CHAPTER XXI

THE LEGAL POSITION OF THE JEWS IN THE LATER EMPIRE

Footnote 387:

The theory advanced by Wilcken-Mitteis (Grundzüge und Chrestomathie der Pap. vol. I.) that all who paid a poll-tax were _dediticii_, and therefore excluded from the Const. Ant. is wholly gratuitous. There is no evidence whatever connecting the _dediticii_ with the poll-tax.

Footnote 388:

There are few reliable statements in the extant texts for estimating the population. Beloch’s work on the subject puts all the data together, but nothing except uncertain conjectures can be offered.

Footnote 389:

Lanciani, Ancient Rome, pp. 50-51; Pelham, Essays on Roman History, pp. 268 seq.

Footnote 390:

Lampridius, Alex. 33: _corpora omnium constituit vinariorum_ ... _et omnino omnium artium_.

Footnote 391:

These are the _collegia, idcirco instituta ut necessariam operam publicis utilitatibus exhiberent_ (Dig. 50, 6, 6, 1). They are the transportation companies and others engaged in caring for and distributing the _annona_, the fire companies and the burial associations of the poor. Cf. C. I. L. vi. 85, 29691; x. 1642, xiv. 2112.

Footnote 392:

The _institutio alimentaria_ commemorated on the marble slabs (_anaglypha_) in the Forum and by the bronze tablets of Veleia and the Baebiani (C. I. L. ix. 1147; xi. 1455). It had begun with Nerva: _puellas puerosque natos parentibus egestosis sumptu publico per Italiae oppida ali iussit_ (Aur. Vict., Nerva, xii.).

Footnote 393:

An entire article of the Digest (26, 1) is devoted to the _tutela_. Another one (27, 1) deals with _excusationes_, which are mainly exemptions from the burden of the _tutela_.

Footnote 394:

The distinction is thoroughgoing in the penal clauses cited in the Digest. It was already established in Trajan’s time (Plin. Ep. X. lxxix. 3). It is implied in Suetonius, Gaius, 27: _multos honesti ordinis_. It is doubtful, however, whether the distinction was already recognized in the time of Caligula.

Footnote 395:

Gaius wrote about 150 C.E., probably in the eastern provinces.

Footnote 396:

Abot ii. 5. The saying of Hillel has no direct reference to apostasy, and concerns rather arrogance or eccentricity of conduct. But it literally describes the act by which such a man as Tiberius Julius Alexander ceased to be classed as a Jew.

Footnote 397:

Cf. Plutarch, Numa, 17; Dionys. Hal. iv. 43.

Footnote 398:

Dig. 50, 2, 3, 3.

Footnote 399:

Cod. Theod. viii. 14.

Footnote 400:

Exodus xxi. 2; Josephus, Ant. IV. viii. 28.

Footnote 401:

Bab. Bat. 3b; Gittin 46b. The duty was regarded as of the highest urgency.

Footnote 402:

Vogelstein and Rieger, Gesch. der Juden, p. 61 seq. Friedländer, Darstellungen der Sitt. 7th i. p. 514.

Footnote 403:

Ox. Pap. ii. no. 276.

Footnote 404:

Aurelian reigned from 270-275 C.E. The _sol invictus_ whom he adored was probably the Baal of Palmyra. Cumont, Les rel. orient, pp. 170, 367, n. 59.

Footnote 405:

Cod. Theod. xvi. 4.

Footnote 406:

In 311 C.E. Galerius, and in 318 C.E. Constantine and Licinius, legalized the practice of Christianity. In 380 C.E., by the edict of Thessalonica, most of the heathen practices became penal offenses.

Footnote 407:

Every state as such had its characteristic and legally established state ritual. Many centuries later Gladstone, then “the rising hope of the stern and unbending Tories,” stated, as a self-evident proposition, that a government in its collective capacity must profess a religion (The Church in its Relation to the State, 1839).

Footnote 408:

Cyprian. De catholicae ecclesiae unitate, ch. x.

Footnote 409:

Matth. v. 13. Cf. generally the Pauline Epistles, _e.g._ II. Corinth. xiii. 13.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PERIODICALS

The Jewish Quarterly Review: First Series, London, 1889-1900. Second Series, Philadelphia, 1910-date.

Revue de études juives, Paris, 1880-date.

Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, Breslau, 1851-date.

ENCYCLOPEDIAS

Jewish Encyclopedia: New York, 1901-1906.

Encyclopedia Biblica: London, 1899.

Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, 1901-1904.

Hastings’ Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, 1908. Not yet completed.

Daremberg-Saglio: Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, 1877. Not yet completed.

Pauly-Wissowa: Realenzyklopädie, 1894. Not yet completed.

Schaff-Herzog-Hauck: Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Kirche und Theologie. 3d ed. Eng. tr. 1908.

GENERAL REFERENCE BOOKS

Grätz: Geschichte der Juden (1873-1895). Eng. tr., History of the Jews (1891).

Schürer: Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (4th ed.), 1901.

Juster: Les juifs dans l’empire romain, 1914.

Wendland: Die hellenistisch-römische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zum Judentum und Christentum, 1912.

Wendland-Poland-Baumgarten: Die hellenistische Kultur.

Friedländer: Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms. Leipzig (7th ed.). Eng. tr. London, 1909.

Cumont: Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, 1912.

INDEX

Aboda Zara, 329.

Abstraction, 42.

Aelia Capitolina, 288, 342.

Aeolian, 50.

Africanus, the Younger, 45.

Agatharchidas, 178.

Agrippa I, king of the Jews, 283, 313.

Agrippa II, king of the Jews, 290.

Akiba, rabbi, 342.

Akmonia, 327.

Alexander (Jannai), king of the Jews, 274.

Alexander Severus, Roman emperor, 346, 356.

Alexander the Great, 37, 38, 52, 78, 212, 368.

Alexandria, 91, 107 _seq._, 200, 229, 255, 339, 362.

Allia, 252.

Amalekites, 77.

Antigonus, 128.

Antigonus, king of the Jews, 267, 270.

Antigonus of Socho, 128, 133, 386.

Antinois, 107.

Antioch, 119, 138, 282.

Antiochus Cyzicenus, 63, 275.

Antiochus Epiphanes, 135 _seq._, 205.

Antiochus Sidetes, 63.

Anti-Semitism, 97.

Apamea, 226.

Apella, 177, 248, 402.

Aphrodite, 32, 114, 376.

Apion, 168, 170, 189.

Apocrypha, 18, 67, 331.

Apollo, 27, 46, 168.

Apollonius Molo, 170, 194.

Appuleius Decianus, 223.

Aramaic, 118.

Archelaus, 278.

Archigallus, 389.

Aristobulus I, son of John Hyrcanus, 63.

Aristobulus II, son of Alexander Jannai, 64, 267.

Aristophanes, 24.

Aristotle, 81, 84, 212.

Armenia, 265.

Army, Roman, 352.

Artaxerxes Ochus, 61, 181.

Artemis, 27, 140.

Asclepius, 46.

Asebeia, 34, 35, 123, 163 _seq._, 334, 376.

Asia Minor, 58, 63, 331, 348.

Asianism, 198.

Ass, 168 _seq._

Assideans. See Hasidim.

Assuan, 60, 96.

Astrology, 241, 243, 317, 407.

Atheism, 100, 191 _seq._, 335.

Athena, 33, 83.

Athens, 52.

Atonement, Day of, 399 _seq._

Atticism, 198.

Augustus, Roman emperor, 245, 254, 257, 294.

Aurelian, Roman emperor, 366.

Avaris, 173.

Babylon, 56, 266.

Bacchanalia, 166, 238, 310.

Bagoas, 62.

Barbarian, 49, 51.

Bar Kochba. See Bar Kosiba.

Bar Kosiba, 65, 342, 348.

Bastian, 377.

Ben Sira. See Jesus, son of Sira.

Bible, 20, 59, 60.

Byzantine, 411.

Cabiri, 149.

Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar), 222, 244, 294.

Caligula. See Gaius.

Calumnia, 332 _seq._

Camillus, 45.

Candide, 85.

Caphthor, 77, 381.

Caracalla, 348, 351.

Carthage, 45, 188.

Cassius, Dio. See Dio Cassius.

Catiline, 222, 260.

Celsus, 255.

Chaeremo, 201.

Chaldeans, 244, 255.

Charles, 19.

Chrestus, 313.

Christians, 313, 316, 346, 366.

Cicero, 53, 196, 220 _seq._

Circumcision, 80, 143, 345, 411.

Citium, 114, 376.

City-state, 69, 105 _seq._

Claudius, Roman emperor, 284, 313.

Clearchus, 84.

Clemens. See Flavius Clemens.

Clemens, of Alexandria, 86, 200.

Clodius, 244.

Constantine, 353.

Constitutio Antoniniana, 262, 350, 361, 371, 403.

Crassus, 265, 397.

Credulity, 176, 271.

Crete, 164, 186.

Cybele, 46, 158, 161, 238, 242.

Cynics, 158, 240.

Cyprian, 366.

Cyprus, 33, 338.

Cyrene, 249, 338.

Damocritus, 170, 189.

Daniel, Book of, 52, 135.

David, 73, 179.

Dead Sea, 81.

_Dediticii_, 361.

Deification, 37 _seq._, 261.

Delphi, 231, 378.

Deme, 107.

Demeter, 27.

Demetrius, Jewish writer, 127.

Demetrius (the Besieger), 38, 127, 212.

Demosthenes, 53.

Diagoras of Melos, 193.

Diana. See Artemis.

Diaspora, 60, 208, 369.

Diatribe, 158.

Dio Cassius, 300, 334, 338, 342.

Diocletian, 350, 353, 365.

Dionysus, 32, 35, 142, 171, 376.

Dioscuri, 46.

Domitian, 335.

Dorian, 50.

Druids, 142, 319.

Ecclesia, 366, 408.

Ecclesiasticus. See Jesus, son of Sira.

Egypt, 80, 88, 97, 144, 152, 153, 166, 172, 249, 269, 305, 338, 345, 353, 362.

Eleazar, 206.

Elephantine, 60, 96, 97, 180.

Eleusis, 35, 152, 377.

Eliphaz, 70.

Ennius, 53.

Epicurus, 164.

Eschatology, 72, 161.

Essenes, 279.

Ethiopic, 19.

Etruscans, 43, 210, 213, 321.

Euhemerus, 47.

Euphrates, river, 87.

Eusebia, 339, 342.

Euthyphro, 84.

Exodus, 96, 99.

Ezra, 57.

Fast, 399.

_Fiscus Iudaicus_, 332, 363.

Flaccus, prefect of Egypt, 200.

Flaccus, proconsul of Asia, 221.

Flavius Clemens, 335, 336.

Florus, Gessius, 283, 286.

Formula, 43.

Freedmen, 220, 245, 255, 307, 379.

Gabinius, 233.

Gaius, Roman emperor (Caligula), 282, 313.

Gaius, Roman jurist, 361, 412.

Galilee, 280.

Gauls, 187, 232.

Gerizim, 57, 138.

Gods, 24, 40.

Greek names, 123, 128.

_Grundideen_, 40, 377.

_Haberim._ See Pharisees.

Hades, 152, 154.

Hadrian, 107, 340, 343.

Hannibal, 174, 188.

Harmodius, 37.

Hasidim, 130 _seq._, 147.

Hasmoneans, 63, 74, 158.

Hecataeus of Abdera, 92 _seq._, 176, 182.

Helladius, 102.

Hellene, 49.

Hellenization, 79, 116, 133, 145, 207.

Henotheism, 29.

Heracles, 46.

Hermippus, 89.

Herod (the Great), king of the Jews, 264, 269, 322, 403.

Herodotus, 80.

Heroes, 29, 30, 36.

Hillel, 69.

Hindu, 85.

_Historia Augusta_, 344, 357, 411.

Homer, 23, 25, 49, 150, 184, 200.

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), 245 _seq._, 321.

Human sacrifices, 187.

Hyksos, 98.

Hyrcanus II, son of Alexander Jannai, 267.

Idumaea, 157, 168, 270.

Images, 273, 280.

Immortality, 71, 153 _seq._, 237.

Impiety. See Asebeia.

Inhospitality, 93, 183 _seq._

Ionian, 50.

Isis, 161, 166, 251, 307, 311.

Isocrates, 78.

Jerusalem, 178, 224, 233.

Jesus, founder of Christianity. See Christians.

Jesus, son of Sira (Ecclesiasticus), 19, 67, 118.

Joel, Book of, 78, 382.

John, high priest, son of Simon (Hyrcanus), 63, 155, 274.

Jonathan, Hasmonean prince, son of Mattathiah, 63.

Jordan, 73.

José ben Joëzer, 133.

Joseph, son of Tobiah, Egyptian tax-farmer, 130.

Josephus, Titus(?) Flavius, 18, 85, 99, 109, 155, 164, 193, 285, 289, 296, 306, 373.

Judah Makkabi, 63, 132, 214.

Jupiter, 43.

Juvenal, 54, 189, 323 _seq._

Kautzsch, 19.

_Lectisternium_, 46.

Levant, 72.

Lex Cornelia de Sicariis, 337, 344.

Liby-Phoenicians, 53.

Lucian, 192.

Lysimachus, 195.

Ma. See Cybele.

Maccabeans. See Hasmoneans.

Maccabees, First Book of, 74, 130, 132, 141, 180, 214.

Maccabees, Second Book of, 131, 141, 180.

Maccabees, Fourth Book of, 204, 205.

Macedonians, 50, 108, 110.

Macrobius, 45, 223.

Maecenas, 245, 247, 263.

Magi, 85.

Magic, 41, 239.

Manetho, 99.

Marathon, 60.

Martial, 302, 325 _seq._, 329.

_Mathematici._ See Astrology.

Mattathiah, 63, 74, 180.

Megasthenes, 86.

Megillat Taanit, 20, 410.

Meïr, rabbi, 297.

Meleager of Gadara, 177, 329.

Menelaus, 37.

Messiah, 72 _seq._, 293, 298, 319, 341, 370, 406, 410.

Metics, 34, 109, 112.

Miletus, 331.

Minoan, 13, 77, 374.

Misanthropy. See Inhospitality.

Mishnah, 69, 328.

Mithra, 241, 357.

Mithradates, 63.

Mnaseas, 168.

Molech, 188, 393.

Molo. See Apollonius Molo.

Moloch. See Molech.

Müller, Max, 375.

Mysteries, 35, 152.

Mythology, 25, 26, 44, 236.

Names, 123, 128.

Nasi, 265, 363.

Naucratis, 104.

Nehemiah, 57, 61.

Nero, Roman emperor, 285, 294, 315 _seq._

Nerva, 334.

Nicarchus, 201.

Nicocles, 387.

Nicolaus, of Damascus, 277, 405.

Nile, 91.

_Olam ha-bo._ See Immortality.

Orphism, 153.

Osarsiph, 100.

Osiris, 100, 115, 385.

Ostia, 327.

Ovid, 250 _seq._

Pantheism, 31.

Papyri, 339. See also Elephantine; Assuan.

Parthians, 265, 297, 340, 370.

Passover, 97.

Paul, of Tarsus, 315, 320.

Paul, Roman jurist, 338, 346.

Pederasty, 160, 330.

Pentateuch, 67.

Pergamon, 107.

Persians, 52, 108.

Persius, 321 _seq._

Petronius, legate of Syria, 282.

Pharisees, 71, 155, 265, 283.

Philistia, 72.

Philo (of Alexandria), 17, 200, 227, 307, 373.

Phoenicia, 77, 78.

Pilate (Titus Pontius Pilatus), 280.

Pirke Abot, 128.

Plato, 42, 194.

Pliny, 196.

Plutarch, 171.

Polis. See City-state.

Polybius, 140, 141, 174.

Polytheism, 160.

Pompeius Trogus, 274, 404.

Pompey, 64, 181, 215, 227.

Poppaea Sabina, 316.

Porphyrius, 81.

Poseidon, 33.

Posidonius, 169, 170, 203.

Prayer, houses of, 69.

Propaganda, 148 _seq._, 208, 240, 263, 370.

Proselyte, 247, 296, 316, 389.

_Proseucha_, 65.

Psalms of Solomon, 216.

Pseudepigrapha, 19.

Ptolemies, 116, 133, 180.

Ptolemy Philadelphus, 102.

Ptolemy Philometor, 175, 178.

Ptolemy Philopator, 182.

Ptolemy Soter, 80, 91, 178.

Pyrrhus, 212.

Pythagoras, 89.

Quietus, Lusius, 339.

Ra, 38, 116.

Race, 48 _seq._, 379.

Reinach, Théodore, 17.

Religion, 21, 22.

Resurrection, 71, 155.

Rhetoric, 85, 167, 173, 178, 391.

Rhodes, 198.

Ritual murder, 190.

Rome, 63, 210 _seq._

Sabazios, 161, 171, 179, 255.

Sabbath, 143, 177, 181, 246 _seq._, 254, 321. See also Thirtieth Sabbath.

Sabbatistae, 179.

Sacrifice, 28.

Sadducees, 155.

Salamis (Cyprus), 340.

Salvation, 150.

Samaritans, 58, 138, 281, 285.

Sambethe, 179.

Sanhedrin, 265, 363.

Sarapis, 114, 385.

Sardinia, 307, 312.

Satire, 246, 321.

Scipionic Circle, 138.

Scribes, 61.

Scythians, 186, 190.

Seder Olam, 20, 404.

Sejanus, 312.

Seleucia, 164.

Seleucid, 63, 146.

Seleucus, 38.

Seneca, 310, 318, 324.

Septuagint, 102.

Shechem, 57.

Sheol, 70, 150, 388.

Sibyl, 179, 298.

Sidon, 79, 83, 382.

Simon, high priest, son of Mattathiah, 230.

Slaves, 219, 237, 309, 352, 364.

Socrates, 84, 193.

Sodom, 330.

Sparta, 51, 151, 186.

Standards, 280.

Stoics, 204, 240, 322.

Strabo, 186, 249.

Suetonius, 295, 305, 317.

Suidas, 170.

Synagogue, 254, 277, 362.

Syria, 76 _seq._, 215, 264, 277.

Syrians, 216, 233, 239, 244, 365, 380.

Tacitus, 102, 170, 189, 283, 307, 317.

Talmud, 20.

Tertullian, 318, 408.

Theodore of Cyrene, 193.

Theodosius, 347, 366.

Theophrastus, 81.

Theudas, 284.

Thiasi, 244, 357.

Thirtieth Sabbath, 399 _seq._

Thracians, 187, 188.

Tiberius, 200, 254, 304.

Titus, Roman emperor, 300 _seq._

Tosefta, 331.

Trajan, 338.

Trogus. See Pompeius Trogus.

Trojan, 49.

Typhon, 172.

Tyre, 78.

Valerius Maximus, 255.

Varro, Marcus Terentius, 234.

Varus, Publius Quintilius, 276.

Veii, 45.

Vespasian, 341.

Wisdom of Solomon, 159, 242.

Xenophanes, 31.

Xenophon, 194, 258.

Xiphilinus, 335, 338.

Yavan, 50, 79.

Zabidus, 168.

Zealot, 288.

Zechariah, 73, 87.

Zerubbabel, 59.

Zeus, 28, 138.

Zion, 268.

_The Lord Baltimore Press_

BALTIMORE, MD., U.S.A.

● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book. ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_); text that was bold by “equal” signs (=bold=).

End of Project Gutenberg's The Jews among the Greeks and Romans, by Max Radin