Whom to Serve?” the book by A. I. Arkhangelsky, _p._ 113; _note_ 167. Willard, _p._ 240; _note_ 343. Witte, S. I., _p._ 91; _note_ 145. Women, Tolstoi’s attitude toward them, _note_ 177. Workingman from Tula, a, _p._ 53. Workingman, the, _p._ 57. “Works of the St. Petersburgh Philosophic Society,” _note_ 187. _Works of Count L. N. Tolstoi_, published by Countess S. A. Tolstoi, _note_ 398.

Yakutsk, _note_ 270. Yakutsk, the region of, _pp._ 256, 390; _note_ 134. Yaremichov, _p._ 59. Yaroshenko, N. A., _p._ 124; _note_ 175. Yasenki, a post-office branch, _pp._ 35, 142, 160, 161, 167, 172. Yasnaya Polyana, _pp._ 3, 4, 5, 7, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60, 68, 70, 74, 78, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 136, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 177, 232, 236, 237, 240, 243, 245, 253, 256, 258, 262, 265, 269, 270, 275, 276, 277, 283, 286, 289, 388, 390, 394, 406. Yeniseisk, the government of, _note_ 90.

Zakaz, the forest near Yasnaya Polyana, _p._ 58, _note_ 101. Zakharin, G. A., _p._ 176; _note_ 256. Zanini, _pp._ 90, 96; _notes_ 144, 155. Zdziekhovsky, M. E., _p._ 22; _note_ 53. Zhebelev, S. A., _note_ 187. Zyabrev, C. N., a peasant from Yasnaya Polyana (“Bieli”), _p._ 6; _note_ 16.

SPEAKING ABOUT RUSSIA--

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IDEALS AND REALITIES IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE: By P. Kropotkin. Generally considered the best history of Russian literature available in English. Third edition. $2.00

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RUSSIA’S MESSAGE: By William English Walling. A new, revised and cheaper edition of the only book in English that tells the truth about the Russian peasant and explains the recent Revolution. With over twenty hitherto unpublished illustrations. $1.50

All prices are net.

ALFRED A. KNOPF, PUBLISHER, NEW YORK

[Transcriber’s Notes:

The marker “[1][A]” (I continue[1][A]) was changed from “1” to clearly show that it points to two references, a footnote and an end note.

Errors in punctuation have been corrected. Inconsistency in the use of period in initials representing omitted names, e.g., “N.” and “N”, has been retained.

No changes to the numbers and words in the text, including those with variant spellings and inconsistent hyphenation, capitalization, and formatting, have been made except the following:

Page xi, “Yasnaya” changed from “Yasanaya” (home in Yasnaya). Page xvi, “Tatiana” changed from “Titiana” (eldest daughter Tatiana). Page xviii, “to” inserted before “hear or understand them”. Contents, page no. “210” corrected from “213”. Page 21, “To-day” changed from “Today” (To-day, _Feb. 13, Moscow_). Page 23, “fulfil” changed from “fufil” (he must fulfil them). Page 31, “jotted” changed from “jolted” (In all I have jotted). Page 56, italics added in “It seems to me, _June 6, Ysn. Pol._” Page 70, inserted paragraph break before “_August 1, Ysn. Pol. If I live._” Page 173, inserted “24” in “Nov. 24, Y. P.” Page 193, “Verkholensk” changed from “Verhkolensk” (a letter from Verkholensk). Page 204, “sometimes” changed from “sometime” (coincide, and can sometimes not). Page 221, duplicated “the” deleted (slaves and the women). Page 228, marker for Note 315 transferred from “Varia.” (Masha, Varia.) to “_The Appeal_.” (on _The Appeal_.[315]). Page 237, marker for Note 339 transferred from “Bulgaria.” (Boulanger to Bulgaria.) to “quarrelled.” (all quarrelled.[339]). Page 238, “physical” changed from “physicial” (in physical suffering). Page 252, “oneself” changed from “onself” (one means--to perfect oneself). Page 272, “vestigial” changed from “vestigal” (... is vestigial). Note 24, “V.” changed from “O.” (Ph. V. Chernigovitz); “greatest” changed from “grestest” (the greatest geniuses). Note 29, “hospital” changed from “hosptial” (military hospital in Moscow). Note 34, “Vladimir” changed from “Vladimar” (Vladimir Grigorevich Chertkov). Note 42, “Varvara” changed from “Vavara” (Tolstoi’s niece, Varvara Valerianovna). Note 45, “Makovický” changed from “Makovcký” (Dušan Makovický). Note 54, “M. L.” changed from “N. L.” (by M. L. Tolstoi). Note 64, “I. L.” changed from “E. L.” (I. L. Goremykin and N. V.). Note 66, “Wirklichkeit” changed from “Wirchlikeit” (_Denken und Wirklichkeit_). Note 78, “University” changed from “Universtiy” (at the Moscow University). Note 85, “I. L.” changed from “T. L.” (by Count I. L. Tolstoi). Note 94, “Countess” changed from “Count” (to Countess A. A. Tolstoi). Note 96, “Countess” changed from “Count” (to Countess S. A. Tolstoi). Note 138, “V. V.” changed from “V. A.” (Memory of V. V. Stasov). Note 160, “I. M.” changed from “I. N.” (P. I. Biriukov, I. M. Tregubov). Note 163, “Vasili” changed from “Vasali” (Vasili Stepanovich Perfileev). Note 167, “Bulgaria” changed from “Bulgardia” [in Bourgas (Bulgaria)]. Note 173, “I. M.” changed from “I. N.” (I. M. Tregubov to Goldingen). Note 177, “irreplaceable” changed from “irreplacable” (great and irreplaceable). Note 184, “violinist” changed from “volinist” (the violinist and the pianist). Note 207, “38” changed from “43” (see Note 38). Note 219, “P. A.” changed from “B. A.” (P. A. Boulanger was sent); “I. M.” changed from “I. N.” (I. M. Tregubov were exiled). Numbering of Note 234 corrected from “324”. Note 243, “N. N.” changed from “M. N.” (N. N. Miklukha-Maklai). Notes 246 and 253, “Knizhki” changed from “Knighki” [_Knizhki Nedieli_ in 1897; _Knizhki Nedieli_ (1897, Nos. 9–11)]. Note 248, “2” changed from “1” (Chapter XIV, Verse 2). Note 257, “Nagornov” changed from “Nagarnov” (Mme. V. V. Nagornov). Note 262, “Nicholai” changed from “Nichalai” (Nicholai Ilich Storozhenko). Note 279, “Evgrafovich” changed from “Evgrafovivh” (Nicholas Evgrafovich Phedoseev). Note 294, “contemporary” changed from “contemporaary” (of contemporary science). Note 316, “Strakhov” changed from “Stakhov” (deceased, N. N. Strakhov). Note 338, “Constantinovna” changed from “Constantinova” (and Olga Constantinovna). Note 386, “384” changed from “385” (See Note 384). Page 387, “June” changed from “July” (August, 1896; June, 1897). Page 388, “Strakhov” changed from “Strahkov” (philosopher, N. N. Strakhov). Page 390, “M. S.” changed from “N. S.” (married to M. S. Sukhotin). Page 391, “and” changed from “anr” (August and November, 1898). Page 394, “Manson” changed from “Mason” (2. John Manson). Page 395, “15” corrected from “16” (15. To the _Russkia Viedomosti_). Page 396, “Persianninov” changed from “Persianinov” (old man, Persianninov). Page 397, “Korni” changed from “Korin” (1897, “Korni Vasiliev”). Footnote a18, “136” changed from “404” (March 9, 1897, page 136). Footnote a19, “April 4, page 137, and April 9, 1897, page 139” changed from “April 4 and 9, 1897, page 137”. In the Index, topic “Biography of L. N. Tolstoi”, “P. I.” changed from “I. P.” topic “Bourgas”, “Bulgaria” changed from “Bulgardia”. topic “‘Carthago Delenda Est’”, “221” changed from “222”. topic “‘Catechism’”, “the” changed from “The”. topic “‘Declaration of Faith’”, last “the” changed from “The”. topic “Desert of Optina”, “Optina” changed from “Optin”. topic “Dukhobors”, “353” changed from “352”. topic “Epictetus”, assignment of “261” as page number changed from note number. topic “Evgenie Ivanovich”, “Evgenie” changed from “Evgeni”. topic “Famine-Stricken, The”, “270” changed from “271”. topic “‘Free Press, the’”, “297, 298” changed from “1297, 1298”. topic “Gay, N. N., the artist’s son”, assignment of “269, 271, 283” as page numbers changed from note numbers. topic “Geneva”, deleted note reference “18”. topic “Goethe”, “94” changed from “97”. topic “Gorbunov (Posadov), I. I.”, deleted note reference “37”. topic “Gorbunovs”, “244” changed from “255”. topic “Grinevka”, “226” changed from “225”; assignment of “391” as page number changed from note number. topic “Gubonin” changed from “Gubonon”. topic “Ivan Mikhailovich”, “Tregubov” changed from “Tregunov”. topic “Kasatkin”, “214, 263” changed from “214–243”. topic “Kazan”, “146” changed from “46”. topic “Kaznacheevka” changed from “Kaznacheecka”. topic “Kh., N. l.” changed from “Kh., Nl.” topic “Klein, I-Kh.”, “I-Kh.” changed from “I. Kh.” topic “Kolechka, Kolichka”, “N. N.” changed from “N. M.” topic “Kuzminsky, T. A.”, “Tanya” changed from “Tania”. topic “Leipzig”, “384” changed from “284”. topic “‘Letter to the Swedish Newspapers, a’”, “Nobel” changed from “Noble”. topic “Letters of Count Tolstoi to His Wife”, “of” changed from “to”; “365” changed from “265”. topic “Longinov, V. V.”, “209” changed from “204”. topic “Makovitsky” changed from “Makovitzky”. topic “Mallory” changed from “Malory”. topic “Maria Nicholaievna”, “Nicholaievna” changed from “Nicholaevna”. topic “Masha”, “M. L.” changed from “M. N.” topic “Moscow”, “390” changed from “398”. topic “N, NN, A, B, V, G, Z”, “186” changed from “187”. topic “Nazarenes, the”, “46” changed from “33”. topic “Nicholaev, Grigori”, “166” changed from “155”. topic “Nicholai” changed from “Nicholas”. topic “_Niva_”, “362” changed from “352”. topic “Obolensky, M. L.”, “Masha” changed from “Mesha”; “35” changed from “23”. topic “Obolensky, N. L.”, “Prince” changed from “prince”. topic “Olsuphiev, M. A.”, deleted note reference “391”. topic “‘On Abyssinians’”, inserted “, a”. topic “‘On the Condition of the People’”, “No” changed from “no”. topic “‘On Whipping’”, “_Shameful_” changed from “‘Shame’”. topic “Ovsiannikovo”, “13” changed from “130”. topic “Pashkov Sect”, “188” changed from “189”. topic “_Paths of Life_”, “201” changed from “2”. topic “Perfileev” changed from “Perfiluv”. topic “Petrovich”, page reference “396” changed from note reference “397”. topic “Pharesov” changed from “Pharisov”. topic “Popov, E. I.”, “Evgenie” changed from “Evgeni”. topic “Posha”, “Biriukov” changed from “Biriukop”. topic “‘Posrednik,’ a Moscow publishing firm”, deleted note reference “1”. topic “_Power of Darkness, the_”, “8” changed from “18”. topic “Preface by L. Tolstoi to the English edition of _What is Art?_”, assignment of “393” as page number changed from note number. topic “_Resurrection_”, note reference “392” changed from “342”. topic “_Russkia Viedomosti_”, deleted note references “390, 395”. topic “S.”, “Countess” changed from “countess”. topic “Safonovo” changed from “Safonova”. topic “Sectarians”, “262” changed from “252”. topic “Sergius”, “_Father Sergius_.” changed from “‘Father Sergius.’” topic “Shamordino” changed from “Shamordin”. topic “Shokhor-Trotsky” changed from “Shokhor-Trosky”. topic “Sophocles”, assignment of “103” as page number changed from note number. topic “Strakhov, N. F.”, “Strakhov” in “Natasha Strakhov” changed from “Strakhova”. topic “Strakhov, Ph. A.”, “Ph.” changed from “Th.” topic “Sudakovo” changed from “Sudakova”. topic “Suller”, “Sullerzhitsky” changed from “Suller Zhitsky”. topic “Swedish Letter, the”, inserted “, a”. topic “_Tagblatt Stokholm_”, “Stockholms” changed from “Stokholms”. topic “Tobolsk” changed from “Tolbolsk”. topic “Tolstoi, A. L., Count”, “A. L.” changed from “A. I.” topic “Tolstoi, D. F.”, “L. L.” changed from “L. I.”; “146” changed from “144”. topic “Tolstoi, I. L.”, “Ilya” changed from “Idya”. topic “Tolstoi, M. N., Countess”, “Nicholaievna” changed from “Nicholaevna”. topic “Tolstoi, O. C.”, “Dieterichs” changed from “Ditterichs”. topic “Tolstoi, S. A.”, deleted note reference “404”. topic “Tolstoi, S. N., Count”, “Tolstoi’s” changed from “Toilstoi’s”; “Serezha” changed from “Serzha”; “Brother S” changed from “Brothers”. topic “Transvaal”, “_p._” changed from “_note_”. topic “Tregubov, I. M.”, page number “143” changed from “183”. topic “Ursin, M.”, “Zdziekhovsky” changed from “Zdiekhovsky”. topic “Varia”, “Nagornov, V. V.” changed from “Nagornova”. topic “Verus”, “384” changed from “284”. topic “_What Then Shall We Do?_”, “We” changed from “W”. topic “‘Works of the St. Petersburgh Philosophic Society’”, “187” changed from “189”. topic “Zdziekhovsky” changed from “Zdiekhovski”. entry “Zyabrev, A. T., a peasant from Yasnaya Polyana, _note_ 16”, an inexact duplicate of entry for topic “Zyabrev, C. N.”, deleted. positions of out-of-order entries corrected. italicization of “_p._”, “_pp._”, “_note_”, “_notes_”, and “_see_” made consistent. incorrect uses of “_p._”, “_pp._”, “_note_”, and “_notes_” repaired. positions of out-of-order page and note number references corrected.

Use of additional vertical space to separate journal entries has been made consistent.

Some portions of the text that appear to be typographical errors are printed as such in the original book. A list of these possible misprints follows:

Page x, “formerly” for “formally” (formerly anathematised). Page 37, “Th.” for “Ph.” (Strakhov Th. A.). Page 53, “Salamon” for “Salomon” and “Tanyee” for “Tanyeev” (Salamon,[87] Tanyee.[88]...). Page 92, “(in relation to God” and “(1 in the sense” share a single closing parenthesis, “of a number)”. Page 131, “á” for “à” (á l’agriculture). Page 185, no period in the paragraph ending with “12) ----[271]”. Page 193, “editor _The Adult_” for “editor of _The Adult_”. Page 198, “l.” for “L.” or “I.” (Tula: N. l. Kh.). Page 228, “Bobrika” for “Bobriki” (went to Bobrika). Note 80, “Alexandrovich” for “Ivanonich” (Alexander Alexandrovich Herzen). Note 90, “Nicholaievich” for “Michailovich” (Timofei Nicholaievich Bondarev). Note 261, “Gorobov” for “Gorokov” or “Gorokhov” (neighbouring landlord, Gorobov).]