letter I have not answered until to-day, owing to the
hostilities going on between our fleets. It had been my intention to continue fighting until every one of my men-of-war was sunk and the last sailor killed; but I have reconsidered the matter and now request a truce, hoping thereby to save many lives. I earnestly beseech you to refrain from doing further hurt to the Chinese and Westerners serving in the army and navy of China, as well as to the townspeople of Wei-hai-wei; in return for which I offer to surrender to the empire of Japan all my men-of-war, the forts on Liu-kung-tau and all material of war in and about Wei-hai-wei. If Vice-Admiral Ito will accede to these terms, I desire to have the commander-in-chief of the British warships in the offing as a guarantor of the contract. Requesting an answer to this by to-morrow, I have the honour to remain, etc.
_Signed_: ADMIRAL TING. 18th day, 1st month, 21st year of Kwangshu (12th Feb. 1895).”
“I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed favour, and to accept the proposal therein contained. Accordingly I shall take over all the men-of-war, the forts and all warlike material from your hands. As to the time when the surrender is to take place, I will consult you again on receiving your reply to this. My idea is, after taking over everything, to escort you and the others referred to in your letter on board one of our warships to some safe place where your convenience may be suited. If I may be permitted to speak quite frankly, I advise you for your own and your country’s sake to remain in Japan until the war is over. Should you decide to come to my country you may rest assured that you will be treated with distinguished consideration. But if you desire to return to your native land I shall of course put no obstacle in your path. As for any British guarantee, I think it quite unnecessary, and trust in your honour as an officer and a gallant man. Requesting your reply to this by 10 a.m. to-morrow, I have the honour to remain, etc.
_Signed_: ADMIRAL ITO. _12th February, 1895._”
“I am delighted to learn that you are in the enjoyment of good health. I thank you heartily for your kind reply, and the assurance that the lives of those under me will be spared. You have kindly forwarded me certain gifts, but while I thank you I cannot accept them, our two nations being at war. You write that you desire me to surrender everything into your hands to-morrow. This gives too short a period in which to make the necessary preparations, and I fear that the troops will not be able to evacuate the place by the time specified. I therefore pray you to wait until the 22nd day of the 1st month (Chinese calendar), February 16th. You need not fear that I shall go back from my word.
_Signed_: ADMIRAL TING. _18th day, 1st month (12th February)._”
“HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY’S SHIP MATSUSHIMA, _February 13th, 1895_.
“To the officers representing the Chinese fleet at Wei-hai-wei.
“I hereby acknowledge the receipt of the letter of Admiral Ting dated the 18th of January of the Chinese year. The report of the death of Admiral Ting last night, communicated verbally by the messenger who brought over the said letter, I received with great personal regret.
“As to postponing taking over the vessels, forts and other materials of war until the 22nd of January of the Chinese year, I am ready to comply with it under a certain condition. This condition is that some responsible Chinese officer should come over to this our flagship Matsushima before 6 o’clock p.m. this day, the 13th of February according to the Japanese year, and we will then make certain arrangements, which have to be definitely fixed, regarding the taking over of the said vessels, forts and other materials of war, as well as the escorting of the Chinese and foreign officers and men out of Wei-hai-wei. In my last letter to the lamented Admiral Ting I stated that as to the hour and other minor conditions I should be glad to make arrangements with him on the morrow; so as he is now dead, these minor conditions have to be arranged with some one who can deal with us in his stead.
“It is my express wish that the said officer who is to come to this our flagship for the above purpose be a Chinese, not a foreign officer, and be it understood that I am willing to receive him with honour.
J. K. ITO, _Vice-Admiral_, _Commander-in-Chief_.”
THE CONVENTION OF SURRENDER
Towards 7 p.m. of 13th February Tao-tai Niu Chang-Ping, accompanied by Captain Ching, came under a white flag to the Matsushima. He introduced himself as the representative of the naval and military forces at Wei-hai-wei. Admiral Ito then proposed to him several conditions relating to the vessels, forts and materials of war, the escorting of the Chinese and foreign officers and men out of Wei-hai-wei, and so forth. After a consultation of several hours Tao-tai Niu and Captain Ching left the ship, arranging to come back before 2 p.m. on the 14th.
At 2 p.m. on the 14th, Tao-tai Niu, the Chinese plenipotentiary, came again under a white flag, accompanied by Captain Ching, and after further consultation the following terms were agreed upon between the two parties as conditions of capitulation, and the English version of them, which was to serve as the original text, was signed by Admiral Ito and Tao-tai Niu.
Art. I. That a list of the names, functions, and ranks of all the naval and military officers, both Chinese and foreign, required to be transported in safety, should be produced. For foreigners, their nationalities should also be mentioned. As to soldiers, clerks, etc., only their numbers are to be given.
Art. II. That all the naval and military officers, both Chinese and foreign, should pledge themselves by a formal declaration in writing that they will not re-engage themselves in the present war between Japan and China.
Art. III. That all the weapons, powder, and projectiles for use of land forces on the Island of Liu-kung-tau should be collected in fixed places, and these places made known to us. The soldiers of the said land forces shall be landed at Chiu-tau, and from thence they are to be conducted by Japanese guards to the outposts of the Japanese army now occupying the localities around Wei-hai-wei. The landing is to begin from 5 o’clock p.m. on the 14th of February, 1895 (20th January, Chinese calendar), and end before noon on the 15th February, 1895 (21st January of the Chinese calendar).
Art. IV. That Tao-tai Niu, representing the Chinese naval and military forces at Wei-hai-wei as plenipotentiary, should appoint a suitable number of committees, for the delivery of the vessels and forts. These committees are required to send in before noon, February 15th, 1895, a list of the vessels and forts in their charge with the number and kinds of the guns, rifles, and other weapons now contained in these vessels or forts.
Art. V. That the Chinese naval and military officers and men, native and foreign, should be allowed to leave Wei-hai-wei after noon on the 16th of February, 1895 (22nd of January of the Chinese calendar), in the steamship Kwang-Chi, sailing out of the harbour under the condition stipulated in Art. X.
Art. VI. That the Chinese naval and military officers, both native and foreign, should be allowed to take with them their personal movable property only, with the exception of arms, which are to be delivered up even if they be private property. Whenever deemed necessary the things they take away shall be submitted to inspection.
Art. VII. That the permanent residents, _i.e._ the original inhabitants of the Island of Liu-kung-tau, should be persuaded to continue their abode on the island.
Art. VIII. That the landing of the requisite number of the Japanese officers and men, on the Island of Liu-kung-tau, in order to take possession of the forts and materials of war on the island, should commence from 9 o’clock a.m. on the 16th of February, 1895 (22nd of January by Chinese calendar), but that Admiral Ito reserves to himself the right of sending a certain number of the Japanese men-of-war into the harbour, whenever the necessity occurs at any time after the signing of the present stipulations.
The naval officers, both native and foreign, on board the Chinese vessels may remain therein until 9 o’clock a.m. on the 16th February, 1895 (22nd January of Chinese calendar). Those marines, seamen, etc., on board the same vessels who wish to be escorted out of Wei-hai-wei by land should be landed in the same place and escorted in the same way as the soldiers of the land forces, the landing to begin from noon on the 15th of February (21st January of Chinese calendar), that is to say after the landing of the soldiers of the land forces is finished.
Art. IX. That women, children, aged persons and other non-combatants who wish to leave the Island of Liu-kung-tau should be allowed to sail out of either the eastern or western mouth of the harbour in Chinese junks any time after the morning of the 15th of February, 1895 (21st January of the Chinese calendar). These vessels are, however, to be examined by the Japanese naval officers and men in the torpedo boats or the other boats posted at the mouth of the harbour, the examination extending to both persons and baggage.
Art. X. That the coffins of the lamented Admiral Ting and the officers next to him should be allowed to be carried out of the harbour after noon on the 16th of February, 1895 (22nd of January of the Chinese calendar), and before noon on the 23rd of February, 1895 (29th January of the Chinese calendar), in the steamer Kwang-chi, which Admiral Ito refrains from taking possession of and lays at the disposal of Tao-tai Niu as representing the Chinese navy and army at Wei-hai-wei, solely out of respect to the memory of Admiral Ting, who did his duty towards his country.
The said steamer Kwang-chi is to be inspected by the Japanese naval officers on the morning of the 15th February, 1895 (21st January of Chinese calendar), to see that she is not equipped as a war vessel.
Art. XI. That it be always understood that after the present stipulations have been made the Chinese naval and military forces at Wei-hai-wei are to give up all hostile operations against the Japanese naval and military forces, and that the moment such operations are made the present stipulations shall lose effect at once and the Japanese naval and military forces shall resume hostilities.
_Signed_: ADMIRAL ITO. _Signed_: NIU CHANG-PING.
16th February, 28th year of Meiji. 22nd of 1st month, 21st year of Kwangshu.
JAPANESE FLEET IN FEBRUARY, 1904.
(Ships in italics were not ready for sea when the war began.)
(‡‡) = Approximate unit of battle value.
BATTLESHIPS. -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+ | | | |Displace-|Armour| Principal |Torpedo| Indicated |Nominal| (‡‡) |Rate| Name. |Launched| ment. | belt.| armament. | tubes.|horsepower.| speed.| -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+ | | | | Tons. | Ins. | | | | Knots.| 80 | 2 |Yashima | 1896 | 12,517 | 18 |Four 12-in., | 5 | 13,687 | 18 | | | | | | |ten 6-in., | | | | | | | | | |sixteen 12-pdrs.| | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+ 80 | 2 |Fuji | 1896 | 12,649 | 18 | Ditto | 5 | 13,687 | 18 | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+ 100 | 1 |Shikishima | 1898 | 15,088 | 9 |Four 12-in., | 5 | 14,700 | 18 | | | | | | |fourteen 6-in., | | | | | | | | | |twenty 12-pdrs. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+ 100 | 1 |Asahi | 1899 | 15,443 | 9 | Ditto | 4 | 15,207 | 18 | 100 | 1 |Mikasa | 1900 | 15,362 | 9 | Ditto | 4 | 15,207 | 18 | 100 | 1 |Hatsuse | 1899 | 15,240 | 9 | Ditto | 4 | 14,700 | 18 | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+ 125 | A1 |_Kashima_ |Building| 16,400 | 9 |Four 12-in., | 4 | (?) | (?) | 125 | A1 |_Katori_ | ” | 16,400 | 9 |four 10-in., | 4 | (?) | (?) | | | | | | |fourteen 6-in., | | | | | | | | | |twenty 12-pdrs. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+ 35 | 4 |Chin-Yen | 1882 | 7,335 | 14 |Four 12-in., | 3 | 6,000 | 15 | | | | | | |four 6-in. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+
ARMOURED CRUISERS. -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+ | |Tokiwa | 1898 | 9,855 | 7 |Four 8-in., | 5 | 18,248 | 22 | | | | | | |fourteen 6-in., | | | | | | | | | |twelve 12-pdrs. | | | | | +-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ | |Asama | 1898 | 9,855 | 7 | Ditto | 5 | 18,248 | 22 | | |Idzumo | 1899 | 9,906 | 7 | Ditto | 4 | 14,700 | 21 | | |Iwate | -- | 9,906 | 7 | Ditto | 4 | 14,700 | 21 | | +-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ | |Yakumo | 1899 | 9,800 | 7 |Four 8-in., | 5 | 15,500 | 20 | | | | | | |twelve 6-in., | | | | | | | | | |twelve 3-in. | | | | 60 | 3 +-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ | |Azuma | 1899 | 9,456 | 7 | Ditto | 5 | 16,600 | 20 | | +-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ | |Nisshin | 1903 | 8,000 | 6 |Four 8-in., | 4 | 13,500 | 20 | | | | | | |fourteen 6-in., | | | | | | | | | | ten 12-pdrs. | | | | | +-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ | |Kasuga | 1903 | 8,000 | 6 |One 10-in., | 4 | 13,500 | 20 | | | | | | |two 8-in., | | | | | | | | | |fourteen 6-in., | | | | | | | | | |ten 12-pdrs. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
PROTECTED CRUISERS. -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+-------+-----------+-------+ 15 | 6 |Akitsushima| 1892 | 3,172 | — |Four 6-in., | 4 | 8,516 | 19 | | | | | | |six 4.7-in. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 20 | 6 |Hashidate | 1891 | 4,278 | — |One 12.5-in., | 4 | 5,400 | 16 | | | | | | |eleven 4.7-in. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 20 | 6 |Itsukushima| 1889 | 4,278 | — | Ditto | 4 | 5,400 | 16 | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 20 | 6 |Matsushima | 1890 | 4,278 | — |One 12.5-in., | 4 | 5,400 | 16 | | | | | | |twelve 4.7-in. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 10 | 7 |Naniwa | 1885 | 3,709 | — |Two 10.2-in., | 4 | 7,604 | 18 | | | | | | |six 6-in. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 10 | 7 |Takachiho | 1885 | 3,709 | — | Ditto | 4 | 7,604 | 18 | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 20 | 6 |Yoshino | 1892 | 4,225 | — |Four 6-in., | 5 | 15,967 | 23 | | | | | | |eight 4.7-in. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 20 | 6 |Chitose | 1898 | 4,836 | — |Two 8-in., | 5 | 15,714 | 23 | | | | | | |ten 4.7-in., | | | | | | | | | |twelve 3-in. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 20 | 6 |Kasagi | 1898 | 4,978 | — | Ditto | 5 | 17,235 | 23 | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 10 | 7 |Idzumi | 1883 | 2,967 | — |Two 10-in., | — | 5,576 | 17 | | | | | | |six 4.7-in. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 15 | 6 |Suma | 1895 | 2,700 | — |Two 6-in., | 2 | 8,500 | 20 | | | | | | |six 4.7-in. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 15 | 6 |Akashi | 1897 | 2,800 | — | Ditto | 2 | 8,000 | 20 | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 10 | 7 |Chiyoda | 1890 | 2,439 | 4½ |Ten 4.7-in., | 3 | 5,678 | 19 | | | | | | |fourteen 3-pdrs.| | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 10 | 7 |Niitaka | 1902 | 3,400 | — |Six 6-in., | 0 | 9,000 | 20 | | | | | | |eight 3-in. | | | | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+ 10 | 7 |Tsushima | 1902 | 3,400 | — | Ditto | 0 | 9,000 | 20 | 10 | 7 |_Otawa_ |Building| 3,400 | — | Ditto | 0 | 9,000 | 20 | -----+----+-----------+--------+---------+------+----------------+--------+----------+-------+
DESTROYERS.[42] Thornycroft Type. +-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+ | Name. |Displacement.| Indicated |Speed.| Built.| | | |horse-power.| | | +-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+ | | Tons. | |Knots.| | +-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+ |Kagero | | | | | |Murákumo | | | | | |Ousagoumo | 275 | 5400 | 30 |1898-99| |Shinonome | | | | | |Shiranöi | | | | | |Yuguri | | | | | +-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+ |Asashio | | | | | |Shirakuma | 385 | 6000 | 31 | 1901 | |Asagiri (J[43]) | | | | | |Harusame (J) | | | | | +-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+ | YARROW TYPE. | +-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+ |Akebono | | | | | |Ikadsuchi | | | | | |Inanzuma | 306 | 6000 | 31 |1898-99| |Oboro | | | | | |Sazanami | | | | | |Niji[44] (rebuilt) (J) | | | | 1903 | +-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+ |Akatsuki | | | | | |Kasumi | 385 | 6000 | 31 | 1901 | |Hayatori (J) | | | | | |Murasame (J) | | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+ | TORPEDO BOATS. | | First Class.[45] | | 1 Yarrow boat (Kotaka) | 190 | 1400 | 19 | 1886 | | 5 ” boats | 135 | 2000 | 27 | 1898 | | 1 Krupp boat | 128 | 1015 | 19 | 1895 | | 4 Normand boats | 150 | | 29 | 1899 | | 1 Schichau boat | 130 | | (?) | 1900 | |10 Kobé and Normand boats| 110 | | 27 | 1900 | |15 Kobé and Yarrow boats | 150 | | 29 | 1900 | | | | | | | | Second Class. | | 3 Schichau boats | 85 | | 23 | 1891 | | 2 Normand ” | 80 | | 23 | 1891 | |20 various boats | 56 | | 20 | | |10 new boats | | | 23 | 1901 | +-------------------------+-------------+------------+------+-------+
[42] All have two tubes (18-in.), one 12-pdr. aft, and five 3-pdrs.
[43] J = built in Japan.
[44] The original Niji was wrecked in 1901.
[45] Except the Kotaka and the Krupp boat, which have six tubes (14-in.), all carry three tubes (14-in.).
MISCELLANEOUS SHIPS. +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ | Name. |Launched.|Displacement.|Armour| Armament. |Indicated|Speed.| | | | |belt. | | horse- | | | | | | | | power. | | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ | | | Tons. | Ins. | | |Knots.| |Chihaya | 1901 | 850 | |Two 4.7-in., | 6000 | 21 | | | | | |four 12-pdrs.| | | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Tatsuta | 1894 | 875 | |Two 4.7-in. | 5500 | 21 | |Miyako | 1897 | 1800 | | Ditto | 6130 | 20 | |Yaeyama | 1889 | 1600 | |Three 4.7-in.| 5500 | 20 | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Takao | 1888 | 1800 | |Four 6-in., | 2400 | 15 | | | | | |one 4.7-in., | | | | | | | |one 12-pdr. | | | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Akagi | 1887 | 614 | |Four 4.7-in. | 700 | 12 | |Oshima | 1890 | 640 | | Ditto | 1200 | 16 | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Atago | 1887 | 640 | |One 8.2-in., | 700 | 12 | | | | | |one 4.7-in. | | | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Maya | 1887 | 640 | | Ditto | 700 | 12 | |Chiokai | 1888 | 640 | |Two 6-in. | 700 | 12 | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Tsushima| 1881 | 1380 | |Two 10-in., | 2880 | 16.4 | | | | | |four 4.7-in. | | | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Musashi | 1885 | 1480 | |Two 6-in., | 1600 | 13.5 | | | | | |four 4.7-in. | | | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Yamato | 1886 | 1480 | | Ditto | 1600 | 13.5 | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Amagi | | 1030 | | | | | |Kaimon | | 1360 | | Old guns | | | |Tenriu | | 1550 | | | | | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Fuso | 1877 | 3717 | 9 |Eight 6-in. | 3500 | 13 | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Hei Yen | 1890 | 2000 | 8 |One 10-in., | 2400 | 11 | | | | | |two 6-in. | | | +--------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+---------+------+ |Six ex-Chinese gunboats | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
JAPANESE SHIP-NAMES
The names of a few Japanese ships are singularly beautiful and poetical in their meanings; the majority, however, have little significance. As the meanings of Japanese ship-names are not given in Captain Prince Louis of Battenberg's interesting “Men-of-War Names,” a glossary of them is here inserted for reference and information.
All names with the prefix _Chin_ (Chinese _Chen_) are Chinese. The names of captured Chinese ships have always been retained by the Japanese, but they have been translated into their own language, _i.e._ as though, when in the past we took the _Téméraire_, we had taken to calling her _The Rash_.
I am indebted to my friends Commander Takarabé and Lieutenant Yamamoto, both of the Imperial Japanese Navy, for the meanings of these ship-names.
Adsuma = a mountain with a poetical history.
Asama = a sacred volcanic island in Japan. The present is the second ship of the name. The first was a pirate frigate that put into a Japanese port to refit and was seized.
Akagi = a mountain in Japan. Akashi = a beautiful seaside place near Kobé. Akebono = dawn. Akitsushima = an old name for Japan (poetical). Asahi = “the (rising) morning sun.” Amagi = name of a mountain in Japan. Atago = name of a mountain in Japan. Chitose = “long life.” Chiyoda = the name of Shogun's castle and Emperor's palace. The present Chiyoda is the second of the name. (See p. 402.) Chin Yen = “striking from a long way off.” The name is Chinese. This ship was formerly the Chinese Chen Yuen. Chin Nan = striking south. Chin To = striking east. Chin Sei = striking west. Chin Hoku = striking north. Chin Chaiu = striking midway. Chin Pen = striking everywhere near. Fuso = “Japan.” Fuji = name of the celebrated Japanese mountain, Fuji-Yama. This is the second ship of the name. Hashidate = name of a Japanese port. Hatsuse = a place in Japan celebrated for its maple woods. Hi-yei = a famous battle mountain in Japan. Hei Yen = “pacifying a long way off.” This is a captured Chinese ship, Ping Yuen. he-Sho = name of a scare bird. Inadzuma = “lightning.” Idzumi = a country of Japan. Ikadzuche = “thunder.” Itsukushima = a Japanese island. Idzumo = a province of Japan. Iwate = name of a place in Japan. Kaimon = “sea gate.” Kasagi = a mountain in Japan. Katsuragi = a mountain in Japan. Kagero = “the shimmering mist that rises from the earth on a hot day.” Kotaka = “a hawk.” Kasauga = a mountain in Japan. Kon-go = a famous battle mountain in Japan. Mikasa = a mountain. Maya = a Japanese mountain. Matsushima = a Japanese island. Musashi = the province in which Toku is situated. Miyako = a place in Japan. Murákumo = “a cloud cluster.” Niji = “rainbow.” Naniwa = a palace of the Emperor's. Nisshin = “daily progressing.” Oshima = “a large island.” Ousougumo = “thin clouds.” Obero = “Dim.” Rio-jo = “powerful as a dragon.” This is a Chinese word. Shinonome = “daybreak cloud.” Sai Yen = “helping from a long way off.” Sazanami = “the pretty, small waves raised by a zephyr.” Shikishima = an old poetical name for Japan. Saikio-maru = the merchant steamer Saikio. Shiranöi = “will-o'-the-wisp.” Suma = a place in Japan close to Akashi. So-Ko = Chinese. Takao = a Japanese town. Tateyama = name of a Japanese mountain. Takachiho = name of a sacred place in Japan. Takasago = “Darby and Joan.” It is the name of a town associated in poetry with a couple of that nature. Tatsuta = name of a Japanese mountain. Tenriu = a river in Japan. Tsukuba = a mountain in Japan. Tokiwa = “evergreen.” Tsukushi = a Japanese town. Yashima = “Japan.” Yaxyama = an island mountain. Yamato = a Japanese province. Also an old name for Japan (poetical). Yoshino = a mountain in Japan famous for its beautiful cherry-blossom; hence “cherry-blossom.”
SHIPS THAT HAVE BEEN LOST BY SHIPWRECK
Taiebo No. 1 (small gunboat). Wrecked about 1870.
Unebi (cruiser). Mysteriously lost, with all hands, at sea about 1890. Believed in Japan to have been destroyed by the Chinese. Tschishima (torpedo cruiser). Foundered on her trial trip in the Inland Sea, 1891. Most of her crew were drowned. Kohei, ex-Kwang Ping (gunboat). Formerly Chinese. Wrecked off the Pescadores, 1895. Fuso (ironclad). This ship broke from her cable, and drifted across the ram of the Matsushima during a gale in 1897. She sank, but was subsequently raised and repaired. Katsuragi (wooden corvette). Wrecked in the later nineties.
WAR LOSSES
Miyako (gunboat). Blown up at Dalny, 1904. Yoshino (cruiser). Sunk by collision with Kasuga, 1904. Hatsuse (battleship). Blown up off Port Arthur, 1904.
HISTORICAL SHIP-NAMES
Asama. No. 1, a pirate ship (sailing) captured by the Japanese (p. 195). No. 2, the present armoured cruiser of 9700 tons, launched 1898. Chiyoda. No. 1, launched in the sixties; a small vessel; now known as Chiyoda-nata. No. 2, launched 1890, of 2450 tons; to replace the Unebi. Fuji. No. 1, a sailing-ship; always known as Fuji-Yama. No. 2, the present 12,300-ton battleship, launched 1896; always called Fuji only. Kasuga. No. 1, a paddler of 1270 tons, formerly known as the Kiang Tse; launched in England, 1863; depôt ship at Tsushima. No. 2, purchased from Argentina just before the war with Russia; 8000 tons. Nisshin. No. 1, a wooden ship, launched in 1869, and now used as a training-ship for boys at Sassebo. No. 2, purchased from Argentina just before the war with Russia; 8000 tons.
A JAPANESE NAVAL “AT HOME”
“Captain Kawashibara and officers of H.I.J.M.S. Kasagi at home, Monday, March 15th.”
The Kasagi herself is an American-built ship.
The peculiarity of this ship lies in the tremendous amount of electricity there is on board her. The ammunition hoists are electric, the lights and bells, of course, are, the engine-room indicators are, and, finally, electric fans are all over the ship. So, too, are telephones.
On the afternoon in question the fair ones of Portsmouth were initiated into all these mysteries, and probably regarded the electric fans as some new and horrible war device. I heard a remark to that effect, anyhow!
Not all the visitors, however, were so inclined to regard everything as a war machine. On Sunday a good many visitors of both sexes found their way to the Kasagi, and peeped into the wardroom, where the officers were wrestling with naval Kriegspiel.
“Race game,” said one lady; “how babyish these foreigners are!”
“I don't know, my dear,” replied her companion, apologetically. “Perhaps they gamble on it for high stakes.”
“Oh,” was the response, “of course that makes a difference!”
For the “At Home” the Kasagi was _en fête_, draped in flags, and generally looking her smartest. Even the engine-room was on show, though I only noticed one visitor venture there—a lady in a light fawn-coloured rig-out, not the best thing to penetrate the mysteries of an engine-room in. Perhaps, however, she contented herself with peeping in.
The main feature of the “At Home” was an entertainment given by the bluejackets. There was quite a long variety programme, with fencing between each “turn.” As these encounters are accompanied by wild yells every now and again on the part of the combatants, they are particularly interesting.
There was a conjuring entertainment, which mightily amused the crew, but perhaps puzzled the visitors somewhat as to what it was all about. The best thing of all was a song by a Japanese sailor—a monotonous chant that grew gradually louder, accompanied by various movements with a sword, suggesting that something exciting was about to happen. Then came in English, “That's all; you know!” It was well done, and its flat finale very amusing.
There were dances of various sorts, sack races, egg races, and a few other sports with which we are familiar, interesting here because the performers were Japanese, and also because of their intense zest and evident pleasure. Some English songs by Japanese sailors were one of the interesting bits, too.
Finally, on leaving, each lady guest was presented with a paper chrysanthemum. They had previously been asking the Japanese officers how they managed to get them to bloom in the summer season! The imitations and colouring were perfect. The material for construction: odd bits of paper and—Japanese bluejackets.
INDEX
A Adams, William, 9 Admiralty, the Japanese, 252 Adsuma, the, 22 Ainus, the, 1 Akagi, the, 68, 119 Akaski, the, 168 Akatsuki, the, 349 Akitsushima, the, 91, 104, 119, 150 Amagi, the, 39 America, treaty with, 15 Armament and equipment—guns, 313 Armistice with China, 368 Armour, 329 Arturo Prat, the, 53 Asagiri, the, 347 Asaki, the, 181 Asama, the, 195, 342 Asan, battle of, 63, 99, 104, 110 Asashio, the, 349 Askold, the, 345, 355 Atago, the, 68 “At Homes,” Japanese, 290, 403 Azuma, the, 195
B Baltimore, the, 92 Banjo, the, 40 Barr and Stroud, transmitters, 191, 322 ” ” range-finders, 322 Bayan, the, 203, 350 Belleville boilers, 333 Bertin, M., 36, 72, 74 Boilers, 330 Bravery, Japanese, 283
C Canet guns, 73, 312, 315, 327 Canopus class, 190 Characteristics, personal, 278 Chemulpo Convention, the, 102 ” battle of, 342 Chen Yuen, the, 115, 163 Chen-chung, the, 48 Chen-Sei, the, 48 Chen-nan, the, 48 Chen-pei, the, 48 Chen-pen, the, 48 Cheng-tung, the, 48 Chihaya, the, 213, 351 Chinese gunboats, 48 Chinese invasion, 6 Chinese war, 99, 101, 368, 372 Chin Yuen, the, 49, 115, 163, 168 Chio Kai, the, 68 Chitose, the, 208 Chiyoda-nata, the, 21 Chiyoda, the, 77, 86, 119, 150, 342 Christians, massacre of, 9 Cleanliness, Japanese, 306 College, naval, 258 Creelman, Mrs., 151 Creusot boats, 68 Cruisers, armoured, 195 ” protected, 208
D Destroyers, 215 Diana, the, 355 Dockyards, 237 Dutch establish themselves, 10
E Elswick battleship, 218 ” guns, 73 Engines, 330 Esmeralda, the, 57, 168 Export trade, 249
F Feudal system, 11 Fei-ting, the, 48 Finance, 256 Fire, danger in action by, 147 Flags, Japanese, 275 Fong, Captain, 105 Formidable, the, 182 Formosa, attack on, 167 France, ships built in, 72, 77 Fu-So, the, 43, 119, 150 Fuji, the, 168, 346, Fuji-Yama, the, 21
G Galsworthy Captain, 110, 361, 366 Garibaldi class, 203 Grenfell transmission system, 322 Gunboats, torpedo, 213 Gunnery accessories, 322 Guns, 313 ” Canet, 73, 312, 315, 327 ” Vickers-Maxim, 314, 318 ” Elswick, 73 ” Hebrien, 71
H Hakodate, port of, 249 ” battle of, 35 Harbours, naval, 242 Hashidate, the, 72, 81, 119, 150 Hatsuse, the, 181 Hayatori, the, 347 Hebrien guns, 71 Hei-chang-ching, the, 48 Hi-Yei, the, 44, 119, 150 Hirose, Commander, 351 Holland, treaty with, 15 Hopkins, Admiral, 36 he-sho, the, 39 he-wei, the, 48
I Idzumi, the, 58, 168 Idzumo, the, 195 Import trade, 250 Ingles, Captain, R.N., 36, 77 Intelligence Department, 255 Ishikawa, the, 40 Ito, Admiral, 116, 119, 159, 163 Itsukushima, the, 72, 77, 119, 150, 156, 163 Iwate, the, 195, 346
J Japanese-built ship, the first, 171 Jimmu, Emperor, 2 Jingo, Empress, 2 Jin-Jei, the, 47
K Kabayama, Vice-Admiral Count, 119 Kaimon, the, 54 Kamimura, Admiral, 348 Karigane, the, 354 Kasagi, the, 208, 403 Kashima, the, 218 Kasuga, the, 21, 199, 356 Kasumi, the, 349 Katori, the, 218 Katsuragi, the, 58, 156 Kawashibara, Captain, 403 Keitai Tenno, Emperor, 5 Kiang-tse, the, 21 King Yuen, the, 86, 115 Kobé harbour, 246 Kobé, port of, 249 Kōmei, Emperor, 30 Korea, invasion of, 8 Korietz, the, 342 Kotaka, the, 67, 353 Kou-go, the, 44 Kow-shing, sinking of, 63, 99, 110, 359, 366 Kuang Kai, 115 Kuang Ping, 115 Kuper, Admiral, 16 Kuré dockyard, 237 Kuroi, Lieut., 110 Kwang-yi, the, 104
L Lai Yuen, the, 115, 163 Lao Tung Peninsula, invasion of, 149 Lepanto, type, 64, 78 Li Hung Chang, 113 Loh Feng Lo, 113 Lung-Shan, the, 48
M Maitzuru dockyard, 241 Makaroff, Admiral, 356 Malacca, the, 21 Masuki, Lieut., 353 Matsushima, the, 72, 119, 150, 163 Maya, the, 68 Mercantile marine, 249 Men, training and entry, 265 Messing, 309 Mikasa, the, 181 Misasagi, the, 354 Miyako, the, 99, 213 Moisshin, the, 29 Mukaijima dock, 242 Mushashi, the, 58 Mutsohito, Emperor, 35
N Nagasaki harbour, 242 ” port of, 249 Nahamoto, Admiral, 35 Naniwa, the, 58, 104, 110, 119, 150, 156, 163, 342, 361 Naval college, 258 ” districts, 252 ” flags, 275 ” harbours, 242 ” titles, 263 Navy, first inception, 43 Navies—British, 337 ” French, 337 ” German, 338 ” Russian, 338 ” United States, America, 338 ” Japanese, 338 Niagara, the, 25 Niclausse boiler, 335 Ni-igata, port of, 249 Niitaka, the, 208, 342 Nippon Yusen Kaisha, 251 Nisshin, the, 39, 199, 356 Novik, the, 346, 350, 355 No. 1 Tébo, the, 26
O Officers, training and entry of, 251 Ominato harbour, 248 Osaka, port of, 249 Oshima, the, 72, 74
P Pabieda, the, 355 Pallada, the, 346 Pay, 267 Pensions, 272 Peresviet, the, 356 Personal characteristics—officers, 278 ” ” men, 303 Petropavlovsk, the, 356 Ping Yuen, the, 85, 115, 168 Politeness, Japanese, 294 Poltava, the, 345, 355 Portuguese, first appearance of, 7 Port Arthur, first attack on, 345 ” ” second attack on, 347 ” ” massacre at, 151 Programme, “After the War,” 178 ” the new, 218
R Retirement, age of, 272 Retvizan, the, 346, 351 Riaden, the, 21 Richardson, murder of Mr., 16 Royal Sovereign, the, 174 Rio-Jo, the, 36 Russia, treaty with, 15 ” war with, 340
S Sacramento, the, 25 Saigo, the Samaurai chief, 101 Saikio-maru, the, 119 Samaurii caste, 5, 294 Sassebo dockyard, 238 Sazanami, the, 350 Seiki, the, 40 Setsu, the, 29 Shikishima, the, 181, 286 Shimada, Lieut., 352 Shimonoseki, bombardment of, 17 Ship-names, 398 ” historical, 402 Ships lost by shipwreck, 401 Steamship lines, 251 Steregutchy, the, 350 Stonewall Jackson, the, 22 Submarines, 217 Suma, the, 99, 168, 342
T Takachiho, the, 58, 119, 150, 342 Takahashi Sakuye, Professor, 152 Takao, the, 72, 150 Takasago, the, 208, 351 Tategami dock, 242 Takeshiki harbour, 244 Tateyama, the, 40 Tatsuta, the, 77, 99, 168 Tchao Yong, the, 53, 115, 139 Tche-tien, the, 48 Tche Yuen, the, 63, 104, 115, 168 Tenriu, the, 54 Ting, Admiral, 113, 115, 119, 149, 164, 385, 387, 392 Ting Yuen, the, 49, 113, 115, 163 Titles, naval, 263 Togo, Admiral, 104, 111, 156, 345 Tokio dockyard, 236 Tokiwa, the, 195 Torpedo-boats, 85, 216 Torpedo gunboats, 213 Torpedo tube, Elswick, 326, 331 Torpedoes, 325 Tracy, Admiral, 22, 36 Trade, export, 249 ” import, 259 Training—officers, 251 ” men, 265 Tsarevitch, the, 346 Tschishima, the, 77 Tsubame, the, 353 Tsuboi, Rear-Admiral, 104, 119 Tsukuba, the, 21 Tsukushi, the, 53 Tsushima, the, 208
U Unebi, the, 77 Uniform, officers', 276 ” men's, 277 Uniforms in the period about 1865, 30 Unyo, the, 26
V Variag, the, 341, 342 Vickers-Maxim guns, 314, 318 Vladivostok, attack on, 348 Vnushitelni, the, 351 Von Hanneken, 110, 361
W War with Russia, 340 ” ” China, 99, 101, 368, 372 Warships, list of, 394 Wasp, the, 77 Wei-hai-wei, correspondence _re_ surrender, 381 ” proposal to surrender, 385 ” convention of surrender, 389 ” blockade of, 149, 156 Wei Yuen, the, 163
Y Yakumo, the, 196 Yalu, battle of—Japanese losses, 148 ” ” Chinese losses, 148 ” ”, 113 Yamato, the, 58 Yang-wei, the, 53, 139 Yank Wei, the, 115 Yashima, the, 168 Yayeyama, the, 72, 150, 364 Yenomoto, Admiral, 35 Yetajima, Naval College, 258 Yokohama, port of, 249 Yokosuka dockyard, 234 Yoshimo, the, 92, 104, 119, 150, 163
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