Part 3

Locally there is a rumor that the Apaches have a myth concerning the bats of Carlsbad Caverns. The bats are said to be an ancient lost war or hunting party, but research has failed to verify this story. Most of the Western Apaches regard BAT as an excellent horseman. The Chiricahua Apaches say, “If a bat bites you, you had better never ride a horse any more. If you do ride a horse after being bitten, you are just as good as dead.” They were cautious of bats but not superstitious of them.

THE COMANCHES

Originally the Comanches lived far to the north of southeastern New Mexico; but about 1700, moved to the South Plains. By this time they were well adapted to their relatively new life of mobility brought about by the acquisition of horses directly or indirectly, and by hook or crook from the Spanish. With horses it was much easier to follow the buffalo, fight their enemies, raid, and trade.

Comanche is a Ute Indian word meaning “enemy,” and it is often felt that they found their way to New Mexico under the tutelage of the Utes. Yet, sometime between 1747, and April, 1749, the two became deadly enemies. After 1750, the Utes joined the Apaches to fight the Comanches.

Actually, there are about 20 different names given for Comanche, meaning everything from “enemies” to “snake people.” The Ute definition is more fitting, however; for from about 1705 to 1875, they raided and fought the Spanish, Utes, Apaches, Pueblos, Texans and the U. S. Army among others. They ranged from Kansas to Mexico in thirteen different bands.

That they were practical and businesslike is perhaps best shown by their dealings with the French. The Comanches were first contacted about 1725 by the French, who traded them guns and ammunition. Yet the Comanches would not let the French cross their territory to trade with the Apaches and others, thus monopolizing the source of firearms.

These Shoshonean speaking people were a true South Plains horse Indian. They were often considered the finest horsemen of the plains, these nomadic buffalo hunters who lived in tipis of the skins from this animal. The Comanche tongue was universally spoken by numerous other Indian tribes of the South Plains; so little sign language was necessary, as was the case farther north.

Buffalo were reported on the South Plains in 1540-41, by the Spanish. As there was constant warfare between the Comanches and the Apaches, it may well have started over the bison.

The words fighting and Comanche go hand in hand. They were spasmodically at war with most of their neighbors; yet if peace and alliance achieved a goal, they would concede, as is shown in their relationship with the Kiowa. Bitter enemies, these two, until 1790, when an alliance was made which lasted until sometime in the 1870s. Together they raided the Spanish, Pueblos, Apaches, and their first real enemy, the Anglo-Americans of Texas.

Although the Park and Guadalupe Mountains area was not part of the Comanches positive range, which lay north, east and southeast of the Pecos River, it was frequently crossed by hunting and raiding parties. There is no reason to assume that the Kiowas did not accompany them from time to time, especially when raiding into Mexico.

These “Lords of the South Plains,” as they were later called, looked and dressed every bit the now “Hollywood” Indian. In costumes of buckskins or buffalo hide, decorated with beads and gewgaws, wearing the typical warbonnet, the Comanches ruled a tremendous portion of the South Plains for 175 years. (See Map.) They were fearless fighters who rescued their dead and wounded in battle, who on occasion used poison from an unknown plant on their arrow-points, or stuck them in a dead, ripe skunk to create the same effect; and were great thieves and gamblers. The successful theft of horses from the enemy was a high mark of prestige to a man; yet this same man could and did lose his spoils to other Comanches through the media of dice and hand games.

The Comanches were one of the few tribes of the South Plains who did not eat dog or human flesh. Their religion contained the belief of an after life in a “Happy Hunting Ground” beyond the sun. Naturally, these people utilized many wild plants. One among these that grows in the Park is mescal, which was used as a drug. (Quite a contrast to the Apaches, this.)

A valiant but bloody chapter in the history of the Southwest was closed in June, 1875, when the Comanches surrendered to the U. S. Army at Ft. Sill, and went on to a reservation in the then Indian Territory of Oklahoma. It is said the introduction of the Colt revolver, in the hands of the Texas Rangers, was the deciding factor toward their surrender.

Early Man 25,000-15,000 B.P.? — 2,000 B.C.? Carlsbad Basketmakers 2000 B.C.? — 1750 A.D.? Pueblo Culture Influence 1000 B.C.? — Mescalero Apache 1300 A.D.? — Comanche 1700 A.D.? — Kiowa 1800 A.D.? —

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bailey, Vernon—_Animal Life of the Carlsbad Cavern_, 1928. Bourke, John G.—_Medicine Men of the Apache_, B.A.E. #9, 1887-88. Colton, Harold S. and Hargrave, L. L.—_Handbook of Northern Arizona Pottery Types_, MNA, 1937. Cosgrove, C. B.—_Caves of the Upper Gila and Hueco Areas in New Mexico and Texas_, Papers of the Peabody Museum, 1947. Dodge, Natt N.—_Flowers of the Southwest Deserts_, SMA, 1952. Ferdon, Edwin N., Jr.—_An Excavation of Hermit’s Cave, New Mexico_, 1946. Fewkes, J. W.—_Casa Grande Arizona, Antiquities of the Upper Verde River and Walnut Creek, Arizona_, B.A.E. #28, 1906-07. Gale, Bennett T.—_Historical Sketch Carlsbad Caverns National Park_, manuscript, 1952. _Carlsbad Caverns—An Interpretation of Their Origin and Development_, manuscript. Gifford, E. W.—_Culture Element Distributions: XII Apache-Pueblo_, Anthropological Records, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1940. Hawley, Florence M.—_Field Manual of Prehistoric Southwestern Pottery Types_, U. of N. M., 1936. Henshaw, Henry W.—_Animal Carvings from the Mounds of the Mississippi Valley_, B.A.E. #2, 1880-81. Howard, E. B.—_Caves Along the Slopes of the Guadalupe Mountains_, Bul. Texas Arch. and Pal. Soc., Vol. 4, 1932. Jennings, J. D.—_A Variation of Southwestern Pueblo Culture_, Lab. of Anth., Tech. Series, Bul. #10, 1940. Lehmer, Donald J.—_The Jornada Branch of the Mogollon_, U. of Ariz. SS Bul. #17, 1948. Mallery, Garrick—_Picture Writing of the American Indians_, B.A.E. #10, 1888-89. McGee, W. J.—_The Seri Indians_, B.A.E. #17, Part 2, 1895-96. Mera, H. P.—_An Outline of Ceramic Developments in Southern and Southeastern New Mexico_, Lab. of Anth., Tech. Series, Bul. #11. _Reconnaissance and Excavation in Southeastern New Mexico_, AAA Memoir #51, 1938. Mooney, James—_Myths of the Cherokee_, B.A.E. #19, 1897-98. _The Ghost Dance Religion_, B.A.E. #14, 1892-93. _Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians_, B.A.E. #17, 1895-96. Neumann, George—_Analysis of the Skeletal Material_, Lab. of Anth., Tech. Series, Bul. #10, 1940. Opler, Morris Edward—_An Apache Life-Way_, 1941. Pearce, Dr. J. E.—_Kitchen Middens_, Bul. Texas Arch. and Pal. Soc., Vol. 4, 1932—See also Victor J. Smith. Reed, Erik—_Historical Narrative and Archaeological Values_, Interpretive Section, Master Plan, Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Roth, W. E.—_Animism and Folklore of Guiana Indians_, B.A.E. #30, 1908-09. Schmitt, Martin F. and Brown, Dee—_Fighting Indians of the West_, 1948. Swanton, John R.—_The Indian Tribes of North America_, B.A.E. Bul. 145, 1952. Thomas, Alfred Barnaby—_The Plains Indians and New Mexico 1751-1778_, 1940. Wallace, Ernest and Hoebel, E. Adamson—_The Comanches_, U. of Okla., 1952. Williams, Jack R.—_Papago_, manuscript, 1952.

FOOTNOTES

[1]Unfortunately, the National Park Service has been unable to obtain any of these burials. However, Vernon Bailey in his _Animal Life of Carlsbad Cavern_ points out that they were found. (Also, this has been corroborated by writings of the late Carl B. Livingston, well known attorney, writer, historian, and an outstanding authority on history and prehistory of New Mexico. Too, present and former employees of the National Park Service who played an important part in the early stages of the development and operation of the Carlsbad Caverns National Park are familiar with the evidences of prehistoric man found in and around the Caverns. T. Cal Miller.)

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

—Corrected a few obvious typographical errors.

—Transcribed some text from illustrations, for the sake of the text versions.

—Added a Table of Contents based on headings in the text.