Part 4, Special Reports on Selected Industries (United States Census

Office: Washington, D.C., 1902), pp. 429-432.

[84] U.S. patent 1,931,447, issued to Valentine Naftali, Henry Naftali, and Rudolph Naftali, Oct. 17, 1933. The Naftali machines are manufactured by the American Machine and Foundry Company and are called AMF Stitching Machines.

[85] See Appendix V, p. 135, "A Brief History of Cotton Thread."

[86] _The Story of Cotton Thread_ (New York, The Spool Cotton Company, 1933).

[87] J. and P. Coats spool cotton.

[88] Willimantic spool cotton.

[89] New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky. _Eighth Census, 1860, Manufactures_ (United States Census Office, published by Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C., 1865.)

[90] Sewing-machine manufacture in the South was just beginning to blossom when it was curtailed by the outbreak of the Civil War. See Lester sewing machine, figure 109 on page 102.

II. American Sewing-Machine Companies of the 19th Century

During the latter half of the 19th century, there was a total of two hundred or more sewing-machine companies in the United States. Although a great many manufacturing-type machines were sold, this business was carried on by relatively few companies and most were primarily concerned with the family-type machines. A representative number of these family machines together with information concerning both the company and serial-number dating are found in figures 68 through 132. A great many of the companies were licensed by the "Combination," but, in addition, some companies were constructing machines that did not infringe the patents, other companies infringed the patents but managed to avoid legal action, and there were numerous companies that mushroomed into existence after the "Combination" was dissolved in 1877. Most of the latter were very short-lived. It is difficult to establish the exact dates of some of these companies as many of their records were incomplete or have since disappeared; even a great many of the "Combination" records were lost by fire. A summary of the existing records kept by the "Combination" is given in figure 37.

As will be noted in the subsequent listing, only a small percentage of the companies were in business for a period longer than ten years; of those that continued longer, all but a few had disappeared by 1910. Today there are about sixty United States sewing-machine companies. Most of them manufacture highly specialized sewing machines used for specific types of commercial work; only a few produce family or home-style machines. Foreign competition has increased, and the high cost of skilled labor in this country has made competition in this consumer-product field increasingly difficult. The countless varieties of American family sewing machines, so evident in the 19th century, have passed away.

First Made Discontinued Manufacturer or Earliest or Last Sewing Machine or Company Record Record

Aetna Aetna Sewing Machine ca. 1867 ca. 1877 Co., Lowell, Mass.

Aiken and ----, Ithaca, N.Y. ca. 1855 before 1880 Felthousen

Alsop ---- -- ca. 1880

American American Sewing 1854 -- Machine Co.

American Buttonhole, American Buttonhole, 1869 ca. 1874 Overseaming and Overseaming and Sewing Machine Sewing Machine Co., (fig. 68) Philadelphia, Pa.

Later New American Sewing ca. 1874 ca. 1886 American Machine Co., (fig. 69) Philadelphia, Pa.

American Magnetic American Magnetic 1853 1854 (fig. 70) Sewing Machine Company, Ithaca, N.Y.

Atlantic (fig. 71) ---- 1869 ca. 1870

Atwater (fig. 87) ---- 1857 ca. 1860

Avery Avery Sewing Machine 1852 185- Co., New York, N.Y.

Avery Avery Manufacturing 1875 1886-1900 Co., New York, N.Y.

A. Bartholf Manfr. A. Bartholf, ca. 1850 185- Blodgett & Lerow manufacturer, patent 1849 New York, N.Y. (_see also_)

A. Bartholf Manfr. A. Bartholf, 1853 ca. 1856 Howe's patent, manufacturer, 1846 (fig. 72) New York, N.Y.

Bartholf A. Bartholf, 1857 1859 manufacturer Bartholf Sewing 1859 ca. 1865 Machine Co.

Bartlett (fig. 73) Goodspeed & Wyman 1866 ca. 1870 Bartlett Sewing Machine ca. 1870 1872 Co., New York, N.Y.

Baker ---- -- before 1880

Bartram & Fanton Bartram & Fanton Mfg. 1867 1874 (fig. 74) Co., Danbury, Conn.

Bay State ---- -- before 1880

Beckwith (fig. 75) Barlow & Son, New York, 1871 1872 N.Y. Beckwith Sewing Machine 1872 ca. 1876 Co., New York, N.Y.

Blees Blees Sewing Machine 1870 1873 Co.

Blodgett & Lerow O. Phelps, Boston, 1849 1849 (fig. 21) Mass. Goddard, Rice & Co., 1849 1850 Worcester, Mass. (fig. 20) A. Bartholf, 1849 185- manufacturer, New York, N.Y.

Bond ---- -- before 1880

Boston J. F. Paul & Co., 1880 -- Boston, Mass. Later New Boston Boston Sewing Machine -- after 1886 Co., Boston, Mass.

Boudoir (fig. 76) Daniel Harris, 1857 ca. 1870 inventor and patentee Manufacturer--several

Bradford & Barber Bradford & Barber, 1860 1861 manufacturers, Boston, Mass.

Brattleboro Samuel Barker and ca. 1858 1861 Thomas White, Brattleboro, Vt.

Buckeye Wilson [W.G.] Sewing ca. 1867 ca. 1876 Later New Buckeye Machine Company, (fig. 77) Cleveland, Ohio (_see_ Wilson)

Buell, "E. T. A. B. Buell, ca. 1860 -- Lathbury's Patent" Westmoreland, New York

Burnet & Broderick Burnet, Broderick and 1859 ca. 1860 Co.

Centennial Centennial Sewing 1873 1876 (fig. 78) Machine Co. (_see_ McLean and Hooper), Philadelphia, Pa.

Chamberlain Woolridge, Keene and 1853 ca. 1854 Moore, Lynn, Mass.

Chicago Singer Scates, Tryber & 1879 1882 Sweetland Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ill.

Later Chicago Chicago Sewing Machine 1882 ca. 1885 Co.

Chicopee (_see_ Shaw & Clark)

Clark (fig. 42) D. W. Clark, ca. 1858 after 1860 Bridgeport, Conn.

Clark's Revolving Lamson, Goodnow & Yale, 1859 1861 Looper [double Windsor, Vt. thread] (fig. 79) (_see_ Windsor)

Clinton Clinton Brothers, ca. 1861 ca. 1865 Ithaca, N.Y.

Companion Thurston Mfg. Co., 1882 -- Marlboro, N.H.

Crown Florence Sewing Machine 1879 after 1886 (_see_ Florence) Co., Florence, Mass.

Dauntless (later Dauntless Mfg. Co., 1877 after 1882 New Dauntless) Norwalk, Ohio

Davis J.A. Davis, New York, ca. 1860 -- N.Y. Davis Vertical Davis Sewing Machine 1869 after 1886 Feed Co., Watertown, N.Y.

Davis Vertical Davis Sewing Machine after 1886 1924 Feed and Co., Dayton, Ohio Rotary Shuttle

Decker (_also_ The Decker Mfg. Co., -- before 1881 Princess) Detroit, Mich.

Demorest Demorest Mfg. Co 1882 1908 (formerly N.Y. Sewing Machine Co.)

Diamond (formerly Sigwalt Sewing Machine 1880 -- Sigwalt) Co., Chicago, Ill.

Domestic Wm. A. Mack & Co. and 1864 1869 N. S. Perkins, Norwalk, Ohio

Domestic Domestic Sewing Machine 1869 [A] Co., Norwalk, Ohio, acquired by White Sewing Machine Co. in 1924 and maintained as a subsidiary at Cleveland, Ohio.

Dorcas John P. Bowker, Boston, 1853 185- Mass.

Du Laney (fig. 80) Also called Little Monitor (_see_)

Durgin Charles A. Durgin, New 1853 after 1855 York, N.Y.

Eldredge Eldredge Sewing Machine 1869 1890 Co., Chicago, Ill.

Elliptic Sloat's Elliptic George B. Sloat and Co., ca. 1858 ca. 1860 Philadelphia, Pa.

Sloat's Elliptic Union Sewing Machine 1860 1861 Co., Richmond, Va.

Elliptic Wheeler & Wilson Mfg. 1861 ca. 1867 Co. Elliptic Sewing 1867 before 1880 Machine Co., N.Y., N.Y.

Empire (fig. 86) Empire Sewing Machine ca. 1860 1869 Later Co., Boston, Mass. Remington-Empire

Empress Manufactured on order 1877 -- through Jerome B. Secor, Bridgeport, Conn.

Estey Estey Sewing Machine ca. 1880 1882 Co. Estey, Brattleboro Sewing 1883 after 1886 Fuller-Model Machine Co., Brattleboro, Vt.

Eureka (fig. 81) Eureka Shuttle Sewing 1859 -- New York, N.Y.

Excelsior Excelsior Sewing Machine 1854 1854 Co., New York, N.Y.

Fairy (figs. 51, 52) Madame Demorest, New 1863 ca. 1865 York, N.Y.

Finkle, M. (fig. 82) M. Finkle, Boston, 1856 ca. 1859 Mass. Finkle & Lyon Finkle & Lyon Sewing ca. 1859 1867 Machine Co., Boston, Mass. Later Victor

First and Frost First and Frost, New ca. 1859 ca. 1861 York, N.Y.

Florence (fig. 83) Florence Sewing Machine ca. 1860 after 1878 Later Crown Co., Florence, Mass.

Folsom Folsom, J. G., 1865 ca. 1871 (_see_ Globe and Winchendon, Mass. New England)

Fosket and Savage Fosket and Savage, 1858 1859 Meriden, Conn.

Foxboro Foxboro Rotary Shuttle ca. 1882 -- Co., Foxboro, Mass.

Franklin Franklin Sewing Machine 1871 1871 Co., Mason Village, N.H.

Free Free Sewing Machine 1898 [A] Co., Chicago and Rockford, Ill.

Gardner C. R. Gardner, 1856 -- Detroit, Mich.

Globe (figs. 84, 85) J. G. Folsom, 1865 1869 Winchendon, Mass.

Gold Medal Gold Medal Sewing 1863 1876 (chainstitch) Machine Co., Orange, Mass.

Gold Medal ---- 1863 ca. 1865 (running stitch)

Gold Hibbard Hibbard, B. S., & Co. 1875 --

Goodbody (sewing Goodbody Sewing Machine 1880 ca. 1890 shears) Co., Bridgeport, Conn.

Goodes Rex & Bockius, ca. 1876 before 1881 Philadelphia, Pa.

Goodrich H. B. Goodrich, Chicago, ca. 1880 ca. 1895 Ill.

Grant Brothers Grant Bros. & Co., 1867 ca. 1870 (fig. 90) Philadelphia, Pa.

Greenman and True Greenman and True Mfg. 1859 1860 (fig. 91) Co. Norwich, Conn. Morse and True 1860 1861

Green Mountain ---- ca. 1860 --

Griswold Variety L. Griswold, New York, ca. 1886 ca. 1890 N.Y.

Grover and Baker Grover and Baker Sewing 1851 1875 (figs. 34-36, 92) Machine Co., Boston, Mass.

Hancock ---- 1868 before 1881 (figs. 93, 94)

Heberling Running John Heberling 1878 ca. 1885 Stitch

Herron's Patent ---- 1857 -- (fig. 95)

Higby Higby Sewing Machine ca. 1882 after 1886 Later Acme Co., Brattleboro, Vt.

Home Johnson, Clark & Co., 1869 after 1876 Home Shuttle Orange, Mass.

Homestead ---- ca. 1881 --

Household Providence Tool Co., 1880 ca. 1884 Providence, R.I. Household Sewing ca. 1885 1906 Machine Co.

Howe (figs. 96, 97) Howe Sewing Machine Co., 1853 1873 New York, N.Y. (company of A. B. Howe sold to Howe Machine Co.)

Howe (fig. 98) Howe Machine Co., 1867 1886 Bridgeport, Conn.

Howe's Improved Nichols and Bliss, 1852 1853 Patent (fig. 107) Boston, Mass. J. B. Nichols & Co. 1853 1854 which became Nichols, Leavitt & Co., 1854 1856 Leavitt Boston, Mass.

N. Hunt, which N. Hunt & Co., Boston, 1853 1854 became Hunt and Mass. Webster (figs. 99, Hunt and Webster, 1854 1857 100) Boston, Mass. Later Ladd and Webster (_see_)

Improved Common ---- ca. 1870 -- Sense (fig. 102)

Independent Independent Sewing 1873 -- Noiseless Machine Co., Binghamton, N.Y.

Jennie June June Mfg. Co., Chicago, 1881 1890 Ill. Later Belvidere, Ill.

Jewel Jewel Mfg. Co., Toledo, 1884 after 1886 Ohio

Johnson (fig. 103) Emery, Houghton & Co., 1856 after 1865 Boston, Mass.

Keystone Keystone Sewing Machine before 1872 ca. 1874 Co.

Ladd & Webster Ladd, Webster & Co., 1858 ca. 1866 (fig. 101) Boston, Mass.

Ladies Companion ---- 1858 ca. 1858 (fig. 115) (_see_ Pratt's Patent)

"Lady" (fig. 104) ---- 1859 --

Landfear's Patent Parkers, Snow, Brooks 1857 -- (fig. 105) & Co., West Meriden, Conn.

Langdon L.W. Langdon 1856 --

Lathrop (fig. 106) Lathrop Combination 1873 -- Sewing Machine Co.

Leader Leader Sewing Machine 1882 -- Co., Springfield, Mass.

Leavitt (fig. 108) Nichols, Leavitt & Co., 1855 1857 Boston, Mass. Leavitt & Co. 1857 ca. 1865 Leavitt Sewing Machine ca. 1865 1870 Co.

Leslie Revolving Leslie Sewing Machine 1881 -- Shuttle Co., Cleveland, Ohio

Lester (fig. 109) J.H. Lester, Brooklyn, ca. 1858 early 1860 N.Y. Lester Mfg. Co., early 1860 late 1860 Richmond, Va. Union Sewing Machine late 1860 1861 Co., Richmond, Va.

Little Gem ---- -- ca. 1870

Little Giant Domestic Sewing Machine ca. 1882 -- Co., Norwalk, Ohio

Little Monitor (not G.L. Du Laney, Brooklyn, ca. 1866 after 1875 associated with N.Y. Monitor)

Love Love Mfg. Co., 1885 after 1886 Pittsburgh, Pa.

Lyon Lyon Sewing Machine Co. 1879 ca. 1880

Macauley Thos. A. Macauley Mfg., before 1879 -- New York, N.Y.

Manhattan Manhattan Sewing Machine ca. 1868 ca. 1880 Co.

McKay McKay Sewing Machine 1870 1876 Assoc.

McLean and Hooper B. W. Lacy & Co., ca. 1869 ca. 1873 Philadelphia, Pa. (_see_ Centennial)

Meyers J. M. Meyers 1859 --

Miller's Patent ---- 1853 --

Monitor (fig. 88) Shaw & Clark Sewing 1860 1864 Machine Co., Biddeford, Me.

Moore Moore Sewing Machine ca. 1860 -- Co.

Morey & Johnson Safford & Williams 1849 ca. 1851 (fig. 18) Makers, Boston, Mass.

Morrison Morrison, Wilkinson & 1881 -- Co., Hartford, Conn.

Mower ---- ca. 1863 --

National Johnson, Clark & Co., 1874 -- Orange, Mass.

National (also sold National Sewing Machine 1890 1953 under distributor's Co. (consolidation of name) the June and Eldredge Companies), Belvidere, Ill.

Ne Plus Ultra O. L. Reynolds 1857 -- (fig. 110) Manufacturing Co., Dover, N.H.

Nettleton & Raymond Nettleton & Raymond, ca. 1857 -- (fig. 111) Brattleboro, Vt.

New England Charles Raymond (also ca. 1859 1866 (figs. 112, 113) by: Grout & White, 1862 1863 Orange, Mass.; William 1863 -- Grout, Winchendon, 1865 1865 Mass.; and J. G. Folsom, Winchendon, Mass.)

Newell ---- 1881 --

New Fairbanks J. H. Drew & Co. 1878 1880 Thomas M. Cochrane 1880 -- Co., Belleville, Ill.

New Home New Home Sewing Machine 1876 [A] Co., Orange, Mass. (in 1928 became affiliated with Free Sewing Machine Co.)

New York ----, New York, N.Y. ca. 1855 ca. 1855

New York Shuttle N.Y. Sewing Machine Co., before 1880 1882 New York, N.Y. (later Demorest Mfg. Co.)

Noble Noble Sewing Machine before 1881 after 1886 Co., Erie, Pa.

Novelty C. A. French, Boston, 1869 -- Mass.

Old Dominion Old Dominion Sewing ca. 1858 1860 Machine Co., Richmond, Va.

Pardox ---- ca. 1865 --

Parham Parham Sewing Machine ca. 1869 ca. 1871 Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Parker Charles Parker Co., before 1860 after 1865 Meriden, Conn. Later Parker Sewing Machine Co.

Pearl ---- Bennett ca. 1859 --

Philadelphia Philadelphia Sewing ca. 1872 ca. 1881 Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Post Combination Post Combination Sewing before 1885 after 1886 Machine Co., Washington, D.C.

Pratt's Patent ---- 1857 ca. 1858 (fig. 114) Later Ladies Companion

Queen Dauntless Mfg Co., ca. 1881 -- Norwalk, Ohio

Quaker City Quaker City Sewing 1859 ca. 1861 (fig. 116) Machine Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Remington Empire Remington Empire Sewing 1870 1872 Later Remington Machine Co. E. Remington & Sons, 1873 ca. 1894 Philadelphia, Pa.

Robertson (dolphin T. W. Robertson, New 1855 after 1860 & cherub) (figs. York, N.Y. 40, 41)

Robinson F. R. Robinson, Boston, 1853 ca. 1855 Mass.

Robinson's patent Howard & Davis, Boston, 1855 -- sewing machine Mass. with Roper's improvement (fig. 117) Later Robinson same 1856 before 1860 and Roper (fig. 118)

Royal St. John Royal Sewing Machine ca. 1883 1898 (formerly St. John) Co., Springfield, Ohio (later Free Co.)

Ruddick ---- ca. 1860 --

Secor Secor Machine Co., 1870 1876 Bridgeport, Conn.

Sewing Shears Nettleton & Raymond, ca. 1859 -- (Hendrick's patent) Bristol, Conn. (fig. 43)

Sewing Shears American Hand Sewing ca. 1884 ca. 1900 Machine Co., Bridgeport, Conn.

Shaw & Clark Shaw & Clark Co., ca. 1857 1866 Running Stitch Biddeford, Me. Machine (fig. 53)

Chainstitch Machine (fig. 119)

Chainstitch Shaw & Clark Co., 1867 1868 Machine (fig. 120) Chicopee Falls, Mass. Chicopee Sewing Machine 1868 ca. 1869 Co., Chicopee Falls, Mass.

Sigwalt Sigwalt Sewing Machine ca. 1879 -- Co., Chicago, Ill.

Singer (figs. 28, I. M. Singer & Co. 1851 [A] 29, 30, 32, 33, (later Singer Mfg. Co.). 121, 122) Moved from Boston to New York to Elizabethport, N.J. (factory).

Springfield Springfield Sewing 1880 -- Machine Co., Springfield, Mass.

Standard ---- 1870 -- (chainstitch) (fig. 123) Standard Standard Shuttle Sewing 1874 ca. 1881 (shuttle) Machine Co., New York, N.Y.

Standard Standard Sewing Machine 1884 ca. 1930 Co., Cleveland, Ohio (acquired by Singer Co.)

Stewart Henry Stewart & Co., 1874 1880 N.Y., N.Y. Later New Stewart Mfg Co. 1880 ca. 1883 Stewart

St. John (later St. John Sewing Machine 1870 ca. 1883 Royal St. John) Co., Springfield, O.

Taggart & Farr Taggart & Farr, 1858 -- (figs. 124, 125) Philadelphia, Pa.

Thompson C. F. Thompson Co. 1871 1871 T. C. Thompson, Ithaca, ca. 1854 -- N.Y.

Union Johnson, Clark & Co., 1876 -- Orange, Mass.

Victor Finkle & Lyon Mfg. Co. 1867 ca. 1872 Victor Sewing Machine ca. 1872 ca. 1890 Co., Middletown, Conn.

Wardwell Wardwell Mfg. Co., St. ca. 1876 1890 Louis, Mo.

Watson (fig. 126) Jones & Lee 1850 ca. 1853 Watson & Wooster, ca. 1853 ca. 1860 Bristol, Conn.

Waterbury Waterbury Co., 1853 ca. 1860 Waterbury, Conn.

Weed T. E. Weed & Co. (became 1854 -- Whitney & Lyons)

Weed Weed Sewing Machine Co. 1865 -- (reorganized from Whitney & Lyons), Hartford, Conn.

Family Favorite 1867 -- Manu. Favorite 1868 -- General Favorite 1872 -- Hartford 1881 ca. 1900

Wesson Farmer & Gardner 1879 1880 Manufacturing Co. D. B. Wesson Sewing 1880 -- Machine Co., Springfield, Mass.

West & Willson West & Willson Co., 1858 -- (fig. 127) Elyria, Ohio

A. B. Wilson E. E. Lee & Co., New 1851 1852 (fig. 23) York, N.Y.

A. B. Wilson's Wheeler, Wilson, Co., late 1851 1856 patent seaming Watertown, N.Y. lathe Later Wheeler Wheeler & Wilson Mfg. 1856 1905 and Wilson Co., Bridgeport, Conn. (fig. 26, 27, Singer Co., Bridgeport, 1905 1907 128, 129) Conn.

White (fig. 130) White Sewing Machine 1876 [A] Co., Cleveland, Ohio

Whitehill Whitehill Mfg. Co., ca. 1875 after 1886 Milwaukee, Wis.

Whitney Whitney Sewing Machine ca. 1872 ca. 1880 Co., Paterson, N.J.

Whitney & Lyons Whitney & Lyons (a ca. 1859 ca. 1865 machine based on the 1854 patent of T. E. Weed)

Wickersham Butterfield & Stevens 1853 -- Mfg. Co., Boston, Mass.

Willcox & Gibbs Willcox & Gibbs Sewing 1857 [A] (figs. 39, 131) Machine Co., New York, N.Y.

Williams & Orvis Williams & Orvis Sewing ca. 1859 after 1860 Machine Co., Boston, Mass.

Wilson (fig. 89) Wilson (W.G.) Sewing ca.1867 after 1885 (_see_ Buckeye) Machine Co., Cleveland, Ohio

Windsor (one thread) Vermont Arms Co., 1856 1858 Windsor, Vt.

Windsor Lamson, Goodnow & Yale, 1859 1861 (_see_ Clark's Windsor, Vt. Revolving Looper)

Name Unknown John W. Beane 1853 --

" Henry Brind 1860 --

" Garfield Sewing Machine 1881 -- Co.

" Geneva Sewing Machine 1880 -- Co.

" Gove & Howard 1855 --

" Charles W. Howland, ca. 1860 -- Wilmington, Del.

" Miles Greenwood & Co., ca. 1861 -- Cincinnati, Ohio

" Hood, Batelle & Co. 1854 1854

" Wells & Haynes 1854 1854

" Wilson H. Smith, ca. 1860 -- Birmingham, Conn.

[A] Still in existence.

<----

In 1866 Folsom devised a new treadle attachment for hand-operated machines; the invention was featured in _Scientific American_, volume 14, number 17, with a Globe machine. Folsom again exhibited at the Massachusetts Mechanics exhibition in 1869. In addition to an improved single-thread Globe, he also showed a double-thread, elastic-stitch (double chainstitch) machine for which he received a silver medal.

Folsom machines were manufactured until 1871; 280 machines were manufactured in that year.

The Globe sewing machine illustrated is stamped "J. G. Folsom, Maker, Winchendon, Mass. Patented April 28, 1863 [Ketchum's patent], Mar. 1, 1864. May 17, 1864." The machine was manufactured before November 1864 or it would include the patent for the lower loop adjustment. (Smithsonian photo 48216-H.)

NOTE: At least five sewing machines, those in figures 84 through 89, are similar enough in appearance to cause some confusion, because their basic design stems from a short pillar.

Figures 96, 97, and 98.--THE HOWE MACHINES. It is difficult for many to believe that the stamped legend "Elias Howe patent, Sept. 10, 1846" does not certify that a machine is an original Howe. Although Elias Howe was granted a patent for the lockstitch machine in 1846, he did not establish a sewing-machine factory for about twenty years. Early in the 1850s and later through the "Combination," however, he licensed others to make machines using his patent. These machines bore that patent date for which a royalty was being paid.

Among his early licensees was his elder brother Amasa who organized the Howe Sewing Machine Co. in 1854. The Amasa Howe machines were very good ones, and in 1862 Amasa won the prize medal at the London International Exhibition. This immensely increased the popularity of the machine and Elias offered to join Amasa by building a large factory at Bridgeport, Connecticut, to fill the increasing demand for more machines. The machines produced at Bridgeport, however, although imitating the Amasa Howe machines, proved inferior in quality. Amasa found that, rather than helping his business reputation, his brother's efforts were hurting him, and he severed business relations with Elias.

Because of their brief association, the 1862 prize medal awarded to A. B. Howe was sometimes credited to Elias. The latter did receive awards for his patent, but never for his manufactured machines. When the two brothers dissolved their joint venture, Elias attempted to call his new company the Howe Sewing Machine Co., but Amasa's claim that this name had been his exclusive property for many years was upheld by the courts. Elias then omitted the word "Sewing" and called his company simply the Howe Machine Co.

After Elias died in 1867, the company was run by his sons-in-law, the Stockwell brothers. To distinguish their machines from those of A. B. Howe, they marked each machine with a brass medallion picturing the head and flowing locks of Elias Howe. They also continued to advertise their machine as the "original" Howe. In about 1873, B. P. Howe, Amasa's son, sold the Howe Sewing Machine Co. to the Stockwell brothers, who continued to manufacture Howe machines until 1886.

The machines of the A. B. Howe Sewing Machine Co. may be dated by serial number approximately as follows:

_Serial Number_ _Year_

1-60 1854 61-113 1855 114-166 1856 167-299 1857 300-478 1858 479-1399 1859

No figures are available for 1860-1870, but 20,051 machines were manufactured in 1871.

The machines of the [Elias] Howe Machine Co. are not believed to have begun with serial number 1, and no figures are available for 1865-1867. After that, the machines may be dated by serial number approximately as follows:

_Serial Number_ _Year_

11,000-46,000 1868 46,001-91,843 1869 91,844-167,000 1870 167,001-301,010 1871 301,011-446,010 1872 446,011-536,010 1873 536,011-571,010 1874 571,011-596,010 1875 596,011-705,304 1876

No figures are available for 1877-1886.

Figures 99, 100, and 101.--THE N. HUNT (later, in 1856, Hunt & Webster and finally in 1858 Ladd and Webster) sewing machine was based on the patents of Christopher Hodgkins, November 2, 1852, and May 9, 1854, both of which were assigned to Nehemiah Hunt. First manufactured in 1853, the machine, which closely resembled the Hodgkins' patent, won a silver medal at the exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association that same year.

In 1856 Hunt took a partner, and the company became Hunt & Webster. An interesting account of this company appeared as a feature article in _Ballou's Pictorial_, July 5, 1856, where it was reported that "the North American Shoe Company have over fifty of the latest improved machines, represented in these drawings [fig. 31], now running...." The article also estimated that a 55-million dollar increase in shoe manufacturing in Massachusetts in 1855 was due to the sewing machine. In 1856 the Hunt & Webster machine again won a silver medal at the exhibition. Very late in 1858 the company became Ladd, Webster, & Co. and continued to manufacture both family and manufacturing sewing machines until the mid-1860s.

The approximate date of manufacture can be determined by serial number:

_Serial Number_ _Year_

1-100 1853 101-368 1854 369-442 1855 443-622 1856 623-1075 1857 1076-1565 1858 1566-3353 1859

No figures are available for the 1860s.

Figures 107 and 108.--THE NICHOLS AND LEAVITT sewing machines. One of Elias Howe's earliest licensees was J. B. Nichols. His machine, manufactured at first with George Bliss and later alone as J. B. Nichols & Co., was called Howe's Improved Patent Sewing Machine. It was, however, no more a Howe machine than any of the others produced under the Howe patent.

In July 1855 Nichols went into partnership with Rufus Leavitt, and the company name changed to Nichols, Leavitt & Co. In 1857 it was changed again to Leavitt & Co., and finally in the mid-1860s to Leavitt Sewing Machine Co. By the 1870s, it was defunct.

The Nichols-Leavitt machines can be dated by their serial numbers approximately as follows:

_Serial Number_ _Year_ _Company_

1-28 1853 Nichols & Bliss 29-245 1854 J. B. Nichols & Co. 246-397 1855 J. B. Nichols & Co.--Nichols, Leavitt & Co. 398-632 1856 Nichols, Leavitt & Co. 633-827 1857 Leavitt & Co. 828-902 1858 " 903-1115 1859 " 1116-1436 1860 " 1437-1757 1861 " 1758-2077 1862 " 2078-2400 1863 " 2401-2900 1864 " 2901-3900 1865 Leavitt Sewing Machine Co. 3901-4900 1866 " 4901-5951 1867 " 5952-6951 1868 " 6952-7722 1869 "

There is no record that the company was in existence after 1869.

Figures 121 and 122.--SINGER SEWING MACHINES. From 1850 to 1858 the Singer company produced heavy manufacturing-type sewing machines similar to the patent model shown earlier (fig. 28). The first machine for family use, Singer's new "Family" sewing machine (fig. 33) was manufactured from 1858-1861. Their second-style family machine was called the "Traverse Shuttle Machine--Letter A;" it was manufactured from 1859 to 1865, when they introduced their third family machine and called it the "New Family" sewing machine. This style machine continued until about 1883 when the "Improved Family" machine appeared. In addition to the lockstitch machines, Singer also manufactured chainstitch machines, and many highly specialized manufacturing machines.

From 1857 through the 1880s, the Singer machines were marked with two serial numbers. It is possible that the numbers were related to the "Combination" royalties paid by the Singer company. Until about 1873 there was a difference of exactly 4,000 in the two numbers, thus one machine would be marked 12163 and directly below it would be marked 16163. From 1873 the last three digits of the two numbers continued to be the same but the lower number might be much lower in value than either number used in earlier years. The larger number is believed to have been a record of total production while the lower number may have referred to a machine of a particular style. The Singer company records can shed no light on the meaning of the top (or lower of the two) serial numbers. Generally, in the earlier machines, the difference in the two numbers will not affect the dating of a machine by more than one year. Since dating by serial number can only be estimated, the two numbers do not add an appreciable variable prior to 1873. Only the larger number, however, should be considered in dating machines after 1873.

_Serial Number_ _Year_

1-100 1850 101-900 1851 901-1711 1852 1712-2521 1853 2522-3400 1854 3401-4283 1855 4284-6847 1856 6848-10477 1857 10478-14071 1858 14072-25024 1859 25025-43000 1860 43001-61000 1861 61001-79396 1862 79397-99426 1863 99427-123058 1864 123059-149399 1865 149400-180360 1866 180361-223414 1867 223415-283044 1868 283045-369826 1869 369827-497660 1870 497661-678921 1871 678922-898680 1872 898681-1121125 1873 1121126-1362805 1874 1362806-1612658 1875 1612659-1874975 1876

Since records of annual production from 1877 to the turn of the century are not complete, it is difficult to establish yearly approximations. Using the machines submitted as patent models, and thus known to have been manufactured before the date of deposit, however, has provided us with the following date guides. By 1877 there had been 2 million machines manufactured, 3 million by 1880, 4 million by 1882, 5 million by 1884, 6 million by 1886, 7 million by 1888, 8 million by 1889, 9 million by 1890, and 10 million by 1891.

Figures 124 and 125.--TAGGART & FARR sewing machine, 1860. The Taggart & Farr is an almost forgotten machine. It was based on Chester Farr's patent of August 9, 1859. The machine, however, was in commercial production as early as 1858, the year the patent application was made. Using two threads--both taken directly from the spool--to form a chainstitch, the machine was operated basically by treadle but also by hand. The drive wheel is missing on this machine, but it would normally appear on the right.

The name and patent date were painted on the end of the machine. This was true of many other machines of this period, which is why so many go unidentified once the paint has become worn. Several thousand Taggart & Farr machines were manufactured, but the company is believed to have had a short life, for it was among those that had disappeared by 1881.

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* * * * *

In the _Sewing Machine News_, vol. 3, no. 5, p. 12 (1881), there were listed a number of then "defunct" machines and companies. Among these are many well-known names and little-known names for which at least one additional reference can be found. There are some, however, for which this is the only reference to date. These are: Blanchard, Babcock, Banner, Brown Rotary, Cottage, Cole, Duplex, Economist, Erie, Gutman, Hill, Hancock & Bennett, Jenks, Lockmar, La Favorite, Learned, Leggett, McCoy, McCardy, Medallion, McArthur & Co., Monopoly, Moreau, Mack, Niagra, New Cannaan, Orphean, Pride-of-the-West, Seamen & Guiness, Surprise, Stackpole, Shanks, Stanford, Troy, Utica, United States Family, Weaver, Wagner, and Williams. Some of these names may have been a "special" name given to machines manufactured by one of the known companies, but at least a few are names of machines manufactured for a very short time prior to 1881 about which we would like to know more.

III. Chronological List of U.S. Sewing-Machine Patent Models in the Smithsonian Collections

There are more than seven hundred sewing-machine patent models and a similar number of attachment models in the Smithsonian collections. Most of these machines were received in 1926 when the Patent Office disposed of its collection of hundreds of thousands of models. Prior to 1880, models had been required with the patent application; although the requirement was discontinued that year, patentees continued to furnish models for another decade or so. All models prior to 1836 were lost in a Patent Office fire of that year, but since the sewing-machine patent history dates from the 1840s, most of the historically important ones of this subject have been preserved.

These models form a valuable part of the record of the invention, supplementing the drawings and the text of the written specifications. The early sewing-machine models were made to order, either by the inventor or a commissioned model maker. As soon as sewing machines were produced commercially, it was less expensive for the patentee to use a commercial machine of the period, to which he added his change or improvement, than to have a complete model constructed to order. Some of the commercial machines used in this way are the only examples known to be in existence, and as such, are of more interest in establishing the history of the manufactured machine than for the minor patented changes.

During the period of the "Sewing Machine Combination," many patentees attempted to invent and patent "the different machine." This was either a radical change in style or an attempt to produce a far less-expensive type of machine. These machines were not always put into commercial production, but the patent models give an indication of the extent to which some inventors went to simplify or vary the mechanics of machine sewing.

The following is a list of those sewing-machine patent models in the Smithsonian Institution collections:

_Patentee_ |_Date_ |_Patent Number_ | | Greenough, John J. |Feb. 21, 1842 |2,466 Bean, Benjamin W. |March 4, 1843 |2,982 Corliss, George H. |Dec. 27, 1843 |3,389 Howe, Elias, Jr. |Sept. 10, 1846 |4,750 Bachelder, John |May 8, 1849 |6,439 Wilson, Allen B. |Nov. 12, 1850 |7,776 Robinson, Frederick R. |Dec. 10, 1850 |7,824 Grover & Baker |Feb. 11, 1851 |7,931 Singer, Isaac M. |Aug. 12, 1851 |8,294 Wilson, Allen B. |Aug. 12, 1851 |8,296 Wilson, Allen B. |June 15, 1852 |9,041 Miller, Charles |July 20, 1852 |9,139 Avery, Otis |Oct. 19, 1852 |9,338 Hodgkins, G. |Nov. 2, 1852 |9,365 Bradeen, J. G. |Nov. 2, 1852 |9,380 Bates, W. G. |Feb. 22, 1853 |9,592 Thompson, T. C. |March 29, 1853 |9,641 Wickersham, W. |April 19, 1853 |9,679 Johnson, W. H. |March 7, 1854 |10,597 Harrison, J., Jr. |April 11, 1854 |10,763 Avery, Otis |May 9, 1854 |10,880 Singer, Isaac |May 30, 1854 |10,975 Hunt, Walter |June 27, 1854 |11,161 Roper, S. H. |Aug. 15, 1854 |11,531 Shaw, P. |Sept. 12, 1854 |11,680 Ambler, D. C. |Nov. 1, 1854 |11,884 Robertson, T. J. W. |Nov. 28, 1854 |12,015 Lyon, W. |Dec. 12, 1854 |12,066 Stedman, G. W. |Dec. 12, 1854 |12,074 Ward, D. T. |Jan. 2, 1855 |12,146 Conant, J. S. |Jan. 16, 1855 |12,233 Smith, H. B. |Jan. 16, 1855 |12,247 Singer, I. M. |Feb. 6, 1855 |12,364 Stedman, G. W. |March 20, 1855 |12,573 Stedman, G. W. |May 1, 1855 |12,798 Chilcott, J., and Scrimgeour, J. |March 15, 1855 |12,856 Durgin, Charles A. |May 22, 1855 |12,902 Bond, J., Jr. |May 22, 1855 |12,939 Singer, Isaac |June 12, 1855 |13,065 Harrison, J., Jr. |Oct. 2, 1855 |13,616 Singer, I. M. |Oct. 9, 1855 |13,661 Singer, I. M. |Oct. 9, 1855 |13,662 Langdon, L. W. |Oct. 30, 1855 |13,727 Stedman, G. W. |Nov. 27, 1855 |13,856 Swingle, A. |Feb. 5, 1856 |14,207 Watson, Wm. C. |March 11, 1856 |14,433 Singer, I. M. |March 18, 1856 |14,475 Grover, W. O. |May 27, 1856 |14,956 Blodgett, S. C. |Aug. 5, 1856 |15,469 Roper, S. H. |Nov. 4, 1856 |16,026 Singer, Isaac M. |Nov. 4, 1856 |16,030 Gibbs, James E. A. |Dec. 16, 1856 |16,234 Jennings, L. |Dec. 16, 1856 |16,237 Johnson, A. F. |Jan. 13, 1857 |16,387 Gibbs, J. E. A. |Jan. 20, 1857 |16,434 Howe, Elias, Jr. |Jan. 20, 1857 |16,436 Alexander, Elisa |Feb. 3, 1857 |16,518 Gray, Joshua |Feb. 3, 1857 |16,566 Belcher, C. D. |March 3, 1857 |16,710 Pratt, S. F. |March 3, 1857 |16,745 Nettleton & Raymond |April 14, 1857 |17,049 Gibbs, J. E. A. |June 2, 1857 |17,427 Harris, Daniel |June 9, 1857 |17,508 Harris, Daniel |June 16, 1857 |17,571 Sage, William |June 30, 1857 |17,717 Lathbury, E. T. |July 7, 1857 |17,744 Wickersham, W. |Aug. 25, 1857 |18,068 Wickersham, W. |Aug. 25, 1857 |18,069 Behn, Henry |Aug. 25, 1857 |18,071 Nettleton, Wm. H., and |Oct. 6, 1857 |18,350 Raymond, Charles | | Roper, S. H. |Oct. 27, 1857 |18,522 Fetter, George |Dec. 1, 1857 |18,793 Watson, W. C. |Dec. 8, 1857 |18,834 Behn, H. |Dec. 15, 1857 |18,880 Hubbard, George W. |Dec. 22, 1857 |18,904 Lazelle, W. H. |Dec. 22, 1857 |18,915 Clark, David W. |Jan. 5, 1858 |19,015 Fetter, George |Jan. 5, 1858 |19,059 Clark, David W. |Jan. 12, 1858 |19,072 Clark, David W. |Jan. 19, 1858 |19,129 Dimmock, Martial, and |Jan. 19, 1858 |19,135 Rixford, Nathan | | Boyd, A. H. |Jan. 19, 1858 |19,171 Angell, Benjamin J. |Feb. 9, 1858 |19,285 Clark, David W. |Feb. 23, 1858 |19,409 Raymond, Charles |March 9, 1858 |19,612 Hendrick, Joseph E. |March 16, 1858 |19,660 Parker, Sidney |March 16, 1858 |19,662 Gray, Joshua |March 16, 1858 |19,665 Coates, F. S. |March 23, 1858 |19,684 Clark, David W. |March 23, 1858 |19,732 Reynolds, O. S. |March 30, 1858 |19,793 Bartholf, Abraham |April 6, 1858 |19,823 Savage, E. |April 6, 1858 |19,876 Atwood, J. E., J. C., and O. |April 13, 1858 |19,903 Bosworth, Chas. F. |April 20, 1858 |19,979 Clark, David W. |June 8, 1858 |20,481 Herron, A. C. |June 15, 1858 |20,557 Johnson, A. F. |June 22, 1858 |20,686 Barnes, W. T. |June 29, 1858 |20,688 Smith, E. H. |June 29, 1858 |20,739 West, H. B., and |June 29, 1858 |20,753 Willson, H. F. | | Miller, W. |June 29, 1858 |20,763 Blake, Lyman R. |July 6, 1858 |20,775 Carpenter, Lunan |July 27, 1858 |20,990 Moore, Charles |July 27, 1858 |21,015 Smith, E. H. |Aug. 3, 1858 |21,089 Wheeler and Carpenter |Aug. 3, 1858 |21,100 Gibbs, J. E. A. |Aug. 10, 1858 |21,129 Uhlinger, W. P. |Aug. 17, 1858 |21,224 Clark, David W. |Aug. 31, 1858 |21,322 Blodgett, S. C. |Sept. 7, 1858 |21,465 Hubbard, G. W. |Sept. 14, 1858 |21,537 Hendrick, J. E. |Oct. 5, 1858 |21,722 Gibbs, J. E. A. |Oct. 12, 1858 |21,751 Sangster, Amos. W. |Oct. 26, 1858 |21,929 Avery, O. and Z. W. |Nov. 9, 1858 |22,007 Spencer and Lamb |Nov. 23, 1858 |22,137 Perry, James |Nov. 23, 1858 |22,148 Burnet and Broderick |Nov. 30, 1858 |22,160 Hook, Albert H. |Nov. 30, 1858 |22,179 Raymond, Charles |Nov. 30, 1858 |22,220 Bishop, H. H. |Dec. 7, 1858 |22,226 Pratt, S. F. |Dec. 7, 1858 |22,240 Atwood, J. E. |Dec. 14, 1858 |22,273 Fosket, W. A., and |Jan. 25, 1859 |22,719 Savage, Elliot | | Snyder, W. |Feb. 15, 1859 |22,987 Clark, D. W. |May 3, 1859 |23,823 Boyd, A. H. |May 17, 1859 |24,003 Gray, Joshua |May 17, 1859 |24,022 Hook, Albert H. |May 17, 1859 |24,027 Spencer, James C. |May 17, 1859 |24,061 Carhart, Peter S. |May 24, 1859 |24,098 McCurdy, J. S. |June 14, 1859 |24,395 Goodwyn, H. H. |June 21, 1859 |24,455 Grout, William |July 5, 1859 |24,629 Hensel, George |July 12, 1859 |24,737 Parker, Sidney |July 12, 1859 |24,780 Hall, William |July 26, 1859 |24,870 Hayden, H. W. |Aug. 2, 1859 |24,937 Kelsey, D. |Aug. 2, 1859 |24,939 Emswiler, J. B. |Aug. 9, 1859 |25,002 Farr, C. N. |Aug. 9, 1859 |25,004 Harrison, James, Jr. |Aug. 9, 1859 |25,013 Tapley, G. S. |Aug. 9, 1859 |25,059 Barnes, W. T. |Aug. 16, 1859 |25,084 Booth, Ezekial |Aug. 16, 1859 |25,087 Hinkley, J. |Aug. 23, 1859 |25,231 Harrison, James, Jr. |Aug. 30, 1859 |25,262 Buell, J. S. |Sept. 13, 1859 |25,381 Vogel, Kasimir |Oct. 4, 1859 |25,692 Woodward, F. G. |Oct. 11, 1859 |25,782 Barrett, O. D. |Oct. 11, 1859 |25,785 Barnes, William T. |Oct. 25, 1859 |25,876 Sawyer, Irwin, and Alsop, T. |Oct. 25, 1859 |25,918 Budlong, William G. |Nov. 1, 1859 |25,946 Fosket, William A., |Nov. 1, 1859 |25,963 and Savage, E. | | Hicks, W. C. |Nov. 8, 1859 |26,035 Scofield, C. |Nov. 8, 1859 |26,059 Pearson, William |Nov. 22, 1859 |26,201 McCurdy, James S. |Nov. 22, 1859 |26,234 Clark, Edwin |Dec. 6, 1859 |26,336 Dickinson, C. W. |Dec. 6, 1859 |26,346 Miller, Charles |Dec. 13, 1859 |26,462 Rowe, Jas. |Dec. 27, 1859 |26,638 Johnson, A. F. |Jan. 24, 1860 |26,948 Thomson, J. |Feb. 7, 1860 |27,082 Juengst, George |Feb. 14, 1860 |27,132 Davis, Job A. |Feb. 21, 1860 |27,208 Gibbs, James E. A. |Feb. 21, 1860 |27,214 Rowe, James |Feb. 21, 1860 |27,260 Dopp, H. W. |Feb. 28, 1860 |27,279 Paine, A. R. |March 6, 1860 |27,412 Smalley, J. |March 20, 1860 |27,577 Newlove, T. |April 3, 1860 |27,761 McCurdy, J. S. |May 1, 1860 |28,097 Arnold, G. B. |May 8, 1860 |28,139 Bean, E. E. |May 8, 1860 |28,144 Holly, Birdsill |May 8, 1860 |28,176 Chamberlain, J. N. |May 29, 1860 |28,452 Ruddick, H. |May 29, 1860 |28,538 Scofield, Chas., and |June 5, 1860 |28,610 Rice, Clarke | | Smith, Wilson H. |June 19, 1860 |28,785 Rose, I. M. |June 19, 1860 |28,814 Gibbs, J. E. A. |June 26, 1860 |28,851 McCurdy, J. S. |July 3, 1860 |28,993 Mueller, H. |July 3, 1860 |28,996 Sutton, Wm. A. |July 17, 1860 |29,202 Hicks, W. C. |July 24, 1860 |29,268 Tracy, D. |Sept. 11, 1860 |30,012 Washburn, T. S. |Sept. 11, 1860 |30,031 Arnold, G. B., and A. |Sept. 25, 1860 |30,112 Leavitt, Rufus |Nov. 13, 1860 |30,634 Payne, R. S. |Nov. 13, 1860 |30,641 Heyer, Frederick |Nov. 27, 1860 |30,731 Hardie, J. W. |Dec. 4, 1860 |30,854 Earle, T. |Jan. 22, 1861 |31,156 Bruen, J. T. |Jan. 22, 1861 |31,208 Smith, J. M. |Feb. 5, 1861 |31,334 Smith, L. H. |Feb. 12, 1861 |31,411 Rice, Quartus |Feb. 12, 1861 |31,429 Rose, I. M. |March 5, 1861 |31,628 Ross, Noble G. |March 26, 1861 |31,829 Boyd, A. H. |April 2, 1861 |31,864 Mallary, G. H. |April 2, 1861 |31,897 Shaw, H. L. |April 9, 1861 |32,007 Burr, Theodore |April 9, 1861 |32,023 Jones, William, and |May 14, 1861 |32,297 Haughian, P. | | Wilder, M. G. |May 14, 1861 |32,323 Smith, Lewis H. |May 21, 1861 |32,385 Stoakes, J. W. |May 28, 1861 |32,456 Fuller, William M. |June 4, 1861 |32,496 Norton, B. F. |July 9, 1861 |32,782 Raymond, C. |July 9, 1861 |32,785 Raymond, Charles |July 30, 1861 |32,925 Case, G. F. |Aug. 13, 1861 |33,029 Hodgkins, C. |Aug. 20, 1861 |33,085 Marble, F. E. |Oct. 8, 1861 |33,439 Mann, Charles |Oct. 22, 1861 |33,556 Grover, W. O. |Nov. 26, 1861 |33,778 Hendrickson, E. M. |Feb. 4, 1862 |34,330 Derocquigny, A. C. F., |March 25, 1862 |34,748 Gance, D., and Hanzo, L. | | Thompson, R. |April 8, 1862 |34,926 Smith, John C. |April 15, 1862 |34,988 Palmer, Aaron |May 13, 1862 |35,252 Hall, W. S. |Aug. 5, 1862 |36,084 McCurdy, James S. |Aug. 19, 1862 |36,256 Grover, W. O. |Sept. 9, 1862 |36,405 Wilkins, J. N. |Sept. 30, 1862 |36,591 Humphrey, D. W. G. |Oct. 7, 1862 |36,617 House, H. A., and J. A. |Nov. 11, 1862 |36,932 Crossby, C. O., and Kellogg, H. |Dec. 2, 1862 |37,033 Shaw, A. B. |Dec. 16, 1862 |37,202 Pipo, John A. |Jan. 27, 1863 |37,550 Hollowell, J. G. |Feb. 10, 1863 |37,624 Howe, A. B. |March 17, 1863 |37,913 Weitling, W. |March 17, 1863 |37,931 Shaw & Clark |April 21, 1863 |38,246 Baldwin, Cyrus W. |April 28, 1863 |38,276 Grote, F. W. |May 5, 1863 |38,447 Palmer, C. H. |May 5, 1863 |38,450 Mack, W. A. |May 19, 1863 |38,592 Bosworth, C. F. |June 9, 1863 |38,807 McCurdy, J. S. |June 16, 1863 |38,931 Langdon, Leander W. |July 14, 1863 |39,256 House, J. A., and H.A. |Aug. 4, 1863 |39,442-39,445 (4 patents on 1 machine) | | Tracy and Hobbs |Sept. 15, 1863 |40,000 Wagener, Jeptha A. |Oct. 13, 1863 |40,296 Rehfuss, G. |Oct. 13, 1863 |40,311 Lathrop, Lebbeus W., |Oct. 27, 1863 |40,446 and de Sanno, Wm. P. | | Heyer, W. D. |Nov. 17, 1863 |40,622 Simmons, A. G., and Scofield, C. |March 1, 1864 |41,790 Guinness, W. S. |March 15, 1864 |41,916 Willcox, Charles H. |March 22, 1864 |42,036 (4 patents on 1 machine) |Aug. 9, 1864 |43,819 |Sept. 27, 1864 |44,490 |Sept. 27, 1864 |44,491 Sibley, J. J. |March 29, 1864 |42,117 Thompson, R. |April 19, 1864 |42,449 McKay & Blake |May 24, 1864 |42,916 Chittenden, H. H. |June 28, 1864 |43,289 Hall, Luther |July 5, 1864 |43,404 Planer, Louis |Aug. 23, 1864 |43,927 Atwater, B. |Sept. 6, 1864 |44,063 Dale, John D. |Oct. 11, 1864 |44,686 Gritzner, M. C. |Oct. 18, 1864 |44,720 Smith, DeWitt C. |Dec. 20, 1864 |45,528 Weitling, W. |Jan. 3, 1865 |45,777 Cadwell, C. |Jan. 24, 1865 |45,972 Bartlett, J. W. |Jan. 31, 1865 |46,064 McCurdy, James S. |Feb. 7, 1865 |46,303 Lamb, Thomas, and |Aug. 15, 1865 |49,421 Allen, John | | Humphrey, D. W. G. |Aug. 29, 1865 |49,627 Tarbox, John N. |Sept. 5, 1865 |49,803 Crosby, C. O. |Oct. 3, 1865 |50,225 Cajar, E. |Oct. 3, 1865 |50,299 Hart, William |Oct. 17, 1865 |50,469 Hecht, A. |Oct. 17, 1865 |50,473 Emerson, John |Nov. 14, 1865 |50,989 Keats, John, and Clark, Wm. S. |Nov. 14, 1865 |50,995 Rehfuss, George |Nov. 21, 1865 |51,086 Eickemeyer, Rudolf |Feb. 20, 1866 |52,698 Hanlon, John |Feb. 27, 1866 |52,847 McCurdy, J. S. |April 3, 1866 |53,743 Bartram, W. B. |May 15, 1866 |54,670 Bartram, W. B. |May 15, 1866 |54,671 Goodspeed, G. N. |May 15, 1866 |54,816 Hayes, J. |May 22, 1866 |55,029 McCloskey, John |June 19, 1866 |55,688 House, J. A. and H. A. |June 26, 1866 |55,865 Tucker, Joseph C. |July 24, 1866 |56,641 Warth, Albin |July 24, 1866 |56,646 Destouy, A. |July 31, 1866 |56,729 Schwalback, M. |July 31, 1866 |56,805 Cately, William H. |Aug. 7, 1866 |56,902 Piper, D. B. |Aug. 7, 1866 |56,990 Leyden, Austin |Aug. 14, 1866 |57,157 Clements, James M. |Aug. 21, 1866 |57,451 Davis, Job A. |Oct. 9, 1866 |58,614 Rodier, Peter |Nov. 13, 1866 |59,659 Duchemin, Wm. |Nov. 13, 1866 |59,715 Kilbourn, E. E. |Nov. 20, 1866 |59,746 Reed, T. K. |Dec. 4, 1866 |60,241 Singer, I. M. |Dec. 11, 1866 |60,433 Bartram, W. B. |Jan. 1, 1867 |60,669 Rehfuss, G. |Jan. 8, 1867 |61,102 Singer, Isaac |Jan. 15, 1867 |61,270 Cajar, Emil |Feb. 5, 1867 |61,711 Craige, E. H. |Feb. 19, 1867 |62,186 Reed, T. K. |Feb. 19, 1867 |62,287 Bartram, W. B. |March 5, 1867 |62,520 Fuller, H. W. |March 19, 1867 |63,033 Stannard, M. |April 23, 1867 |64,184 Craige, E. H. |Aug. 13, 1867 |67,635 Doll, Arnold |Sept. 3, 1867 |68,420 Bruen, L. B. |Sept. 17, 1867 |68,839 Hodgkins, C. |Oct. 8, 1867 |69,666 Baker, G. W. |Oct. 29, 1867 |70,152 Cadwell, Caleb |Nov. 19, 1867 |71,131 Fanning, J. |Dec. 31, 1867 |72,829 Warth, Albin |Jan. 7, 1868 |73,064 Rehfuss, George |Jan. 7, 1868 |73,119 Cornely, E. |Jan. 28, 1868 |73,696 Blake, L. R. |Feb. 11, 1868 |74,289 Fales, J. F. |Feb. 11, 1868 |74,328 Jencks, G. L. |Feb. 18, 1868 |74,694 Clark, Edwin E. |Feb. 25, 1868 |74,751 Halbert, A. W. |March 31, 1868 |76,076 Gritzner, M. C. |April 7, 1868 |76,323 Bartlett, Joseph W. |April 7, 1868 |76,385 Waterbury, Enos |June 16, 1868 |79,037 Cole, W. H. |June 30, 1868 |79,447 Lamson, Henry P. |July 7, 1868 |79,579 French, S. |July 28, 1868 |80,345 Stein, M. J. |Sept. 8, 1868 |81,956 Hancock, H. J. |Oct. 27, 1868 |83,492 Bartram, W. B. |Nov. 3, 1868 |83,592 Benedict, C. P. |Nov. 3, 1868 |83,596 Bonnaz, A. |Nov. 10, 1868 |83,909 Bonnaz, A. |Nov. 10, 1868 |83,910 Elliott, F. |Jan. 19, 1869 |85,918 Canfield, F. P. |Jan. 19, 1869 |86,057 Arnold B. |Jan. 26, 1869 |86,121 Jones, John |Jan. 26, 1869 |86,163 Russell, W. W. |Feb. 9, 1869 |86,695 Eldridge, G. W. |March 2, 1869 |87,331 House, J. A. and H. A. |March 2, 1869 |87,338 Gird, E. D. |March 9, 1869 |87,559 Carpenter, William |March 9, 1869 |87,633 Dunbar, C. F. |March 30, 1869 |88,282 McLean, J. N. |March 30, 1869 |88,499 Billings, C. E. |April 6, 1869 |88,603 Winter, Wm. |April 13, 1869 |88,936 Tittman, A. |April 20, 1869 |89,093 Swartwout, H. L. |April 27, 1869 |89,357 Lyons, Lucius |April 27, 1869 |89,489 Crosby, C. O. |May 25, 1869 |90,507 Gutmann, J. |May 25, 1869 |90,528 Duchemin, William |June 8, 1869 |91,101 Adams, John Q. |July 6, 1869 |92,138 Bond, Joseph, Jr. |Aug. 10, 1869 |93,588 Hoffman, Geo. W. |Aug. 24, 1869 |94,112 Brown, John H. |Aug. 31, 1869 |94,389 Heery, Luke |Sept. 14, 1869 |94,740 Gray, Joshua |Oct. 5, 1869 |95,581 Smith, E. H. |Oct. 26, 1869 |96,160 Page, Chas. |Nov. 2, 1869 |96,343 Lyon, Lucius |Nov. 9, 1869 |96,713 Clever, P. J. |Nov. 16, 1869 |96,886 Mills, Daniel |Nov. 16, 1869 |96,944 Woodruff, Geo. B., and |Nov. 16, 1869 |97,014 Browning, Geo. | | Keith, Jeremiah |Dec. 7, 1869 |97,518 Hurtu, Auguste J., and |Dec. 21, 1869 |98,064 Hautin, Victor J. | | Lamb, Thomas |Dec. 28, 1869 |98,390 Rudolph, B. |Feb. 1, 1870 |99,481 Porter, Alonzo |Feb. 8, 1870 |99,704 Smith, W. T. |Feb. 8, 1870 |99,743 Meyers, N. |Feb. 15, 1870 |99,783 Grover, W. O. |Feb. 22, 1870 |100,139 Spoehr, F. |April 12, 1870 |101,779 Kendall, George F. |April 12, 1870 |101,887 Cooney, W. |April 26, 1870 |102,226 Brown, F. H. |April 26, 1870 |102,366 Howard E., and Jackson, W. H. |May 31, 1870 |103,745 Bartram, W. B. |June 14, 1870 |104,247 Henriksen, H. P. |June 21, 1870 |104,590 Martine, Charles F. |June 21, 1870 |104,612 Nasch, Isidor |June 21, 1870 |104,630 Hall, L. |July 12, 1870 |105,329 Lyon, Lucius |July 26, 1870 |105,820 Bennor, Joseph |Aug. 9, 1870 |106,249 Barnes, M. M. |Aug. 16, 1870 |106,307 Leslie, Arthur M. |Oct. 18, 1870 |108,492 Rayer, William A.,and |Nov. 1, 1870 |108,827 Lincoln, Wm. S. | | Landfear, Wm. R. |Nov. 22, 1870 |109,427 Parham, Charles |Nov. 22, 1870 |109,443 Lamb, I. W. |Nov. 29, 1870 |109,632 Moreau, Eugene |Jan. 3, 1871 |110,669 Robinson, Charles E. |Jan. 3, 1871 |110,790 Goodyear, Charles, Jr. |Jan. 24, 1871 |111,197 Stevens, G., and Hendy, J. |Jan. 31, 1871 |111,488 Carpenter, Mary P. |Feb. 21, 1871 |112,016 Hancock, Henry J. |Feb. 21, 1871 |112,033 Sidenberg, W. |March 14, 1871 |112,745 Chase, M. |April 11, 1871 |113,498 Stein, M. J. |April 11, 1871 |113,593 Tate, Wm. J. |April 11, 1871 |113,704 House, J. A. and H. A. |May 2, 1871 |114,294 Sidenberg, W. |May 23, 1871 |115,117 Beuttels, Charles |May 23, 1871 |115,155 Thompson, G. |May 23, 1871 |115,255 Willcox and Carleton |June 27, 1871 |116,521 (3 patents on 1 machine) | |116,522 | |116,523 Willcox and Carleton |July 4, 1871 |116,783 Goodyear, Charles, Jr. |July 11, 1871 |116,947 Necker, Carl |July 18, 1871 |117,101 Pitt, James; Joseph; |July 18, 1871 |117,203 Edward; and Wm. | | Jones, John T. |Aug. 1, 1871 |117,640 West, E. P. |Aug. 1, 1871 |117,708 Jones, Solomon |Aug. 29, 1871 |118,537 (2 patents on 1 machine) | |118,538 Lamb, Thomas |Sept. 5, 1871 |118,728 Bosworth, C. F. |Jan. 9, 1872 |122,555 Smyth, D. M. |Jan. 9, 1872 |122,673 Fish, Warren L. |Feb. 13, 1872 |123,625 Palmer, C. H. |March 19, 1872 |124,694 Baker, G. W. |April 9, 1872 |125,374 Gordon and Kinert |April 16, 1872 |125,807 Howard, C. W. |April 23, 1872 |126,056 (second machine) | |126,057 Smyth, D. M. |May 14, 1872 |126,845 Beckwith, W. G. |May 21, 1872 |126,921 Bouscay, Eloi, Jr. |May 28, 1872 |127,145 Braundbeck, E. |June 11, 1872 |127,675 Heidenthal, W. |June 11, 1872 |127,765 Cleminshaw, S. |June 25, 1872 |128,363 Wardwell, S. W., Jr. |July 2, 1872 |128,684 Springer, W. A. |July 9, 1872 |128,919 Fanning, John |July 16, 1872 |129,013 Parks, Volney |July 30, 1872 |129,981 Baker, G. W. |July 30, 1872 |130,005 Smyth, D. M. |Aug. 6, 1872 |130,324 McClure, A. T. |Aug. 13, 1872 |130,385 Ashe, Robert |Aug. 20, 1872 |130,555 Bartram, W. B. |Aug. 20, 1872 |130,557 West, Elliot P. |Aug. 20, 1872 |130,674 Happe, J., and Newman, W. |Aug. 20, 1872 |130,715 Hinds, Jesse L. |Sept. 10, 1872 |131,166 Brown, F. H. |Oct. 1, 1872 |131,735 Beckwith, W. G. |Nov. 26, 1872 |133,351 Turner, S. S. |Dec. 3, 1872 |133,553 Chandler, R. |Dec. 10, 1872 |133,757 Venner, O. |Dec. 10, 1872 |133,814 Duchemin, W. |Jan. 21, 1873 |135,032 Sheffield, G. V. |Jan. 21, 1873 |135,047 Parham, Charles |Feb. 4, 1873 |135,579 Goodes, E. A. |March 11, 1873 |136,718 Tittman, A. |March 11, 1873 |136,792 Happe, J., and Newman, W. |March 25, 1873 |137,199 Ragan, Daniel |April 1, 1873 |137,321 O'Neil, John |April 8, 1873 |137,618 Kallmeyer, G. |April 8, 1873 |137,689 Ross, J. G., and Miller, T. L. |May 13, 1873 |138,764 West, Elliott P. |May 13, 1873 |138,772 Koch and Brass |May 13, 1873 |138,898 Arnold, B. |May 20, 1873 |138,981 Arnold, B. |May 20, 1873 |138,982 Lathrop, L. W. |May 20, 1873 |139,067 Chandler, Rufus |May 27, 1873 |139,368 Jones, S. H. |July 8, 1873 |140,631 Smyth, D. M. |July 22, 1873 |141,088 Wardwell, S. W., Jr. |July 29, 1873 |141,245 Stewart, J., Jr. |July 29, 1873 |141,397 Walker, William |July 29, 1873 |141,407 Blanchard, Helen A. |Aug. 19, 1873 |141,987 Springer, W. A. |Aug. 26, 1873 |142,290 Cushman, C. S. |Sept. 2, 1873 |142,442 Porter, D. A. |Nov. 25, 1873 |144,864 Koch & Brass |Dec. 2, 1873 |145,215 Richardson, E. F. |Dec. 16, 1873 |145,687 Weber, Theo. A. |Dec. 23, 1873 |145,823 Scribner, Benjamin, Jr. |Jan. 13, 1874 |146,483 Black, Samuel S. |Jan. 20, 1874 |146,642 Taylor, F. B. |Jan. 20, 1874 |146,721 Richardson, Everett P. |Jan. 27, 1874 |146,948 Muir, William |Feb. 3, 1874 |147,152 Goodes, E. A. |Feb. 10, 1874 |147,387 Springer, Wm. A. |Feb. 10, 1874 |147,441 True, C. B. |March 10, 1874 |148,336 Wardwell, S. W., Jr. |March 10, 1874 |148,339 Shorey, Samuel W. |March 17, 1874 |148,765 Smith, James H. |March 24, 1874 |148,902 Horr, Addison D. |April 21, 1874 |149,862 Page, Chas. |May 5, 1874 |150,479 Crane, Thomas |May 5, 1874 |150,532 Buhr, J. |May 26, 1874 |151,272 Smyth, D. M. |June 9, 1874 |151,801 Wensley, James |June 16, 1874 |152,055 Dinsmore, A. S., and |June 30, 1874 |152,618 Carter, John T. | | Speirs, J. |July 7, 1874 |152,813 Brewer, A. G. |July 14, 1874 |152,894 Baglin, Wm. |Aug. 18, 1874 |154,113 Howard, E. L. |Aug. 25, 1874 |154,485 Landfear, Wm. R. |Sept. 22, 1874 |155,193 Drake, Ellis |Oct. 13, 1874 |155,932 Barney, Samuel C. |Oct. 20, 1874 |156,119 Moreau, Eugene |Oct. 20, 1874 |156,171 Huntington, Thomas S. |Dec. 29, 1874 |158,214 Bartlett and Plant |Jan. 26, 1875 |159,065 Garland, H. P. |Feb. 16, 1875 |159,812 Dinsmore, Alfred S. |March 9, 1875 |160,512 McCloskey, John |March 30, 1875 |161,534 Schmidt, Albert E. |April 27, 1875 |162,697 Darling & Darling |May 25, 1875 |163,639 Richardson, Everett P. |July 13, 1875 |165,506 Whitehill, Robert |July 27, 1875 |166,172 Weber, Theodore A. |Aug. 3, 1875 |166,236 Pearson, Wm. |Aug. 17, 1875 |166,805 Beckwith, William G. |Sept. 7, 1875 |167,382 Hall, John S. |Oct. 11, 1875 |168,637 Jones, J. T. |Oct. 26, 1875 |169,106 Garland, H. P. |Oct. 26, 1875 |169,163 Wormald & Dobson |Nov. 9, 1875 |169,881 Rose, R. M. |Nov. 30, 1875 |170,596 Keith, Jeremiah |Dec. 7, 1875 |170,741 Keith, T. K. |Dec. 14, 1875 |170,955 Leavitte, Albert |Dec. 14, 1875 |171,147 Toll, Charles F. |Dec. 14, 1875 |171,193 Keats, Greenwood, & Keats |Dec. 28, 1875 |171,622 Thayer, Augustus |Jan. 11, 1876 |172,205 Frese, B. |Jan. 18, 1876 |172,308 Pearson, William |Jan. 18, 1876 |172,478 Sawyer & Esty |Feb. 29, 1876 |174,159 Porter & Baker |March 14, 1876 |174,703 Walker, William |April 11, 1876 |176,101 Upson, L. A. |April 18, 1876 |176,153 Witherspoon, S. A. |April 18, 1876 |176,211 Rice, T. M. |April 25, 1876 |176,686 Murphy, E. |May 2, 1876 |176,880 Bradford, E. F., and |May 16, 1876 |177,371 Pierce, V. R. | | Applegate & Webb |May 25, 1876 |177,784 Sullivan, John J. |June 27, 1876 |179,232 Appleton, C. J., and |July 4, 1876 |179,440 Sibley, J. J. | | Marin, Chas. |July 11, 1876 |179,709 Gullransen, P. E., and |July 25, 1876 |180,225 Rettinger, J. C. | | Butcher, Joseph |Aug. 1, 1876 |180,542 Jackson, William |Sept. 5, 1876 |181,941 Barton, Kate C. |Sept. 12, 1876 |182,096 Eickemeyer, Rudolf |Sept. 12, 1876 |182,182 Webster, W. |Sept. 12, 1876 |182,249 Knoch, C. F. |Oct. 17, 1876 |183,400 Cushman, C. S. |Nov. 21, 1876 |184,594 Harris, David |Dec. 12, 1876 |185,228 Wood, J. |Dec. 26, 1876 |185,811 Oram, Henry |Jan. 2, 1877 |185,952 Palmer, Frank L. |Jan. 2, 1877 |185,954 Hall, John S. |Feb. 6, 1877 |187,006 Palmateer, William A. |Feb. 20, 1877 |187,479 Cummins, William G. |Feb. 27, 1877 |187,822 Esty, William |Feb. 27, 1877 |187,837 Leavitt & Drew |Feb. 27, 1877 |187,874 Henriksen, H. P. |March 20, 1877 |188,515 McKay, Gordon |March 27, 1877 |188,809 Follett, J. L. |April 10, 1877 |189,446 Bond, James, Jr. |April 17, 1877 |189,599 Jacob, F. |April 24, 1877 |190,047 Beck, A. |May 1, 1877 |190,184 Hallett, H. H. |June 5, 1877 |191,584 Randel, William |June 12, 1877 |192,008 Corbett, E., and Harlow, C. F. |July 3, 1877 |192,568 Brown, F. H. |July 24, 1877 |193,477 Melhuish, R. M. |Aug. 28, 1877 |194,610 Atwood, K. C. |Sept. 4, 1877 |194,759 Macaulay, F. A. |Oct. 9, 1877 |195,939 Dimond, George H. |Oct. 16, 1877 |196,198 Sedmihradsky, A. J. |Oct. 23, 1877 |196,486 Keith, J. |Nov. 6, 1877 |196,809 Beck, August |Nov. 6, 1877 |196,863 Keith, T. H. |Nov. 6, 1877 |196,909 Keats, John |Dec. 11, 1877 |198,120 Briggs, Thomas |Jan. 1, 1878 |198,790 Corey, J. W. |Jan. 8, 1878 |198,970 Howard, T. S. L. |Jan. 15, 1878 |199,206 Bosworth, C. F. |Jan. 22, 1878 |199,500 Dancel, C. |Jan. 29, 1878 |199,802 Pearson, M. H. |Feb. 5, 1878 |199,991 Morrell, Robert W.; |April 23, 1878 |202,857 Parkinson, Thomas; and | | Parkinson, Joseph | | Barcellos, D. |April 30, 1878 |203,102 Elderfield, F. D. |June 4, 1878 |204,429 Heberling, J. |June 4, 1878 |204,604 Beukler, William |June 11, 1878 |204,704 Varicas, L. |June 11, 1878 |204,864 Stewart, W. T. |July 2, 1878 |205,698 House, Jas. A. |July 23, 1878 |206,239 Martin, W., Jr.; Dawson, D. R.; |Aug. 6, 1878 |206,743 and Orchar, R. | | Conklin, N. A. |Aug. 6, 1878 |206,774 Wollenberg, H., and Priesner, J. |Aug. 6, 1878 |206,848 Young, E. S., and Dimond, G. H. |Aug. 13, 1878 |206,992 Hoffman, Clara P., and |Aug. 13, 1878 |207,035 Meyers, Nicholas | | Wensley, Jas. |Aug. 20, 1878 |207,230 Dimond, G. H. |Aug. 27, 1878 |207,400 Steward, A. |Aug. 27, 1878 |207,454 Wood, Richard G. |Sept. 10, 1878 |207,928 McCombs, Geo. F. |Sept. 24, 1878 |208,407 Keith, Jeremiah |Oct. 22, 1878 |209,126 Wells, W. W. |Nov. 12, 1878 |209,843 Bayley, C. H. |Feb. 11, 1879 |212,122 Parmenter, Charles O. |Feb. 18, 1879 |212,495 Ingalls, N., Jr. |Feb. 25, 1879 |212,602 Cleminshaw, S. |March 18, 1879 |213,391 Webb, T., and Heartfield, C. H. |March 25, 1879 |213,537 Borton, Stockton |April 8, 1879 |214,089 Henriksen, H. P. |May 20, 1879 |215,615 Bland, Henry |June 3, 1879 |216,016 Morrison, T. W. |June 10, 1879 |216,289 Bosworth, Charles F. |June 17, 1879 |216,504 Simmons, Frederick |June 24, 1879 |216,902 Junker, Carl |July 1, 1879 |217,112 Legat, Désiré Mathurin |Aug. 12, 1879 |218,388 Willcox, C. H. |Aug. 12, 1879 |218,413 Cornely, Emile |Sept. 2, 1879 |219,225 Hamm, E. |Sept. 16, 1879 |219,578 Tuttle, J. W., and Keith, T. K. |Sept. 16, 1879 |219,782 Stackpole, G., and |Oct. 7, 1879 |220,314 Applegate, J. H. | | Otis, S. L. |Oct. 28, 1879 |221,093 Bland, H. |Nov. 11, 1879 |221,505 Bracher, T. W. |Nov. 11,1879 |221,508 Snediker, J. F. |Nov. 25, 1879 |222,089 Mooney, J. H. |Dec. 2, 1879 |222,298 Osborne, J. H. |Feb. 3, 1880 |224,219 Smith, W. M. |March 2, 1880 |225,199 Banks, C. M. |March 23, 1880 |225,784 Haberling, J. |May 4, 1880 |227,249 Haberling, J. |May 11, 1880 |227,525 Wiseman, Edmund |June 8, 1880 |228,711 Juengst, George |June 15, 1880 |228,820 Morley, J. H. |June 15, 1880 |228,918 Curtis, G. H. W. |June 22, 1880 |228,985 Lipe, C. E. |June 29, 1880 |229,322 Miller, L. B., and Diehl, P. |July 6, 1880 |229,629 Willcox, C. H. |July 20, 1880 |230,212 Shaw, E. |July 27, 1880 |230,580 Dinsmore, A. S. |Aug. 17, 1880 |231,155 Thurston, C. H. |Oct. 12, 1880 |231,300 Butcher, J. |Oct. 26, 1880 |233,657 Smyth, D. M. |Nov. 23, 1880 |234,732 Hesse, J. |Dec. 7, 1880 |235,085 Kjalman, H. N. |Dec. 21, 1880 |235,783 Morley, J. H. |Jan. 4, 1881 |236,350 Thomas, J. |Jan. 11, 1881 |236,466 Benson, G. |March 8, 1881 |238,556 Green, G. F. |March 8, 1881 |238,678 Eickemeyer, Rudolf |March 29, 1881 |239,319 Palmer, C. H. |April 26, 1881 |240,758 Campbell, D. H. |May 17, 1881 |241,612 Campbell, Duncan H. |May 17, 1881 |241,613 Leslie, A. M. |May 24, 1881 |241,808 Newell, George F. |June 7, 1881 |242,470 Gritzner, Max C. |June 28, 1881 |243,444 Keith, Jeremiah |July 5, 1881 |243,710 Choquette, A. E. |July 12, 1881 |244,033 Mooney, J. H. |July 19, 1881 |244,470 Beardslee, W. F. |Aug. 16, 1881 |245,781 Hine, Charlie M. |Aug. 23, 1881 |246,136 Willcox, C. H. |Sept. 6, 1881 |246,700 Hoefler, J. |Sept. 13, 1881 |246,883 Woodward, E. |Sept. 20, 1881 |247,285 Richards, Jean E. |Jan. 24, 1882 |252,799 Abbott, W. W. |Jan. 31, 1882 |252,984 Secor, J. B. |Feb. 14, 1882 |253,772 Deschamps, O. L. |Feb. 21, 1882 |253,915 Hull, E. H. |Feb. 28, 1882 |254,217 Roberts, William |March 7, 1882 |254,696 Willcox and Borton |March 28, 1882 |255,576 Borton and Willcox |March 28, 1882 |255,577 Borton and Willcox |March 28, 1882 |255,580 Borton and Willcox |March 28, 1882 |255,581 Veukler, W. |April 4, 1882 |255,916 Hurtu, A. J. |May 30, 1882 |258,761 Keats, Alphonso |July 11, 1882 |260,990 Ramsden, John W. |Aug. 1, 1882 |262,116 Koch, William |Aug. 8, 1882 |262,298 Bigelow, J. |Aug. 29, 1882 |263,467 Mills, Daniel |Oct. 10, 1882 |265,850 Wilkinson, Charles E. |Dec. 19, 1882 |269,251 Carlisle, W. S. |Jan. 9, 1883 |270,540 Holden, O. J., and Griswold, L. |Feb. 13, 1883 |272,050 Cameron, James W. |Feb. 20, 1883 |272,527 Miller, L. B., and Diehl, P. |March 20, 1883 |274,359 Ludeke, W. |April 10, 1883 |275,506 Bolton, J., and Petnz, A. D. |May 8, 1883 |277,106 Blodgett, John W. |June 12, 1883 |279,320 Haberling, J. |Sept. 4, 1883 |284,300 Thimonnier, E., and Vernaz, C. |Oct. 30, 1883 |287,592 Duchemin, William |Nov. 20, 1883 |288,929 Lawrence, G. H. |Dec. 25, 1883 |290,895 Clever, Peter J. |April 8, 1884 |296,529 Palmer, John H. |May 6, 1884 |298,228 Dowling, James, and |May 27, 1884 |299,118 Connolly, John | | Boecher, Adam |June 10, 1884 |300,199 Luedeke, Waldemar |June 17, 1884 |300,380 VanVechten, Orville R. |July 15, 1884 |302,063 Carr, Wm. H., and Ostrom, F. W. |Aug. 12, 1884 |303,361 Trip, J. |Dec. 2, 1884 |308,711 Farrar, Arthur |Dec. 30, 1884 |309,837 Turner, M. G. |Feb. 17, 1885 |312,306 Mills, D. |March 3, 1885 |313,359 Hurtu, August J. |April 7, 1885 |315,037 Charmbury, Henry |April 28, 1885 |316,745 Woodward & Keith |April 28, 1885 |316,927 Walker, William |June 16, 1885 |320,099 Tucker, R. D. |June 23, 1885 |320,898 Wheeler and Dial |Oct. 13, 1885 |328,165 Thomas, Joseph |Nov. 10, 1885 |330,170 Muegge, C. A. |Dec. 8, 1885 |332,207 Diehl, P. |April 13, 1886 |339,623 Diehl, P. |Aug. 24, 1886 |347,776 Helwig, Arthur |Oct. 5, 1886 |350,364 Miehling, Charles |Nov. 2, 1886 |351,992 Dieterle, H. E. |Nov. 30, 1886 |353,542 Walker, William |Dec. 7, 1886 |353,720 Rosenthal, S. A. |Dec. 7, 1886 |353,970 Temple, John |Feb. 22, 1887 |358,088 Gee, W. V. |April 19, 1887 |361,406 Lingley, John W. |Aug. 16, 1887 |368,538 Boppel, Jacob |Jan. 29, 1889 |396,979 Webster, William |April 30, 1889 |402,497 Osterhout and Hallenbeck |May 7, 1889 |402,610 Bennett and Dowling |Aug. 27, 1889 |409,728 Hine, Charles M. |Jan. 28, 1890 |420,382 Wheeler, Nathaniel |Feb. 4, 1890 |420,847 Hallenbeck, J. P. |April 8, 1890 |425,422 Lisle, Myron C. |May 20, 1890 |428,171 Walker and Bennet |May 20, 1890 |428,548 Stewart, James, Jr. |July 15, 1890 |432,449 Dewees, J. W. |July 22, 1890 |432,746 Powell, Thomas |Dec. 16, 1890 |442,695 Fletcher, James H. |Dec. 30, 1890 |443,756 Rudolph, Ernst B., deceased, |April 7, 1891 |449,927 Boulter, W. E., administrator | | Goodwin, Julius C. |April 21, 1891 |450,793 Cook, Hugo |June 23, 1891 |454,610 Bowyer, J. T. |June 23, 1891 |454,708 Willcox, C. H., and Borton, S. |April 5, 1892 |472,094 Legg and Weston |May 17, 1892 |474,840 Kern, Ferdinand |July 19, 1892 |479,369 Jackson, Francis |May 1, 1894 |519,064 Charles Abercrombi |June 5, 1892 |520,977 Taft, J. C. |Oct. 15, 1895 |547,866

IV. 19th-Century Sewing-Machine Leaflets in the Smithsonian Collections

_Machine or Manufacturer_ |_Date_ |_Type_ | | American B.H.O. and Sewing Machine |1874 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Buckeye sewing machine |ca. 1870 |Illustrated, directions for using | | the machine New Buckeye |ca. 1872 |Illustrated, directions for using | | the machine Centennial sewing machine |1876 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Domestic sewing machine |1872 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Florence sewing machine |1873 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Florence sewing machine |1878 |Illustrated, directions for using | | the machine Goodes sewing machine |ca. 1876 |Advertising leaflet Grant Brothers sewing machine |1867 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet | | (Xerox copy) Grover and Baker sewing machine |1853 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Grover and Baker sewing machine |ca. 1870 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Home sewing machine |ca. 1870 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Howe sewing machine, new "B" machine |1868 |Illustrated, instruction booklet Howe sewing machine |1876 |Illustrated, catalog of machines Independent Noiseless sewing machine |ca. 1874 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Ladd, Webster sewing machine |1861 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Little Monitor sewing machine |ca. 1872 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Remington Family sewing machine |ca. 1874 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Shaw and Clark sewing machine |1864 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Singer sewing machine |1871 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Singer sewing machine |1893 |Catalog of machines shown at the | | Columbian Exposition Standard Shuttle sewing machine |ca. 1875 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Ten Dollar Novelty sewing machine |ca. 1870 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Weed sewing machine |1873 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Wheeler and Wilson sewing machine |ca. 1869 |Illustrated, instruction booklet Wheeler and Wilson sewing machine |ca. 1870-1875 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet Wheeler and Wilson no. 8 machine |ca. 1878 |Illustrated, instruction booklet Wilson sewing machine |1872 |Illustrated, advertising leaflet

V. A Brief History of Cotton Thread

Although Samuel Slater's wife is credited with making the first cotton sewing thread from yarns spun at the Pawtucket, Rhode Island, mill in about 1794, cotton thread did not become a manufactured item at that time. Slater turned all his interests to producing cotton-twist yarns needed for the warps of cotton fabrics. By 1809, however, the agents of Almy and Brown, partners and distributors for Slater, were advertising cotton thread as follows:

Factory Cotton and Thread Store, No. 26 Court Street opposite Concert Hall. George Connell, Agent for Almy and Brown of Providence and Pawtucket Manufactories, has now for sale from eight to ten thousand weight of yarn, for weaving ... five hundred pounds cotton thread, in hanks, from No. 12 to 60 of a superior quality and very white.[91]

Although it was a short hop from the spinning of cotton warps to the twisting of these cotton yarns to form a sewing thread, the general manufacture of cotton thread as an industry did not originate in the United States but rather in Scotland in the early 19th century. Napoleon's blockade, which curtailed Great Britain's importation of silk--needed not only for fabrics but also for making heddle strings for the looms--stimulated the production of cotton thread there. James and Patrick Clark, in desperation, attempted to substitute cotton for silk in their manufacture of these heddle strings. When they were successful, they considered that if cotton could be used successfully for this purpose it could also be made suitable for sewing thread. In 1812 they built a factory in Paisley, Scotland, which had long been noted for its textile industries. The thread was sold in hanks. About 1820 James' sons, James and John, who were now running J. & J. Clark & Co., began to wind the thread on spools. For this service they charged an extra halfpenny, which was refunded when the empty spool was returned. The thread was usually a three-ply or so-called three-cord thread.

About 1815 James Coats, also of Paisley, started manufacturing thread at Ferguslie, Scotland. His two sons took over the company in 1826 and formed the J. & P. Coats Company. Another brother, Andrew Coats, became the selling agent in the United States about 1840. But the cotton-thread industry was not fully launched.

As reported in an 1853 _Scientific American_, there was "more American thread made ten years ago than there is today."[92] It was not until the six-cord cabled cotton thread, which was suitable for both machine and hand sewing, was perfected that the industry progressed into full operation.

FOOTNOTES:

[91] William R. Bagnall, _Textile Industries of the United States_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1893), vol. 1, p. 164.

VI. Biographical Sketches

BARTHELEMY THIMONNIER

The first man known to have put a sewing machine into practical operation, Barthelemy Thimonnier, was a Frenchman of obscure parentage. His father, a textile dyer of Lyon, left that city in 1793 as a result of the Revolution and journeyed with his family to l'Arbresle where Barthelemy was born in August of that year.

The family resources were small, and, although the young Thimonnier was able to begin studies at the Seminaire de Saint-Jean at Lyons, he soon was forced to leave school for financial reasons and return to his home, then at Amplepuis. There he learned the tailoring trade and by 1813 was fairly well established in his own shop.

At that time many of the town's inhabitants were weavers and almost every house possessed one or two looms. The noise of the shuttle echoed from these family workshops. Thimonnier noted the relatively small amount of time needed to weave a fabric compared with the slow painstaking task of sewing a garment by passing the needle in and out for each stitch of each seam. When his mind began to dwell on the idea of producing a machine to do this stitching, another of the town's occupations supplied him with a clue and an additional incentive. This village industry produced a type of embroidery work called _point de chainette_, in which a needle with a small hook was used to form the chainstitch, a popular type of decorative stitch long used in countries all over the world. It was Thimonnier's plan to use this type of hooked needle and produce the stitch by machine, employing it both as a decorative stitch and a seam-forming one.

In 1825 Thimonnier moved to St. Etienne, where he became completely absorbed in the idea of inventing a sewing machine. Ignorant of any of the principles of mechanics, he worked alone and in secret for four years, neglecting his tailoring business to the extent that neighbors looked upon him as peculiar, if not crazy. By 1829 he had not only mastered the mechanical difficulties of bringing his dream to realization, but also had made the acquaintance of the man who helped him to success. Ferrand, of l'Ecole des Mines of Saint-Etienne, became interested in the machine and helped finance Thimonnier through his trials and disappointments. In 1830 Thimonnier received a patent on his machine, which produced the chainstitch by means of a needle shaped like a small crochet hook.

Thimonnier, together with Ferrand and a M. Beaunier, made attempts to introduce his machine in Paris. By 1841 they were successful in having eighty of Thimonnier's machines in use sewing army clothing in a shop in Paris. But the fears of the tailors could not be quieted. The machines were destroyed by an ignorant and infuriated mob, as had been earlier labor-saving devices such as the Jacquard attachment for the loom and Hargreaves' spinning jenny. Thimonnier was forced to flee to his home in St. Etienne, once more penniless.

Soon after this, Jean Marie Magnin, an engineer from Villefranche-sur-Saône became interested in Thimonnier's machine and provided the inventor again with financial backing. In 1845 under the name of Thimonnier and Magnin the patent of 1830 was renewed, and under it they organized the first French sewing-machine company. The machines they manufactured could produce 200 stitches per minute.

The Revolution of 1848 curtailed the manufacture and sale of the machines. Thimonnier, remembering his unpleasant experience in 1841, decided to go to England with Magnin, where, on February 8, 1848, they received the English patent for his chainstitch machine. He was also granted United States patent 7,622 on September 20, 1850. This later machine had some advantages over his French machine of 1830, but by this time other inventors had joined the field with machines that were more practical. Magnin entered a sewing machine (which from the description in the catalog must have been Thimonnier's invention) in the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London in 1850, but because it was late in arriving it was overlooked by the judges and not even considered in the competition. Thimonnier died in poverty at Amplepuis on July 5, 1857.

WALTER HUNT

Walter Hunt was born near Martinsburg, New York, on July 29, 1796. Although little is known of Hunt's early childhood, we do learn from the author of his obituary, which appeared in _Scientific American_, July 9, 1860, that even as a child he was more interested in people and what he could do for them than in what he could do to insure his own welfare. He is said to have devoted his life to his friends, frequently giving away his last cent when he did not have enough to provide for himself.

There is no record that Hunt maintained a regular business other than the occupation of inventor. His interests were numerous and varied. He received his first patent on June 26, 1826, for a machine for spinning flax and hemp. During the next 33 years he patented 26 ideas. In addition he sold or dropped several more. His second patent was for a coach alarm, and through the years he also received patents for a variety of things including a knife sharpener, heating stove, ice boat, nail machine, inkwell, fountain pen, safety pin, bottle stopper, sewing machine (1854), paper collars, and a reversible metallic heel.

ELIAS HOWE, JR.

Elias Howe, Jr., was born on his father's farm in Spencer, Massachusetts, on July 9, 1819. This was one of those barren New England farms with many rock-filled acres. All possible ingenuity was necessary to secure a living. The elder Howe supplemented his farming by having a small gristmill, a sawmill, and also by manufacturing cards for the fast-growing cotton industry of New England. Elias Jr.'s earliest recollections were of the latter. He worked with his brothers and sisters sticking wire teeth into strips of leather to make these cotton cards, but, not being very good at this, his family decided to let him "live out" with a neighboring farmer. (Children were leased in those days; they received their board and keep in exchange for chores they would perform.) After a few years, Elias returned home and worked in his father's mill until he was sixteen. Then, against the wishes of his family, he went to Lowell, Massachusetts. Here, he obtained a learner's place in a machine shop where cotton-spinning machinery was made and repaired.

In 1837, when a financial panic hit the country, Howe lost his job. He then decided to go to Boston, and this marked a turning point in his career. In Boston he met Ari Davis, a maker of mariners' instruments and scientific apparatus. Howe began to work in Davis' shop, a place to which inventors often came to ask advice about their ideas. Davis sometimes helped them, but just as often he shouted at them in anger--he is said to have been one of the noisiest men in Boston. One day Howe overheard his employer bellowing at a man who had brought a knitting machine to the shop to seek Davis' advice. "Why are you wasting your time over a knitting machine?" said Davis, "Take my advice, try something that will pay. Make a sewing machine." "It can't be done," was the reply. "Can't be done?" shouted Davis, "Don't tell me that. Why--I can make a sewing machine myself." "If you do," interrupted the capitalist, "I can make an independent fortune for you." Davis, like most men of many words, often talked of more than he planned to do. He never attempted to invent a sewing machine.

But the loud voices interested Howe, who, it is said, determined then that he would produce a sewing machine and win the fortune that the prosperous-looking man had asserted was waiting for such a deed. A kind of lameness since birth had made physical tasks painful for Howe, and he perhaps felt that this would offer an opportunity to become independent of hard physical work.

After marrying on a journeyman machinist's pay of $9 a week, Howe's health worsened and by 1843 was so bad that he had to stop work for days at a time. His wife was forced to take in sewing to maintain the family. It was the sight of his wife toiling at her stitches together with the pressure of poverty that recalled to Howe his earlier interest in a machine to sew. He decided to make an earnest attempt to invent one. Watching his wife for hours at a time, he tried to visualize a machine that would duplicate the motions of the arm. After many trials, he conceived the idea of using an eye-pointed needle in combination with a shuttle to form a stitch. It is possible that, as some authors state, the solution appeared to him in a dream, a manifestation of the subconscious at work. Others have suggested that he may have learned of Hunt's machine. There is a general similarity in the two, not only in the combination of eye-pointed needle and shuttle but in the overhanging arm and vertical cloth suspension.

After conceiving the idea, whatever his inspiration, Howe determined to devote all of his time to producing a working model of his machine. Elias' father, who had then started a factory for splitting palm leaves in Cambridge, gave him permission to set up a lathe and a few tools in the garret of the factory. Elias moved his family to Cambridge. Soon after his arrival, unfortunately, the building burned down, and Howe despaired of finding a place to work. He had a friend, however, in George Fisher, who had just come into a small inheritance, and Howe persuaded him to enter into partnership with him for the development of the machine. Fisher agreed to board Howe and his family, which now included two children, while Howe completed the model. Fisher also agreed to supply $500 for material and tools in exchange for a half interest in a patent if one was obtained.

At long last Howe was able to spend his full time and concentration on building his machine. His family was being fed and had a roof over its head. Within a few months Howe had completed a model and by April 1845 had sewed his first seam (see fig. 14). In July of that year he sewed all the principal seams of two suits of wool clothes, one for George Fisher and one for himself.

Several efforts were made to solicit public interest in the new machine. One was installed in a public hall in Boston, and a tailor was employed to operate it at three times the regular wage. The reception was similar to that of Thimonnier's: crowds came to see the "contraption," but, when Howe tried to interest large clothing establishments in using the machine, the protests of the tailors effectively blocked him. He took his sewing machine to the Quincy Hall Clothing Manufactory and offered to sew up any seams brought to him. Daily he sat in one of the rooms demonstrating his machine, and finally he challenged five of the swiftest seamstresses there to a race. Ten seams of equal length were prepared for stitching. One was given to each of the girls while the remaining five were given to Howe. Howe finished his five a little sooner than the girls each finished one, and his seams were declared the strongest and neatest. (Had any curved or angular work been brought, he could not have stitched it.) Still Howe did not receive a single order. The fear of throwing hand sewers out of work was again expressed, and, in addition, the cost of the machine was said to be too high. When it was estimated that a large shirtmaker would have to buy thirty or forty such machines, the necessary large investment was dismissed as ridiculous.

Howe was not too discouraged. In the meantime, he had finished a second machine for deposit with the patent specifications, as the patent laws then required. The second was a better made machine (fig. 15) and showed several minor changes. As soon as the patent was issued on September 10, 1846, Howe and his partner returned to Cambridge.

Without the inventor's enthusiasm or love of his own invention, George Fisher became thoroughly discouraged. He had boarded Howe and his family for nearly two years, had furnished the money needed to purchase the tools and materials for making the two sewing machines, had met the expense of obtaining the patent and the trip of Howe and himself to Washington; representing in all an outlay of practically $2000. Since no orders for machines had been received from either garment makers or tailors, Fisher did not see the slightest probability of the machine's becoming profitable and regarded his advances of cash as a dead loss.

Howe moved back to his father's house with a plan to look elsewhere for a chance to introduce the machine. Obtaining a loan from his father, he built another machine and sent it to England by his brother Amasa. After many discouraging attempts to interest the British, Amasa met William Thomas, a manufacturer of umbrellas, corsets, and leather goods. Thomas employed many workmen, all of whom stitched by hand, and he immediately saw the possibilities of a sewing machine. He proposed that Howe sell the machine to him for £250 sterling (about $1250). Thomas further proposed to engage the inventor to adapt this machine to the making of corsets, at a salary of £3 a week.

When Amasa Howe returned to Cambridge with the news, Elias was reluctant to accept Thomas' offer but had nothing better in sight. So the brothers sailed for London in February 1847, taking with them Howe's first machine and his patent papers. Thomas later advanced the passage money for Howe's wife and three children so that they could join Howe in England.

At this point, historians disagree on how long Howe was in Thomas' employ and whether he succeeded in adapting the machine to meet Thomas' needs. He was in England long enough, however, to find himself without employment in a strange country, his funds nearly exhausted, and his wife ill. He hoped to profit by the notice that his work had received and began to build another machine. He sent his family home to reduce expenses while he stayed on to finish the machine.

After working on it for three or four months, he was forced to sell it for five pounds and to take a note for that. To collect enough for his passage home, he sold the note for four pounds cash and pawned his precious first machine and his patent papers. He landed in New York in April 1849 with but half a crown in his pocket to show for his labors. A short time after he arrived, he learned that his wife was desperately