The Invention of Printing. A Collection of Facts and Opinions, Descriptive of Early Prints and Playing Cards, the Block-Books of the Fifteenth Century, the Legend of Lourens Janszoon Coster, of Haarlem, and the Work of John Gutenberg and His Associates

Part 39

Chapter 393,569 wordsPublic domain

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DE LA BORDE LÉON. Débuts de l’imprimerie à Strasbourg, ou recherches sur les travaux mystérieux de Gutenberg dans cette ville, et sur le procès qui lui fut intenté en 1439 à cette occasion. 8vo. Paris, 1840.

—— —— Débuts de l’imprimerie à Mayence et à Bamberg, ou description des lettres d’indulgence du pape Nicholas V pro regno Cypri, imprimées en 1454. Royal 4to. Paris, 1840.

DE VRIES A. Éclaircissemens sur l’histoire de l’invention de l’imprimerie. 8vo. La Haye, 1843.

DIDOT M. AMBROISE FIRMIN. Essai sur la typographie. 8vo. Paris, 1851.

DOUCE FRANCIS. Holbein’s Dance of Death . . . with a Dissertation, etc. 12mo. London, 1872.

FALKENSTEIN KARL. Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst in ihrer Entstehung und Ausbildung. 4to. Leipsic, 1840.

FISCHER GOTTHELF. Essai sur les monuments typographiques de Jean Gutenberg, mayençais, inventeur de l’imprimerie. 4to. Mayence, an X.

FOURNIER le jeune P. S. Manuel typographique. 16mo. 2 vols. Paris, 1764–1766.

GRESSWELL WILLIAM PARR. Annals of Parisian Typography, etc. 8vo. London, 1818.

HAIN L. Repertorium Bibliographicum, in quo Libri Omnes ab Arte Typographica Inventa usque ad Annum MD. typis expressi, etc. 8vo. 2 vols. Stuttgardt, 1826–1838.

HALLAM HENRY. Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. 8vo. 2 vols. New-York, 1841.

—— —— View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages. 8vo. 3 vols. Boston, 1853.

HANSARD T. C. Typographia: an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing, etc. 8vo. London, 1825.

HEINEKEN C. H. Idée générale d’une collection complette d’estampes, avec une dissertation sur l’origine de la gravure et sur les premiers livres d’images. 8vo. Leipsic and Vienna, 1771.

HELBIG HENRI. Une Découverte pour l’histoire de l’imprimerie. Pamphlet, 8vo. Brussels, 1855.

—— —— Notes et dissertations relatives à l’histoire de l’imprimerie. Pamphlet, 8vo. Brussels, without date. (From Vol. XVIII of the _Bibliophile Belge_.)

HOLTROP JOH. GUIL. Catalogus Librorum Sæculo XVº Impressorum, quotquot in Bibliotheca Regia Hagana asservantur. 8vo. Hagae-Comitum, 1856.

—— —— Monuments typographiques des Pays-Bas au quinzième siècle. Folio. La Haye, 1868.

HUMPHREYS H. NOEL. A History of the Art of Printing from its Invention, etc. Folio. Second Issue. London, 1868.

JACKSON JOHN and CHATTO W. A. A Treatise on Wood Engraving, etc. Second Edition. 8vo. London, 1861.

JACOB P. L. (Lacroix.) Curiosités de l’histoire des arts. 16mo. Paris, 1858.

JOHNSON J. Typographia, or the Printers’ Instructor, including an Account of the Origin of Printing. 24mo. 2 vols. London, 1824.

KONING JACQUES. Dissertation sur l’origine, l’invention, et le perfectionnement de l’imprimerie. 8vo. Amsterdam, 1819.

LACROIX PAUL (Bibliophile Jacob), E. FOURNIER et F. SERÉ. Histoire de l’imprimerie et des arts et professions, etc. Imperial 8vo. Paris, 1852.

LA CAILLE JEAN DE. Histoire de l’imprimerie et de la librarie où l’on voit son origine et son progrés jusqu’en 1689. 4to. Paris, 1689.

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MADDEN J.-P.-A. Lettres d’un bibliographe. Series I to IV. Royal 8vo. Versailles and Paris, 1868–1875.

MAITTAIRE M. Annales Typographici ab Artis Inventæ Origine ad annum MDCLXIV. 4to. 5 vols. Hagae-Comitum, 1719–1741.

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MUNSELL JOEL. A Chronology of Paper and Paper Making. 8vo. Albany, 1870.

NICHOLS ——. The Origin of Printing, etc. 8vo. London, 1774.

OTTLEY WILLIAM YOUNG. An Inquiry into the Origin and Early History of Engraving upon Copper and on Wood. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1816.

—— —— An Inquiry concerning the Invention of Printing, etc., with an Introduction by J. Ph. Berjeau. 4to. London, 1863.

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[p547]

INDEX

Abbreviations, excessive use of, 164, 525

— of Bible of 36 lines, 414

Abecedarium of Enschedé, 289, 290

Accuracy in types, importance of, 52

Accursius Mariangelus, 256

Acta Diurna of old Rome, 44

Adolph, count of Nassau, 438

— his patronage of Gutenberg, 440

Æneas Sylvius, Pope Pius II, 287

Aix-la-Chapelle, fair of, 394

Aldus Manutius, 291, 503, 540

Amman Jost, the artist, 61

Anachronisms, 206, 211, 218, 497

Andrieszoon Jan, of Haarlem, 320

Annunciation, print of, 72

Antichrist, the block-book, 231

Antimony, probable use of, 66, 519

Antwerp, early type-printing at, 500

— first block-printer at, 314

Apocalypse of St. John, block-book, 210

— evidences of its age, 214

— prices paid for, 211

Apostles’ Creed, the block-book, 228

Appeal against the Turks, 410

Arabic figures, first use of, 526

Ars Memorandi, the block-book, 233

Ars Moriendi, the block-book, 235

Association of printers at Milan, 504

— — — at Strasburg, 381

Assyrian Cylinders, 33

Augsburg, early printing at, 497

Babylon, bricks of, 33

Badius Jodocus, of Paris, 506

Bamberg, Bible of, see Bible of 36 lines.

— early printing at, 485

— Missal, 495

Batavia of Adrian Junius, 335

— its authority considered, 336

Bearers of early printing press, 306

Bechtermüntz, Henry and Nicholas, 441

Beildick Lorentz, testimony of, 385

Bellaert Jacob, of Zierikzee, 319

Berlin print, 80

Bernard August, history of, 11

Bible, early translations of, 181

— first with wood-cuts, 498

— reading of prohibited, 182

Bible, Mazarin, see Bible of 42 lines.

Bible of 1462 (48 lines), 462

Bibles of Mentel at Strasburg, 491

Bible of 36 lines, description of, 412

— — — — its discovery, 411

— — — — not printed by Pfister, 484

— — — — peculiarities of, 414

— — — — possibly the first, 412

— — — — Schelhorn’s view of, 480

— — — — speculations about, 432

— — — — when printed, 415

Bible of 42 lines, description of, 419

— — — — annotations in, 424

— — — — cost of, 474

— — — — defects of, 422

— — — — ornamentation of, 422

— — — — prices paid for, 425

— — — — probably of slow sale, 425

— — — — two kinds of copies, 450

— — — — workmanship of, 421

Bible of the Poor, editions from types, 208

— — — — xylographic editions of, 199

— — — — description of, 200

— — — — Nordlingen edition, 208

— — — — prices paid for, 208

— — — — printing of, 203

Blemishes in books, how corrected, 271

Block-books, Antichrist, 230

— Apocalypse, 210

— Apostles’ Creed, 228

— Ars Memorandi, 233

— Ars Moriendi, 235

— Bible of the Poor, 198

— Book of Kings, 224

— Canticles, 215

— Chiromancy of Hartlieb, 239

— Dance of Death, 247

— Donatus, 254

— Eight Rogueries, 229

— Exercise Lord’s Prayer, 222

— German Planetarium, 241

— Grotesque Alphabet, 226

— Life of St. Meinrat, 246

— Pomerium Spirituale, 244

— Story of the Virgin, 219

— Temptations of Devil, 245

— Wonders of Rome, 243

— absurdities in, 222

— advantages of, 261

— definition of, 194

— disregarded by scholar, 251

— earliest date in, 245

Block-books, great number of, 194, 248

— inferiority of, 195

— literary merit of, 250

— made for priests, 248

— obscurity of, 260

— period of, 251

— permitted to people, 249

— popularity of, 238, 249

— where made, 252

Block-printers, many in number, 248

— faulty work of, 248

— unknown, 252

Block-printing an established trade, 253

— early notices of, 91

— in Holland, 256

— not Gutenberg’s secret, 395

— process of, 83

— slighted, 86, 184

Blocks used for engraving, 114

Bodies, irregularities of, explained, 519

Bodies of types, cuts of, 25, 56, 275, 406

— — — in Speculum, 275

— — — not made by rule, 518

— — — of Caxton, 293

— — — of unknown printer, 292

Bodman’s spurious documents, 436

Book of Kings, 224

Book of Trades, 61

Book-binding, Chinese, 116

— of middle ages, 153

— prices paid for, 168

— sumptuous forms of, 156

Book-collecting, a princely hobby, 167

Book-making, as done in old Rome, 42

— an ecclesiastical art, 148

— becomes a trade, 187

— given up to copyists, 159

— in Ireland, 147

— in monasteries, 148

— oriental method of, 136

Book of Four Stories, 481

Book of Fables, 482

Books, printed, changes in style of, 472

— Chinese, cheapness of, 119

— common in old Rome, 43

— demand for cheapness in, 187

— early printed, cheapness of, 511

— early printed, prices of, 512

— medieval, 150

— — character of, 162

— — cheap forms of, 154, 163

— — large size of, 156

— — made by artists, 166

— — made for the rich, 170

— — neglected by clergy, 159

— — obsoleteness of, 186

— — of romance, 165

— — sale of regulated, 160

— — sumptuousness of, 168

— of dark ages, 45

— of monasteries, 216

— of pictures, 163

— of unknown printer, 284

— number printed before 1500, 511

— the right of the educated, 251

— injudiciously selected, 512

— written and printed, 188

Book-sellers of Paris, 160

Book-selling restricted, 162

Boxhorn, Marcus Zuerius, 350

Branding in middle ages, 38

Brass moulds or matrices, 61

Brass stamps of middle ages, 38

Brass types impracticable, 65

Brethren of Life-in-Common, 177, 250, 443

Bricks, stamped, antiquity of, 30

Brito John, of Bruges, 321

Brotherhood of the Life-in-Common at Weidenbach, 250, 495

Bruges, early printing at, 499

— guild of book-makers at, 314

Brussels print, 78

Bull of Pope Pius II against the Turks, 464

Burnisher of engravers, 84

Calendar of 1457, 432

Calendar or Almanac of 1460, 436

Calico-printing, early, 127

Calligraphy, early, 148, 166

Cambray, record of, 312

Canticles, the block-book, 215

Card-makers, early, 91

Case of early compositors, 523

Castaldi Pamphilo, 28, 486

Catholicon of 1460, 434

Caxton William, of England, 507

Celebration of the Mass, 436

Cennini Bernard, 503

Chases of wood, 306, 527

Chinese printing, early method of, 111

— language not fit for types, 116

— paper, invention of, 133

Chiromancy of Dr. Hartlieb, 238

Cicero, his speculations on types, 36

Clog of England, 175

Codex Argenteus, 125

Cologne as a school for printers, 324, 495

Cologne Chronicle of 1499, 315

Cologne, early printing at, 494

Color work of Peter Schœffer, 456

Complaint against Death, 483

Composing rules, early ignorance of, 524

Composition as done in 1564, 523

— by dictation, 524

— double, indications of, 464

— in imitation of writing, 525

— imperfections of, 525

Composition of types in China, 118

— — — a test of age, 312

— — — cost of, 24

Compositors often men of education, 522

— sometimes women, 523

Condition of medieval society, 179

Confraternity of St. John the Baptist, 314

Consolation of the Sinner, 482

Constitutions of Pope Clement V, 461

Coornhert and Van Zuren, 320

Copper-plate printing, process of, 19

— — invention of, 27

Copyists, faults of, 539

— fond of pictures, 163

— of middle ages, 149

— of old Rome, 42

— of Paris, 162

Cornelis, the binder, 284, 332, 343

Correctors of the press, 540

Coster, Lourens Janszoon, 326

Coster, as described by Junius, 331

— — — by Koning, 356

— — — in archives, 365

— — — in chair book, 367

— — — in treasury book, 366

— as a printer, 339

— as a sexton, 338

— as a tallow-chandler, 365

— as a tavern keeper, 369

— confounded with Janszoon, 368

— alleged descendants of, 345

— portraits of, 371, 374

— statues of, 351, 359

— tablets to, 359, 360

Costerian Museum, 361

Counter-punch, use of, 54

Couplets of Cato 285, 288

Cuneiform inscriptions, 30

Cunio, the story of the two, 129

Cylinders of Assyria, 34

Dance of Death, Holbein’s designs, 183

— — — in Nuremberg Chronicle, 185

— — — popularity of, 184

— — — the block-book, 247

Decretals of Boniface VIII, 466

Desroches, his story about Ludwig, 315

De Vries Abraham, on Coster, 357

Dialogue between Cato, Hugo, et al., 436

Dictation, Madden’s theory of, 450, 524

Diether, Count of Isenburg, 438

Dissertation on Invention, Boxhorn’s, 350

Doctor Hartlieb, Chiromancy of, 238

Doctrinal of Alexander Gallus, 285, 288

— of Cambray, 312

Donatus noticed by Zell, 256, 315

— ascribed to Gutenberg, 258, 401

— imitations of type-work, 261

— of Gutenberg at Mentz, 404

— of Koning, 259

— suggested typography, 392

— of Sweinheym, 257

— of unknown printer, 284

— popularity of the book, 254

Dordrecht, tradition of printing at, 257

Dritzehen Claus, complaint of, 380

— Andrew, death of, 384

— — services of, 387

— Ennel, testimony of, 383

— George, 386

Dünne Hans, testimony of, 388

Education, state of in XIVth century, 172

Education of schools in middle ages, 176

— afforded by block-books, 249

— early, made difficult, 263

— modern, aided by types, 260

Eggestein Henry, of Strasburg, 491

Eight Rogueries, the block-book, 229

Eltvill, printing done at, 439

— a suburb of Mentz, 443

Embossed types of unknown printer, 280

— — of Codex Argenteus, 126

Endkrist, the block-book, 230

Engravers, early, jealousy of, 498

Engravers on wood, early, notices of, 184

Engraving an aid to the invention, 396

Engraving decadence of, 536

— large blocks of, 536

— often done on metal, 535

— of Pfister, 484

— at Augsburg, 498

— at Nuremberg, 496

— not mother of typography, 392

— not practised at Haarlem, 321

— of playing cards, 91

— of punches, 65, 514

— on wood, by the Cunios, 130

— — — Chinese practice, 116

— — — early forms of, 132

— — — rudeness of, 239, 536

— — — Italian practice of, 131

— — — merit of early work, 71

— — — neglect of, 278, 535

— — — of letters, 200

— — — origin considered, 75

— — — used by copyists, 124

Enschedé on wood types, 297, 355

Epitaphs of Pope Pius II, 287

Erasmus, his version of the invention, 345

— as a corrector, 540

Errata, first appearance of, 526

Errors of early books, 540

— typographical, frequency of, 458, 525

Eulogy on Lorenzo Valla, 287

Exercise on the Lord’s Prayer, 222

Fables, Book of, by Pfister, 482

Fables of Lorenzo Valla, 286

Faust John, as described by Junius, 331

Faustus Jo. Frid., testimony of, 478

Finiguerra Maso, 27

Flanders, early importance of, 178

Flemings, their skill in the arts, 178

Flemish block-printing, 215, 252, 314

Florence, early printing at, 503

Form, ambiguity of the word, 397

Formen, 397, 443, 466, 476, 522

Forms of metal, notices of, 387

— melted by Gutenberg, 397

— were probably matrices, 398, 443

Four pieces, the tool of, 398

Fraternity of St. John the Baptist, 314

— of St. Luke, 315

Friction, press-work by, 204

Frisket, early use of, 280

Frotton of engravers on wood, 83

— not used by block-printers, 204

Fust John, conflicting views about, 417

— — death of, 468

— — his suit against Gutenberg, 425

— — his victory over Gutenberg, 430

— — was not Faust, 416

— Conrad, 468

— Jacob, the judge, 428

Fust’s sale of Bible in Paris, 466

Gebwiler, testimony of, 489

Gelthus Adam, tablet of, 446

Gensfleisch John, not a printer, 404

— family of, 377

Gering Ulrich, 505

German Planetarium and Calendar, 241

Germany, its progress in education, 177

— — — in useful arts, 178

Getté en molle, meaning of the term, 313

Goldsmiths as punch-cutters, 514

Gothic character, popularity of, 516

Gothic letters, origin of, 150

— — popularity of, 516

— — varieties of, 406

— — Petrarch’s dislike of, 151

Grotesque Alphabet, the block-book, 227

Guilds of middle ages, 186, 390

— of book-makers, 187

Gutenberg, family of, 376

Gutenberg John, early life of, 377

— as a book-maker, 419

— as a courtier, 440

— as a financier, 379

— as an engraver, 395, 396

— as an inventor, 381, 416, 448

— as an organizer, 389

— books printed by, 433

— careless of fame, 434

— Catholicon of, 435

— courage of, 431

— death of, 442

— experiments of, 402

— memorials of, 446, 447

— partnership of, at Strasburg, 387

— partnership of, at Mentz, 418

— planned the Psalter, 459

— poverty of, 385, 402, 433

— probable marriage of, 379

— supplanted by Schœffer, 430

— trials of, at Strasburg, 379, 380

— — — at Mentz, 425

— unknown work of, 437

Gutenberg’s types, history of, 443

— defense against Fust, 427

— idea of typography, 445

— place in history, 448

Haarlem, first notice of legend of, 327

— known printers at, 319

— neglected printing, 345, 335

Hahn Ulrich, 501

Hanequis Conrad, 468

Hanseatic League, 179

Hasback of Haarlem, 320

Hauman Frederic, 443

Heilmann Anthony, testimony of, 387

Hessels J. H., writings of, 284

Holland, early printing of, 315, 256

— confounded with Netherlands, 316

— not the birthplace of invention, 318

Horarium of Scaliger, 257

— of Adrien Rooman, 260

Horn-book of England, 174

How to Die Becomingly, 235

How to Remember the Evangelists, 233

Humery Conrad, friend to Gutenberg, 431

— — acknowledgment of, 442

Ignorance, prevalence of in dark ages, 45

— of ecclesiastics, 147

Iliad of Homer, the school-book, 287, 288

Illuminated books of middle ages, 152

Illuminators and calligraphers, 166

Impression by different methods, 26

— doubling of, 278

— not typography, 50

— on bricks, 30

Impression on early hand press, 306, 530

— on paper and vellum, 538

— on textile fabrics, 127

Image prints all devotional, 85

— — Annunciation, 72

— — Berlin print, 80

— — Brussels print, 78

— — Indulgence print, 77

— — St. Christopher, 71

— — preceded books, 69

— — how printed, 83

— — made for stenciling, 70

— — merit of, 87

— — not done by friction, 84

— — not made by monks, 86

— — origin of, 69

— — popularity of, 86

— — where made, 82

Impositions of eight pages, 291

Initial letters of Italy, 122, 487

— — of early printers, 516

Inking balls, how made, 529

Inking of printing surfaces, 25

Ink Printing, affected by paper, 532

— — deterioration of, 534

— — early, faults of, 454

— — early, unstableness of, 533

— — inequality of, 532

— — Moxon’s criticism of, 534

— — of Bible of 42 lines, 421

— — of Donatus of Mentz, 404

— — of Jenson, 532

— — of Psalter of Mentz, 456

— — of the block-printers, 203

— — of the Psalter of 1457, 452

— — of the Ripoli press, 533

— — of unknown printer, 270, 278

— — the complement of types, 533

Ink writing, antiquity of, 39

— — useless in printing, 40

Invention, merit of, not in idea, 445, 487

Inventions not the work of experts, 395

Invention of paper in China, 133

Invention of press, not noticed, 304

— — — why neglected, 527

Invention of Printing,

— — — early notices of, 446

— — — a great discovery, 67

— — — came at the right time, 45

— — — different methods of, 28

— — — key of in the type-mould, 67

— — — merit of, not in the idea, 51

— — — — — in the type-mould, 445

— — — not perfect in 1439, 394

— — — probable causes of, 15, 28

— — — waited for readers, 45

— — — version of Bertius, 347

— — — — — Coornhert, 327

— — — — — De Vries, 357

— — — — — Erasmus, 318, 345

— — — — — Guicciardini, 329

— — — — — Jo. Frid. Faustus, 478

— — — — — Junius, 330

— — — — — Koning, 356

— — — — — Meerman, 353, 354

— — — — — Scaliger, 257

— — — — — John Schœffer, 473

— — — — — Scriverius, 348

— — — — — Seiz, 352

— — — — — Trithemius, 445, 474

— — — — — Van Zuren, 328

— — — — — Wimpheling, 393

— — — — — Zell, 315

Invention of printing ink, 40, 331, 533

Inventions of the middle ages, 177

Invention of types, not boasted of, 435

— — — alleged thefts of, 332, 342

Ireland, the book-makers of, 147

Italy, early printers of, 500

— its enthusiasm for the art, 505

Jan, the printer at Antwerp, 314

Janszoon not Janszoon Coster, 356, 368

Japan, paper of, 133

Jenson Nicholas, 465

— — as a type founder, 502

John of Gamundia, calendar of, 241

John of Westphalia, as a publisher, 498

Judgment of Man after Death, 483

Junius Hadrian, sketch of his life, 334

— — credulousness of, 336

— — history of, 335

Kepfer (or Keffer) Henry, 437, 495

Ketel Anthonis, of Haarlem, 320

Ketelaer and De Leempt, 498

Kerver Thielman, of Paris, 506

Keyser Peter, of Paris, 506

Knowledge, acquisition of, difficult, 263

Knowledge a monopoly, 146, 251

Koburger Anthony, of Nuremberg, 495

Koning’s book on the invention, 356

Koster Lourens Janszoon, see Coster.

Labor, division of, by printers, 521

Latin language, why preserved, 147

— — abbreviations of, 164

— — key to all knowledge, 176

Laurecrans of Scriverius, 348

Lead used by Gutenberg, 380

Leads first used by Schœffer, 467

Lecturn of the middle ages, 156

Leeu Gerard, industry of, 500

Legend of Haarlem, 326

— — — began with pedigree, 362

— — — contradictions of, 358

— — — early meagreness of, 328

— — — echo of false history, 340

— — — exposure of, 363

— — — improbability of, 346

— — — unfixed dates of, 350, 357

Legend of Walchius about the sale of first printed books at Paris, 466

Letters engraved, peculiarities of, 262

— — imperfections of, 200

Lettres de somme or Round Gothic, 313

— de forme or Pointed Gothic, 313

Letter of Indulgence of 1461, 433

Letters of Indulgence of 1454, 405

— — — Holbein’s satire on, 407

— — — popularity of, 408

— — — translation of, 409

Libraries, early, neglect of, 159

— in France and Burgundy, 167

Life of St. Meinrat, 246

Literature, decline of in old Rome, 44

— neglect of by the Church, 147

— of popular books, 187

— of the romance books, 165

— revolutionized by printing, 186

— the privilege of a class, 170, 251

Lithography, process of, 20

— invention of, 27

Little Book of the Mass, 284

London, early printing at, 508

Louvain, early printing at, 498

Lyons, early printing at, 506

Making-up badly done, 525

Mansion Colard, of Bruges, 499

Manuscripts, faultiness of, 540

Manutius Aldus, 503

— as an editor, 540