x. 12, makes it perfectly clear that if the Sabbath restriction had

actually been enforced in the sense indicated, Jews would have been wholly useless for the army. But we have seen that they not merely fought their own battles, but engaged freely as mercenaries. We can therefore understand the passage in Josephus only in the sense of an attempt to escape conscription with the other Ephesians, by alleging an extreme application of the Sabbath principle.

The other passage in Josephus (XVIII. iii.) is in direct contradiction with other sources, and will be discussed later.

Footnote 194:

Saguntum, Livy, XXI. xiv. Abydus, Livy, XXXI. xvii. Cf. also Livy XXVIII. xxiii.

Footnote 195:

Cic. De Nat. Deor. ii. 28, 71, his _fabulis spretis ac repudiatis_....

Footnote 196:

Reinach, Textes, p. 17. Cf. above, p. 93.

Footnote 197:

The word itself does not occur in Homer. However, Od. ix. 478, the taunt is flung by Odysseus, the blind monster,

σχέτλι’, ἐπει ξείνους οὐχ ἄζεο σῷ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ ἐσθέμεναι τῷ σε Ζεὺς τίσατο καὶ θεοὶ οἄλλοι..

Footnote 198:

Arrian, Anab. I. ix. 9-10.

Footnote 199:

Il. iii. 207; Od. iii. 355; vii. 190.

Footnote 200:

Plutarch, Lycurgus, xxvii.; Ael. V. Hist. xiii. 16; Thuc. i. 144.

Footnote 201:

Juvenal, Sat. xv. 93-131.

Footnote 202:

Cf. the undoubted instances of the Gallus-Galla, Graecus-Graeca sacrifices at Rome. See article, Gallus et Galla, in Pauly-Wissowa Realenzykl, especially the unwilling testimony of Livy, XXII. lvii. 6.

Footnote 203:

The Tauric Artemis was considered a barbarian goddess, but received the veneration of Greeks, and of her we read, Eur. Iph. Taur. 384, αὕτη δὲ θυσίαις ἥδεται βροτοκτόνοις. The sacrifices of the Trojan captives at the funeral of Patroclus, the sacrifice of Polyxena, Astyanax, and Iphigenia are sufficient evidences of the familiarity of the practice to Greeks. An historical instance is the atonement-sacrifice of Epimenides at Athens. Diog. Laert. i. 111, 112; Athen. xiii. 602 C.

Footnote 204:

For the Gauls, cf. Strabo, iv. 198; the Thracians, vii. 300; the Carthaginians, Verg. Aen. i. 525.

Footnote 205:

The question of the Molech sacrifices in Palestine is too uncertain and complicated to be treated here in full. Doubtless some Jews at various times sacrificed to Molech; but some Jews in Greek times sacrificed to heathen gods, or, at any rate, adored them while still professing Judaism, and throughout the Middle Ages individual Jews indulged in superstitious practices severely reprobated by the rabbis. The passage in Jeremiah (xxxii. 35) does not necessarily imply that those who took part in these rites deemed themselves to be worshiping Jehovah.

Footnote 206:

Reinach, Textes, p. 121.

Footnote 207:

Sat. xv. 78-81 and 93 seq.

Footnote 208:

Sat. xiv. 103.

Footnote 209:

It is a curious and instructive fact that Chinese have charged Christian missionaries with precisely this same crime, _i.e._ of kidnapping and killing children as part of their religious ceremonies.