The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It
CHAPTER VIII.
FREE FIGURES AND SLAVE.
Under this heading we propose to introduce the remainder of the more important statistics of the Free and of the Slave States;--especially those that relate to Commerce, Manufactures, Internal Improvements, Education and Religion. Originally it was our intention to devote a separate chapter to each of the industrial and moral interests above-named: but other considerations have so greatly encroached on our space, that we are compelled to modify our design. To the thoughtful and discriminating reader, however, the chief statistics which follow will be none the less interesting for not being the subjects of annotations.
At present, all we ask of pro-slavery men, no matter in what part of the world they may reside, is to look these figures fairly in the face. We wish them to do it, in the first instance, not on the platforms of public debate, where the exercise of eloquence is too often characterized by violent passion and subterfuge, but in their own private apartments, where no eye save that of the All-seeing One will rest upon them, and where, in considering the relations which they sustain to the past, the present, and the future, an opportunity will be afforded them of securing that most valuable of all possessions attainable on earth, a conscience void of offence toward God and man.
Each separate table or particular compilation of statistics will afford food for at least an hour's profitable reflection; indeed, the more these figures are studied, and the better they are understood, the sooner will the author's object be accomplished,--the sooner will the genius of Universal Liberty dispel the dark clouds of slavery.
TABLE NO. XXVI.
TONNAGE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE FREE STATES--1855.
---------------------------------------------------------- States. | Tonnage. | Exports. | Imports. -----------------|-----------|--------------|------------- California | 92,623 | $8,224,066 | $5,951,379 Connecticut | 137,170 | 878,874 | 636,826 Illinois | 53,797 | 547,053 | 54,509 Indiana | 3,698 | | Iowa | | | Maine | 806,587 | 4,851,207 | 2,927,443 Massachusetts | 970,727 | 28,190,925 | 45,113,774 Michigan | 69,490 | 568,091 | 281,379 New Hampshire | 30,330 | 1,523 | 17,786 New Jersey | 121,020 | 687 | 1,473 New York | 1,404,221 | 113,731,238 | 164,776,511 Ohio | 91,607 | 847,143 | 600,656 Pennsylvania | 397,768 | 6,274,338 | 15,300,935 Rhode Island | 51,038 | 336,023 | 536,387 Vermont | 6,915 | 2,895,468 | 591,593 Wisconsin | 15,624 | 174,057 | 48,159 |-----------|--------------|------------- | 4,252,615 | $167,520,693 | $236,847,810 ==========================================================
TABLE NO. XXVII.
TONNAGE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE SLAVE STATES--1855.
--------------------------------------------------------- States. | Tonnage. | Exports. | Imports. -----------------|----------|---------------|------------ Alabama | 36,274 | $14,270,585 | $619,964 Arkansas | | | Delaware | 19,186 | 68,087 | 5,821 Florida | 14,835 | 1,403,594 | 45,998 Georgia | 29,505 | 7,543,519 | 273,716 Kentucky | 22,680 | | Louisiana | 204,149 | 55,367,962 | 12,900,821 Maryland | 234,805 | 10,395,984 | 7,788,949 Mississippi | 2,475 | | 1,661 Missouri | 60,592 | | North Carolina | 60,077 | 433,818 | 243,083 South Carolina | 60,935 | 12,700,250 | 1,588,542 Tennessee | 8,404 | | Texas | 8,812 | 916,961 | 262,568 Virginia | 92,788 | 4,379,928 | 855,405 |----------|---------------|------------ | 855,517 | $107,480,688 | $24,586,528
TABLE NO. XXVIII.
PRODUCT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE FREE STATES--1850.
------------------------------------------------------------ States. |Val. of Annual| Capital | Hands | products. | invested. |employed. ------------------|--------------|----------------|--------- California | $12,862,522 | $1,006,197 | 3,964 Connecticut | 45,110,102 | 23,890,348 | 47,770 Illinois | 17,236,073 | 6,385,387 | 12,065 Indiana | 18,922,651 | 7,941,602 | 14,342 Iowa | 3,551,783 | 1,292,875 | 1,707 Maine | 24,664,135 | 14,700,452 | 28,078 Massachusetts | 151,137,145 | 83,357,642 | 165,938 Michigan | 10,976,894 | 6,534,250 | 9,290 New Hampshire | 23,164,503 | 18,242,114 | 27,092 New Jersey | 39,713,586 | 22,184,730 | 37,311 New York | 237,597,249 | 99,904,405 | 199,349 Ohio | 62,647,259 | 29,019,538 | 51,489 Pennsylvania | 155,044,910 | 94,473,810 | 146,766 Rhode Island | 22,093,258 | 12,923,176 | 20,881 Vermont | 8,570,920 | 5,001,377 | 8,445 Wisconsin | 9,293,068 | 3,382,148 | 6,089 |--------------|----------------|--------- | $842,586,058 | $430,240,051 | 780,576 ============================================================
TABLE NO. XXIX.
PRODUCT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
------------------------------------------------------------ States. |Val. of Annual| Capital | Hands | products. | invested. |employed. ---------------|--------------|----------------|--------- Alabama | $4,538,878 | $3,450,606 | 4,936 Arkansas | 607,436 | 324,065 | 903 Delaware | 4,649,296 | 2,978,945 | 3,888 Florida | 668,338 | 547,060 | 991 Georgia | 7,086,525 | 5,460,483 | 8,378 Kentucky | 24,588,483 | 12,350,734 | 24,385 Louisiana | 7,320,948 | 5,318,074 | 6,437 Maryland | 32,477,702 | 14,753,143 | 30,124 Mississippi | 2,972,038 | 1,833,420 | 3,173 Missouri | 23,749,265 | 9,079,695 | 16,850 North Carolina | 9,111,245 | 7,252,225 | 12,444 South Carolina | 7,063,513 | 6,056,865 | 7,009 Tennessee | 9,728,438 | 6,975,279 | 12,032 Texas | 1,165,538 | 539,290 | 1,066 Virginia | 29,705,387 | 18,109,993 | 29,108 |--------------|----------------|--------- | $165,413,027 | $95,029,879 | 161,733
TABLE NO. XXX.
MILES OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE FREE STATES--1854-1857.
--------------------------------------------------- States. | Canals,| Railroads,| Cost of | miles, | miles, | Railroads, | 1854. | 1857. | 1855. ----------------|--------|-----------|------------- California | | 22 | Connecticut | 61 | 600 | $25,224,191 Illinois | 100 | 2,524 | 55,663,656 Indiana | 367 | 1,806 | 29,585,923 Iowa | | 253 | 2,300,000 Maine | 50 | 442 | 13,749,021 Massachusetts | 100 | 1,285 | 59,167,781 Michigan | | 600 | 22,370,397 New Hampshire | 11 | 645 | 15,860,949 New Jersey | 147 | 472 | 13,840,030 New York | 989 | 2,700 | 111,882,503 Ohio | 921 | 2,869 | 67,798,202 Pennsylvania | 936 | 2,407 | 94,657,675 Rhode Island | | 85 | 2,614,484 Vermont | | 515 | 17,998,835 Wisconsin | | 629 | 5,600,000 |--------|-----------|------------- | 3,682 | 17,855 | $538,313,647 ===================================================
TABLE NO. XXXI.
MILES OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1854-1857.
--------------------------------------------------- States. | Canals,| Railroads,| Cost of | miles, | miles, | Railroads, | 1854. | 1857. | 1855. ----------------|--------|-----------|------------- Alabama | 51 | 484 | $3,986,208 Arkansas | | | Delaware | 14 | 120 | 600,000 Florida | | 86 | 250,000 Georgia | 28 | 1,062 | 17,034,802 Kentucky | 486 | 306 | 6,179,072 Louisiana | 101 | 263 | 1,731,000 Maryland | 184 | 597 | 12,654,333 Mississippi | | 410 | 4,520,000 Missouri | | 189 | 1,000,000 North Carolina | 13 | 612 | 6,847,213 South Carolina | 50 | 706 | 13,547,093 Tennessee | | 508 | 10,436,610 Texas | | 57 | 16,466,250 Virginia | 184 | 1,479 | |--------|-----------|------------- | 1,110 | 6,859 | $95,252,581
TABLE NO. XXXII.
BANK CAPITAL IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855.
----------------------------------------------------------------- Free States. || Slave States. ----------------------------------------------------------------- California | || Alabama | $2,296,400 Connecticut | $15,597,891 || Arkansas | Illinois | 2,513,790 || Delaware | 1,393,175 Indiana | 7,281,934 || Florida | Iowa | || Georgia | 13,413,100 Maine | 7,301,252 || Kentucky | 10,369,717 Massachusetts | 54,492,660 || Louisiana | 20,179,107 Michigan | 980,416 || Maryland | 10,411,874 New Hampshire | 3,626,000 || Mississippi | 240,165 New Jersey | 5,314,885 || Missouri | 1,215,398 New York | 83,773,288 || North Carolina | 5,205,073 Ohio | 7,166,581 || South Carolina | 16,603,253 Pennsylvania | 19,864,825 || Tennessee | 6,717,848 Rhode Island | 17,511,162 || Texas | Vermont | 3,275,656 || Virginia | 14,033,838 Wisconsin | 1,400,000 || | |--------------|| |------------- Total | $230,100,340 || Total | $102,078,948 =================================================================
TABLE NO. XXXIII.
MILITIA FORCE OF THE FREE AND THE SLAVE STATES--1852.
----------------------------------------------------------------- Free States. || Slave States. ----------------------------------------------------------------- California | || Alabama | 76,662 Connecticut | 51,649 || Arkansas | 17,137 Illinois | 170,359 || Delaware | 9,229 Indiana | 53,918 || Florida | 12,122 Iowa | || Georgia | 57,312 Maine | 62,588 || Kentucky | 81,840 Massachusetts | 119,690 || Louisiana | 43,823 Michigan | 63,938 || Maryland | 46,864 New Hampshire | 32,151 || Mississippi | 36,084 New Jersey | 39,171 || Missouri | 61,000 New York | 265,293 || North Carolina | 79,448 Ohio | 176,455 || South Carolina | 55,209 Pennsylvania | 276,070 || Tennessee | 71,252 Rhode Island | 14,443 || Texas | 19,766 Vermont | 23,915 || Virginia | 125,128 Wisconsin | 32,203 || | |--------------|| |------------- Total | 1,381,843 || Total | 792,876
TABLE NO. XXXIV.
POST OFFICE OPERATIONS IN THE FREE STATES--1855.
------------------------------------------------------------ States. | Stamps | Total Postage | Cost of Trans. | sold. | collected. | the mails. ----------------|-----------|---------------|--------------- California | $81,437 | $234,591 | $135,386 Connecticut | 79,284 | 179,230 | 81,462 Illinois | 105,252 | 279,887 | 280,038 Indiana | 60,578 | 180,405 | 190,480 Iowa | 28,198 | 82,420 | 84,428 Maine | 60,165 | 151,358 | 82,218 Massachusetts | 259,062 | 532,184 | 153,091 Michigan | 49,763 | 142,188 | 148,204 New-Hampshire | 38,387 | 95,609 | 46,631 New-Jersey | 31,495 | 109,697 | 80,084 New-York | 542,498 | 1,383,157 | 481,410 Ohio | 167,958 | 452,643 | 421,870 Pennsylvania | 217,293 | 583,013 | 251,833 Rhode Island | 30,291 | 58,624 | 13,891 Vermont | 36,314 | 92,816 | 64,437 Wisconsin | 33,538 | 112,903 | 92,842 |-----------|---------------|--------------- |$1,719,513 | $4,670,725 | $2,608,295 ============================================================
TABLE NO. XXXV.
POST OFFICE OPERATIONS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855.
------------------------------------------------------------ States. | Stamps | Total Postage | Cost of Trans. | sold. | collected. | the mails. ----------------|-----------|---------------|--------------- Alabama | $44,514 | $104,514 | 226,816 Arkansas | 8,941 | 30,664 | 117,659 Delaware | 7,298 | 19,644 | 9,243 Florida | 8,764 | 19,275 | 77,553 Georgia | 73,880 | 149,063 | 216,003 Kentucky | 55,694 | 130,067 | 144,161 Louisiana | 50,778 | 133,753 | 133,810 Maryland | 77,743 | 191,485 | 192,743 Mississippi | 31,182 | 78,739 | 170,785 Missouri | 53,742 | 139,652 | 185,096 North Carolina | 34,235 | 72,759 | 148,249 South Carolina | 47,368 | 91,600 | 192,216 Tennessee | 48,377 | 103,686 | 116,091 Texas | 24,530 | 70,436 | 209,936 Virginia | 96,799 | 217,861 | 245,592 |-----------|---------------|--------------- | $666,845 | $1,553,198 | $2,385,953
TABLE NO. XXXVI.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE FREE STATES--1850.
------------------------------------------------- States. | Number. | Teachers. | Pupils. ----------------|---------|-----------|---------- California | 2 | 2 | 49 Connecticut | 1,656 | 1,787 | 71,269 Illinois | 4,052 | 4,248 | 125,725 Indiana | 4,822 | 4,860 | 161,500 Iowa | 740 | 828 | 29,556 Maine | 4,042 | 5,540 | 192,815 Massachusetts | 3,679 | 4,443 | 176,475 Michigan | 2,714 | 3,231 | 110,455 New Hampshire | 2,381 | 3,013 | 75,643 New Jersey | 1,473 | 1,574 | 77,930 New York | 11,580 | 13,965 | 675,221 Ohio | 11,661 | 12,886 | 484,153 Pennsylvania | 9,061 | 10,024 | 413,706 Rhode Island | 416 | 518 | 23,130 Vermont | 2,731 | 4,173 | 93,457 Wisconsin | 1,423 | 1,529 | 58,817 |---------|-----------|---------- | 62,433 | 72,621 | 2,769,901 =================================================
TABLE NO. XXXVII.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
------------------------------------------------- States. | Number. | Teachers. | Pupils. ----------------|---------|-----------|---------- Alabama | 1,152 | 1,195 | 28,380 Arkansas | 353 | 355 | 8,493 Delaware | 194 | 214 | 8,970 Florida | 69 | 73 | 1,878 Georgia | 1,251 | 1,265 | 32,705 Kentucky | 2,234 | 2,306 | 71,429 Louisiana | 664 | 822 | 25,046 Maryland | 898 | 986 | 33,111 Mississippi | 782 | 826 | 18,746 Missouri | 1,570 | 1,620 | 51,754 North Carolina | 2,657 | 2,730 | 104,095 South Carolina | 724 | 739 | 17,838 Tennessee | 2,680 | 2,819 | 104,117 Texas | 349 | 360 | 7,946 Virginia | 2,930 | 2,997 | 67,353 |---------|-----------|---------- | 13,507 | 19,307 | 581,801
TABLE NO. XXXVIII.
LIBRARIES OTHER THAN PRIVATE IN THE FREE STATES--1850.
------------------------------------- States. | Number. | Volumes. ----------------|---------|---------- California | | Connecticut | 164 | 165,318 Illinois | 152 | 62,486 Indiana | 151 | 68,403 Iowa | 32 | 5,790 Maine | 236 | 121,969 Massachusetts | 1,462 | 684,015 Michigan | 417 | 107,943 New Hampshire | 129 | 85,759 New Jersey | 128 | 80,885 New York | 11,013 | 1,760,820 Ohio | 352 | 186,826 Pennsylvania | 393 | 363,400 Rhode Island | 96 | 104,342 Vermont | 96 | 64,641 Wisconsin | 72 | 21,020 |---------|---------- | 14,911 | 3,888,234 =====================================
TABLE NO. XXXIX.
LIBRARIES OTHER THAN PRIVATE IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
------------------------------------- States. | Number. | Volumes. ----------------|---------|---------- Alabama | 56 | 20,623 Arkansas | 3 | 420 Delaware | 17 | 17,950 Florida | 7 | 2,660 Georgia | 38 | 31,788 Kentucky | 80 | 79,466 Louisiana | 10 | 26,800 Maryland | 124 | 125,042 Mississippi | 117 | 21,737 Missouri | 97 | 75,056 North Carolina | 38 | 29,592 South Carolina | 26 | 107,472 Tennessee | 34 | 22,896 Texas | 12 | 4,230 Virginia | 54 | 88,462 |---------|---------- | 695 | 649,577
TABLE NO. XL.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE FREE STATES--1850.
----------------------------------------- States. | Number. |Copies Printed | | annually. ----------------|---------|-------------- California | 7 | 761,200 Connecticut | 46 | 4,267,932 Illinois | 107 | 5,102,276 Indiana | 107 | 4,316,828 Iowa | 29 | 1,512,800 Maine | 49 | 4,203,064 Massachusetts | 202 | 64,820,564 Michigan | 58 | 3,247,736 New Hampshire | 38 | 3,067,552 New Jersey | 51 | 4,098,678 New York | 428 | 115,385,473 Ohio | 261 | 30,473,407 Pennsylvania | 309 | 84,898,672 Rhode Island | 19 | 2,756,950 Vermont | 35 | 2,567,662 Wisconsin | 46 | 2,665,487 |---------|-------------- | 1,790 | 334,146,281 =========================================
TABLE NO. XLI.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
----------------------------------------- States. | Number. |Copies Printed | | annually. ----------------|---------|-------------- Alabama | 60 | 2,662,741 Arkansas | 9 | 377,000 Delaware | 10 | 421,200 Florida | 10 | 319,800 Georgia | 51 | 4,070,868 Kentucky | 62 | 6,582,838 Louisiana | 55 | 12,416,224 Maryland | 68 | 19,612,724 Mississippi | 50 | 1,752,504 Missouri | 61 | 6,195,560 North Carolina | 51 | 2,020,564 South Carolina | 46 | 7,145,930 Tennessee | 50 | 6,940,750 Texas | 34 | 1,296,924 Virginia | 87 | 9,223,068 |---------|-------------- | 704 | 81,038,693
TABLE NO. XLII.
ILLITERATE WHITE ADULTS IN THE FREE STATES--1850.
---------------------------------------------- States. | Native. | Foreign. | Total. ----------------|---------|----------|-------- California | 2,201 | 2,917 | 5,118 Connecticut | 826 | 4,013 | 4,739 Illinois | 34,107 | 5,947 | 40,054 Indiana | 67,275 | 3,265 | 70,540 Iowa | 7,043 | 1,077 | 8,120 Maine | 1,999 | 4,148 | 6,147 Massachusetts | 1,055 | 26,484 | 27,539 Michigan | 4,903 | 3,009 | 7,912 New Hampshire | 893 | 2,064 | 2,957 New Jersey | 8,370 | 5,878 | 14,248 New York | 23,241 | 68,052 | 91,293 Ohio | 51,968 | 9,062 | 61,030 Pennsylvania | 41,944 | 24,989 | 66,928 Rhode Island | 981 | 2,359 | 3,340 Vermont | 565 | 5,624 | 6,189 Wisconsin | 1,459 | 4,902 | 6,361 |---------|----------|-------- | 248,725 | 173,790 | 422,515 ==============================================
TABLE NO. XLIII.
ILLITERATE WHITE ADULTS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
---------------------------------------------- States. | Native. | Foreign. | Total. ----------------|---------|----------|-------- Alabama | 33,618 | 139 | 33,757 Arkansas | 16,792 | 27 | 16,819 Delaware | 4,132 | 404 | 4,536 Florida | 3,564 | 295 | 3,859 Georgia | 40,794 | 406 | 41,200 Kentucky | 64,340 | 2,347 | 66,687 Louisiana | 14,950 | 6,271 | 21,221 Maryland | 17,364 | 3,451 | 20,815 Mississippi | 13,324 | 81 | 13,405 Missouri | 34,420 | 1,861 | 36,281 North Carolina | 73,226 | 340 | 73,566 South Carolina | 15,580 | 104 | 15,684 Tennessee | 77,017 | 505 | 77,522 Texas | 8,037 | 2,488 | 10,525 Virginia | 75,868 | 1,137 | 77,005 |---------|----------|-------- | 493,026 | 19,856 | 512,882
TABLE NO. XLIV.
NATIONAL POLITICAL POWER OF THE FREE STATES--1857.
------------------------------------------------------- States. | Senators. | Rep. in lower | Electoral | | House Cong. | votes. ----------------|-----------|---------------|---------- California | 2 | 2 | 4 Connecticut | 2 | 4 | 6 Illinois | 2 | 9 | 11 Indiana | 2 | 11 | 13 Iowa | 2 | 2 | 4 Maine | 2 | 6 | 8 Massachusetts | 2 | 11 | 13 Michigan | 2 | 4 | 6 New Hampshire | 2 | 3 | 5 New Jersey | 2 | 5 | 7 New York | 2 | 33 | 35 Ohio | 2 | 21 | 23 Pennsylvania | 2 | 25 | 27 Rhode Island | 2 | 2 | 4 Vermont | 2 | 3 | 5 Wisconsin | 2 | 3 | 5 |-----------|---------------|---------- | 32 | 141 | 176 =======================================================
TABLE NO. XLV.
NATIONAL POLITICAL POWER OF THE SLAVE STATES--1857.
------------------------------------------------------- States. | Senators. | Rep. in lower | Electoral | | House Cong. | votes. ----------------|-----------|---------------|---------- Alabama | 2 | 7 | 9 Arkansas | 2 | 2 | 4 Delaware | 2 | 1 | 3 Florida | 2 | 1 | 3 Georgia | 2 | 8 | 10 Kentucky | 2 | 10 | 12 Louisiana | 2 | 4 | 6 Maryland | 2 | 6 | 8 Mississippi | 2 | 5 | 7 Missouri | 2 | 7 | 9 North Carolina | 2 | 8 | 10 South Carolina | 2 | 6 | 8 Tennessee | 2 | 10 | 12 Texas | 2 | 2 | 4 Virginia | 2 | 13 | 15 |-----------|---------------|---------- | 30 | 90 | 120
TABLE NO. XLVI.
POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY THE FREE STATES--1856.
------------------------------------------------------------------ States. |_Republican._|_American._|_Democratic._| Total. | Fremont. | Fillmore. | Buchanan. | ---------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|---------- California | 20,339 | 35,113 | 51,925 | 107,377 Connecticut | 42,715 | 2,615 | 34,995 | 80,325 Illinois | 96,189 | 37,444 | 105,348 | 238,981 Indiana | 94,375 | 22,386 | 118,670 | 235,431 Iowa | 43,954 | 9,180 | 36,170 | 89,304 Maine | 67,379 | 3,325 | 39,080 | 109,784 Massachusetts | 108,190 | 19,626 | 39,240 | 167,056 Michigan | 71,762 | 1,660 | 52,136 | 125,558 New Hampshire | 38,345 | 422 | 32,789 | 71,556 New Jersey | 28,338 | 24,115 | 46,943 | 99,396 New York | 276,907 | 124,604 | 195,878 | 597,389 Ohio | 187,497 | 28,126 | 170,874 | 386,497 Pennsylvania | 147,510 | 82,175 | 230,710 | 460,395 Rhode Island | 11,467 | 1,675 | 6,580 | 19,722 Vermont | 39,561 | 545 | 10,569 | 50,675 Wisconsin | 66,090 | 579 | 52,843 | 119,512 |-------------|-----------|-------------|---------- | 1,340,618 | 393,590 | 1,224,750 | 2,958,958 ==================================================================
TABLE NO. XLVII.
POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY THE SLAVE STATES--1856.
-------------------------------------------------------------------- States. |_Republican._|_American._|_Democratic._| Total. | Fremont. | Fillmore. | Buchanan. | -----------------|-------------|-----------|-------------|---------- Alabama | | 28,552 | 46,739 | 75,291 Arkansas | | 10,787 | 21,910 | 32,697 Delaware | 308 | 6,175 | 8,004 | 14,487 Florida | | 4,833 | 6,358 | 11,191 Georgia | | 42,228 | 56,578 | 98,806 Kentucky | 314 | 67,416 | 74,642 | 142,372 Louisiana | | 20,709 | 22,164 | 42,873 Maryland | 281 | 47,460 | 39,115 | 86,856 Mississippi | | 24,195 | 35,446 | 59,641 Missouri | | 48,524 | 58,164 | 106,688 North Carolina | | 36,886 | 48,246 | 85,132 South Carolina[3]| | | | Tennessee | | 66,178 | 73,638 | 139,816 Texas | | 15,244 | 28,757 | 44,001 Virginia | 291 | 60,278 | 89,826 | 150,395 |-------------|-----------|-------------|---------- | 1,194 | 479,465 | 609,587 | 1,090,246
TABLE NO. XLVIII.
VALUE OF CHURCHES IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.
-------------------------------------------------------------- Free States. || Slave States. -------------------------------------------------------------- California | $288,400 || Alabama | $1,244,741 Connecticut | 3,599,330 || Arkansas | 149,686 Illinois | 1,532,305 || Delaware | 340,345 Indiana | 1,568,906 || Florida | 192,600 Iowa | 235,412 || Georgia | 1,327,112 Maine | 1,794,209 || Kentucky | 2,295,353 Massachusetts | 10,504,888 || Louisiana | 1,940,495 Michigan | 793,180 || Maryland | 3,974,116 New Hampshire | 1,433,266 || Mississippi | 832,622 New Jersey | 3,712,863 || Missouri | 1,730,135 New York | 21,539,561 || North Carolina | 907,785 Ohio | 5,860,059 || South Carolina | 2,181,476 Pennsylvania | 11,853,291 || Tennessee | 1,246,951 Rhode Island | 1,293,600 || Texas | 408,944 Vermont | 1,251,655 || Virginia | 2,902,220 Wisconsin | 512,552 || | |--------------|| |------------ Total | $67,773,477 || Total | $21,674,581 ==============================================================
TABLE NO. XLIX.
PATENTS ISSUED ON NEW INVENTIONS IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES--1856.
-------------------------------------------------------------- Free States. || Slave States. -------------------------------------------------------------- California | 13 || Alabama | 11 Connecticut | 142 || Arkansas | Illinois | 93 || Delaware | 8 Indiana | 67 || Florida | 3 Iowa | 14 || Georgia | 13 Maine | 42 || Kentucky | 26 Massachusetts | 331 || Louisiana | 30 Michigan | 22 || Maryland | 49 New Hampshire | 43 || Mississippi | 8 New Jersey | 78 || Missouri | 32 New York | 592 || North Carolina | 9 Ohio | 139 || South Carolina | 10 Pennsylvania | 267 || Tennessee | 23 Rhode Island | 18 || Texas | 4 Vermont | 35 || Virginia | 42 Wisconsin | 33 || | |--------------|| |------------ Total | 1,929 || Total | 268
TABLE NO. L.
BIBLE CAUSE AND TRACT CAUSE IN THE FREE STATES--1855.
------------------------------------------------------ States. | Contribu. for | Contribu. for | the Bible Cause. | the Tract Cause. -----------------|------------------|----------------- California | $1,900 | $ 5 Connecticut | 24,528 | 15,872 Illinois | 28,403 | 3,786 Indiana | 6,755 | 1,491 Iowa | 4,216 | 2,005 Maine | 5,449 | 2,981 Massachusetts | 43,444 | 11,492 Michigan | 5,554 | 1,114 New-Hampshire | 6,271 | 1,288 New-Jersey | 15,475 | 3,546 New-York | 123,386 | 61,233 Ohio | 25,758 | 9,576 Pennsylvania | 25,360 | 12,121 Rhode Island | 2,669 | 2,121 Vermont | 5,709 | 2,867 Wisconsin | 4,790 | 474 |------------------|----------------- | $319,667 | $131,972 ======================================================
TABLE NO. LI.
BIBLE CAUSE AND TRACT CAUSE IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855.
------------------------------------------------------ States. | Contribu. for | Contribu. for | the Bible Cause. | the Tract Cause. -----------------|------------------|----------------- Alabama | $3,351 | 477 Arkansas | 2,950 | 110 Delaware | 1,037 | 163 Florida | 1,957 | 5 Georgia | 4,532 | 1,468 Kentucky | 5,956 | 1,366 Louisiana | 1,810 | 1,099 Maryland | 8,909 | 5,365 Mississippi | 1,067 | 267 Missouri | 4,711 | 936 North Carolina | 6,197 | 1,419 South Carolina | 3,984 | 3,222 Tennessee | 8,383 | 1,807 Texas | 3,985 | 127 Virginia | 9,296 | 6,894 |------------------|----------------- | $68,125 | $24,725
TABLE NO. LII.
MISSIONARY CAUSE AND COLONIZATION[4] CAUSE IN THE FREE STATES--1855-1856.
----------------------------------------------------------- States. | Contributions for | Contributions for |Miss'y purposes, 1855.|Coloniza. pur., 1856. --------------|----------------------|--------------------- California | $ 192 | $ 1 Connecticut | 48,044 | 9,233 Illinois | 10,040 | 543 Indiana | 4,705 | 34 Iowa | 1,750 | 3 Maine | 13,929 | 1,719 Massachusetts | 128,505 | 1,422 Michigan | 4,935 | 4 New Hampshire | 11,963 | 1,130 New Jersey | 19,946 | 3,261 New York | 172,115 | 24,371 Ohio | 19,890 | 2,687 Pennsylvania | 43,412 | 4,287 Rhode Island | 9,440 | 2,125 Vermont | 11,094 | 304 Wisconsin | 2,216 | 806 |----------------------|--------------------- | $502,174 | $51,930 ===========================================================
TABLE NO. LIII.
MISSIONARY CAUSE AND COLONIZATION[4] CAUSE IN THE SLAVE STATES--1855-1856.
----------------------------------------------------------- States. | Contributions for | Contributions for |Miss'y purposes, 1855.|Coloniza. pur., 1856. --------------|----------------------|--------------------- Alabama | $5,963 | $1,113 Arkansas | 455 | 1 Delaware | 1,003 | 250 Florida | 340 | 13 Georgia | 9,846 | 5,323 Kentucky | 6,953 | 4,436 Louisiana | 334 | 871 Maryland | 20,677 | 406 Mississippi | 4,957 | 2,177 Missouri | 2,712 | 313 North Carolina| 6,010 | 969 South Carolina| 15,248 | 129 Tennessee | 4,971 | 1,611 Texas | 349 | 6 Virginia | 22,106 | 10,000 |----------------------|--------------------- | $101,934 | $27,618
TABLE NO. LIV.
DEATHS IN THE FREE STATES--1850.[5]
------------------------------------------------- States. | Number of | Ratio to the Number | deaths. | living. --------------|-------------|-------------------- California | | Connecticut | 5,781 | 64.13 Illinois | 11,619 | 73.28 Indiana | 12,728 | 77.65 Iowa | 2,044 | 94.03 Maine | 7,545 | 77.29 Massachusetts | 19,414 | 51.23 Michigan | 4,520 | 88.19 New Hampshire | 4,268 | 74.49 New Jersey | 6,467 | 75.70 New York | 44,339 | 69.85 Ohio | 28,949 | 68.41 Pennsylvania | 28,318 | 81.63 Rhode Island | 2,241 | 65.83 Vermont | 3,132 | 100.13 Wisconsin | 2,884 | 105.82 | ----------- | ------------------- | 184,249 | 72.91 =================================================
TABLE NO. LV.
DEATHS IN THE SLAVE STATES--1850.[5]
-------------------------------------------------- States. | Number of | Ratio to the Number | deaths. | living. ---------------|-------------|-------------------- Alabama | 9,084 | 84.94 Arkansas | 2,987 | 70.18 Delaware | 1,209 | 75.71 Florida | 933 | 93.67 Georgia | 9,920 | 91.93 Kentucky | 15,206 | 64.60 Louisiana | 11,948 | 42.85 Maryland | 9,594 | 60.77 Mississippi | 8,711 | 69.93 Missouri | 12,211 | 55.81 North Carolina | 10,207 | 85.12 South Carolina | 7,997 | 83.59 Tennessee | 11,759 | 85.34 Texas | 3,046 | 69.79 Virgina | 19,053 | 74.61 | ----------- | ------------------- | 133,865 | 71.82
TABLE NO. LVI.
FREE WHITE MALE PERSONS OVER FIFTEEN YEARS OF AGE
ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER OUT-DOOR LABOR IN THE SLAVE-STATES--1850.
----------------------------------------------------------- States. | No. engaged | No. engaged | | in | in other | Total. | Agriculture. | out-door labor. | ---------------|--------------|-----------------|---------- Alabama | 67,742 | 7,229 | 74,971 Arkansas | 28,436 | 5,596 | 34,032 Delaware | 6,225 | 4,184 | 10,409 Florida | 5,472 | 2,598 | 8,070 Georgia | 82,107 | 11,054 | 93,161 Kentucky | 110,119 | 26,308 | 136,427 Louisiana | 11,524 | 13,827 | 25,351 Maryland | 24,672 | 17,146 | 41,818 Mississippi | 50,028 | 5,823 | 55,851 Missouri | 64,292 | 19,900 | 84,192 North Carolina | 76,338 | 21,876 | 98,214 South Carolina | 37,612 | 6,991 | 44,603 Tennessee | 115,844 | 16,795 | 132,639 Texas | 24,987 | 22,713 | 47,700 Virginia | 97,654 | 33,928 | 131,582 ---------------|--------------|-----------------|---------- | 803,052 | 215,968 | 1,019,020 ===========================================================
Too hot in the South, and too unhealthy there--white men "can't stand it"--negroes only can endure the heat of Southern climes! How often are our ears insulted with such wickedly false assertions as these! In what degree of latitude--pray tell us--in what degree of latitude do the rays of the sun become too calorific for white men? Certainly in no part of the United States, for in the extreme South we find a very large number of non-slaveholding whites over the age of fifteen, who derive their entire support from manual labor in the open fields. The sun, that bugbear of slaveholding demagogues, shone on more than one million of free white laborers--mostly agriculturists--in the slave States in 1850, exclusive of those engaged in commerce, trade, manufactures, the mechanic arts, and mining. Yet, notwithstanding all these instances of exposure to his wrath, we have had no intelligence whatever of a single case of _coup de so-leil_. Alabama is not too hot; sixty-seven thousand white sons of toil till her soil. Mississippi is not too hot; fifty-five thousand free white laborers are hopeful devotees of her out-door pursuits. Texas is not too hot; forty-seven thousand free white persons, males, over the age of fifteen, daily perform their rural vocations amidst her unsheltered air.
It is stated on good authority that, in January, 1856, native ice, three inches thick, was found in Galveston Bay; we have seen it ten inches thick in North Carolina, with the mercury in the thermometer at two degrees below zero. In January, 1857, while the snow was from three to five feet deep in many parts of North Carolina, the thermometer indicated a degree of coldness seldom exceeded in any State in the Union--thirteen degrees below zero. The truth is, instead of its being too hot in the South for white men, it is too cold for negroes; and we long to see the day arrive when the latter shall have entirely receded from their uncongenial homes in America, and given full and undivided place to the former.
Too hot in the South for white men! It is not too hot for white women. Time and again, in different counties in North Carolina, have we seen the poor white wife of the poor white husband, following him in the harvest-field from morning till night, binding up the grain as it fell from his cradle. In the immediate neighborhood from which we hail, there are not less than thirty young women, non-slaveholding whites, between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five--some of whom are so well known to us that we could call them by name--who labor in the fields every summer; two of them in particular, near neighbors to our mother, are in the habit of hiring themselves out during harvest-time, the very hottest season of the year, to bind wheat and oats--each of them keeping up with the reaper; and this for the paltry consideration of twenty-five cents per day.
That any respectable man--any man with a heart or a soul in his composition--can look upon these poor toiling white women without feeling indignant at that accursed system of slavery which has entailed on them the miseries of poverty, ignorance, and degradation, we shall not do ourself the violence to believe. If they and their husbands, and their sons and daughters, and brothers and sisters, are not righted in some of the more important particulars in which they have been wronged, the fault shall lie at other doors than our own. In their behalf, chiefly, have we written and compiled this work; and until our object shall have been accomplished, or until life shall have been extinguished, there shall be no abatement in our efforts to aid them in regaining the natural and inalienable prerogatives out of which they have been so infamously swindled. We want to see no more plowing, or hoeing, or raking, or grain-binding, by white women in the Southern States; employment in cotton-mills and other factories would be far more profitable and congenial to them, and this they shall have within a short period after slavery shall have been abolished.
Too hot in the South for white men! What is the testimony of reliable Southrons themselves? Says Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky:--
"In the extreme South, at New Orleans, the laboring men--the stevedores and hackmen on the levee, where the heat is intensified by the proximity of the red brick buildings, are all white men, and they are in the full enjoyment of health. But how about Cotton? I am informed by a friend of mine--himself a slaveholder and therefore good authority--that in Northwestern Texas, among the German settlements, who true to their national instincts, will not employ the labor of a slave--they produce more cotton to the acre, and of a better quality, and selling at prices from a cent to a cent and a half a pound higher than that produced by slave labor."
Says Gov. Hammond, of South Carolina:--
"The steady heat of our summers is not so prostrating as the short, but frequent and sudden, bursts of Northern summers."
In an extract which may be found in our second chapter, and to which we respectfully refer the reader, it will be seen that this same South Carolinian, speaking of "not less than fifty thousand" non-slaveholding whites, says--"most of these now follow agricultural pursuits."
Says Dr. Cartwright of New Orleans:--
"Here in New Orleans, the larger part of the drudgery--work requiring exposure to the sun, as railroad-making, street-paving, dray-driving, ditching and building, is performed by white people."
To the statistical tables which show the number of deaths in the free and in the slave States in 1850, we would direct special attention. Those persons, particularly the propogandists of negro slavery, who, heretofore, have been so dreadfully exercised on account of what they have been pleased to term "the insalubrity of Southern climes," will there find something to allay their fearful apprehensions. A critical examination of said tables will disclose the fact that, in proportion to population, deaths occur more frequently in Massachusetts than in any Southern State except Louisiana; more frequently in New York than in any of the Southern States, except Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Texas; more frequently in New Jersey, in Pennsylvania, and in Ohio, than in either Georgia, Florida, or Alabama. Leaving Wisconsin and Louisiana out of the account, and then comparing the bills of mortality in the remaining Northern States, with those in the remaining Southern States, we find the difference decidedly in favor of the latter; for, according to this calculation, while the ratio of deaths is as only one to 74.60 of the living population in the Southern States, it is as one to 72.39 in the Northern.
Says Dr. J. C. Nott, of Mobile:--
"Heat, moisture, animal and vegetable matter are said to be the elements which produce the diseases of the South, and yet the testimony in proof of the health of the banks of the lower portion of the Mississippi River, is too strong to be doubted,--not only the river itself but also the numerous bayous which meander through Louisiana. Here is a perfectly flat alluvial country, covering several hundred miles, interspersed with interminable lakes, lagunes and jungles, and still we are informed by Dr. Cartwright, one of the most acute observers of the day, that this country is exempt from miasmatic disorders, and is extremely healthy. His assertion has been confirmed to me by hundreds of witnesses, and we know from our own observation, that the population present a robust and healthy appearance."
But the best part is yet to come. In spite of all the blatant assertions of the oligarchy, that the climate of the South was arranged expressly for the negroes, and that the negroes were created expressly to inhabit it as the healthful servitors of other men, a carefully kept register of all the deaths that occurred in Charleston, South Carolina, for the space of six years, shows that, even in that locality which is generally regarded as so unhealthy, the annual mortality was much greater among the blacks, in proportion to population, than among the whites. Dr. Nott himself shall state the facts. He says:--
"The average mortality for the last six years in Charleston for all ages is 1 in 51, including all classes. Blacks alone 1 in 44; whites alone, 1 in 58--a very remarkable result, certainly. This mortality is perhaps not an unfair test, as the population during the last six years has been undisturbed by emigration and acclimated in a greater proportion than at any former period."
Numerous other authorities might be cited in proof of the general healthiness of the climate south of Mason and Dixon's line. Of 127 remarkable cases of American longevity, published in a recent edition of Blake's Biographical Dictionary, 68 deceased centenarians are credited to the Southern States, and 59 to the Northern--the list being headed with Betsey Trantham, of Tennessee--a white woman, who died in 1834, at the extraordinarily advanced age of 154 years.
TABLE NO. LVII.
NATIVES OF THE SLAVE STATES IN THE FREE STATES, AND NATIVES OF THE FREE STATES IN THE SLAVE STATES.--1850.
--------------------------------------------------------------------- States. | Natives of the | States. | Natives of the | Slave States. | | Free States. ---------------|----------------|--------------------|--------------- California | 24,055 | Alabama | 4,947 Connecticut | 1,390 | Arkansas | 7,965 Illinois | 144,809 | Delaware | 6,996 Indiana | 176,581 | Florida | 1,718 Iowa | 31,392 | Georgia | 4,219 Maine | 458 | Kentucky | 31,340 Massachusetts | 2,980 | Louisiana | 14,567 Michigan | 3,634 | Maryland | 23,815 New-Hampshire | 215 | Mississippi | 4,517 New-Jersey | 4,110 | Missouri | 55,664 New-York | 12,625 | North Carolina | 2,167 Ohio | 152,319 | South Carolina | 2,427 Pennsylvania | 47,180 | Tennessee | 6,571 Rhode Island | 982 | Texas | 9,982 Vermont | 140 | Virginia | 28,999 Wisconsin | 6,353 | | |----------------| |--------------- | 609,223 | | 205,924 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
This last table, compiled from the 116th page of the Compendium of the Seventh Census, shows, in a most lucid and startling manner, how negroes, slavery and slaveholders are driving the native non-slaveholding whites away from their homes, and keeping at a distance other decent people. From the South the tide of emigration still flows in a westerly and north-westerly direction, and it will continue to do so until slavery is abolished. The following remarks, which we extract from an editorial article that appeared in the Memphis (Tenn.) _Bulletin_ near the close of the year 1856, are worth considering in this connection:--
"We have never before observed so large a number of immigrants going westward as are crossing the river at this point daily, the two ferry boats--sometimes three--going crowded from early morn until the boats cease making their trips at night. It is no uncommon sight to see from twenty to forty wagons encamped on the bluff for the night, notwithstanding there has been a steady stream going across the river all day, and yet the cry is, still they come."
About the same time the Cassville (Geo.) _Standard_ spoke with surprise of the multitude of emigrants crowding the streets of that town bound for the far West.
Prof. B. S. Hedrick, late of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, says:--
"Of my neighbors, friends and kindred, nearly one-half have left the State since I was old enough to remember. Many is the time I have stood by the loaded emigrant wagon, and given the parting hand to those whose faces I was never to look upon again. They were going to seek homes in the free West, knowing, as they did, that free and slave labor could not both exist and prosper in the same community. If any one thinks that I speak without knowledge, let him refer to the last census. He will there find that in 1850 there were fifty-eight thousand native North Carolinians living in the free States of the West--thirty-three-thousand in Indiana alone. There were, at the same time, one hundred and eighty thousand Virginians living in the free States. Now, if these people were so much in love with the 'institution,' why did they not remain where they could enjoy its blessings?
"From my knowledge of the people of North Carolina, I believe that the majority of them who will go to Kansas during the next five years, would prefer that it should be a free State. I am sure that if I were to go there I should vote to exclude slavery."
For daring to have political opinions of his own, and because he did not deem it his duty to conceal the fact that he loved liberty better than slavery, the gallant author of the extract above quoted was peremptorily dismissed from his post of analytical and agricultural chemist in the University of North Carolina, ignominiously subjected to the indignities of a mob, and then savagely driven beyond the borders of his native State. His villainous persecutors, if not called to settle their accounts in another world within the next ten years, will probably survive to repent of the enormity of their pro-slavery folly.
TABLE NO. LVIII.
VALUE OF THE SLAVES AT $400 PER HEAD.--1850.[6]
------------------------------------------------------------- |Value of the Slaves| Val. of Real and Per. States. | at $400 per head. | Estate, less the val. of | | slaves at $400 p. head. ---------------|-------------------|------------------------- Alabama | $137,137,600 | $81,066,732 Arkansas | 18,840,000 | 21,001,025 Delaware | 916,000 | 17,939,863 Florida | 15,724,000 | 7,474,734 Georgia | 152,672,800 | 182,752,914 Kentucky | 84,392,400 | 217,236,056 Louisiana | 97,923,600 | 136,075,164 Maryland | 36,147,200 | 183,070,164 Mississippi | 123,951,200 | 105,000,000 Missouri | 34,968,800 | 102,278,907 North Carolina | 115,419,200 | 111,381,272 South Carolina | 153,993,600 | 134,264,094 Tennessee | 95,783,600 | 111,671,104 Texas | 23,264,400 | 32,097,940 Virginia | 189,011,200 | 202,634,638 |-------------------|------------------------- | $1,280,145,600 | $1,655,945,137 =============================================================
TABLES 34 and 35 show that, on account of the pitiable poverty and ignorance of slavery, the mails were transported throughout the Southern States, during the year 1855, at an extra cost to the General Government of more than six hundred thousand dollars! In the free States, postages were received to the amount of more than two millions of dollars over and above the cost of transportation.
To Dr. G. Bailey, editor of the _National Era_, Washington city, D. C., we are indebted for the following useful and interesting statistics, to which some of our readers will doubtless have frequent occasion to refer:--
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Appointed.
March 4, 1789 } George Washington, _Virginia_. " 3, 1797 }
March 4, 1797 } John Adams, _Massachusetts_. " 3, 1801 }
March 4, 1801 } Thomas Jefferson, _Virginia_. " 3, 1809 }
March 4, 1809 } James Madison, _Virginia_. " 3, 1817 }
March 4, 1817 } James Monroe, _Virginia_. " 3, 1825 }
March 4, 1825 } John Q. Adams, _Massachusetts_. " 3, 1829 }
March 4, 1829 } Andrew Jackson, _Tennessee_. " 3, 1837 }
March 4, 1837 } Martin Van Buren, _New York_. " 3, 1841 }
March 4, 1841 } William H. Harrison, _Ohio_. " 3, 1845 }
March 4, 1845 } James K. Polk, _Tennessee_. " 3, 1849 }
March 4, 1849 } Zachary Taylor, _Louisiana_. " 3, 1853 }
March 4, 1853 } Franklin Pierce, _New Hampshire_. " 3, 1857 }
March 4, 1857 } James Buchanan, _Pennsylvania_. " 3, 1861 }
At the close of the term for which Mr. Buchanan is elected, it will have been seventy-two years since the organization of the present Government.
In that period, there have been eighteen elections for President, the candidates chosen in twelve of them being Southern men and slaveholders, in six of them Northern men and non-slaveholders.
No Northern man has ever been re-elected, but five Southern men have been thus honored.
Gen. Harrison, of Ohio, died one month after his inauguration. Gen. Taylor, of Louisiana, about four months after his inauguration. In the former case, John Tyler, of Virginia, became acting President, in the latter, Millard Fillmore, of New York.
Of the seventy-two years, closing with Mr. Buchanan's term, should he live it out, Southern men and slaveholders have occupied the Presidential chair forty-eight years and three months, or a little more than two-thirds of the time.
THE SUPREME COURT.
The judicial districts are organized so as to give five judges to the slave States, and four to the free, although the population, wealth, and business of the latter are far in advance of those of the former. The arrangement affords, however, an excuse for constituting the Supreme Court, with a majority of judges from the slaveholding States.
MEMBERS.
Chief Justice--R. B. Taney, _Maryland_. Associate Justice--J. M. Wayne, _Georgia_. " " John Catron, _Tennessee_. " " P. V. Daniel, _Virginia_. " " John A. Campbell, _Alabama_. " " John McLean, _Ohio_. " " S. Nelson, _New York_. " " R. C. Grier, _Pennsylvania_. " " B. R. Curtis, _Massachusetts_. Reporter--B. C. Howard, _Maryland_. Clerk--W. T. Carroll, _D. C._
SECRETARIES OF STATE.
The highest office in the Cabinet is that of Secretary of State, who has under his charge the foreign relations of the country. Since the year 1789, there have been twenty-two appointments to the office--fourteen from slave States, eight from free. Or, counting by years, the post has been filled by Southern men and slaveholders very nearly forty years out of sixty-seven, as follows:
Appointed.
Sept. 26, 1789, Thomas Jefferson, _Virginia_. Jan. 2, 1794, E. Randolph, _Virginia_. Dec. 10, 1795, T. Pickering, _Massachusetts_. May 13, 1800, J. Marshall, _Virginia_. March 5, 1801, James Madison, _Virginia_. March 6, 1809, R. Smith, _Maryland_. April 2, 1811, James Monroe, _Virginia_. Feb. 28, 1815, " " " March 5, 1815, J. Q. Adams, _Massachusetts_. March 7, 1825, Henry Clay, _Kentucky_. March 6, 1829, Martin Van Buren, _New York_. May 24, 1831, E. Livingston, _Louisiana_. May 29, 1833, Louis McLane, _Delaware_. June 27, 1834, J. Forsyth, _Georgia_. March 5, 1841, Daniel Webster, _Massachusetts_. July 24, 1843, A. P. Upshur, _Virginia_. March 6, 1844, J. C. Calhoun, _South Carolina_. March 5, 1845, James Buchanan, _Pennsylvania_. March 7, 1849, J. M. Clayton, _Delaware_. July 20, 1850, Daniel Webster, _Massachusetts_. Dec. 9, 1851, E. Everett, _Massachusetts_. March 5, 1853, W. L. Marcy, _New York_.
PRESIDENTS PRO TEM. OF THE SENATE.
Since the year 1809, every President _pro tem._ of the Senate of the United States has been a Southern man and slaveholder, with the exception of Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey, who held the office for a very short time, and Mr. Bright, of Indiana, who has held it for one or two sessions, we believe, having been elected, however, as a known adherent of the slave interest, believed to be interested in slave "property."
SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
April, 1789 } March 3, 1791 } F. A. Muhlenberg, _Penn._
Oct. 24, 1791 } March 2, 1793 } J. Trumbull, _Connecticut_.
Dec. 2, 1793 } March 3, 1795 } F. A. Muhlenberg, _Penn._
Dec. 7, 1795 } March 3, 1797 } Jonathan Dayton, _New Jersey_.
May 15, 1797 } March 3, 1799 } " " "
Dec. 2, 1799 } March 3, 1801 } Theodore Sedgwick, _Mass._
Dec. 7, 1801 } March 3, 1807 } Nathaniel Macon, _N. Car._
Oct. 26, 1807 } March 3, 1811 } J. B. Varnum, _Massachusetts_.
March 4, 1811 } Jan. 19, 1814 } Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.
Jan. 19, 1814 } March 2, 1815 } Laugdon Cheves, _S. Car._
Dec. 4, 1815 } Nov. 13, 1820 } Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.
Nov. 15, 1820 } March 3, 1821 } J. W. Taylor, _New-York_.
Dec. 3, 1821 } March 3, 1823 } P. B. Barbour, _Virginia_.
Dec. 1, 1823 } March 3, 1825 } Henry Clay, _Kentucky_.
Dec. 5, 1825 } March 3, 1827 } J. W. Taylor, _New-York_.
Dec. 3, 1827 } June 2, 1834 } A. Stevenson, _Virginia_.
June 2, 1834 } March 3, 1835 } John Bell, _Tennessee_.
Dec. 7, 1835 } March 3, 1839 } James K. Polk, _Tennessee_.
Dec. 16, 1839 } March 3, 1841 } R. M. T. Hunter, _Virginia_.
May 31, 1841 } March 3, 1843 } John White, _Tennessee_.
Dec. 4, 1843 } March 3, 1845 } J. W. Jones, _Virginia_.
Dec. 1, 1845 } March 3, 1847 } J. W. Davis, _Indiana_.
Dec. 6, 1847 } March 3, 1849 } R. C. Winthrop, _Mass._
Dec. 22, 1849 } March 3, 1851 } Howell Cobb, _Georgia_.
Dec. 1, 1851 } March 3, 1853 } Linn Boyd, _Kentucky_.
Dec. 1 1853 } March 3, 1855 } " " "
Feb. 28, 1856 } March 3, 1857 } Nathaniel P. Banks, _Mass._
POSTMASTERS-GENERAL.
Appointed--
Sept. 26, 1789, S. Osgood, _Massachusetts_. Aug. 12, 1791, T. Pickering, _Massachusetts_. Feb. 25, 1795, J. Habersham, _Georgia_. Nov. 28, 1801, G. Granger, _Connecticut_. March 17, 1814, R. J. Meigs, _Ohio_. June 25, 1823, John McLean, _Ohio_. March 9, 1829, W. T. Barry, _Kentucky_. May 1, 1835, A. Kendall, _Kentucky_. May 18, 1840, J. M. Niles, _Connecticut_. March 6, 1841, F. Granger, _New York_. Sept. 13, 1841, C. A. Wickliffe, _Kentucky_. March 5, 1845, C. Johnson, _Tennessee_. March 7, 1849, J. Collamer, _Vermont_. July 20, 1850, N. K. Hall, _New York_. Aug. 31, 1852, S. D. Hubbard, _Connecticut_. March 5, 1853, J. Campbell, _Pennsylvania_.
Sectionalism does not seem to have had much to do with this Department or with that of the Interior, created in 1848-'49.
SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR.
Appointed--
March 7, 1849, T. Ewing, _Ohio_. July 20, 1850, J. A. Pearce, _Maryland_. Aug. 15, 1850, T. M. T. McKennon, _Pennsylvania_. Sept. 12, 1850, A. H. H. Stuart, _Virginia_. March 5, 1853, R. McClelland, _Michigan_.
ATTORNEYS-GENERAL.
Appointed--
Sept. 26, 1789, E. Randolph, _Virginia_. June 27, 1794, W. Bradford, _Pennsylvania_. Dec. 10, 1795, C. Lee, _Virginia_. Feb. 20, 1801, T. Parsons, _Massachusetts_. March 5, 1800, L. Lincoln, _Massachusetts_. March 2, 1805, R. Smith, _Maryland_. Dec. 23, 1805, J. Breckinridge, _Kentucky_. Jan. 20, 1807, C. A. Rodney, _Pennsylvania_. Dec. 11, 1811, W. Pinkney, _Maryland_. Feb. 10, 1814, R. Rush, _Pennsylvania_. Nov. 13, 1817, W. Wirt, _Virginia_. March 9, 1829, J. McPherson Berrien, _Georgia_. July 20, 1831, Roger B. Taney, _Maryland_. Nov. 15, 1833, B. F. Butler, _New York_. July 7, 1838, F. Grundy, _Tennessee_. Jan. 10, 1840, H. D. Gilpin, _Pennsylvania_. March 5, 1841, J. J. Crittenden, _Kentucky_. Sept. 13, 1841, H. S. Legare, _South Carolina_. July 1, 1843, John Nelson, _Maryland_. March 5, 1845, J. Y. Mason, _Virginia_. Oct. 17, 1846, N. Clifford, _Maine_. June 21, 1848, Isaac Toucey, _Connecticut_. March 7, 1849, R. Johnson, _Maryland_. July 20, 1850, J. J. Crittenden, _Kentucky_. March 5, 1853, C. Cushing, _Massachusetts_.
SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.
The post of Secretary of the Treasury, although one of great importance, requires financial abilities of a high order, which are more frequently found in the North than in the South, and affords little opportunity for influencing general politics, or the questions springing out of Slavery. We need not therefore be surprised to learn that Northern men have been allowed to discharge its duties some forty-eight years out of sixty-seven, as follows:
Appointed--
Sept. 11, 1789, A. Hamilton, _New York_. Feb. 3, 1795, O. Wolcott, _Connecticut_. Dec. 31, 1800, S. Dexter, _Massachusetts_. May 14, 1801, A. Gallatin, _Pennsylvania_. Feb. 9, 1814, G. W. Campbell, _Tennessee_. Oct. 6, 1814, A. J. Dallas, _Pennsylvania_. Oct. 22, 1816, W. H. Crawford, _Georgia_. March 7, 1825, R. Rush, _Pennsylvania_. March 6, 1829, S. D. Ingham, _Pennsylvania_. Aug. 8, 1831, L. McLane, _Delaware_. May 29, 1833, W. J. Duane, _Pennsylvania_. Sept. 23, 1833, Roger B. Taney, _Maryland_. June 27, 1834, L. Woodbury, _New Hampshire_. March 5, 1841, Thomas Ewing, _Ohio_. Sept. 13, 1841, W. Forward, _Pennsylvania_. March 3, 1843, J. C. Spencer, _New York_. June 15, 1844, G. M. Bibb, _Kentucky_. March 5, 1845, R. J. Walker, _Mississippi_. March 7, 1849, W. M. Meredith, _Pennsylvania_. June 20, 1850, Thomas Corwin, _Ohio_. March 5, 1843, James Guthrie, _Kentucky_.
SECRETARIES OF WAR AND THE NAVY.
The Slaveholders since March 8th, 1841, a period of nearly sixteen years, have taken almost exclusive supervision of the Navy. Northern men having occupied the Secretaryship only two years. Nor has any Northern man been Secretary of War since 1849. Considering that nearly all the shipping belongs to the free States, which also supply the seamen, it does seem remarkable that Slaveholders should have monopolized for the last sixteen years the control of the Navy.
SECRETARIES OF WAR.
Appointed--
Sept. 12, 1789, Henry Knox, _Massachusetts_. Jan. 2, 1795, T. Pickering, _Massachusetts_. Jan. 27, 1796, J. McHenry, _Maryland_. May 7, 1800, J. Marshall, _Virginia_. May 13, 1800, S. Dexter, _Massachusetts_. Feb. 3, 1801, R. Griswold, _Connecticut_. March 5, 1801, H. Dearborn, _Massachusetts_. March 7, 1802, W. Eustis, _Massachusetts_. Jan. 13, 1813, J. Armstrong, _New York_. Sept. 27, 1814, James Monroe, _Virginia_. March 3, 1815, W. H. Crawford, _Georgia_. April 7, 1817, G. Graham, _Virginia_. March 5, 1817, J. Shelby, _Kentucky_. Oct. 8, 1817, J. C. Calhoun, _South Carolina_. March 7, 1825, J. Barbour, _Virginia_. May 26, 1828, P. B. Porter, _Pennsylvania_. March 9, 1829, J. H. Eaton, _Tennessee_. Aug. 1, 1831, Lewis Cass, _Ohio_. March 3, 1837, B. F. Butler, _New York_. March 7, 1837, J. R. Poinsett, _South Carolina_. March 5, 1841, James Bell, _Tennessee_. Sept. 13, 1841, John McLean, _Ohio_. Oct. 12, 1841, J. C. Spencer, _New York_. March 8, 1843, J. W. Porter, _Pennsylvania_. Feb. 15, 1844, W. Wilkins, _Pennsylvania_. March 5, 1845, William L. Marcy, _New York_. March 7, 1849, G. W. Crawford, _Georgia_. July 20, 1850, E. Bates, _Missouri_. Aug. 15, 1850, C. M. Conrad, _Louisiana_. March 5, 1853, Jefferson Davis, _Mississippi_.
SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY.
Appointed--
May 3, 1798, G. Cabot, _Massachusetts_. May 21, 1798, B. Stoddart, _Massachusetts_. July 15, 1801, R. Smith, _Maryland_. May 3, 1805, J. Crowninshield, _Massachusetts_. March 7, 1809, P. Hamilton, _South Carolina_. Jan. 12, 1813, W. Jones, _Pennsylvania_. Dec. 17, 1814, B. W. Crowninshield, _Massachusetts_. Nov. 9, 1818, Smith Thompson, _New York_. Sept. 1, 1823, John Rogers, _Massachusetts_. Sept. 16, 1823, S. L. Southard, _New Jersey_. March 9, 1829, John Branch, _North Carolina_. May 23, 1831, L. Woodbury, _New Hampshire_. June 30, 1834, M. Dickerson, _New Jersey_. June 20, 1838, J. K. Paulding, _New York_. March 5, 1841, G. F. Badger, _North Carolina_. Sept. 13, 1841, A. P. Upshur, _Virginia_. July 24, 1843, D. Henshaw, _Massachusetts_. Feb. 12, 1844, T. W. Gilmer, _Virginia_. March 14, 1844, James Y. Mason, _Virginia_. March 10, 1845, G. Bancroft, _Massachusetts_. Sept. 9, 1846, James Y. Mason, _Virginia_. March 7, 1849, W. B. Preston, _Virginia_. July 20, 1850, W. A. Graham, _N. Carolina_. July 22, 1852, J. P. Kennedy, _Maryland_. March 3, 1853, J. C. Dobbin, _N. Carolina_.
RECAPITULATION.
_Presidency._--Southern men and Slaveholders, 48 years 3 months; Northern men, 23 years 9 months.
_Pro. Tem. Presidency of the Senate._--Since 1809, held by Southern men and Slaveholders, except for three or four sessions by Northern men.
_Speakership of the House._--Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty-three years, Northern men, twenty-five.
_Supreme Court._--A majority of the Judges, including Chief Justice, Southern men and Slaveholders.
_Secretaryship of State._--Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty years, Northern, twenty-seven.
_Attorney Generalship._--Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty-two years, Northern men, twenty-five.
_War and Navy._--Secretaryship of the Navy, Southern men and Slaveholders, the last sixteen years, with an interval of two years.
WILLIAM HENRY HURLBUT, of South Carolina, a gentleman of enviable literary attainments, and one from whom we may expect a continuation of good service in the eminently holy crusade now going on against slavery and the devil, furnished not long since, to the _Edinburgh Review_, in the course of a long and highly interesting article, the following summary of oligarchal usurpations--showing that slaveholders have occupied the principal posts of the Government nearly two-thirds of the time:--
Presidents 11 out of 16 Judges of the Supreme Court 17 out of 28 Attorneys General 14 out of 19 Presidents of the Senate 61 out of 77 Speakers of the House 21 out of 33 Foreign Ministers 80 out of 134
As a matter of general interest, and as showing that, while there have been but 11 non-slaveholders directly before the people as candidates for the Presidency, there have been _at least_ 16 slaveholders who were willing to serve their country in the capacity of chief magistrate, the following table may be here introduced:--
RESULT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1796 TO 1856.
Year. Name of Candidate. Elect'l vote.
1796 { John Adams 71 { Thomas Jefferson 68
1800 { Thomas Jefferson 73 { John Adams 64
1804 { Thomas Jefferson 162 { Charles C. Pinckney 14
1808 { James Madison 128 { Charles C. Pinckney 45
1812 { James Madison 122 { De Witt Clinton 89
1816 { James Monroe 183 { Rufus King 34
1820 { James Monroe 218 { No opposition but one vote
1824 { Andrew Jackson[7] 99 { John Q. Adams 84 { W. H. Crawford 41 { Henry Clay 37
1828 { Andrew Jackson 178 { John Q. Adams 83
1832 { Andrew Jackson 219 { Henry Clay 49 { John Floyd 11 { William Wirt 7
1836 { Martin Van Buren 170 { William H. Harrison 73 { Hugh L. White 26 { Willie P. Mangum 11 { Daniel Webster 14
1840 { William H. Harrison 234 { Martin Van Buren 60
1844 { James K. Polk 170 { Henry Clay 105
1848 { Zachary Taylor 163 { Lewis Cass 127
1852 { Franklin Pierce 254 { General Winfield Scott 42
1856 { James Buchanan 174 { John C. Fremont 114 { Millard Fillmore 8
AID FOR KANSAS.
As a sort of accompaniment to tables, 50, 51, 52 and 53, we will here introduce a few items which will more fully illustrate the liberality of Freedom and the niggardliness of Slavery.
From an editorial article that appeared in the Richmond (Va.,) _Dispatch_, in July, 1856, bewailing the close-fistedness of slavery, we make the following extract:--
"Gerrit Smith, the Abolitionist, has just pledged himself to give $1,500 a month for the next twelve months to aid in establishing Freedom in Kansas. He gave, but a short time since, at the Kansas relief meeting in Albany, $3,000. Prior to that, he had sent about $1,000 to the Boston Emigrant Committee. Out of his own funds, he subsequently equipped a Madison county company, of one hundred picked men, and paid their expenses to Kansas. At Syracuse he subscribed $10,000 for Abolition purposes, so that his entire contributions amount to at least $40,000."
An Eastern paper says:--
"The sum of $500 was contributed at a meeting at New Bedford on Monday evening, to make Kansas free. The following sums have been contributed for the same purpose: $2,000 in Taunton: $600 in Raynham: $800 in Clinton: $300 in Danbury, Ct. In Wisconsin, $2,500 at Janesville: $500 at Dalton: $500 at the Women's Aid Meeting in Chicago: $2,000 in Rockford, Ill."
A telegraphic dispatch, dated Boston, January 2, 1857, informs us that--
"The Secretary of the Kansas Aid Committee acknowledges the receipt of $42,678."
Exclusive of the amounts above, the readers of the New-York _Tribune_ have contributed about $30,000 for the purpose of securing Kansas to Freedom; and, with the same object in view, other individuals and societies have, from time to time, made large contributions, of which we have failed to keep a memorandum. The legislature of Vermont has appropriated $20,000; and other free State legislatures are prepared to appropriate millions, if necessary. Free men have determined that Kansas shall be free, and free it soon shall be, and ever so remain. Harmoniously the work proceeds.
Now let us see how slavery has rewarded the poor, ignorant, deluded, and degraded mortals--swaggering lickspittles--who have labored so hard to gain for it "a local habitation and a name" in the disputed territory. One D. B. Atchison, Chairman of the Executive Committee of Border Ruffians, shall tell us all about it. Over date of October 13th, 1856, he says:
"Up to this moment, from all the States except Missouri, we have only received the following sums, and through the following persons:--
A. W. Jones, Houston, Miss., $152 H. D. Clayton, Eufala, Ala., 500 Capt. Deedrick, South Carolina, 500 ------ $1,152."
On this subject, further comment is unnecessary.
Numerous other contrasts, equally disproportionate, might be drawn between the vigor and munificence of freedom and the impotence and stinginess of slavery. We will, however, in addition to the above, advert to only a single instance. During the latter part of the summer of 1855, the citizens of the niggervilles of Norfolk and Portsmouth, in Virginia, were sorely plagued with yellow fever. Many of them fell victims to the disease, and most of those who survived, and who were not too unwell to travel, left their homes, horror-stricken and dejected. To the horror of mankind in general, and to the glory of freemen in particular, contributions in money, provisions, clothing, and other valuable supplies, poured in from all parts of the country, for the relief of the sufferers. Portsmouth alone, according to the report of her relief association, received $42,547 in cash from the free States, and only $12,182 in cash from all the slave States, exclusive of Virginia, within whose borders the malady prevailed. Including Virginia, the sum total of all the slave State contributions amounted to only $33,398. Well did the Richmond _Examiner_ remark at the time--"we fear that generosity of Virginians is but a figure of speech." Slavery! thy name is shame!
In connection with tables 44 and 45 on page 292, it will be well to examine the following statistics of Congressional representation, which we transcribe from Reynold's Political Map of the United States;--
UNITED STATES SENATE.
16 free States, with a white population of 13,238,670, have 32 Senators.
15 slave States, with a white population of 6,186,477, have 30 Senators.
So that 413,708 free men of the North enjoy but the same political privileges in the U. S. Senate as is given to 206,215 slave propagandists.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
The free States have a total of 144 members.
The slave States have a total of 90 members.
One free State Representative represents 91,935 white men and women.
One slave State Representative represents 68,725 white men and women.
Slave Representation gives to slavery an advantage over freedom of 30 votes in the House of Representatives.
CUSTOM-HOUSE RECEIPTS.--1854.
Free States, $60,010,489 Slave States, 5,136,969 ----------- Balance in favor of the Free States, $54,873,520
A contrast quite distinguishable!
That the apologists of slavery cannot excuse the shame and the shabbiness of themselves and their country, as we have frequently heard them attempt to do, by falsely asserting that the North has enjoyed over the South the advantages of priority of settlement, will fully appear from the following table:--
FREE STATES.
1614. New-York first settled by the Dutch. 1620. Massachusetts settled by the Puritans. 1623. New-Hampshire settled by the Puritans. 1624. New-Jersey settled by the Dutch. 1635. Connecticut settled by the Puritans. 1636. Rhode Island settled by Roger Williams. 1682. Pennsylvania settled by William Penn. 1791. Vermont admitted into the Union. 1802. Ohio admitted into the Union. 1816. Indiana admitted into the Union. 1818. Illinois admitted into the Union. 1820. Maine admitted into the Union. 1836. Michigan admitted into the Union. 1846. Iowa admitted into the Union. 1848. Wisconsin admitted into the Union. 1850. California admitted into the Union.
SLAVE STATES.
1607. Virginia first settled by the English. 1627. Delaware settled by the Swedes and Fins. 1635. Maryland settled by Irish Catholics. 1650. North Carolina settled by the English. 1670. South Carolina settled by the Huguenots. 1733. Georgia settled by Gen. Oglethorpe. 1782. Kentucky admitted into the Union. 1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union. 1811. Louisiana admitted into the Union. 1817. Mississippi admitted into the Union. 1819. Alabama admitted into the Union. 1821. Missouri admitted into the Union. 1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union. 1845. Florida admitted into the Union. 1846. Texas admitted into the Union.
In the course of an exceedingly interesting article on the early settlements in America, R. K. Browne, formerly editor and proprietor of the San Francisco _Evening Journal_, says:--
"Many people seem to think that the Pilgrim Fathers were the first who settled upon our shores, and therefore that they ought to be entitled, in a particular manner, to our remembrance and esteem.
"This is not the case, and we herewith present to our readers a list of settlements made in the present United States, prior to that of Plymouth:
1564. A Colony of French Protestants under Ribault settled in Florida.
1565. St. Augustine[8] founded by Pedro Melendez.
1584. Sir Walter Raleigh obtains a patent and sends two vessels to the American coast, which receives the name of Virginia.
1607. The first effectual settlement made at Jamestown, Va., by the London Company.
1614. A fort erected by the Dutch upon the site of New-York.
1615. Fort Orange built near the site of Albany, N. Y.
1619. The first General Assembly called in Virginia.
1620. The Pilgrims land on Plymouth Rock."
FREEDOM AND SLAVERY AT THE FAIR.
WHAT FREEDOM DID.
At an Agricultural Fair held at Watertown, in the State of New-York, on the 2d day of October, 1856, two hundred and twenty premiums, ranging from three to fifty dollars each, were awarded to successful competitors--the aggregate amount of said premiums being $2,396, or an average of $10.89 each. From the proceedings of the Awarding Committee we make the following extracts:--
Best Horse Colt, George Parish, $25.00 Best Filly, J. Staplin, 20.00 Best Brood Mare, A. Blunt, 25.00 Best Bull, Wm. Johnson, 25.00 Best Heifer, A. M. Rogers, 20.00 Best Cow, C. Baker, 25.00 Best Stall-fed Beef, J. W. Taylor, 10.00 Best sample Wheat, Wm. Ottley, 5.00 Best sample Flaxseed, H. Weir, 3.00 Best sample Timothy Seed, E. S. Hayward 3.00 (Highest) Best Team of Oxen, Hiram Converse, 50.00 (Lowest) Best sample Sweet Corn, L. Marshall, 3.00 ------ Aggregate amount of twelve premiums, $214.00 An average of $17.83 each.
WHAT SLAVERY DID.
At the Rowan County Agricultural Fair, held at Mineral Springs, in North Carolina, on the 13th day of November, 1856, thirty premiums, ranging from twenty-five cents to two dollars each, were awarded to successful competitors--the aggregate amount of said premiums being $42, or an average of $1.40 each. From the proceedings of the Awarding Committee we make the following extracts:--
Best Horse Colt, T. A. Burke, $2.00 Best Filly, James Cowan, 2.00 Best Brood Mare, M. W. Goodman, 2.00 Best Bull, J. F. McCorkle, 2.00 Best Heifer, J. F. McCorkle, 2.00 Best Cow, T. A. Burke, 2.00 Best Stall-fed Beef, S. D. Rankin, 1.00 Best Sample Wheat, M. W. Goodman, 50 Best lot Beefs, J. J. Summerell, 25 Best lot Turnips, Thomas Barber, 25 (Highest) Best pair Match Horses, R. W. Griffith, 2.00 (Lowest) Best lot Cabbage, Thomas Hyde, 25 ----- Aggregate amount of twelve premiums, $16.25 An average of $1.36 each.
Besides the two hundred and twenty premiums, amounting in the aggregate to $2,396, freedom granted several diplomas and silver medals; besides the thirty premiums amounting in the aggregate to $42, slavery granted none--nothing. While examining these figures, it should be recollected that agriculture is the peculiar province of the slave States. If commerce or manufactures had been the subject of the fair, the result might have shown even a greater disproportion in favor of freedom, and yet there would have been some excuse for slavery, for it makes no pretensions to either the one or the other; but as agriculture was the subject, slavery can have no excuse whatever, but must bear all the shame of its niggardly and revolting impotence; this it must do for the reason that agriculture is its special and almost only pursuit.
The reports of the Comptrollers of the States of New York and North Carolina, for the year 1856, are now before us. From each report we have gleaned a single item, which, when compared, the one with the other, speaks volumes in favor of freedom and against slavery. We refer to the average value per acre of lands in the two States; let slavocrats read, reflect, and repent.
In 1856, there were assessed for taxation in the State of
NEW YORK,
Acres of land 30,080,000 Valued at $1,112,133,136 Average value per acre $36.97
In 1856, there were assessed for taxation in the State of
NORTH CAROLINA,
Acres of land 32,450,560 Valued at $98,800,636 Average value per acre $3.06
It is difficult for us to make any remarks on the official facts above. Our indignation is struck almost dumb at this astounding and revolting display of the awful wreck that slavery is leaving behind it in the South. We will however, go into a calculation for the purpose of ascertaining as nearly as possible, in this one particular, how much North Carolina has lost by the retention of slavery. As we have already seen, the average value per acre of land in the State of New York is $36.97; in North Carolina it is only $3.06; why is it so much less, or even any less, in the latter than in the former? The answer is, _slavery_. In soil, in climate, in minerals, in water-power for manufactural purposes, and in area of territory, North Carolina has the advantage of New York, and, with the exception of slavery, no plausible reason can possibly be assigned why land should not be _at least_ as valuable in the valley of the Yadkin as it is along the banks of the Genesee.
The difference between $36.97 and $3.06 is $33.91, which, multiplied by the whole number of acres of land in North Carolina, will show, in this one particular, the enormous loss that Freedom has sustained on account of Slavery in the Old North State. Thus:--
32,450,560 acres _a_ $33,91 $1,100,398,489.
Let it be indelibly impressed on the mind, however, that this amount, large as it is, is only a moity of the sum that it has cost to maintain slavery in North Carolina. From time to time, hundreds upon hundreds of millions of dollars have left the State, either in search of profitable, permanent investment abroad, or in the shape of profits to Northern merchants and manufactures, who have become the moneyed aristocracy of the country by supplying to the South such articles of necessity, utility, and adornment, as would have been produced at home but for the pernicious presence of the peculiar institution.
A reward of Eleven Hundred Millions of Dollars is offered for the conversion of the lands of North Carolina into free soil. The lands themselves, desolate and impoverished under the fatal foot of slavery, offer the reward. How, then, can it be made to appear that the abolition of slavery in North Carolina, and, indeed, throughout all the Southern States--for slavery is exceedingly inimical to them all--is not demanded by every consideration of justice, prudence, and good sense? In 1850, the total value of all the slaves of the State, at the rate of four hundred dollars per head, amounted to less than one hundred and sixteen millions of dollars. Is the sum of one hundred and sixteen millions of dollars more desirable than the sum of eleven hundred millions of dollars? When a man has land for sale, does he reject thirty-six dollars per acre and take three? Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests! Many of you have lands; comparatively speaking, you have nothing else. Abolish slavery, and you will enhance the value of every league, your own and your neighbors', from three to thirty-six dollars per acre. Your little tract containing two hundred acres, now valued at the pitiful sum of only six hundred dollars, will then be worth seven thousand. Your children, now deprived of even the meagre advantages of common schools, will then reap the benefits of a collegiate education. Your rivers and smaller streams, now wasting their waters in idleness, will then turn the wheels of multitudinous mills. Your bays and harbors, now unknown to commerce, will then swarm with ships from every enlightened quarter of the globe. Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests!
Would the slaveholders of North Carolina lose anything by the abolition of slavery? Let us see. According to their own estimate, their slaves are worth, in round numbers, say, one hundred and twenty millions of dollars. There are in the State twenty-eight thousand slaveholders, owning, it may be safely assumed, an average of at least five hundred acres of land each--fourteen millions of acres in all. This number of acres, multiplied by thirty-three dollars and ninety-one cents, the difference in value between free soil and slave soil, makes the enormous sum of four hundred and seventy-four millions of dollars--showing that, by the abolition of slavery, the slaveholders themselves would realize a net profit of not less than three hundred and fifty-four millions of dollars!
Compensation to slaveholders for the negroes now in their possession! The idea is preposterous. The suggestion is criminal. The demand is unjust, wicked, monstrous, damnable. Shall we pat the bloodhounds of slavery for the sake of doing them a favor? Shall we fee the curs of slavery in order to make them rich at our expense? Shall we pay the whelps of slavery for the privilege of converting them into decent, honest, upright men? No, never! The non-slaveholders expect to gain, and will gain, something by the abolition of slavery; but slaveholders themselves will, by far, be the greater gainers; for, in proportion to population, they own much larger and more fertile tracts of land, and will, as a matter of course, receive the lion's share of the increase in the value of not only real estate, but also of other genuine property, of which they are likewise the principal owners. How ridiculously absurd, therefore, is the objection, that, if we liberate the slaves, we ruin the masters! Not long since, a gentleman in Baltimore, a native of Maryland, remarked in our presence that he was an abolitionist because he felt that it was right and proper to be one; "but," inquired he, "are there not, in some of the States, many widows and orphans who would be left in destitute circumstances, if their negroes were taken from them?" In answer to the question, we replied that slavery had already reduced thousands and tens of thousands of non-slaveholding widows and orphans to the lowest depths of poverty and ignorance, and that we did not believe one slaveholding widow and three orphans were of more, or even of as much consequence as five non-slaveholding widows and fifteen orphans. "You are right," exclaimed the gentleman, "I had not viewed the subject in that light before; I perceive you go in for the greatest good to the greatest number." Emancipate the negroes, and the ex-slaveholding widow would still retain her lands and tenements, which, in consequence of being surrounded by the magic influences of liberty, would soon render her far more wealthy and infinitely more respectable, than she could possibly ever become while trafficking in human flesh.
The fact is, every slave in the South costs the State in which he resides at least three times as much as he, in the whole course of his life, is worth to his master. Slavery benefits no one but its immediate, individual owners, and them only in a pecuniary point of view, and at the sacrifice of the dearest rights and interests of the whole mass of non-slaveholders, white and black. Even the masters themselves, as we have already shown, would be far better off without it than with it. To all classes of society the institution is a curse; an especial curse is it to those who own it not. Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests!