CHAPTER XV.

OPERATIONS.

The veterinary art is by no means rendered more successful by the cunning of its stratagems. Many of its objects are accomplished after the rudest and the most primitive methods. Not one, perhaps, is more coarse than the present method of casting or throwing an animal previous to an operation. The reader has only to ask himself what condition the body must be in when, with the sight blinded, it is suddenly jerked to the earth; and how far it is fitly prepared by so violent a practice to be submitted to the knife of an operator?

There are few operations in veterinary surgery which a person of moderate nerve and average intelligence might not himself perform. The author has seen gentlemen with titles, and others holding high rank in the army, indulge in the strange pleasure of singeing living flesh with the heated iron. But he has never beheld horsemen handling the knife. The latter would better become their hands than the first severe and disfiguring instrument, which, however useful it may have been found in certain cases met with in human surgery, nevertheless would be well abolished from veterinary practice, because of its indiscriminate abuse. Firing is employed for every and for no reason. Now recourse is had to it because the joints are weak. Then it is adopted because a gentleman is fond of seeing his horses scored. Next, it is used to gain time, and thus prolong the treatment. Generally it is brought forward because the practitioner does not know what else to do. Lastly, it is esteemed the crowning measure of routine practice.

The author, however, has never been necessitated to resort to so violent an agent. It is a most unseemly ornament in unprofessional hands; in this book, which is intended for the general public, the use of the firing-iron is altogether omitted.

The knife, especially to the animal, is the most humane of remedies. It often affords instant or immediate relief. The animal seems to suffer more from the restraint imposed than from the wounds inflicted. The chief sensation, with all forms of life, resides in the skin; so that the integument be quickly and effectually divided, the soft parts underneath have but little feeling. The interference with these last rather produces faintness or sickness than acute suffering; the knowledge of which fact will embolden many a humane person, though the writer trusts it will not be credited by all who are of an opposite character, since boldness, unrestrained by humanity, only renders the individual a savage without the savage's excuse.

Such operations as embriotomy, castration, and lithotomy are intentionally omitted, from a conviction that no gentleman would undertake them; and because, in every instance, they had better be intrusted to a regular veterinary surgeon.

Before undertaking any operation, always reflect on what you are about to do, and make up your mind how you design to do it. Irresolution causes more suffering than the most perverted determination can inflict. It is always well (however much in practice the operator may consider himself) to first perform the intended operation upon the dead subject. This is a custom which the writer invariably adopted; and frequently it has supplied his memory with a refresher which, in the hurry of practice, was found a most timely warning.

Never use small knives. Such things look pretty. The sight of a large blade may appear very ugly; but it does at one movement that work which an instrument of notching smallness would not in twenty hacks accomplish. Understand thoroughly that which you are about to perform, and always choose the tool likely to get through the business quickly. Periosteotomy cases were formerly sold by veterinary instrument makers which contained a knife of moderate doll's dimension. The writer, to accomplish the purpose which that little knife was specially made for, was accustomed to employ a bistoury larger than those in ordinary use among gentlemen of his profession.

Where you anticipate much bleeding, always endeavor, if possible, to divide the main artery with the first incision. This is by far the most humane, and therefore the safest practice. The vessel, being divided, can be taken up, and all further flow of blood thereby checked. But if the artery be left to the last, it remains to fill the smaller branches. These are of necessity frequently severed. Each, as it is cut, bleeds more or less freely; thus the hemorrhage is far greater, and the operation far more difficult, than if the main trunk had been secured at the earliest possible period.

Always tie both ends of an artery; because, though the main stream flows through that portion of the vessel nearest the heart, yet the other half, being fed by the smaller trunks, and the current having a tendency to regurgitate, a considerable quantity of the vital fluid may flow out of the mouth, which, in general opinion, has no medium of supply.

If, during an operation, you make an accidental incision into a vessel, either take it up, (which is the better way,) or cut it short off when there is a chance of its retracting and of the bleeding being thus arrested. Vessels of large size may, when requisite, be excised and tied; the vital current being afterward carried on by the dilatation of the lesser ducts.

To tie an artery it is imperative to secure the end of the vessel; this, if possible, should be accomplished with the forceps. When the mouth of the vessel is much retracted, it may be necessary to employ the knife; but that practice should be viewed only as the last resort of the proficient surgeon.

The end of the artery being fixed and drawn forth, a piece of strong silk, thrice twisted, (after the method represented in the inferior circle of the annexed illustration,) is passed over the vessel. The silk is then drawn tight, and will generally remain fixed. However, sad accidents have occurred by operators trusting to so doubtful a security; for that reason it is always advisable to make another twist, (as shown in the smaller circle of the illustration,) which will render the knot secure.

Even a vessel of the second magnitude may be obliterated, as the carotid artery or the jugular vein, without life being necessarily sacrificed. However, it is always well to spare these parts, or when either is lost to arrange so that the absence of them may entail the least possible inconvenience upon the animal. Thus, if the carotid artery be lost, place the food low down, and thereby aid the flow of blood to the head. If the jugular vein be destroyed, then put the fodder high up, that the current from the head may be facilitated.

Never, on any account, remove any portion of skin which is not involved in some fearful injury, or separated from its attachments by the action of disease.

Skin is the part of the body which is never reproduced, and even the place whence it is absent always heals slowly. However loose the skin may appear, however disproportioned it may seem after some tumor has been removed, respect every particle of it. Before the wound can heal, inflammation must set in. That process ended, the skin, under its action, will have contracted, and in the end there will be only sufficient integument to cover the part; whereas, if the slightest amount be excised, to such an extent there will for a long time remain a gaping sore.

Never spare the knife. Think well before you touch that tool; but, having it in hand, assure yourself its edge is sharp, and never do at two cuts that which might have been accomplished in one.

Always slit up a sinus where such a proceeding is possible. When the sinus is too long, supposing the pipe to take an internal direction, as from the withers to the chest, insert a seton with the guarded seton needle, a representation of which is given below.

The blade of this instrument is generally about two feet long. Before using it, the cutting head is always retracted by pulling back the nut at the extremity, and securing it in its place by means of the screw situated on the middle of the handle. The blade then reposes upon a blunt companion, and may with impunity be inserted down any sinus or false canal. Having reached the bottom of the pipe, and all important vessels being passed, the screw is loosened, and the projecting end of the blade at the extremity of the handle is struck forcibly, when the sharp point is driven forward, and this pierces the flesh.

Behind the cutting head there is a free space. Through that opening a long piece of tape is threaded, and the instrument is withdrawn, pulling the tape into the sinus, in which it remains. A knot is made at either end of the tape; thus a seton is with safety placed in situations where the depth to be penetrated would defy ordinary measures, and the vessels to be passed would render such measures more than doubly hazardous.

The use of a seton is to act as a drain, or to stimulate an unhealthy canal--to provoke a sinus to secrete healthy pus, instead of a thin and often a foul discharge--and thus to cause the diseased pipe to heal or to become obliterated.

When operating, always make your first incision through the skin rather too large than in the least too small; remember, the division from within outward occasions much less pain than the separation, made after the ordinary fashion, from without inward.

Never spare hair; the substance is readily reproduced. It can be wished to be spared only to conceal the fact of an operation having been performed. Always refuse to become a party to dishonesty. Do what is necessary for the proper performance of your office. The removal of hair, which may otherwise interfere with your sight, is essential: therefore cut it off, regardless of any wish to the contrary.

Instruct your assistants beforehand how to cast the horse; leave that business to them: never meddle yourself. The writer has seen veterinary surgeons, in their operating dresses, push and haul with the utmost energy. Such silly people have doubtless thought themselves exalted by this exhibition of violence. It would have been more to their credit had they devoted half the energy to teaching their people beforehand. But in what condition must their hands and temper be after having taken a lead in a struggle with a horse for mastery!

A surgeon should always be cool. His head should direct his hand; his knife should be held lightly; his eye should be quick, and his mind prepared to meet any accident. He should do his office neatly, and, if possible, without soiling his person. The ripping cut and the bloody hands alone distinguish the ignorant butcher from the scientific operator.

During every operation enjoin the strictest silence upon the spectators. The horse is never vicious, but it is always timid. Sounds have a powerful effect upon animals which cannot understand speech. Every word uttered, even in a whisper, should be of assurance to the sufferer; for the horse is only to be feared in its efforts to escape from some supposed peril. It becomes mad in its alarm. It then puts forth its strength and exerts it without regard to consequences. Man has everything to hope from the fortitude and noble forbearance of the creature. It responds to kindness with something more than submission; it answers sympathy by the most entire confidence and utter dependence. The life, the feeling, the natural powers are all subservient to the great love which is embodied in a horse's attachment. There is not among created beings one which has so large a sympathy; the horse must attach itself to something; to love seems essential to its being. The stable in which it is captive the patient prisoner learns to regard, as it were, a palace. The pace is always more willing when returning to captivity; freedom has no charm; the field has no allurement to the horse which has lived any time in the most crimped, confined, and uncomfortable of stalls. It will quit the spring grass to be fastened once more in the place to which it has been accustomed and has grown attached.

Then, however much removed from itself, it must pour the richest of its affections on some animal, should man, in pride, refuse to accept the offering. Creatures the most opposite have been the horse's favorite. How often do we hear of the liking formed between a goat, a dog, a cat, and the horse! Love has a strange freemasonry of its own; how else can we account for the larger creature being able to make its longing understood by the smaller life? There may, however, be between animals some substitute for language; but we can hardly suppose any recognized signs exist between birds and the equine species. Yet a famous animal-painter had a pony which formed a violent and lasting affection for a bantam cock. These two used to march side by side up and down the field in which the larger animal was confined; for so very expansive is the horse's love that it will embrace not only its abode, but some life, however distant apparently from its own.

The voice of the person who is accustomed to groom and feed the animal, if he has been only ordinarily humane in the performance of his office, will at all times reassure the beating heart of a prostrated horse. But vast injustice to the animal's better qualities is done by the mode of casting it. It is violently jerked off its legs; by a sudden pull it is thrown "with a burster" upon its side. There it struggles. If mastery sides with the animal, then let the men be speedy in their flight. The quadruped, in its fear, designs no harm to any person. It means only to escape from the terrible danger which encompasses it. Still, it is regardless in its alarm, and may do more injury than the most evil intention could accomplish. There is an engraving of the method of casting horses commencing this chapter. Let the capable reader imagine the effect produced upon the timid quadruped when it is violently flung upon the earth with a sound well denominated "a burster."

The horse is much better made to lie down gently, after the method adopted by Mr. Rarey. Half, and far more than half, the terror excited by an operation may thus be avoided. The confusion and bustle, conjoined with violence, which naturally attend "casting," must make a lasting impression upon the retentive mind of the animal, and, we may suppose, must aggravate the pain, thus materially endangering the result of an operation. The hobbles may be fixed quite as readily when the horse is down as when the animal is standing. Nay, they may be fixed more readily, as the horse, when down, has lost three-fourths of its power.

Mr. Rarey's method of throwing the most unruly animal is thus described by that gentleman:--

"Everything that we want to teach the horse must be commenced in some way to give him an idea of what you want him to do, and then be repeated till he learns it perfectly. To make a horse lie down, bend his left fore leg and slip a loop over it, so that he cannot get it down. Then put a surcingle around his body, and fasten one end of a long strap around the other fore leg just above the hoof. Place the other end under the surcingle, so as to keep the strap in the right direction; take a short hold of it with your right hand; stand on the left side of the horse, grasp the bit in your left hand, pull steadily on the strap with your right; bear against his shoulder till you cause him to move. As soon as he lifts his weight, your pulling will raise the other foot, and he will have to come on his knees. Keep the strap tight in your hand, so that he cannot straighten his leg if he rises up. Hold him in this position, and turn his head toward you; bear against his side with your shoulder--not hard, but with a steady, equal pressure--and in about ten minutes he will lie down. As soon as he lies down he will be completely conquered, and you can handle him as you please. Take off the straps, and straighten out his legs; rub him lightly about the face and neck with your hand the way the hair lies; handle all his legs; and, after he has lain ten or twenty minutes, let him get up again. After resting him a short time, make him lie down as before. Repeat the operation three or four times, which will be sufficient for one lesson. Give him two lessons a day; and when you have given him four lessons, he will lie down by taking hold of one foot. As soon as he is well broken to lie down in this way, tap him on the opposite leg with a stick when you take hold of his foot, and in a few days he will lie down from the mere motion of the stick."

What prevents the hobbles being buckled on? What prevents all necessary arrangements being carried out? What, indeed, but the stubbornness inseparable from ignorance! Veterinary surgeons, as a rule, are not an educated class. In proportion as their information is limited, so is their adherence to established custom likely to be intractable.

There are, besides the hobbles, two other inventions designed to limit the capability of resistance. One is the side line. A soft collar is put over the horse's head and a hobble is fastened to the foot it is desired to have elevated. From the collar is dependant a metal loop, ring, or other contrivance. By the side of this a strong rope is attached. The cord is then passed through the D of the hobble; afterward it is brought back and ran through the side ring or loop. A man then takes hold of the end of the rope, and, by gradual traction, causes the leg to be advanced. It is neither wise nor humane to drag the foot off the ground. A horse which will stand quiet with both feet resting on the earth, is rendered restless when one leg is fastened in the air.

The occasion which makes it imperative to apply the side line is, when the hocks or hinder parts are examined. Many unbroken horses, though quiet in other respects, will not allow these portions of the body to be touched. By causing one leg to be advanced, the other is deprived of all power as a weapon of offense. The horse would obviously fall, if he were to project the only free hind member; and the timidity of the creature indisposes it to incur so vast an indignity.

The other invention is the double side line. A rope is fixed to a loop on either side. The loop or ring is attached to a soft collar. The rope is afterward threaded through a hobble on each pastern. Both legs are then gently pulled forward, and the animal, having its posterior supports drawn from under it, comes to the earth. The ropes are held tight while the horse is turned upon its back. The instant it is in that position, somebody seats himself upon the head, while the body of the animal is propped up by numerous trusses of straw.

This last is but an imperfect method of casting. In general it is rendered still more cruel by the abuse to which it is subject. The ropes are commonly pulled with an utter disregard to the living body upon which they operate. The hind legs are often drawn to the shoulders, and frequently additional cords are employed to make the poor creatures more distorted and more fixed. Has man any cause to wonder at a horse being occasionally what is called "vicious," when the unreasoning creature is thus fearfully operated upon? Is it not rather a proof of the horse's intelligence that it can recognize the cause of its suffering, and study ever after to repel its tormentor?

Let the horse be thrown down after the admirable method introduced by Mr. Rarey. Let it then be hobbled, and never, during the operation, hear any sound but soothing accents. Animals do not understand words, but they are quick readers of characteristics. The language itself these creatures may not be able to literally interpret; but they comprehend all which the manner conveys. When kindness is expressed, the meaning is felt, though the verbiage be lost: it is astonishing how animals will enter into the intention of speech! How home kind language seems to go to the ignorant heart, and how true it is that a gentle word is never thrown away! It is surprising to observe the affection by which the human race is surrounded; they live and walk among animals eager for permission to adore them, anxious to love and to serve them; but it is lamentable to see how an evil spirit repels the feeling which pervades all nature.

There is another point upon which the writer presumes to offer advice. Veterinary surgeons display ignorance in nothing more than in being servile copyists. They do not view their sphere of science as a separate and distinct branch. They always will strive to follow the example of human practitioners even to particulars. There is no difference in the dissecting knives used at the King's College and the Royal Veterinary establishment, though bodies of different bulks are studied in each school. The operating knives of most veterinary surgeons are ridiculously small for such purposes. The consequence is, the animal is much longer down than is absolutely necessary. The author has known one hour employed in dressing a quittor; whereas six sinuses ought to be laid open and dressed in less than five minutes. A vast deal of time is thus wasted; although the opposition to Mr. Rarey's method of throwing will, doubtless, be the length of time it would occupy. However, granting the objection; which is the surgeon bound to consider--the welfare of his patient or his own convenience? It is not every day that the gentleman who enjoys the largest practice has to cast a horse. It is, in fact, a somewhat rare and an exceptional occurrence. Could not the most engaged man devote an occasional half hour to the benefit of his profession?

When operating upon living flesh, always have your knives rather too large than in any measure too small. The work is performed quicker; besides, the hands are kept at some distance from the wound, and the eyes thereby are enabled to direct their movements. The probability of mistakes is thus lessened, and no man, with a knife in his hand and bleeding flesh under his eyes, has a right to expose himself to the possibility of an error which, of course, is not to be erased or atoned for.

Should a horse, when under the knife, struggle, do not attempt to contend with the animal. Immediately leave hold of your instruments, and withdraw your person out of danger. Allow your knife, etc. to remain; it will seldom be displaced, or, if cast out of the wound, can be easily reintroduced; whereas, did you endeavor to snatch away or to retain your hold, the most lamentable consequences might be the result.

Another caution, and this part of the writer's office is concluded. When you operate upon a leg, have that limb uppermost, unless your incision is made upon the inner side. Have the foot placed upon a pillow or sack stuffed with straw, and a strong webbing put around the hoof. The webbing give to a man who is to pull at it. The dragging sensation renders the horse inclined to retract the member; therefore place yourself in front of the limb, or on the same side as the man who holds the webbing. The fore leg, when advanced, cannot be readily employed as a weapon of offense, and the hind limb is always, when used in defense, projected backward.

OPERATIONS--TRACHEOTOMY.

This operation is, perhaps, the most humane recourse of veterinary surgery. Neurotomy may save the horse from greater and longer suffering; but =tracheotomy= is performed, unlike the former operation, upon an animal in an unconscious state. Difficult respiration, either from tumor pressing upon the larynx, infiltration upon the lining membrane of the larynx, or choking from various causes, produces imperfect oxygenation of the blood. The vital current being impure, of course the brain which it nurtures is not in a condition of health or activity. The consciousness is impaired or altogether destroyed; and immediate relief is experienced after the performance of the operation. The recovery is as rapid as the previous symptoms were alarming. The altered aspect of the animal is as though the body were resuscitated. In certain cases, where every breath is drawn in pain, the ease afforded by tracheotomy is most marked. It makes little difference to Nature, by what means the air is inhaled, so that a sufficiency of diluted oxygen come in contact with the absorbing membrane of the lungs. This, when the larynx is closed or diseased, tracheotomy permits to be accomplished. It is equally beneficial, safe, and humane. However ugly its description may read, it is in practice to be strongly recommended.

The general fault with veterinary surgeons is the delay which commonly pushes off the operation to the last moment. In this delay the proprietor is, perhaps, equally or even more at fault. Hope leads the owner on to the very last, and even then it is with reluctant horror that consent is given "to cut the horse's throat." Such is the term by which certain practitioners characterize tracheotomy; and though it is uttered merely as a joke, yet it creates an impression which acts against a harmless operation.

In agricultural districts, the veterinarian is frequently knocked up at night by a messenger, who announces "Farmer Hodges's horse be a dying." The farmer may live several miles off in the country; and the reluctant sleeper hurries on his clothes to obey the implied summons.

In due time the pair reach farmer Hodge's homestead. It needs no finger to point out the stable. The sound of laborious breathing effectually notifies it. However, the practitioner, upon entrance into the place, is horrified to find himself there with no better company than a boy and a rapidly-sinking animal. The circumstances demand other assistance. The horse doctor cannot help giving voice to his requirements. The lad hearing this, says hastily he will fetch somebody very soon--hangs up the lantern and vanishes into the darkness.

Minutes pass and no footfall greets the ear. The divisions of the hour are struck by the village church, and still no sound of returning steps. The animal becomes worse and worse. In its disabled state it fears to lie down, as that position impedes the breathing. In its efforts to stand, it reels about--now falling to one side and then to the other. Yet the departed messenger does not return. The veterinarian finds the limits of delay are passed: ten minutes more and the quadruped will be down. He takes out his lancet. One foot from the breast-bone, and as near the center of the neck as the rocking motion of the horse or the flickering light of the lantern will allow him to aim, he plunges the blade deeply into the flesh, if possible at one cut dividing the cartilages of the trachea. He has little control over the incision. Frequently a gash results from the tottering of the animal. Mostly he divides more than he would have done had daylight and assistance been afforded him.

The incision being made, the fingers are thrust into the wound to keep the division open. At first this may be difficult; but as time proceeds, the standing of the horse becomes firmer and the breathing less noisy. The veterinarian is, however, impatient at the delay and his enforced position. He is just beginning to despair, when the messenger returns, accompanied by a sleepy companion. Both are surprised at the condition of the horse, and, not observing the wound, imagine the animal has been cured by magic. However, to the demands of the equine medical attendant, nothing like a tracheotomy tube is to be invented. At last the spout of the tea kettle is thought of; and the good dame awakens in the morning to find her kettle demolished and its spout thrust into the "plaguy horse's throat."

It is the curse of veterinary surgery, that nobody appears to understand when an operation is required. The practitioner, therefore, is seldom prepared for its performance. The circumstances allow him little time to think, and none to return or to fetch the necessary instruments.

However, when he has proper time and choice, he should always make a free incision through the skin and panniculus carnosus. Make this opening about one-third up the neck, measuring from the chest. It is more general to open the windpipe at a similar distance from the jaw, and, assuredly, the superior incision has this advantage, that there is less to cut through. But where no important nerves or vessels are endangered, surgery cares little about the depth of a wound, the chief attention being given to the probable after-consequences.

The superior portion of the neck is especially the seat of motion; it varies with every turn and movement of the head. Hence the end of the tube is apt to be brought into constant contact with the lining membrane of the trachea, and horses have been slaughtered with huge tracheal abscesses, to all appearance produced solely by wearing the tracheotomy tube.

To avoid this danger the author chooses for incision a spot nearer to the chest, where the motion is less constant and not so varied. Even at this last place all danger is not entirely surmounted, in consequence of which a horse, while wearing a tracheotomy tube, should never be permitted to feed from the ground.

At the commencement, when the operator has leisure, he generally does not cut too deep. The first incision fairly divides the skin and panniculus carnosus quite in the middle of the neck, and is rather longer than a by-stander would deem to be absolutely necessary. The elasticity of the skin will somewhat shorten the opening, while the torture of repeated enlargements will be avoided, and the more important structures beneath the skin will be fairly brought into view.

In the center of your division will appear two long muscles, joined together by a fine cellular union; that union you are to separate; it consists only of cellular tissue, and will necessitate more care than exertion. Underneath the divided muscles will be found two others, smaller and paler, but also joined together by means of fine cellular tissue. These are also to be sundered, and then the trachea lies exposed. There is neither nerve, nor artery, nor vein to avoid, nor to take up in the performance of tracheotomy. All consists in making your primary incision large enough, and, subsequently, in not attempting more than the division of two pairs of muscles.

The commencement of the incision should be made at the spot already indicated. After the skin is cut through and the muscles are divided, two assistants should be obtained to hold them back, while a circular piece is excised from the cartilages of the exposed trachea.

The trachea is formed of numerous cartilaginous rings each half an inch wide, but so united by elastic tissue that the whole forms one continuous tube reaching from the head to the chest of a horse. If possible, only two of these rings are to be interfered with; that is, a half circle, should be cut out of each, which, with the elastic connecting medium, will make an opening of one inch in diameter. Both the rings, however, should be perfectly divided; but a half circle should be excised from one, leaving a portion of cartilage to keep the remainder in its place. This matter, probably, may be made more clear by the engraving on the opposite page.

After the first half circle is made, or when a portion is cut off the first cartilage, that piece should be bent outward. The elastic connecting substance will readily permit this to be done, and the current of fresh air admitted will considerably refresh the animal. The cartilage being bent outward, it should be leisurely transfixed by means of a sharp needle armed with strong twine. The string may be fastened to the button-hole of the operator's waistcoat, and afterward the circle be leisurely completed.

The twine is necessary because the spasmodic breathing has drawn the excised portion of cartilage upon the lungs, and thereby done as much mischief as the operator designed to do good. By bending the half circle outward, some relief is afforded to the breathing, and the character of the respiration partially benefited. The process is, however, rendered more safe by the employment of the loop; but care should be taken, when subsequently using the knife, not to cut the string. Therefore, before the circle is completed, the cartilage should be bent backward, as shown in the previous engraving, then laid hold of, and, when firmly grasped, the excision ought to be perfected.

A tube has to be worn afterward; this is put into the opening, and fastened in by means of a strap or tape passed round the neck. There are many tubes sold by the instrument makers for this purpose; the majority, however, are far too large. None should be beyond one inch in diameter. The horse only requires to inhale part of the air through the canula, the remainder coming, as before, through the larynx. A free space of one inch is, therefore, plenty to admit the deficient oxygen; for no animal could live through an operation, were air, previous to its commencement or during its continuance, altogether excluded.

The best instrument for hasty and temporary tracheotomy is the invention of Mr. T. W. Gowing, of Camden Town. To insert this canula no cartilage need be excised; a puncture is made with a knife through the connecting medium of the tracheal rings, and through this puncture the tube is driven. It is of all use for temporary or immediate service, but obviously would not do for a continuance.

The objection to tracheotomy, when designed to last for any period, is that the canula, by irritating the lining membrane of the larynx, is apt to provoke abscess, which impedes the breathing to a degree that destroys the life. The author has seen some fearful instances of this effect; but of all tubes, that invented by the French seems to be least open to this objection.

OPERATIONS--PERIOSTEOTOMY.

This operation was first applied to the horse by the late Professor Sewell. It is intended to relieve the lameness consequent upon exostosis situated on the shin-bone. A pair of roweling scissors are first employed to snip the skin above and below the tumor. Then a blunt seton needle, being fixed into a hollow handle by means of a screw, and armed with a tape knotted at one end, is to be used. The needle is violently driven through, and breaks down the cellular tissue which attaches the skin to the tumor. The point is forced to enter at one snip and come out at the other, after which the needle is withdrawn by the first opening. A probe-pointed knife is then introduced into the space thus made; the tumor is sliced into as many pieces as may please the operator or the nature of the growth will admit of. The knife is afterward retracted, and the needle, released from the handle, is passed through the openings, or in at one snip and out at the other. The knot at the end of the tape prevents that being drawn after the needle. The unknotted end is next withdrawn from the needle and tied into a large knot--the whole forming a seton. The operation is occasionally varied by smearing the tape with terebinthinate of cantharides, and sometimes by blistering over tumor, seton and all. This last practice may add to the severity of the operation, but it seems calculated to do little good. Breaking down the attachment of the skin and slicing the tumor appear designed to deprive the growth of blood, while a blister seems calculated to draw to the part an excess of that which the operation was intended to dispel.

=Periosteotomy= is not very highly esteemed by the vast majority of practitioners. It is, however, sometimes very successful. A horse is thrown, being dead lame; the animal gets up from the hands of the surgeon and trots sound. It is difficult, however, to predicate the quadruped on which it will thus act. Certainly the operation is best adapted to young horses; but even to all of these it will not prove beneficial. It is therefore looked upon as a surgical experiment, quite as apt to disappoint as to please. The seton, moreover, is disposed to cause the edges of the holes through which it passes to indurate. A blemish which it takes some months to eradicate is the consequence; and this, added to the expense attendant upon treatment, is not apt to prove pleasing to horse proprietors, especially when the operation altogether fails.

A modification of periosteotomy might perhaps be tried. Omit the seton altogether; make an inferior snip with the scissors; introduce a sharp-pointed needle, and cut a channel. Then insert a probe-pointed bistoury, and incise the tumor. If periosteotomy were to prove successful, it probably would be so in this shape. The author has seen small benefit result from the after-use of the seton, and by operating in the manner proposed all the subsequent blemish would be avoided. The cut would soon heal and leave no scar behind: thus the grand objection to the performance of periosteotomy, as it now stands, would be removed.

The motive for the above proposal is to spare the suffering of the animal. If the hair is cut short previously, and pressure made above the snip of the scissors, the wound need occasion little pain. A sharp point cutting its way through the cellular tissue would not cause one tithe of the agony which follows the use of a blunt instrument necessarily tearing, stretching, and breaking a passage through a living body. Cartilage or bone in a state of health has small sensibility. The employment of the knife would therefore provoke no struggle, while all the after-torture of a seton applied directly to the surface of a wound would be avoided.

Perhaps it would be best to bind a broad tape, with a cork under it and upon the vessels, round the leg before the operation, thereby pressing on the nerve and cutting off the supply of blood. This would probably deprive the leg of all sensation. The most severe part of this method of periosteotomy would be the after-consequences. The incised tumor would inflame; the vacant channel would have to unite. The one would occasion agony, the other be probably attended with violent itching. The limb, therefore, should be bandaged, even though a wound upon the horse's body does not do so well when covered up. The bandage, however, will prevent the animal from injuring the sore leg with the opposite shoe, which a horse may be provoked to attempt by that irritation which attends the healing process.

OPERATIONS--NEUROTOMY.

=Neurotomy= is the division of the nerve which supplies the hoof of the fore leg with sensation. The foot of the horse being moved through tendons by muscles from above, and having in itself no muscular power, obviously has no occasion for a motor nerve. Consequently the nerve running to the foot is wholly sentient. It is the means of communication through which pain or pleasure is transmitted from the hoof to the brain.

To take away a portion of this nerve is evidently to separate the medium of such communication. Feeling can no more travel along a divided nerve than electricity can along a broken wire. The knowledge of this fact has led to a portion of the nerve being excised; and the doing of this has been named neurotomy.

A nerve is a very compound structure. It is composed of numerous fine filaments or small threads bound together by a cellular sheath called neurilema. Healthy nerve feels firm, and has a brilliant white appearance; unhealthy nerve is of a yellowish tint, and is of a less solid texture.

The operation of neurotomy is certain relief, but that relief is of uncertain duration. The divided nerve, after a time, reunites. The junction thus formed carries on all the functions of the perfect structure; but a bulb is left behind at the place of union. This bulb is to be easily felt by pressing upon the seat of neurotomy externally with the points of the fingers; and the bulb being felt leads to a knowledge that the horse has been subjected to the operation. Neurotomy, therefore, can never be concealed, if pains are bestowed upon its detection. The operation, however, is not successful in every case.

In some animals, the wound has just closed when junction seems to be formed between the divided ends of the nerve. The lameness then returns as acutely as ever.

In others, the horse will proceed to work, and continue sound ever after--the restored power to use the foot having, in the last case, seemingly destroyed the affection.

Some animals are subjected to operation so late that disease has had time to weaken the pedal structures. The consequence is that no sooner does the absence of feeling tempt the horse to throw his entire weight upon the foot than the navicular bone fractures or the perforans tendon ruptures.

Certain horses, from a tingling sensation in the neurotomized foot--similar to that felt by men in the imaginary fingers of an arm which has been amputated--will stamp violently till they injure it and provoke suppuration; while other feet are so irritable that the head is bent downward and large pieces from the hoof literally bitten off. To account for this last circumstance the reader must remember that, though the foot seems to itch, it in reality has no sensation to preserve it from the teeth of the provoked animal.

Cases occasionally happen of horses having picked up nails, or having incurred wounds in the foot, which, being deprived of feeling, the animal wanted the power to recognize. No lameness was exhibited, and the injury was necessarily unattended to. The foot has been left alone till the hurt has induced mortification.

Weak feet have not been able to endure the consequences of operation. They have sustained no external injury, but the heaviness of tread attendant on a loss of sensation has so battered the senseless member that suppuration has been induced. The hoof has therefore been cast off and the horse been destroyed, although it was discovered in the stable standing with the utmost composure upon the bleeding and exposed flesh.

These are a few of the disagreeables attending a most humane and successful operation. The first requisite for the performance of neurotomy is a sound knowledge of anatomy. A familiar acquaintance with the course of the nerve is essential. It descends in two main branches from the knee, one on either side of the leg. It travels in company with and behind the artery and vein on the inner side of the fore limb. On the outer side it is accompanied by no vessel. About the center of the leg, however, the two nerves are united by a branch which travels over the perforans tendon, connecting the sentient fibers of either side. It is therefore essential, in the performance of neurotomy, to make the primary incision rather low down, especially if it is meant that the high operation should be accomplished, or that all sensation should be destroyed on one side by a single division.

At the pastern the nerve divides; the posterior branch runs direct to the frog. The anterior branch travels in front of the artery for some distance, when it takes a more forward course, dividing into several separate branches.

The generality of operators remove about an inch of the main trunk before the nerve divides, or above the pastern; and the result certainly confirms the soundness of such a practice.

The nerve of the frog is, however, frequently excised. The objection to this is the junction of a filament of the anterior branch with the nerve below the excision. That union should deprive the operation of all effect; but, notwithstanding, the division is sometimes beneficial. The operation is, however, never certain; and to that circumstance the proprietor must make up his mind when he sanctions its performance.

Always examine minutely any horse submitted to you for neurotomy. Do this to discover if the operation has been previously performed--the object being that you may thereby be prepared for some trouble in mastering the retentive consciousness of the animal; likewise, that by such inquiries you may decide upon the benefit likely to result from the operation; also, that you may be warned of a bloody and tedious job. The leg which has previously been subjected to neurotomy becomes doubly vascular. We know of no reason to account for this phenomenon, excepting it may denote the cost at which nature repairs her higher order of structures.

Before you consent to operate upon any animal, examine the feet. If the hoof is weak or even weakly, refuse at once. If the hoof be strong and thick, the wall upright, and the frog small, you may consent, with the best hopes of success. Have such a horse put into the stable, and the diseased foot or feet kept wet for a week prior to the operation. This frequently has the effect of constringing the arteries, greatly depriving the part of blood. That result renders the use of the knife more cleanly and more easy. Two days prior to the important one have the hair cut short over the place or places where you design to make your incisions. By so doing, all chance of hair getting into and irritating the wound will be effectually destroyed. This may happen, and, should the hair be left on, much delay will be occasioned, while the animal's sufferings must be augmented if the hair be clipped after the horse is down for operation.

Never operate upon a horse with the hair uncut--leave that to parties who league with the lowest class of horse-cheats. Cut off hair two days beforehand. Make an incision through the skin about three-quarters to one inch long. Have a needle and thread ready--a strong surgeon's needle and a stout twine. Pierce the divided skin from the inside to the outside, leaving a moderate piece of twine hanging out of the wound. Carry the twine under the leg, and pierce the integument on the other margin of the wound--also from the interior to the exterior. Then bring the piece of twine left hanging out of the first puncture and the needle together, at the back of the leg. Slightly tighten the twine; fasten these two ends in a bow, and the effect will be to keep the sides of the incision asunder.

If you design to perform the high operation, choose a spot a little above the pastern, and incise the skin at one cut, if possible. The high operation is most approved of for general purposes, and, as before remarked, destroys sensation in the entire hoof. Some proprietors think it well to leave a little feeling in the forward portion of the foot, which is free from disease. This is done to escape those results that have already been enumerated as the effects of total insensibility. The high operation is, therefore, performed only on one side, and the posterior or low division on the other. There are two spots at which the low operation may be accomplished. The author has given the reader a representation of the anatomy of the leg. He presents a view on page 455, of the places where the incisions can be made.

Either of the lower operations, regarded by itself, is very uncertain in its effect; and, if taken both together, they present no advantage over the superior opening.

These remarks may be better comprehended, by comparing this engraving with the course of the nerve shown in the previous illustration.

When the skin is divided--supposing the horse is neurotomized for the first time--nothing is visible but white-looking cellular tissue. This must be carefully dissected away with a pair of forceps and a scalpel. Dissect on until the nerve and artery are exposed plainly to view. Then take a crooked needle and thread. Pierce the nerve--this you may do fearlessly. The author has not known it to produce pain. The fibers composing the nerve are so fine that the needle's point is blunt when compared with them. It, therefore, glides through them without pricking any of the filaments.

If the horse has been operated upon before, you must expect a tedious and sanguinary business. It is then of all importance to obtain a very attentive and equally nimble man to take the sponge. Blood will follow every movement of the knife. However, with each cut you must retract the hand, and the man who has care of the sponge must quickly, surely, and forcibly cleanse the wound. When the sponge is withdrawn, for an instant, and for an instant only, is there a clear view of the part. The operator must be ready to make the most of that glimpse; for, the next moment, blood flows over the lips of the orifice and all is concealed from view. Thus we proceed, rather snipping than cutting, taking away particles instead of flakes of cellular tissue, till the nerve is exposed. Then it is fixed with the needle as before directed.

The nerve being caught, withdraw the needle, leaving the thread behind. Tie both ends of the thread together, and insert the first finger of your left hand into the loop thus formed. By gentle traction raise the nerve a little, and with the knife release its inferior attachments. Then let the man who held the sponge make pressure with all his force upon the artery and nerve _above_ the incision. After this has been done about a minute, and by the stoppage of the circulation you may conclude the sensation to be in some degree numbed, insert the blade of the knife under that portion of the nerve which is nearest the body, and cut boldly upward.

A spasm mostly follows the division; but it is of short duration. Afterward dissect about one inch of the nerve from its attachments, and remove this inch from the main trunk. No sign of feeling will follow the excision when made lower down. All communication with the brain has been cut off by the previous division, and the sensorium no longer takes notice of any violence offered to that part of the body which has been isolated.

Next, having sponged the part, close the wound by means of a pin forced through the lips of the orifice. Then twist a little tow round it in the form of a figure of 8. That being finished, so much of the point as protrudes is to be removed with a pair of wire nippers; a bandage is then put on; and, if both sides of the limb are to be neurotomized, the horse is turned over. All being accomplished, return the horse to the stable, but watch the pin which fastens the wound. If the incision continues dry, the pin may not be removed till six days have expired; but if the slightest appearance of pus be suspected, immediately withdraw the pin, and remove the tow, treating the part with solution of chloride of zinc, as though it were a common wound.

There are various knives invented for the performance of neurotomy. That the writer most approves of was the invention of Mr. Woodger, the admirably practical veterinary surgeon of Bishops Mews, Paddington. The author has used this instrument himself, and seen it guided by other hands. In every case it has expedited the operation and thereby shortened the period of the animal's suffering.

The after-treatment of neurotomy consists in letting well alone, if all goes on rightly. Should pus make its appearance, bathe the wounds, thrice daily, with the solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce of water. Remove the bandages from the legs after the horse has entered the stable. The incisions heal more readily when exposed to the stimulating effects of the air. Place a cradle round the horse's neck, and feed liberally. Avoid all purgative medicine; you now want an injury repaired, and do not desire to reduce the vital energy.

When the wounds have healed, the horse may be gradually taken once more to work, but it should not be fully used. Excessive and too early labor is the cause of the many serious objections taken to a merciful operation. The horse for some period does not feel his foot. He does not flex the pastern as the hoof nears the ground. The foot is placed flat upon the earth, and with a kind of sensible jar, as though the animal had made "a false step." This peculiarity unfits the quadruped to trot upon stones, or hard roads, until it has learned "to handle its feet," or to accommodate the tread to the new condition of the hoof.

OPERATIONS--DIVISION OF THE TENDONS.

Many horses when standing knuckle over to such an extent as threatens to throw them upon their knees. Others can only put the toe of the hind leg to the ground. The natural use of the limb is equally injured in each case: the fore legs of the horse support the body and the burden: the hind legs propel the carcass and the load. Both are deformed by contraction of the perforans tendon; and both deformities are generally produced by excessive labor, inducing strain, though a few cases have come to the author's knowledge of animals being born thus afflicted. When we contemplate the huge frame of the horse, it seems more than fitted for all man's ordinary purposes. But country carriers have vans proportioned only to the extent of their custom; their carts are enlarged as their trade increases; but very seldom is the power which draws the load augmented in the same proportion. The horse, so agile and so beautiful, as long as it can move the cart is esteemed to be not over-weighted. It labors up hill, and then the carrier congratulates himself that the worst of the work is over; it may be for him, but it is not for his horse. All the stress in going down hill lies upon the back sinews; the animal has to put forth all its strength to check the downward impetus of the load. It is the same with other horses in the shafts of other vehicles. Three or four animals--according to the usual English fashion--may be attached to a load; but the weight which three strengths can draw upon level ground, when descending an inequality, then, never bears equally upon the leaders.

Clap of the back sinews is a common accident with all horses. The equine delight is the pleasure of the master. So entirely is the horse the slave of man, that it, by instinct, puts forth its utmost strength to attain anything in which its owner takes enjoyment. It does so regardless of its own probable sufferings. In racing, in hunting, in all kinds of pastime the horse will strain every nerve and even burst its strong vessels laboring to gratify an ungrateful proprietor. Who does not remember the old coaching days? The animals then appeared happy in their vocation. A well-appointed coach, trotting by the White Horse Cellar, was a sight to contemplate. However, follow the vehicle to the termination of the first stage. See the poor panting carcasses unharnessed--the perspiration lathering their sides, their veins swelling, their tails quivering, their nostrils jerking, and their limbs stiffened. Who then could regret that railroads were invented to indulge man's desire for speed? See, as the coach leaves the metropolis behind it, the cattle deteriorate. At last, behold life with swollen legs, stiff joints, and diseased feet made to propel the loaded vehicle. Who, properly regarding such a spectacle, and having a heart to feel, does not rejoice that a method of traveling has at length been invented which renders the employment of the lash to overcome the agonies of breathing flesh no longer imperative?

These fast abuses induced contraction of the perforans tendon in the front legs. There is, however, this difference between contraction in the anterior and posterior extremities--one hind leg only may be affected; but the author remembers no instance of one fore leg being alone involved.

When a tendon is sprained, it is usual to apply stimulating or fiery mixtures to that part, winding up the treatment with blisters and the heated iron. Notwithstanding such measures are very seldom successful, man seems incapable of learning anything where another has to bear the torture, and he will often endure a great deal of agony himself before an obvious idea can be awakened.

Such slowness is, however, very lamentable in the case of the horse. =Division of the tendons= was borrowed from the human surgeon by the veterinary practitioner. The operation, however, till very lately, remained as it was originally adopted. Human surgery had advanced; but veterinary practice stood motionless. At length, Mr. Varnell came from America, and instructed veterinarians in an improved mode of operating, which at this date should be universally practiced.

A stout knife with a probed point, a curved blade, and a smooth, rounded back, is first obtained. Before the blade is inserted, the skin is divided, at the point selected for the operation, by the slight puncture of a lancet.

The leg is then flexed; the tendons are, by the position of the limb, rendered flaccid. The knife is next inserted sideways, behind the nerve and artery, under the tendons. This last act is not, however, in practice, very easy or very safe.

The edge of the knife is now toward the shoulder or haunch, and the vessels lie upon that side of the blade which is nearest to the bone. The operator now, by a simple motion of the hand, turns the cutting edge of the knife toward the posterior part of the limb. A man at the same moment takes hold of the leg and forces it straight; the perforans tendon is thus dragged against the knife, while the suspensory ligament and vessels are safe at the back of the blade. If the tendon be not divided without any effort on the part of the operator, he makes a sawing motion as he withdraws the knife. A slight sensation or a feeble sound often testifies the separation of the structure.

Often, if the contraction be not chronic, the strength of the extensor pedis muscle, when released from its opponent's force, is sufficient to straighten the fetlock. When the disease, however, has existed for any time, it requires some violence to break down the false attachments which have been formed. For this purpose the knee of a strong man is placed in front of the fetlock-joint, and the horse's foot is, by pulling hard, drawn forward.

The wound is then closed with a pin and twisted thread, as in neurotomy, and the animal, till junction is perfected, should be kept in the stable, as the shoe to be worn afterward is not favorable to progression. One week after the operation, a shoe, with a projecting piece at the toe about one inch and a half long, is to be put on the foot of the diseased limb. Five weeks after this, the shoe is to be replaced by one having the projecting point twice as long; and this last is to be worn till union is supposed to be perfected--till the expiration of three months at least.

The horse, after having the tendon divided, is said to be as strong as ever. The author would, however, object to such an animal being put into the shafts with even a light load behind it, or to its being again used for saddle purposes. The animal, though forbidden these uses, has still a large field of service open to it.

This operation is alike effectual and humane. That the last assertion may not appear based upon a single opinion, the author presents the reader with an engraving taken from a park near Lewes. That animal seemed to have all four limbs contracted, or the hind limbs were flexed and much advanced, to take the weight off the fore members. A foal ran by the side of the creature thus crippled; though it would be supposed no sane person would select such a dam to breed from.

Now had this mare been operated upon, slight pain would have been inflicted. Tendon, unless in a state of inflammation, has no sensation. Relief would have been afforded for the remainder of the life, and though, from her make and shape, the animal might never have held a high station among her breed, still, with straight legs she must have been worth as much for work as with bent limbs she could be valuable for stock purposes.

LAYING OPEN THE SINUSES OF A QUITTOR.

Give no opening medicine to any horse previous to this operation. Every member of the equine race is more likely to be too low from excess of work, than in any degree inflammatory from over-indulgence. Therefore, discard the general practice of preparing the horse with a dose of compound aloes. If the bowels are costive, get them open. But before employing the drastic drug, try what bran mashes and green-meat can effect. The entire strength will be needed to repair the injuries effected with the knife.

Give tonics and high feeding where the symptoms declare the body to be enervated. It is at all times better to operate upon a system having a superabundance of vital energy than upon one in which the powers are at all tardy. Collapse is the greatest enemy the surgeon has to dread. It is true, animals do not, like men, often "shut up" or die while under the operator; but frequently the most skillful surgery is defeated by the horse, after it has been released from the hobbles, never thriving. There may be no disease to be detected; but the body seems to want the strength requisite for recovery. To make this apparent to the reader--two gentlemen shall each perform neurotomy. One shall bungle, yet his patient shall do well. The wounds shall heal by the first intention, and the horse in a fortnight be again delighting its owner. The other shall display the perfection of scientific attainment; yet the horse shall never thrive. The wounds shall ulcerate, and the animal either gnaw the foot or cast the hoof. How can such differences be accounted for but by believing the horse is subject to a peculiar species of chronic collapse?

Rasp the quarter of the horse's foot which has =quittor=, until the soft, light-colored horn of the laminæ is exposed. Then let the hair be cut off around the opening on the coronet, and the foot be carefully cleansed. Afterward throw the horse. Release the quittored leg from the hobbles, and with a steel director probe each sinus. So soon as the instrument is well in, take a sharp-pointed knife and run it carefully down the groove of the director. Then ascertain, with a grooved probe, whether the sinus decreased in diameter, or whether the whole extent of the pipe be laid open. If the smallest portion remains, to which the knife has not reached, use the groove of the probe as a director, and slit it up. Do this to as many sinuses as may exist.

Next place in each sinus a small piece of tow. These pieces of tow should be already divided into short and thin skeins. They should be saturated with chloride of zinc dissolved in spirits of wine, one scruple to the ounce. Put one of these into each sinus, and let the horse up. In three days such of the pieces of tow as have not been removed by the sloughing process may be taken from the wounds, and the foot simply dressed with chloride of zinc and water, one grain to the ounce, squeezed from a sponge, as in the case of open joint.

This operation, when described, reads abhorrent; but it is really most humane. It is a common thing for a horse to be three, or even six months under treatment, on account of an ordinary quittor. During the entire space, the foot--the tenderest part of the horse's body--is burned with violent caustics, and has had heated wires thrust down its sinuses. By the operation proposed, the affair is settled in a few minutes. The horse seldom evinces much sensibility while the knife is being employed; in three days the animal is so far recovered as to allow the diseased member almost to be left to nature. The horse should, however, on no account do any work before the hoof is in some measure restored. Until the outer covering of dark horn has grown down, a bar shoe, well eased off the diseased quarter, should be worn. When the hoof is reproduced, instead of false quarter or other deformities, the usual results of quittor, it is all but impossible to decide which has been the affected foot, and which was operated upon.

* * * * *

The author has now stated at length that treatment which the horse for its own sake deserves, and which, for the honor of the being whom it serves, the animal should receive. He has, designedly, rather appealed to the reason of his readers than sought to enlist their feelings. The subject was, indeed, a wide one. Man has hitherto been too content to consider animals as something given absolutely to him to be treated according to his sovereign will or merest pleasure. He has not reflected that, when he was created lord of this earth, he was invested with a title which had its responsibilities as well as its privileges.

ALPHABETICAL SUMMARY.

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING MATTER, ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER.

This abbreviation is made for the purpose of hasty consultation, when the symptoms exhibited by the horse are so urgent as will not allow the owner to refer to the body of the book. That, however, he is earnestly recommended to do after the first anxiety has subsided; because what follows is to be regarded only as notes of cases, and by no means to be viewed as a substitute for the more detailed descriptions of diseases and their treatment.

ABSCESS OF THE BRAIN.

_Cause._--Some injury to the head.

_Symptoms._--Dullness; refusal to feed; a slight oozing from a trivial injury upon the skull; prostration, and the animal, while on the ground, continues knocking the head violently against the earth until death ensues.

_Treatment._--None of any service.

ABDOMINAL INJURIES.

_Ruptured Diaphragm_ generally produces a soft cough; sitting on the haunches or leaning on the chest may or may not be present; the countenance is haggard.

_Ruptured Spleen_ answers to the tests described under "Hemorrhage of the Liver."

_Ruptured Stomach_ is characterized by excessive colic, followed by tympanitis.

_Introsusception_ possibly may be relieved by the inhalation of a full dose of chloroform; but the result is always uncertain.

_Invagination_ is attended with the greatest possible agony.

_Strangulation_ is not to be distinguished, during life, from invagination.

_Calculus_ causes death by impactment; but however different the causes of abdominal injury may be, they each produce the greatest agony, which conceals the other symptoms, and makes all such injuries apparently the same while the life lasts.

ACITES, OR DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN.

_Cause._--Chronic peritonitis.

_Symptoms._--Pulse hard; head pendulous; food often spoiled; membranes pallid; mouth dry. Pressure to abdomen elicits a groan; turning in the stall calls forth a grunt. Want of spirit; constant lying down; restlessness; thirst; loss of appetite; weakness; thinness; enlarged abdomen; constipation and hide-bound. Small bags depend from the chest and belly; the sheath and one leg sometimes enlarge; the mane breaks off; the tail drops out. Purgation and death.

_Treatment._--When the symptoms first appear give, night and morning, strychnia, half a grain, worked up to one grain; iodide of iron, half a drachm, worked up to one drachm and a half; extract of belladonna, one scruple; extract of gentian and powdered quassia, of each a sufficiency; apply small blisters, in rapid succession, upon the abdomen: but if the effusion is confirmed, a cure is hopeless.

ACUTE DYSENTERY.

_Cause._--Some acrid substance taken into the stomach.

_Symptoms._--Abdominal pain; violent purgation; the feces become discolored, and water fetid; intermittent pulse; haggard countenance; the position characterizes the seat of anguish. Perspiration, tympanitis, and death.

_Treatment._--Give sulphuric ether, one ounce; laudanum, three ounces; liquor potassæ, half an ounce; powdered chalk, one ounce; tincture of catechu, one ounce; cold linseed tea, one pint. Repeat every fifteen minutes. Cleanse the quarters; plait the tail; inject cold linseed tea. The whole of the irritating substance must be expelled before improvement can take place.

ACUTE GASTRITIS.

_Cause._--Poison; generally given to improve the coat.

_Symptoms._--Excessive pain, resembling fury.

_Treatment._--Give, as often and as quickly as possible, the following drink: Sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each three ounces; carbonate of magnesia, soda, or potash, four ounces; gruel, (_quite cold_,) one quart. Should the pulse be sinking, add to the drink carbonate of ammonia, one drachm. If corrosive sublimate is known to be the poison, one dozen raw eggs should be blended with each drench. If delirium be present, give the medicine as directed for tetanus, with the stomach pump.

ACUTE LAMINITIS.

_Cause._--Often man's brutality. Horses driven far and upon hard roads are exposed to the disorder. Any stress long applied to the foot, as standing in the hold of a ship, may generate the affection.

_Symptoms._--The pace seems odd toward the end of the journey; but the horse is placed in the stable with plenty of food for the night. Next morning the animal is found all of a heap. Flesh quivering; eyes glaring; nostrils distended, and breath jerking; flanks tucked up; back roached; head erect; mouth closed; hind legs advanced under the belly; fore legs pushed forward; fore feet resting upon the heels, and the limbs moved as though the horse were dancing upon hot irons.

_Treatment._--Put on the slings in silence. To the end of the cords append weights. Soak the feet in warm water, in which a portion of alkali is dissolved. Cut out the nails from the softened horn. Before the shoes are removed give half a drachm of belladonna and fifteen grains of digitalis, and repeat the dose every half hour until the symptoms abate. When the slings are up, open the jugular vein; abstract one quart of blood, and inject one pint of luke-warm water. Clothe the body; place thin gruel and green-meat within reach, and leave two men to watch for the first three nights.

Next morning give sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each two ounces, in a pint of water. Should the pastern arteries throb, open the veins and place the feet in warm water. While the affection lasts, pursue these measures; and it is a bad symptom, though not a certain one, if no change for the better takes place in five days.

ALBUMINOUS URINE.

_Cause._--Unknown.

_Symptoms._--These consist of the positions assumed by the horse. The legs are either stretched out or the hind feet are brought under the body. Straddling gait, and much difficulty in turning within the stall. Some urine being caught, it is thick, and answers to certain chemical tests.

_Treatment._--Bleed moderately; give a laxative, and apply mustard to the loins. As after-measures, perfect rest, attention to diet, and repeated doses of opium.

APHTHA.

_Cause._--Unknown.

_Symptoms._--Small swelling on the lips; larger swellings upon the tongue. As the disease progresses, a clear liquid appears in each swelling. The bladders burst, crusts form, and the disease disappears.

_Treatment._--Soft food, and the following wash for the mouth: Take borax, five ounces; honey or treacle, two pints; water, one gallon. Mix.

BLOOD SPAVIN.

A disease never encountered at the present time.

BOG SPAVIN.

_Cause._--Brutality of some kind.

_Symptom._--A puffy swelling at the front of and at the upper part of the hock.

_Treatment._--Pressure, maintained by means of an India-rubber bandage.

BOTS.

_Cause._--Turning out to grass.

_Treatment._--No remedy. Wait till the following year, and the parasites will be ejected naturally.

BREAKING DOWN.

_Cause._--Violent exertion; generally when racing.

_Symptoms._--The horse, when going, suddenly loses power to put one leg to the ground. The foot is turned upward; pain excessive; breathing quickened; pulse accelerated; appetite lost. In time these symptoms abate, but the leg is disabled for life.

_Treatment._--Bleed and purge, or not, as the symptoms are severe. Place a linen bandage round the injury, and see that this is kept constantly cold and wet; put on a high-heeled shoe, and leave the issue to nature. The animal is afterward serviceable only to breed from.

BROKEN KNEES.

_Causes._--Terrifying a horse, or rendering alive only to fear. Pulling in the chin to the breast, or driving with a tight bearing-rein.

_Symptoms._--The horse falls; the knee may only be slightly broken, but deeply contused. A slough must then take place, and open joint may result. Or the animal may fall, and, when down, be driven forward by the impetus of its motion. The knee is cut by the fall, and the skin of the knee may be forced back by the onward impulse. This skin will become dirty; but the removed integument will fly back on the animal's rising, thus forming a kind of bag containing and concealing foreign matter.

_Treatment._--Procure a pail of milk-warm water and a large sponge. Dip the sponge in the pail, and squeeze out the water above the knee. Continue to do this, but do not dab or sop the wound itself. The water flowing over the knee will wash away every impurity. Then with a probe gently explore the bag. If small, make a puncture through the bottom of the bag; if large, insert a seton, and move it night and morning until good pus is secreted: then withdraw the seton. "Rack up" the horse's head, and get some cold water, to every quart of which add two ounces of tincture of arnica. Pour a little of this into a saucer, and then dip a sponge into the liquid. Squeeze the sponge dry above the joint. Do this every half hour for three and a half days, both by day and night. If at the end of that time all is going on well, the head may be released; but should the knee enlarge and become sensitive, while the animal refuses to put the foot to the ground, withdraw the seton; give no hay, but all the oats and beans that can be eaten, with two pots of stout each day. Place the quadruped in slings; apply the arnica lotion until a slough takes place; then resort to the chloride of zinc lotion, one scruple to the pint, and continue to use this as has been directed.

BROKEN WIND.

_Causes._--Old age, prolonged work, and bad food.

_Symptoms._--Short, dry, hacking cough, caused by irritability of the larynx; ravenous appetite; insatiable thirst; abundant flatus. Dung half digested; belly pendulous; coat ragged; aspect dejected. Respiration is performed by a triple effort; inspiration is spasmodic and single; expiration is labored and double. The ribs first essay to expel the air from the lungs; these failing, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles take up the action. Broken wind can be set or concealed for a time by forcing the animal to swallow quantities of grease, tar, or shot. A drink of water, however, will always reproduce the symptoms.

_Treatment._--No cure. Relief alone is possible. Never give water before work. Four half pails of water to be allowed in twenty-four hours. In each draught mingle half an ounce of phosphoric acid or half a drachm of sulphuric acid. Remove the bed in the day; muzzle at night; put a lump of rock-salt and of chalk in the manger. Never push hard or take upon a very long journey.

BRONCHITIS.

_Causes._--Riding far and fast; then leaving exposed, especially to the night air; neglect and constitutional liability.

_Symptoms._--Appetite often not affected; sometimes it is increased. A short cough, in the first instance; breathing only excited; legs warm; mouth moist; and nasal membrane merely deeper color during the early stage. When confirmed, the appetite is lost; the horse is averse to move; the cough is sore and suppressed; the breathing is audible; the membranes are scarlet; the mouth is hot and dry; the legs are cold; the body is of uneven temperatures.

_Treatment._--Do not deplete. Place in a large, loose box; fill the place with steam; apply scalded hay to the throat; fix flannels wet with cold water to the back and side by means of a Mackintosh jacket. When the flannel becomes warm, change it immediately. Do this for two hours. After that space the flannel may remain on, but must not become dry. Prepare half a pound of melted Burgundy pitch, and stir into it two ounces of powdered camphor, with half a drachm of powdered capsicums. Apply the mixture to the throat. To restore tone to the pulse, give, every half hour, sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each one ounce; water, one pint. If no effect be produced by three of these drinks, substitute infusion of aconite, half an ounce; extract of belladonna, half a drachm, rubbed down in water, a quarter of a pint. When the pulse has recovered, resume the former physic, only adding half a drachm of belladonna to each dose. Support with gruel. Introduce food gradually; "chill" the water; be careful of hay, and mind, when given, it is thoroughly damped.

BRONCHOCELE.

_Symptom._--An enlargement on the side of the throat.

_Treatment._--Give the following, night and morning: Iodide of potassium, half a drachm; liquor potassæ, one drachm; distilled water, half a pint. Also, rub into the swelling the accompanying ointment: Iodide of lead, one drachm; simple cerate, one ounce.

BRUISE OF THE SOLE.

_Cause._--Treading on a stone or some projecting body.

_Symptom._--Effusion of blood into the horny sole.

_Treatment._--Cut away the stained horn, and shoe with leather.

CALCULI.

_Causes._--Unknown.

_Symptoms of Renal Calculus._--Urine purulent, thick, opaque, gritty, or bloody; back roached. Pressure on the loins occasions shrinking; the arm in the rectum and the hand carried upward provoke alarm.

_Treatment._--Two drachms of hydrochloric acid in every pail of water; but the result is dubious.

_Symptoms of Cystic Calculus._--Same states of urine as in renal calculus. The water, when flowing forth, is suddenly stopped; every emission is followed by straining; the back is hollowed; the point of the penis is sometimes exposed; and, when going down hill, the animal often pulls up short.

_Treatment of Cystic Calculus._--Examine per rectum. An operation for the horse, or Mr. Simmonds's instrument for the mare, is imperative. When the stone is small, hydrochloric acid may be tried.

_Symptoms of Urethral Calculus._--Suppression of urine; great suffering. If the urethral calculus is impacted in the exposed portion of the urethra, the passage is distended behind the stoppage.

_Treatment of Urethral Calculus._--Cut down upon and remove the substance.

CANKER.

_Cause._--Old horses, when "turned out" for life as pensioners; aged and neglected animals will also exhibit the disease.

_Symptoms._--Not much lameness. The disease commences at the cleft of the frog; a liquid issues from the part, more abundant and more abominable than in thrush; it often exudes from the commissures joining the sole to the frog. The horn firstly bulges out; then it flakes off, exposing a spongy and soft substance, which is fungoid horn. The fungoid horn is most abundant about the margin of the sole, and upon its surface it flakes off. This horn has no sensation. The disease is difficult to eradicate when one fore foot is involved. When all four feet are implicated, a cure is all but hopeless, and the treatment is certain to be slow and vexatious.

_Treatment._--See that the stable is large, clean, and comfortable; note that the food is of the best; allow liberal support; pare off the superficial fungoid horn, and so much of the deep seated as can be detached. Apply to the diseased parts some of the following: Chloride of zinc, half an ounce; flour, four ounces. Put on the foot without water. To the sound hoof apply chloride of zinc, four grains; flour, one ounce. Cover the sound parts before the cankered horn is dressed; tack on the shoe; pad well and firmly. When places appear to be in confirmed health, the following may be used: Chloride of zinc, two grains; flour, one ounce. At first, dress every second day; after a time, every third day, and give exercise as soon as possible.

CAPPED ELBOW.

_Cause._--Injury to the point of the elbow.

_Symptom._--It is often of magnitude, and is liable to ulcerate and become sinuous.

_Treatment._--The same as capped hock.

CAPPED HOCK.

_Cause._--Any injury to the point of the calcis.

_Symptom._--A round swelling on the point of the hock, which, should the cause be repeated, often becomes of great size.

_Treatment._--If small, set several men to hand-rub the tumor constantly for a few days. Should the capped hock be of magnitude, dissect out the enlargement, without puncturing it. Remove none of the pendulous skin. Treat the wound with the lotion of chloride of zinc--one grain to the ounce of water--and it will heal after some weeks.

CAPPED KNEE.

_Cause._--The same as the previous affection.

_Symptom._--A soft tumor in front of the knee.

_Treatment._--If let alone, it would burst and leave a permanent blemish. Draw the skin to one side, and with a lancet pierce the lower surface of the tumor. Treat the wound as an open joint.

CATARACT.

_Cause._--Looking at white walls, or receiving external injuries. Specific ophthalmia generates a permanent cataract.

_Symptoms._--When partial, shying; if total, white pupil and blindness.

_Treatment._--Color the inside of the stable green, as cataract, when not total, is sometimes absorbed.

CHOKING.

_Causes._--Something impacted in the gullet, either high up or low down.

_Symptoms._--_High Choke._--Raised head; saliva; discharge from the nostrils; inflamed eyes; haggard countenance; audible breathing; the muscles of neck tetanic; the flanks heave; the fore feet paw and stamp; the hind legs crouch and dance; perspiration; agony excessive. _Low Choke._--The animal ceases to feed; water returns by the nostrils; countenance expresses anguish; saliva and nasal discharge; labored by seldom, noisy breathing; roached back; tucked-up flanks, while the horse stands as though it were desirous of elevating the quarters.

_Treatment._--_Make haste when high choke is present._ Perform tracheotomy to relieve the breathing; insert the balling-iron, or, with a hook extemporized out of any wire, endeavor to remove the substance from the throat. If the choking body is too firmly lodged to be thus removed, sulphuric ether must be inhaled to relax the spasm. The ether not succeeding, an egg is probably impacted. Destroy its integrity with a darning-needle carefully inserted through the skin; then break the shell by outward pressure. _Low choke is seldom fatal before the expiration of three days._ Give a quarter of a pint of oil every hour; in the intermediate half hours give sulphuric ether, two ounces; laudanum, two ounces; water, half a pint; and use the probang after every dose of the last medicine. Should these be returned, cause chloroform to be inhaled; then insert the probang, and, by steady pressure, drive the substance forward.

Subsequent to the removal of impactment feed with caution.

CHRONIC DYSENTERY.

_Cause._--Not well understood; generally attacks old horses belonging to penurious masters.

_Symptoms._--Purging without excitement, always upon drinking cold water; violent straining; belly enlarges; flesh wastes; bones protrude; skin hide-bound; membranes pallid; weakness; perspiration; standing in one place for hours. At last the eyes assume a sleepy, pathetic expression; the head is slowly turned toward the flanks; remains fixed for some minutes; the horse only moves when the bowels are about to act; colic; death.

_Treatment._--Give, thrice daily, crude opium, half an ounce; liquor potassæ, one ounce; chalk, one ounce; tincture of all-spice, one ounce; alum, half an ounce; ale, one quart. Should the horse belong to a generous master, give one of the following drinks thrice daily, upon the symptoms being confirmed: Sulphuric ether, one ounce; laudanum, three ounces; liquor potassæ, half an ounce; powdered chalk, one ounce; tincture of catechu, one ounce; cold linseed tea, one pint. Or, chloroform, half an ounce; extract of belladonna, half a drachm; carbonate of ammonia, one drachm; powdered camphor, half a drachm; tincture of oak-bark, one ounce; cold linseed tea, one pint. Feed lightly; dress frequently; give a good bed and a roomy lodging.

CHRONIC GASTRITIS.

_Symptoms._--Irregularity of bowels and appetite; pallid membranes; mouth cold; a dry cough; tainted breath; sunken eye; catching respiration; pendulous belly; ragged coat, and emaciation. Sweating on the slightest exertion; eating wood-work or bricks and mortar.

_Treatment._--Do not purge; administer bitters, sedatives, and alkalies. Give powdered nux vomica, one scruple; carbonate of potash, one drachm; extract of belladonna, half a drachm; extract of gentian and powdered quassia, of each a sufficiency. Or give strychnia, half a grain; bicarbonate of ammonia, one drachm; extract of belladonna, half a drachm; sulphate of zinc, half a drachm; extract of gentian and powdered quassia, of each a sufficiency. Give one ball night and morning; when these balls seem to have lost their power, give half an ounce each of liquor arsenicalis and tincture of ipecacuanha, with one ounce of muriated tincture of iron and laudanum, in a pint of water; damp the food; sprinkle magnesia on it. As the strength improves, give sulphuric ether, one ounce; water, one pint, daily. Ultimately change that for a quart of ale or stout daily.

CHRONIC HEPATITIS.

_Cause._--Too good food and too little work.

_Symptoms._--Cold mouth; pallid membranes; white of eyes ghastly, displaying a yellow tinge; looks toward the right side; the right side may be tender for a long time, with generally repeated attacks of this nature, although the horse may perish with the first fit.

_Treatment._--Hold up the head, and if the horse staggers, this proves hemorrhage from the liver. Give sufficient of nutritious food, but only enough of it, plenty of labor, and the following physic: Iodide of potassium, two ounces; liquor potassæ, one quart; dose, night and morning, two tablespoonfuls in a pint of water.

CLAP OF THE BACK SINEWS.

_Cause._--Extra exertion.

_Symptoms._--The maimed limb is flexed; the toe rests upon the ground. In a short space a tumor appears; it is small, hot, soft, and tender, but soon grows hard. Great pain, but attended with few constitutional symptoms.

_Treatment._--Administer physic, and bleed gently; then give a few doses of febrifuge medicine, but go no further than to reduce the pulse to fifty-five degrees. Put a linen bandage on the leg; keep this constantly wet until the primary symptoms abate. Cut grass for food while fever exists; continue the cold water till recovery is confirmed. The horse will not be fit to work for many months.

COLD.

If mild, a little green-meat, a few mashes, an extra rug, and a slight rest generally accomplish a cure.

_Symptoms_ of severe cold are dullness; a rough coat; the body of different temperatures; the nasal membrane deep scarlet, or of a leaden color; the appetite is lost; simple ophthalmia; tears; the sinuses are clogged, and a discharge from the nose appears.

_Treatment._--Give no active medicine. Apply the steaming nose-bag six times daily; allow cut grass and mashes for food, with gruel for drink. If weak, present three feeds of crushed and scalded oats and beans daily, with a pot of stout morning and evening. Good nursing, with pure air, warmth, and not even exercise, till the disease abates, are of more importance than "doctor's stuff" in a case of severe cold. Cold, however, often ushers in other and more dangerous diseases.

CONGESTION IN THE FIELD.

_Cause._--Riding a horse after the hounds when out of condition.

_Symptoms._--The horse, from exhaustion, reels and falls. The body is clammy cold; the breathing is labored; every vein is turgid.

_Treatment._--Bleed, if possible; cover the body; lead gently to the nearest stable; keep hot rugs upon the animal; bandage the legs and hood the neck; warm the place, either by a fire or tubs full of hot water. Give, without noise, every half hour, one ounce of sulphuric ether, half an ounce of laudanum, half a pint of cold water. Should no chemist be at hand, beat up two ounces of turpentine with the yolk of an egg; mix it with half a pint of water, and repeat the dose at the times stated. Allow an ample bed, and place a pail of gruel within easy reach of the horse. Do not leave the animal for thirty hours, as in that time its fate will be decided.

CONGESTION IN THE STABLE.

_Cause._--A debilitated, fat horse, unused to work, being driven fast with a heavy load behind it.

_Symptoms._--Hanging head; food not glanced at; blowing; artery gorged and round; pulse feeble; cold and partial perspirations; feet cold; eye fixed; hearing lost; and the attitude motionless.

_Treatment._--Give immediately two ounces each of sulphuric ether and of laudanum in a pint of cold water. Give the drink with every caution. In ten minutes repeat the medicine, if necessary. Wait twenty minutes, and give another drink, if requisite; more are seldom needed. Take away all solid food, and allow gruel for the remainder of the day.

CORNS.

_Cause._--In a flat foot, the heels of the coffin-bone squeeze the sensitive sole by pressing it against the shoe. In a contracted foot, the sensitive sole is squeezed between the wings of the coffin-bone and the thick, horny sole. A bruise results; blood is effused; and the stain of this left upon the horny sole--generally upon the inner side and anterior to the bars--constitutes a horse's corn, which is mostly found on the fore feet.

_Symptom._--If the stain is dark, and is to be removed with the knife, this indicates a corn has been, but no longer exists. The smallest stain of bright scarlet testifies to the existence of a new and present corn. Corns are of four kinds--the old, the new, the sappy, and the suppurative. The old and new are produced by the blood, and are judged by the scarlet or dark-colored stain. The old is generally near the surface, the new is commonly deep seated. The sappy is when the bruise is only heavy enough to effuse serum. The new corn alone produces lameness. The suppurating corn may start up from either of the others receiving additional injury. It causes intense pain and produces acute lameness.

_Treatment._--Cut out the stain. If a suppurating corn, place the foot in a poultice, after having opened the abscess. Then, the horn being softened, cut away all the sole which has been released by the pus from its attachment to the secreting surface. Tack on an old shoe, and dress with the solution of the chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce. Afterward shoe with leather, and employ stopping to render the horn plastic.

COUGH.

_Causes._--Foul stables; hot stables; coarse, dusty provender; rank bedding; irregular work; while the affection may attend many diseases.

_Treatment._--Crush the oats; damp the hay; give gruel or linseed tea for drink. Clothe warmly, and give, thrice daily, half a pint of the following in a tumbler of water: Extract of belladonna, one drachm, rubbed down in a pint of cold water; tincture of squills, ten ounces; tincture of ipecacuanha, eight ounces. No change ensuing, next try--Barbadoes or common tar, half an ounce; calomel, five grains; linseed meal, a sufficiency: make into a ball, and give one night and morning. This being attended with no improvement, employ--Powdered aloes, one drachm; balsam of copaiba, three drachms; cantharides, three grains; common mass, a sufficiency. Mix, and give every morning.

A daily bundle of cut grass is good in the spring of the year. A lump of rock-salt has been beneficial. If the animal eats the litter, muzzle it. Roots are good. Moisten the hay; and, above all things, attend to the ventilation of the stable.

CRACKED HEELS.

_Cause._--Cutting the hair from the heels, and turning into a straw-yard during winter.

_Symptoms._--Thickened skin; cracks; and sometimes ulceration.

_Treatment._--Wash; dry thoroughly; apply the following wash: Animal glycerin, half a pint; chloride of zinc, two drachms; strong solution of oak-bark, one pint. Mix. If ulceration has commenced, rest the horse. Give a few bran mashes or a little cut grass to open the bowels. Use the next wash: Animal glycerin, or phosphoric acid, two ounces; permanganate of potash, or creosote, half an ounce; water, three ounces: apply six times daily. Give a drink each day composed of liquor arsenicalis, half an ounce; tincture of muriate of iron, one ounce; water, one pint.

CRIB-BITING.

_Cause._--Sameness of food and unhealthy stables, or indigestion.

_Symptoms._--Placing the upper incisors against some support, and, with some effort, emitting a small portion of gas.

_Treatment._--Place a lump of rock-salt in the manger; if that is not successful, add a lump of chalk. Then damp the food, and sprinkle magnesia upon it, and mingle a handful of ground oak-bark with each feed of corn. Purify the ventilation of the stable before these remedies are applied.

CURB.

_Causes._--Galloping on uneven ground; wrenching the limb; prancing and leaping.

_Symptom._--A bulging out at the posterior of the hock, accompanied by heat and pain, often by lameness.

_Treatment._--Rest the animal. Put on an India-rubber bandage, (see page 307,) and under it a folded cloth. Keep the cloth wet and cool with cold water. When all inflammation has disappeared, blister the hock.

CYSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER.

_Causes._--Kicks and blows under the flank. Abuse of medicine, and bad food, with the provocatives generally of nephritis.

_Symptoms._--Those common to pain and inflammation. Urine, however, affords the principal indication. At first, it is at intervals jerked forth in small quantities. Ultimately it flows forth constantly drop by drop. A certain but a dangerous test is to insert the arm up the rectum, and to feel the small and compressed bladder. A safer test is to press the flank, which, should cystitis be present, calls forth resistance.

_Treatment._--Give scruple doses of aconite, should the pulse be excited; the same of belladonna, should pain be excessive; and calomel with opium, to arrest the disease. Place under the belly, by means of a rug, a cloth soaked with strong liquor ammonia diluted with six times its bulk of water. Or apply a rug dipped into hot water or loaded with cold water; change when either becomes warm.

DIABETES INSIPIDUS, OR PROFUSE STALING.

_Causes._--Diuretic drugs or bad food.

_Symptoms._--Weakness loss of flesh; loss of condition.

_Treatment._--Do not take from the stable; keep a pail of linseed tea in the manger; give no grass or hay; groom well. Order a ball composed of iodide of iron, one drachm; honey and linseed meal, a sufficiency. Or a drink consisting of phosphoric acid, one ounce; water, one pint. Give the ball daily; the drink, at night and at morning.

ENTERITIS.

_Causes._--Greatly conjectural. Prolonged colic may end in it. Constipation may induce it.

_Symptoms._--Dullness heaviness; picks the food; shivers repeatedly; rolling; plunging; kicking, but more gently than in spasmodic colic; quickened breathing; hot, dry mouth; wiry pulse. Pressure to the abdomen gives pain. Remove your coat; insert the arm up the anus; if the intestines are very hot, all is confirmed.

_Treatment._--Extract one quart of blood from the jugular, and inject into the vein one pint of water at a blood heat. Give aconite in powder, half a drachm; sulphuric ether, three ounces; laudanum, three ounces; extract of belladonna, one drachm, (rubbed down in cold water, one pint and a half.) As the pulse changes, withdraw the aconite; as the pain subsides, discontinue the belladonna. The other ingredients may be diminished as the horse appears to be more comfortable. Should the pain linger after the administration of the eighth drink, apply an ammoniacal blister. Sprinkle on the tongue, if any symptoms declare the disease vanquished but not fled, every second hour, calomel, half a drachm; opium, one drachm. Feed very carefully upon recovery, avoiding all things purgative or harsh to the bowels.

EXCORIATED ANGLES OF THE MOUTH.

_Cause._--Abuse of the reins.

_Treatment._--Apply the following lotion to the part: Chloride of zinc, two scruples; essence of anise seed, two drachms; water, two pints.

FALSE QUARTER.

_Cause._--Injury to the coronet, producing an absence of the secreting coronet of the crust from the hoof.

_Symptoms._--No lameness, but weakness of the foot. The soft horn of the laminae, being exposed, is apt to crack. Bleeding ensues. Sometimes granulations sprout when the pain and the lameness are most acute.

_Treatment._--In cases of crack and granulations, treat as is advised for sandcrack. Put on a bar shoe, with a clip on each side of the false quarter. Pare down the edges of the crack, and ease off the point of bearing on the false quarter. A piece of gutta-percha, fastened over the false quarter, has done good.

FARCY.

_Causes._--Excessive labor, poor food, and bad lodging operating upon old age.

_Symptoms._--It is at first inflammation of the superficial absorbents. Lumps appear on various parts. If these lumps are opened, healthy matter is released but the place soon becomes a foul ulcer, from which bunches of fungoid granulations sprout. From the lumps may be traced little cords leading to other swellings. The appetite fails, or else it is voracious. Matter may be squeezed through the skin. Thirst is torturing. At length glanders breaks forth, and the animal dies. There is a smaller kind of farcy called button-farcy the smaller sort is the more virulent of the two.

_Cure._--There is no known cure for the disease.

FISTULOUS PAROTID DUCT.

_Causes._--Hay-seeds or other substances getting into the mouth of the duct during mastication. Stones being formed within the canal. The stable-fork in the hand of an intemperate groom.

_Symptoms._--The duct greatly enlarges behind the obstacle, which, becoming swollen, prevents the secretion from entering the mouth. Great agony is occasioned by every mouthful masticated. The duct bursts, and a fistulous opening is established, through which the saliva jerks at each motion of the jaw. From the absence of a secretion important to digestion, the flesh wastes, and the animal soon assumes a miserable appearance.

_Treatment._--Make an adhesive fluid with gum mastic and spirits of wine, or with India-rubber and sulphuric ether. When the horse is not feeding, pare the hardened edges from the wound; cover the orifice with a piece of strained India-rubber; over this put a layer of cotton; fasten one end to the horse's cheek by means of the adhesive fluid; that having dried, fasten the other end tightly down. Place other layers of cotton over this, allowing each layer to cross the other, and fastening all to the cheek. Fasten the head to the pillar-reins; allow the horse to remain till the cotton falls off, and give only gruel for food. Put tan under the feet; and should the first trial not succeed, repeat it.

FISTULOUS WITHERS.

_Cause._--External injury, generally by the lady's saddle, which bruises one of the bursæ placed above the withers.

_Symptoms._--When first done, a small, round swelling appears on the off side. If this is neglected, the place enlarges, and numerous holes burst out, which are the mouths of so many fistulous pipes.

_Treatment._--In the early stage, go to the horse's side, impale the tumor and divide it. Touch the interior with lunar caustic; keep the wound moist with the chloride of zinc lotion, one grain to the ounce of water, and cover it with a cloth dipped in a solution of tar. If the sinuses are established, make one cut to embrace as many as possible. Clean out the corruption. Scrape or cut off any black or white bone which may be exposed. Cover with a cloth, and keep wet with the solution of chloride of zinc. Should there exist a long sinus leading from the withers to the elbow, insert a seton by means of the guarded seton needle. This seton should be withdrawn so soon as a stream of creamy pus is emitted.

FUNGOID TUMORS IN THE EYE.

_Cause._--Unknown.

_Symptoms._--Blindness; a yellow, metallic appearance to be seen in the eye.

_Treatment._--None of any service.

GLANDERS.

_Cause._--Bad lodging, stimulating food, and excessive work operating upon young life.

_Symptoms._--Staring coat; lungs or air-passages always affected; flesh fades; glands swell; spirit low; appetite bad. A lymphatic gland adheres to the inside of the jaw; the membrane inside the nose ulcerates; a slight discharge from one nostril. This becomes thicker, and adheres to the margin of the nostril, exhibiting white threads and bits of mucus; then it changes to a full stream of foul pus; next the nasal membrane grows dull and dropsical; the margins of the nostrils enlarge; the horse breathes with difficulty; the discharge turns discolored and abhorrent; farcy breaks forth, and the animal dies of suffocation.

_Treatment._--There is no known cure.

GREASE.

_Causes._--Age; debility; excessive labor; neglect; filth. Cutting the hair off the heels; turning out to grass in the cold months.

_Symptoms._--Scurfiness and itchiness of the legs. Rubbing the leg with the hoof of the opposite limb; hairs stand on end; moisture exudes, and hangs upon the hairs in drops. Smells abhorrently; lameness; cracks on the skin; swelling; ulceration; thin discharge; odor worse. Lameness increases; leg enlarges; granulations sprout in ragged bunches; their points harden and become like horn; pain excessive; horn of hoof grows long.

_Treatment._--Cut off all remaining hair. If hot and scurfy, cleanse with mild soap and hot, soft water; saturate a cloth with the following lotion: Animal glycerin, half a pint; chloride of zinc, half an ounce; water, six quarts. Lay it upon the leg. When this cloth becomes warm, remove it, and apply another, also wet with the lotion; thus continue applying cool cloths to the limb till the heat abates; afterward moisten the leg thrice daily. When cracks and ulceration are present, adopt the wet cloths; but subsequently use one of the following to the sores: Permanganate of potash or phosphoric acid, one pint; water, six quarts. Or, chloride of zinc, one ounce; water, one gallon: employ thrice daily. If the granulations have sprouted, remove them with a knife, in three operations, (_full directions are given in the book;_) likewise always place in a loose box. Feed liberally; allow old beans; give a handful of ground oak-bark with each feed of oats. Night and morning exhibit liquor arsenicalis, one ounce; tincture of muriate of iron, one ounce and a half; porter or stout, one quart: one pint for the dose. Chopped roots; speared wheat; hay tea; cut grass, and exercise are all good for grease.

GUTTA SERENA.

_Cause._--Over-exertion.

_Symptoms._--Fixed dilatation of the pupil; a greenish hue of the eye; total blindness. Active ears; restless nostrils; head erect; high stepping; occasionally a rough coat in summer and a smooth coat in winter.

_Treatment._--No remedy is possible.

HEART DISEASE.

_Symptoms._--Auscultation. The beat of the heart to be seen externally; haggard countenance; pulse feeble; heart throbs; the beat of the carotid artery is to be felt; the regurgitation in the jugular is to be seen. The appetite is sometimes ravenous--often fastidious; the breathing is not accelerated excepting during pain; lameness of one leg; dropsical swellings; stopping short when on a journey; averse to turn in the stall; noises; yawns; sighs. Death always unexpected. No treatment is of any use.

HEMATURIA, OR BLOODY URINE.

_Cause._--Unknown.

_Symptoms._--Discoloration of the fluid. When the bleeding is copious, breathing is oppressed; the pupils of the eyes are dilated. Pulse is lost; head is pendulous; membranes are pale and cold. Lifting up the head produces staggering. Back roached; flanks tucked up; legs wide apart.

_Treatment._--Be gentle. Act upon the report given. Give acetate of lead, two drachms, in cold water, one pint; or, as a ball, if one can be delivered. In a quarter of an hour repeat the dose, adding laudanum, one ounce, or powdered opium, two drachms. Repeat the physic till one ounce of acetate of lead has been given. Leave the horse undisturbed for two hours, if the symptoms justify delay. If not, dash pailfuls of cold water upon the loins from a height. Give copious injections of cold water. Pour half a pint of boiling water upon four drachms of ergot of rye. When cold, add laudanum, one ounce, and dilute acetic acid, four ounces. Give two of these drinks, and two cold enemas, of twenty minutes' duration. Suspend all treatment for eight hours, when the measures may be repeated. (_For after proceedings, see the article which is presented in the body of the book._)

HIDE-BOUND.

_Cause._--Neglect, or turning into a straw-yard for the winter.

_Treatment._--Liberal food, clean lodging, soft bed, healthy exercise, and good grooming. Administer, daily, two drinks, composed of: Liquor arsenicalis, half an ounce; tincture of muriate of iron, one ounce; water, one pint. Mix, and give as one dose.

HIGH-BLOWING AND WHEEZING.

Habits which admit of no remedies.

HYDROPHOBIA.

_Cause._--Bite from a rabid dog or cat.

_Symptoms._--The horse is constantly licking the bitten place. A morbid change takes place in the appetite. Eager thirst, but inability to drink, or spasm at the sound or sight of water is exhibited. Nervous excitability; voice and expression of countenance altered. More rarely the horse--when taken from the stable--appears well. While at work, it stops and threatens to fall. Shivers violently, and is scarcely brought home when the savage stage commences. The latter development consists in the utmost ferocity, blended with a most mischievous cunning, or a malicious pleasure in destruction.

_Treatment._--No remedy known. Confine in a strong place and shoot immediately.

HYDROTHORAX.

_Cause._--Pleurisy or inflammation of the membrane lining the chest.

_Symptoms._--The horse is left very ill. The next morning the animal is looking better; the pain has abated; the eye is more cheerful; but the flanks heave. A man is procured; he is told to strike the chest when the person listening on the other side says "now." The word is spoken, and a metallic ring follows. The pulse is lost at the jaw; the heart seems to throb through water. The horse has hydrothorax!

_Treatment._--The first thing is to draw off the fluid. A spot between the eighth and ninth ribs is chosen, and the skin is pulled back; a small slit through the skin is made; into that opening an armed trocar is driven. When there is no resistance felt, the thorax has been entered; the stilet is withdrawn and the water flows forth. Use a fine trocar; take all the fluid you can obtain. Should the horse appear faint, withdraw the canula, and in two hours again puncture the chest. Afterward the food must be prepared, and a ball administered night and morning, consisting of iodide of iron, one drachm; strychnia, half a grain; sulphate of zinc, half a drachm; extract of gentian and powdered quassia, a sufficiency.

IMPEDIMENT IN THE LACHRYMAL DUCT.

_Cause._--A hay-seed or other substance getting into and becoming swollen within the duct.

_Symptom._--Swollen lid and copious tears.

_Treatment._--Inject, forcibly, a stream of water up the duct.

INFLUENZA.

_Cause._--Unknown but suspected to be generated by close stables. It is also episotic.

_Symptoms._--Weakness and stupidity; local swellings; heat and pain in the limbs. Loss of appetite; rapid wasting; every part of the body is diseased. Youth most exposed, but no age exempt. Spring-time the general season, but an attack may ensue at any period of the year. The following symptoms are somewhat uncertain: Pendulous head; short breath; inflamed membranes; swollen lips; dry mouth; enlarged eyelids; copious tears; sore throat; tucked-up flanks; compressed tail; filled legs; big joints; lameness and hot feet. Auscultation may detect a grating sound at the chest, or a noise like brickbats falling down stairs, within the windpipe. When the last is audible, there is always a copious discharge. Sometimes one foot is painful; purgation has been seen; but constipation is generally present, and the horse usually stands throughout the disease. Always suspect influenza when it is in the neighborhood, and the membranes are yellow or inflamed.

_Treatment._--Move to a well-littered, warm, loose box. Suspend a pail of gruel from the wall; change the gruel thrice daily; sprinkle on the tongue, night and morning, calomel, one scruple; wash this down with sulphuric ether, one ounce; laudanum, one ounce; water, half a pint. If weakness increases, double the quantity of ether and of laudanum. When the pulse loses all wiry feeling, and the discharge becomes copious, give from the hand some bread, on which there is a little salt; when the cough appears, give a pot of stout daily. Beware of purgatives or active treatment.

INJURIES TO THE JAW.

_Causes._--Pulling the snaffle; abuse of the bit; too tight a curb-chain.

_Symptoms._--Discoloration before or behind the tush; bruise under the tongue or upon the roof of the mouth; tumor and bony growth upon the margin of the lower jaw.

_Treatment._--Cut upon the discoloration till the knife reaches the bone; if fetor is present, inject the chloride of zinc lotion; keep the wounds open, that the injured bone may come away.

LACERATED EYELID.

_Causes._--Nails in the gangway, or the horses playfully snapping at each other.

_Treatment._--Bathe with cold water till the bleeding ceases; allow the separated parts to remain until the divided edges are sticky; bring together with sutures; place the horse in the pillar-reins till the healing is perfected.

LACERATED TONGUE.

_Causes._--Sticking to a horse when giving physic; making a "chaw" of the halter-rope.

_Treatment._--Insert no sutures; if the arteries are excised, cut off the hanging portion of the tongue; should the vessels have escaped, allow all to remain; feed on gruel and soft food; after every meal wash out the mouth with the solution ordered for aphtha, or with the chloride of zinc lotion.

LAMPAS.

A groom's fancy.

LARYNGITIS.

_Cause._--Foul stables.

_Symptoms._--Dullness; enlargement over the larynx; stiff neck; short and suppressed cough; breathing hurried and catching; pulse full; nasal membrane almost scarlet.

_Treatment._--Give drachm doses of tincture of aconite, in wineglasses of water every half hour, to amend the pulse. Refrain from bleeding. Put on a steaming nose-bag, and keep it almost constantly applied, to amend the breathing. Fix some hay, soaked in boiling water, upon the throat, by means of an eight-tailed bandage. Give, very carefully, the following drink, thrice daily: Infusion of squills, two ounces; infusion of ipecacuanha, two ounces; infusion of aconite, half an ounce; extract of belladonna, one drachm, rubbed down with a pint of warm water. Place in a cool, well-aired, thickly-littered, loose box; bandage the legs; clothe the body; give only gruel for food, changing it thrice daily. On improvement, a little moist food may be allowed. When improvement is confirmed, put a seton under the throat. Blister the throat; pick and damp the hay; sift, bruise, and scald the oats. Employ no lowering agents.

LARVA IN THE SKIN.

_Causes._--Turning out to grass. The fly lays its egg upon the hair, the warmth of the body hatches it, and the larva enters the skin. The next summer a tolerably large abscess is established, the insect occupying its center.

_Treatment._--With a lancet open the abscess, and squeeze out the larva. Dab the wound with a lotion made of chloride of zinc, one grain; water, one ounce.

LICE.

_Causes._--Filth and debility.

_Treatment._--Rub the skin with some cheap oil or grease. Wash, and then look for other diseases, as hide-bound, mange, etc.

LAMINITIS, (SUBACUTE.)

_Causes._--Age; long standing in the stable; over-work, and stinted diet.

_Symptoms._--First noticed by the manner of going upon the heels of the fore feet.

_Treatment._--Get into slings. Remove the shoes. Do not bleed. If costiveness is present open the bowels with green-meat, but do not purge. Give a quart of stout, night and morning. Allow two drinks per day, each consisting of one ounce of sulphuric ether and half a pint of water; half-drachm doses of belladonna, to allay pain; sound oats and old beans, both crushed, for food; water to be whitened; no hay. No limit to this food, but five feeds to be given if the horse will eat so much.

LUXATION OF THE PATELLA.

_Cause._--Bad food and constitutional weakness.

_Symptoms._--The horse stops short, and has one of the hind legs extended backward. A swelling upon the outer side. The pastern is flexed, the head raised, and the animal in great pain. In colts it will sometimes appear on the slightest cause.

_Treatment._--For colts, any flurry may restore the bone; but feed well, to eradicate the weakness. For horses, get into a shed, and, throwing a rope, one end of which has been fixed to the pastern, have the leg dragged forward while some one pushes the bone into its place. A man should be put to keep the bone in its situation for some hours. Give strengthening food, and do not use for six weeks subsequently.

MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS.

_Cause._--Neglect.

_Symptoms._--Scurf upon the seats of flexion; mallenders at the back of the knee, and sallenders at the front of the hock.

_Treatment._--Cleanliness. Give the liquor arsenicalis drink, recommended for grease; change the groom; rub the parts with this ointment: Animal glycerin, one ounce; mercurial ointment, two drachms; powdered camphor, two drachms; spermaceti, one ounce. If cracks appear, treat as though cracked heels were present.

MANGE.

_Causes._--Starvation; bad lodging and no grooming; turning out to grass.

_Symptoms._--Scurf about the hairs of the mane; the hair falls off in patches; the skin is corrugated; a few hairs remain upon the bare places, and these adhere firmly to the skin; scrubbing the body against posts; sores and crusts. To test its presence, scratch the roots of the mane and the horse will exhibit pleasure.

_Treatment._--Place the horse in the sunshine, or in a heated house, for one hour; then whisk thoroughly, to remove scurf and scabs; then rub in the following liniment: Animal glycerin, two parts; oil of tar, two parts; oil of turpentine, half a part; oil of juniper, half a part. Mix. Leave on for two days; wash; anoint again; wash; anoint and wash once more, always leaving the liniment on for two clear days.

MEGRIMS.

_Cause._--Unknown.

_Symptoms._--The horse suddenly stops; shakes the head; strange stubbornness may be exhibited, followed by a desire to run into dangerous places. Then ensues insensibility, accompanied by convulsions.

_Treatment._--Throw up on the first fit. Give a long rest, and try to amend the constitution.

MELANOSIS.

_Cause._--Unknown. The disease only attacks gray horses which have become white.

_Symptoms._--It appears as a lump of uncertain form, size, and situation. The swelling, if cut into, discloses a cartilaginous structure, dotted here and there with black spots. Do not use the knife unless the swelling impede the usefulness, or should be peculiarly well placed for operation. Feel the tail. A pimple on the dock is an almost certain sign of melanosis, which disease affects the internal organ even more virulently than it attacks the external parts. As melanosis proceeds, all spirit departs, and the animal is at length destroyed as utterly useless.

_Treatment._--Let the tumor alone. Forbid all use of the curry-comb. Dress very long and very gently with the brush only. Twice a week anoint the body with animal glycerin, one part; rose-water, two parts.

NASAL GLEET.

_Causes._--Decayed molar tooth; kicks from other horses; injuries to the frontal bones.

_Symptoms._--Distortion of the face; partial enlargement and softening of the facial bones; irregular discharge of fetid pus from one nostril. The discharge is increased, or brought down by feeding off the ground, or by trotting fast.

_Treatment._--Surgical operation, with injection of a weak solution of chloride of zinc. Also give daily a ball composed of balsam of copaiba, half an ounce; powdered cantharides, four grains; cubebs, a sufficiency. If the foregoing should affect the urinary system, change it for half-drachm doses of extract of belladonna, dissolved in a wineglass of water. Give these every fourth day, and on such occasions repeat the belladonna every hour, until the appetite has been destroyed.

NASAL POLYPUS.

_Symptoms._--An enlarged nostril; a copious mucous discharge; signs of suffocation, if the free nostril be stopped; a cough generally forces down the growth.

_Treatment._--Surgical operation, which removes the tumor.

NAVICULAR DISEASE.

_Causes._--Frog pressure, and not shoeing with a leathern sole. The unprotected foot treads on a rolling stone, and navicular disease is the result.

_Symptoms._--Acute lameness; this disappears, but may come again in six or nine months. Acute lameness is then present for a longer time, while the subsequent soundness is more short. Thus the disease progresses, till the horse is lame for life. The pain in one foot causes greater stress upon the sound leg, and from this cause both feet are ultimately affected. The foot is pointed in the stable. The bulk diminishes, while the hoof thickens and contracts. The horse, when trotting, takes short steps, and upon the toe, going groggily.

_Treatment._--Feed liberally upon crushed oats and old beans. Soak the foot every other night in hot water. Afterward bandage the leg, fix on tips, and having smeared the horn with glycerin, put on a sponge boot. Rest very long--six months in the first instance--and then give three months agricultural employment. In bad cases resort to neurotomy, but do so upon the second attack of lameness; because continued disease disorganizes the internal structures of the hoof, and also occasions the sound foot to be attacked by navicular disease.

NEPHRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS.

_Causes._--Bad provender, or niter in a mash, and long or fast work upon the following day.

_Symptoms._--Hard, quick pulse; short breathing; pallid membranes; looking at the loins; depressed head; roached back; hind legs straddling; scanty urine; refusing to turn in the stall; and crouching under pressure on the loins. Subsequently, pus is voided with the water. If the urine has a fetid odor, if blood be present, if the pulse grows quicker, if pressure gives no pain, and if the perspiration has a urinous smell, death is near at hand. To be certain of nephritis, insert the arm up the rectum and move the hand toward the kidneys.

_Treatment._--Rub mustard into the skin of the loins. Cover it over to prevent it becoming dry. Apply fresh sheepskins as soon as these can be procured. Inject warm linseed tea every hour. A ball composed of Croton farina, two scruples; extract of belladonna, half a drachm; treacle and linseed meal, a sufficiency, should be given immediately; one scruple of calomel; one drachm of opium should be sprinkled on the tongue every hour. A pail of linseed tea may be placed in the manger. Feed on linseed tea, and mind the oats--when allowed--are very good. While the pain is acute, give, thrice daily, a ball composed of extract of belladonna, half a drachm; crude opium, two drachms; honey and linseed meal, of each a sufficiency. When the pain is excessive, repeat the above ball every hour. Should the pulse increase and become wiry, a scruple of aconite should be thrown upon the tongue every half hour until the artery softens, or the animal becomes affected with the drug.

No cure is to be expected; the disease may be arrested, but the kidney must be left in an irritable state.

OCCULT SPAVIN.

_Cause._--Treading on a stone.

_Symptoms._--Sudden lameness, which never departs, but in the end becomes very bad. The disease is always worse after work, and better after rest. The foot is without disease, and the leg is not hot or painful; yet the lameness continues and gets worse. The leg is snatched up in the walk, and the foot is not turned outward.

_Treatment._--Get the horse into slings. Rub the front of the hock with an embrocation composed of compound soap liniment, sixteen ounces; tincture of cantharides, liquor ammonia and laudanum, of each two ounces. After the joint is embrocated, wrap it round with flannel, held upon the hock with elastic rings. Give three feeds of corn, a few old beans, and sweet hay daily. After the horse bears upon the diseased limb, allow the slings to remain for three months. Three months after it has left the slings, put to gentle work, but mind the labor is not in any way exhausting. The work must not be full till six months have elapsed. Keep the bowels regular with bran mashes and green-meat. If all treatment fail, cast the horse; retract the injured limb; make a small puncture, and inject one ounce of dilute spirits of wine, in which half a drachm of iodine has been dissolved. Place the horse in slings, and apply cold water to the hock. When the pulse is quiet, feed very liberally.

OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES.

_Causes._--The pride of gentility, which apes what is not, and tries to pass off a horse with a ewe neck for an animal with a lofty crest. The quadruped, being in pain and constraint, necessarily trips, and cannot save itself from falling. Kicking in harness; running away and being run into.

_Symptoms._--Air being admitted creates inflammation; inflammation causes constitutional irritability. Bursæ are attended with least danger when punctured; sheaths of tendons are more dangerous; joints are by far the most serious. Judge which is opened by the extent of the wound and the quantity of synovia released.

_Treatment._--Exercise gentleness toward the injured animal. Wash as was directed for broken knees. Examine if there be any sac or bag into which dirt could have entered. If one exists, place a large spatula under the knee; then take a knife with a sharp point, but with its edge blunted the two posterior thirds of its length; guard the point with a lump of beeswax; introduce this into the sac and drive the point through the bottom of the bag. An opening will thereby be created, through which the pus and dirt will gravitate. If the probe enters the knee of the flexed leg, unopposed, three-quarters of an inch, push it no farther; be satisfied the cavity is opened.

OPEN SYNOVIAL JOINTS.

_Treatment._--Proceed in the first instance as for broken knees. Then give a drink composed of sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each one ounce; water, half a pint; look to the comfort. Should the eye rove, the breathing be hard, ears active, and the horse start at sounds, hourly repeat the drink before recommended, till these symptoms abate. Then place in a stall and allow four drinks and two pots of stout daily. Use the arnica lotion as for broken knees, during the first three and a half days. At the end of that time turn the horse gently round in the stall, and let it stand with its head toward the gangways. Place the slings before the horse and leave the animal to contemplate them for half an hour. Then, with extreme gentleness, fix them; but do not pull the cloth up to the abdomen. Leave a pail of water suspended from one pillar, and feed from a high trough, supported upon light legs. Let the horse be watched night and day for the remainder of the week. When the animal is at ease in the slings, these may be heightened till the cloth lightly touches, but not presses, against the belly. With the slings change to the chloride of zinc lotion, one scruple to the pint of water; have this frequently applied during the day. It will coagulate the albumen and promote the healing of the wound. The albumen will accumulate as a large ball in front of the injury; do not touch it. Allow it to fall off. The cure is nearly perfect when it falls. When pressure can be endured, the slings may be removed; though the healing process should be confirmed before the animal is allowed to stand near anything against which it could strike the knee.

OPERATIONS.

_Admit of no abbreviation; they should never be hastily undertaken; they should be only resorted to after time has been allowed for thought, and opportunity has been afforded for more than one perusal of the directions detailed in this book._

OSSIFIED CARTILAGES.

_Cause._--Battering the foot upon hard roads.

_Symptoms._--Of little consequence in heavy horses unless accompanied with ring-bone. The disease causes lameness in light horses used for fast work.

_Treatment._--Rest; liberal food; and small blisters to the foot immediately above the sides of the hoof.

OVERREACH.

_Cause._--When a good stepper is very tired, this accident sometimes happens--the coronet of the fore foot upon the outer side being severely wounded by the inside of the hind shoe.

_Symptom._--A severe wound and a large slough, probably followed by a false quarter.

_Treatment._--Feed liberally, and bathe the injury thrice daily with the chloride of zinc lotion, one grain to the ounce of water.

PARROT-MOUTH.

_Cause._--Natural malformation.

_Symptoms._--Projecting upper teeth; an inability to graze or to clean out the manger.

PARTIAL PARALYSIS.

_Cause._--Violent exertion.

_Symptom._--One hind leg gets in the way of the other, and threatens to throw the animal down.

_Treatment._--A loose box; warm clothing; good grooming; warmth to loins; regulate the bowels with mashes and green-meat; absolute rest. Give the following ball night and morning: Strychnia, half a grain, (gradually work this medicine up to one grain and a half;) iodide of iron, one grain; quassia powder and treacle, a sufficiency.

PHLEBITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE VEIN.

_Cause._--Motion. Bleeding in the neck and turning out to grass; or from either of the limbs, and then forcing the animal to walk.

_Symptoms._--The earliest indication is a separation of the lips of the wound and the presence of a small quantity of thin discharge. A small swelling then takes place, and the vein hardens above the puncture. Then abscesses form along the course of the vessel. These mature, burst, send forth a contaminated pus. The abscesses are united by sinuses. If these signs are neglected, a dark discharge resembling decayed blood issues from the numerous wounds and soils the neck. Dullness ensues; the brain becomes affected; and the horse perishes phrenitic.

_Treatment._--Remove the pin and apply a blister. Another may be required. In bad cases, blister must follow blister, but not be rubbed in. A little oil of cantharides should be put over the sore with a paste-brush. Place in a loose box and litter with tan; feed on slops, which require no mastication. Let the horse remain there and be so fed for six weeks subsequent to the cessation of all treatment. Then give a little exercise at a slow pace, gradually augmented. At the end of three months the horse may do slow work. But the horse should not wear a collar or go into the shafts before the expiration of six months.

PHRENITIS.

_Cause._--Unknown.

_Symptom._--Heaviness, succeeded by fury in excess, but without any indication of malice.

_Treatment._--Bleed from both jugulars till the animal drops. Then pin up, and give a purgative of double strength. Follow this with another blood-letting, if necessary, and scruple doses of tobacco; half-drachm doses of aconite root; or drachm doses of digitalis--whichever is soonest obtained. But whichever is procured must be infused in a pint of boiling water, and, when cool and strained, it ought to be given every half hour till the animal becomes quiet. But the probable result is by no means cheering, even if death is by these means avoided.

PLEURISY.

_Causes._--Over-exertion; blows; injuries; cold.

_Symptoms._--These are quickly developed. The pulse _strikes_ the finger; pain continuous; agony never ceases; horse does not feed. Body hot; feet cold; partial perspirations. Muscles corrugated in places; cough, when present, suppressed and dry; auscultation detects a grating sound and a dull murmur at the chest. Pressure between the ribs produces great pain or makes the animal resentful. The head is turned very often toward the side; the fore foot paws; the breathing is short and jerking.

_Treatment._--Should be active. Bleed, to ease the horse; place in a loose box; bandage the legs; leave the body unclothed. Give, every quarter of an hour, a scruple of tincture of aconite in a wineglass of warm water. When pulse has softened, give, every second hour, sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each one ounce; water, half a pint. Do not bleed a second time. When the pulse and pain are amended, introduce the steaming apparatus. Do nothing for the bowels. Place luke-warm water within easy reach of the head, and give nothing more while the disease rages. When the disease departs, return with caution to full food. After the affection subsides, blister throat and chest. If the horse is costive, administer enemas; or a bundle of cut grass may be presented with the other food.

PNEUMONIA.

_Causes._--Fat; irregular work; and sudden exertion.

_Symptoms._--Breathing labored; oppressed pulse; partial consciousness; giddiness. Standing with outstretched legs; head and ears dejected; coat rough; extremities and body cold; visible membranes discolored; bowels costive; feeling half dead; and general oppression.

_Treatment._--Bleed but once; take only blood sufficient to restore consciousness; do not attempt to obtain blood, if the liquid flows black and thick. Place in a loose box strown with damp tan; take off the shoes; place water within easy reach; no food. If winter, clothe; then introduce steam; when the steam is abundant, take off the clothes. Give solution of aconite root, half an ounce; sulphuric ether, two ounces; extract of belladonna, (rubbed down with half a pint of water,) one drachm. Repeat the drink three times each day. When the pulse improves, withdraw the aconite; when the breathing amends, abstract the belladonna; or increase either as pulse or breathing becomes worse. Allow only hay tea, with a little oatmeal in it, until the disease abates. On amendment, cautiously increase the food. Lying down is the first sign of improvement. Do not disturb the animal: it must require rest, having stood throughout the attack.

POLL EVIL.

_Causes._--Hanging back in the halter; hitting the poll against the beam of the stable door; blows on the head; and any external injury.

_Symptoms._--The nose is protruded and the head kept as motionless as possible; the animal hangs back when it is feeding from the manger. Pressure or enforced motion excites resistance. Swelling: the swelling bursts in several places, from which exude a foul, fistulous discharge. Pus has been secreted; confinement has caused it to decay; while motion and fascia have occasioned it to burrow.

_Treatment._--Paint the part lightly with tincture of cantharides, or acetate of cantharides. Do this daily till vesication is produced; then stop. When the swelling enlarges, open the prominent or soft places. Allow the pus to issue; then cut down on the wound till the seat of the disease is gained. Use a proper knife, and include as many pipes as possible in one clean cut. All others should join this. Empty out all concrete matter. Wash the cavity with cold water. Excise all loose pieces of tendon and all unhealthy flesh. Moisten the sore with the chloride of zinc lotion, one grain to the ounce, and cover the wound with a cloth dipped in the solution of tar. If the disease has burst, still include the pipes in one smooth incision; clean out the concrete pus, and treat as has been directed. Spare the ligament which lies under the mane; and work in a breast-strap after recovery.

PRICK OF THE SOLE.

_Cause._--Generally the smith's carelessness when shoeing the horse.

_Symptom._--Great lameness.

_Treatment._--Withdraw the nails of the shoe. If one is wet, cut down on that hole until the sensitive sole is exposed. If not very lame, treat with lotion of chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce of water. If very lame, treat as if the injury were a suppurating corn.

PRURIGO.

_Cause._--Heat of body.

_Symptom._--Itchiness. The horse rubs off hair; but never exposes a dry, corrugated surface.

_Treatment._--Take away some hay. Give two bundles of grass per day. Allow two bran mashes each day till the bowels are open. Apply either of the following washes: Animal glycerin, one part; rose-water, two parts. Or, sulphuric acid, one part; water, ten parts. Or, acetic acid, one part; water, seven parts. Drink: Liquor arsenicalis, one ounce; tincture of muriate of iron, one ounce and a half; water, one pint--half a pint to be given every night. Withdraw the drink a week after the disease has disappeared. Allow a pot of porter and an extra feed of oats each day.

PUMICE FOOT.

_Cause._--An animal reared on marshy land, having high action, batters the feet upon London stones.

_Symptoms._--Bulging sole; weak crust; strong bars, and good frog.

_Treatment._--The only relief possible is afforded by a bar shoe of the dish kind, and a leathern sole. The constant use of equal parts of animal glycerin and tar is also beneficial to the hoof.

PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA.

_Cause._--Unknown. Universal congestion.

_Symptoms._--The attack is sudden. The body, head, and limbs enlarge; consciousness is partially lost. The horse stands, and the breathing is quickened. Through the skin there exudes serum with blood. The nostrils and lips enlarge, and part of the swollen tongue protrudes from the mouth. The appetite is not quite lost, although deglutition is difficult. Thirst is great.

_Treatment._--Bleed till the animal appears relieved. A second venesection may be demanded, but it should be adopted with caution. Give half an ounce of chloroform in a pint of linseed oil, in the first stage. Repeat the dose in half an hour. No amendment following, give two ounces of sulphuric ether in one pint of cold water. In half an hour repeat the dose if necessary. Perform tracheotomy to ease the breathing. Incise the protruding tongue. Squeeze out the fluid and return the organ to the mouth. Should the skin slough, bathe the part with solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce of water.

QUITTOR.

_Causes._--Confined pus from suppurating corn; or prick of the sole; matter results, and this issues at the coronet. Or from injury to the coronet, generating pus, and this burrowing downward, as it cannot pierce the coronary substance. The secretion may also penetrate the cartilage, and thus establish sinuses in almost every possible direction.

_Symptoms._--The horse is very lame. The animal is easier after the quittor has burst. Probe for the sinuses. If, after the superficial sinuses are treated, among the creamy pus there should appear a dark speck of albuminous fluid, make sure of another sinus, probably working toward the central structures of the foot.

RHEUMATISM.

_Cause._--Generally follows other disorders, as influenza, chest affections, and most acute diseases. Very rarely does it appear without a forerunner.

_Symptoms._--Swelling of particular parts, generally the limbs; heat and acute lameness. The disorder is apt to fly about the body. The synovia is always increased when the joints are attacked. The pulse and breathing are both disturbed by agony.

_Treatment._--Lead into a loose box; fill the place with steam. (See page 313.) Get ready the slings; put the belly-piece under the horse, but do not pull it up so as to lift the legs from the ground. Keep the steam up for one hour. Then have several men with cloths ready to wipe the animal dry; mind they are perfectly silent. Next rub into the diseased parts the following: Compound soap liniment, sixteen ounces; tincture of cantharides, liquor ammonia, and laudanum, of each two ounces. Afterward incase the limbs in flannel. (See page 314.) Then give a bolus composed of powdered colchicum, two drachms; iodide of potassium, one drachm; simple mass, a sufficiency. Should the attack succeed upon other diseases, the diet must be supporting, everything being softened by heat and water. Next morning repeat the steaming, and give calomel, a scruple; opium, two drachms. At night steam again, and repeat the first bolus. Should the horse be fat, withdraw all corn, if the strength can do without it.

RING-BONE.

_Cause._--Dragging heavy loads up steep hills.

_Symptoms._--A roughness of hair on the pastern and a bulging forth of the hoof. A want of power to flex the pastern. An inability to bring the sole to the ground only upon an even surface. Loss of power and injury to utility.

_Treatment._--In the first stage apply poultices, with one drachm of camphor and of opium. Afterward rub with iodide of lead, one ounce; simple ointment, eight ounces. Continue treatment for a fortnight after all active symptoms have subsided, and allow liberal food and rest; work gently when labor is resumed.

RING-WORM.

_Symptoms._--Hair falls off in patches, exposing a scurfy skin. The scurf congregates on the bare place about the circumference, which is apt to ulcerate.

_Treatment._--Be very clean. Wash night and morning, and afterward apply the following ointment: Animal glycerin, one ounce; spermaceti, one ounce; iodide of lead, two drachms. Many other things are popular. For a detailed list of these, see the body of the book. A drink is likewise of use when employed with the ointment. Liquor arsenicalis, one ounce; tincture of muriate of iron, one ounce and a half; water, one quart. Mix, and give every night half a pint for a dose. Should the ulceration prove obstinate, apply permanganate of potash, half an ounce; water, three ounces. Or, chloride of zinc, two scruples; water, one pint. Moisten the parts with a soft brush six times daily. Feed well, and do not work for one month.

ROARING.

_Causes._--The bearing-rein; the folly of fashion.

_Symptom._--A noise made at each inspiration.

_Treatment._--No remedy. The cabman's pad is the only alleviation: that conceals and does not cure the disease.

RUPTURE, OR STRICTURE OF THE ŒSOPHAGUS.

_Cause._--The use of the butt-end of a carter's whip, which either rends the lining membrane of or ruptures the gullet.

_Symptom of Rupture._--The body becomes distended with gas, and death ensues. _Of Rent Membrane._--This induces a disinclination to feed, as the first symptom. A stricture is formed. Excessive hunger. Distention of the tube. A large sac is developed out of the stretched membrane above the stricture. Then, after feeding, the animal fixes the neck, and returns the masticated food through the mouth and nostrils. Accompanying loss of condition and failure of strength.

_Treatment._--Feed on prepared soft food: though the horse is generally not worth its ordinary keep at the stage when this is required.

SANDCRACK.

_Causes._--Bad health, provoking imperfect secretion. Treading for any length of time upon a very dry soil.

_Symptoms._--Quarter crack occurs on light horses upon the inner side of the hoof. It usually commences at the coronet, goes down the foot, and reaches to the laminæ. Toe crack happens in heavy wheelers, and is caused by digging the toe into the ground when dragging a load up hill. From the sensitive laminæ, when exposed, fungoid granulations sometimes sprout, which, being pinched, produce excessive pain and acute lameness.

_Treatment._--Always pare out the crack, so as to convert it into a groove. When the crack is partial, draw a line with a heated iron above and below the fissure. If granulations have sprouted, cleanse the wound with chloride of zinc lotion, one grain to the ounce of water, and then cut them off. Afterward place the foot in a poultice. Subsequently pare down the edges of the crack while the horn is soft. Use the lotion frequently. Draw lines from the coronet to the crack, so as to cut off communication between the fissure and the newly-secreted horn. Shoe with a bar shoe, having the seat of crack well eased off and also a clip on either side. If the horse must work, lay a piece of tow saturated with the lotion into the crack: bind the hoof tightly with wax-end. Tie over all a strip of cloth, and give this a coating of tar. When the horse returns, inspect the part. Wash out any grit with the chloride of zinc lotion. Feed liberally on prepared food.

SCALD MOUTH.

_Cause._--Powerful medicine, which burns the lining membrane of the mouth.

_Symptom._--A dribbling of saliva, with constant motion and repeated smacking of the lips.

_Treatment._--Give soft food, and use the wash recommended for aphtha.

SEEDY TOE.

_Cause._--Weakness, inducing an imperfect secretion of horn.

_Symptom._--A separation between the crust of the coronet and the soft horn of the laminæ, commencing at the toe of the foot.

_Treatment._--Remove the shoe. Probe the fissure, which will be exposed. Cut away all the separated crust. Throw up until the removed portion has grown again. Feed liberally.

SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA.

_Causes._--Slashing with the whip over the head; hay-seeds falling into the eyes; horses biting at each other in play; blows, etc.

_Symptoms._--Tears; closed eyelid; the ball of the eye becomes entirely or partially white.

_Treatment._--Remove any foreign body; fasten a cloth across the forehead; moisten it with a decoction of poppy-heads to which some tincture of arnica has been added. If a small abscess should appear on the surface of the eye, open it, and bathe with chloride of zinc lotion. Should inflammation be excessive, puncture eye vein, and place some favorite food on the ground.

SITFAST.

_Causes._--Ill health; badly-fitting saddle; too energetic a rider; loose girths; ruck in the saddle-cloth.

_Symptom._--Like a corn on the human foot, but the hard, bare patch is surrounded by a circle of ulceration.

_Treatment._--The knife should remove the thickened skin. Chloride of zinc, one grain; water, one ounce, to the wound. Attend to the bowels. Feed liberally; exercise well; and give, night and morning, liquor arsenicalis, half an ounce; tincture of muriate of iron, three-quarters of an ounce; water, one pint. Mix, and give.

SORE THROAT.

_Causes._--In colts, change from freedom to work, from the field to the stable, is the cause. Sore throat, however, may be caused by close stables, or be an indication of some greater disease.

_Symptoms._--Perpetual deglutition of saliva; want of appetite; inability to swallow a draught of liquid--the fluid returning partly by the nostrils, and each gulp being accompanied with an audible effort.

_Treatment._--Forbear all work; clothe warmly; house in a large, well-littered, loose box. Gruel for drink; green-meat, with three feeds of bruised and scalded oats, also beans, daily. If the bowels are obstinate, administer a drink composed of solution of aloes, four ounces; essence of anise seed, half an ounce; water, one pint. Should the throat not amend, dissolve half an ounce of extract of belladonna in a gallon of water; hold up the head: pour half a pint of this preparation into the mouth, and in thirty seconds let the head down; do this six or eight times daily. No improvement being observed, try permanganate of potash, half a pint; water, one gallon: to be used as directed in the previous recipe. Still no change being remarked, prepare chloride of zinc, three drachms; extract of belladonna, half an ounce; tincture of capsicums, two drachms; water, one gallon.

All being useless, give two pots of stout daily, and blister the throat.

No alteration ensuing, cast the horse, and mop out the fauces with a sponge which is wet with nitrate of silver, five grains; water, one ounce. Give a ball daily composed of oak-bark and treacle.

If none of these measures succeed, the throat must be complicated with some other disease.

SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM.

_Cause._--Imprudently riding too far and too fast.

_Symptom._--Distress, and a strange noise heard from the center of the horse.

_Treatment._--Pull up; cover the horse's body; lead to the nearest stable. Give as soon as possible a drink composed of sulphuric ether, two ounces; laudanum, one ounce; tincture of camphor, half an ounce; cold water or gruel, one pint. Give four drinks, one every quarter of an hour; then another four, one every half hour, and then at longer intervals as the animal recovers. When first brought in, procure five steady and quiet men; give a bandage each to four of them, and order them silently to bandage the legs; give a basin and sponge to the other, and bid him sponge the openings to the body. This done, and sweat and dirt removed, clothe perfectly after the skin is quite dry.

SPASM OF THE URETHRA.

_Cause._--Acridity in the food or water.

_Symptoms._--Small and violent emissions; straddling gait. Roached back; pain; total suppression of urine.

_Treatment._--Insert the arm up the rectum, and feel the gorged bladder. Give, by the mouth, four ounce doses of sulphuric ether and of laudanum mixed with a quart of cold water, and, as injection, mixed with three pints of cold water. Repeat these medicines every quarter of an hour until relieved. If no physic be at hand, open both jugular veins, and allow the blood to flow until the horse falls. Should not the urine then flow forth, insert the arm and press upon the bladder.

SPASMODIC COLIC--FRET--GRIPES.

_Causes._--Fast driving; change of water; change of food; getting wet; fatiguing journeys; aloes; and often no cause can be traced.

_Symptoms._ _1st Stage._--Horse is feeding; becomes uneasy; ceases eating; hind foot is raised to strike the belly; fore foot paws the pavement; the nose is turned toward the flank, and an attack of fret is recognized. _2d Stage._--Alternate ease and fits of pain; the exemptions grow shorter as the attacks become longer; the horse crouches; turns round; then becomes erect; pawing, etc. follow; a morbid fire now lights up the eyes. _3d Stage._--Pains lengthen; action grows more wild; often one foot stamps on the ground; does not feed, but stares at the abdomen; at last, without warning, leaps up and falls violently on the floor; seems relieved; rolls about till one leg rests against the wall; should no assistance be now afforded, the worst consequences may be anticipated.

_Treatment._--Place in a loose box, guarded by trusses of straw ranged against the walls. Give one ounce each of sulphuric ether and of laudanum in a pint of cold water, and repeat the dose every ten minutes if the symptoms do not abate. If no improvement be observed, double the active agents, and at the periods stated persevere with the medicine. A pint of turpentine, dissolved in a quart of solution of soap, as an enema, has done good. No amendment ensuing, dilute some strong liquor ammonia with six times its bulk of water, and, saturating a cloth with the fluid, hold it by means of a horse-rug close to the abdomen. It is a blister; but its action must be watched or it may dissolve the skin. If, after all, the symptoms continue, there must be more than simple colic to contend with.

SPAVIN.

_Cause._--Hard work.

_Symptom._--Any bony enlargement upon the lower and inner side of the hock. Prevents the leg being flexed. Hinders the hoof from being turned outward. Causes the front of the shoe to be worn and the toe of the hoof to be rendered blunt by dragging the foot along the ground. Leaves the stable limping; returns bettered by exercise. Sickle hocks, or cow hocks, are said to be most subject.

_Treatment._--View the suspected joint from before, from behind, and from either side. Afterward feel the hock. Any enlargement upon the seat of disease, to be felt or seen, is a spavin. Feed liberally, and rest in a stall. When the part is hot and tender, rub it with belladonna and opium, one ounce of each to an ounce of water. Apply a poultice. Or put opium and camphor on the poultice. Or rub the spavin with equal parts of chloroform and camphorated oil. The heat and pain being relieved, apply the following, with friction: Iodide of lead, one ounce; simple ointment, eight ounces.

SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA.

_Cause._--The fumes of impure stables.

_Symptoms._--A swollen eyelid; tears; a hard pulse; sharp breathing; a staring coat; a clammy mouth; the nasal membrane is inflamed or leaden colored; the lid can only be raised when in shadow. The ball of eye reddened from the circumference; the pupil closed; the iris lighter than is natural. The disease may change from eye to eye; the duration of any visitation is very uncertain; the attacks may be repeated, and end in the loss of one or both eyes. If one eye only is lost, the remaining eye generally strengthens.

_Treatment._--Remove from the stable and place in a dark shed. Open the eye vein, and puncture the lid if needed; put a cloth saturated with cold water over both eyes. If the horse is poor, feed well; if fat, support, but do not cram; if in condition, lower the food. Sustain upon a diet which requires no mastication. Give the following ball twice daily: Powdered colchicum, two drachms; iodide of iron, one drachm; calomel, one scruple; make up with extract of gentian. So soon as the ball affects the system, change it for liquor arsenicalis, three ounces; muriated tincture of iron, five ounces. Give half an ounce in a tumbler of water twice daily. See the stable is rendered pure before the horse returns to it.

SPLINT.

_Causes._--Early and hard work; blows, kicks, etc.

_Symptom._--Any swelling upon the inner and lower part of the knee of the fore leg, or any enlargement upon the shin-bone of either limb. On the knee they are important, as they extend high up. On the shin they are to be dreaded, as they interfere with the movements of the tendons. All are painful when growing, and in that state generally cause lameness.

_Treatment._--Feel down the leg. Any heat, tenderness, or enlargement is proof of a splint. If, on the trot, one leg is not fully flexed, or the horse "dishes" with it, it confirms the opinion. Time and liberal food are the best means of perfecting them. When they are painful, poultice, having sprinkled on the surface of the application one drachm each of opium and of camphor. Or rub the place with one drachm of chloroform and two drachms of camphorated oil. Periosteotomy (see _Operations_) is sometimes of service. When a splint interferes with a tendon, the only chance of cure is to open the skin and to cut off the splint, afterward treating the wound with a lotion composed of chloride of zinc, one grain; water, one ounce. To check the growth of a splint, rub it well and frequently with iodide of lead, one ounce; simple ointment, eight ounces.

SPRAIN OF THE BACK SINEWS.

_Cause._--Cart-work upon a hilly country.

_Symptom._--Gradual heightening of the hind heel.

_Treatment._--The only possible relief is afforded by an operation--"division of the tendons."

STAGGERS.

_Sleepy Staggers and Mad Staggers are only different stages of the same disorder._

_Cause._--Over-gorging.

_Symptoms._--Excessive thirst; dullness or sleepiness; snoring; pressing the head against a wall. Some animals perish in this state; others commence trotting without taking the head from the wall, and such generally die, but sometimes recover. Other horses quit the sleepy state; the eyes brighten; the breath becomes quick. Such animals exhibit the greatest possible violence, but without the slightest desire for mischief.

_Treatment._--Allow no water. Give a quart of oil. Six hours afterward give another quart of oil, with twenty drops of croton oil in it, should no improvement be noticed. In another six hours, no amendment being exhibited, give another quart of oil, with thirty drops of croton oil in it. After a further six hours, repeat the first dose, and administer the succeeding doses, at the intervals already stated, until the appearance changing indicates that the body has been relieved.

For the full development of the mad stage no remedies are of the slightest avail.

STRAIN OF THE FLEXOR TENDONS.

_Cause._--Hard work on uneven ground, or the rider punishing a horse with the snaffle and the spurs.

_Symptoms._--The animal goes oddly, not lame. The defective action will disappear upon rest, but stiffness is aggravated by subsequent labor. Any attempt to work the horse sound induces incurable lameness or contraction of the tendons.

_Treatment._--Allow several hours to elapse before any attempt is made to discover the disease. A small swelling, hot, soft, and sensitive, may then appear. Bind round it a linen bandage, and keep it wet with cold water. Have men to sit up bathing this for the three first nights; afterward apply moisture only by day. Throw up the horse. Give four drachms of aloes. Do not turn out, but allow two feeds of corn each day. Keep in a stall, and do not put to work till more than recovered.

STRANGLES.

_Cause._--Something requiring to be cast from the system, so as to suit the young body to a sudden change.

_Symptoms._--A slight general disturbance, which, however, remains. The colt continues sickly. After a day or two, the neck becomes stiff, and a swelling appears between the jaws. The enlargement at first is hard, hot, and tender. A discharge from the nose comes on. The symptoms increase; the throat becomes sore. Breathing is oppressed; coat stares; appetite is lost; tumor softens, and, being opened, the animal speedily recovers.

_Treatment._--Neither purge nor bleed. Give all the nourishment that can be swallowed. If all food is rejected, whiten the water, and a little cut grass may tempt the colt. Corn, ground and scalded, may be offered, a little at a time from the hand. No grooming; light clothing; ample bed; door and window of loose box should be open. Gently stimulate the throat with the following: Spirits of turpentine, two parts; laudanum, one part; spirits of camphor, one part. Apply with a paste-brush morning, noon, and night, until the throat is sore. After every application, take three pieces of flannel, place these over the part, and bind on with an eight-tailed bandage. So soon as the tumor points, apply the twitch, and have one fore leg held up. Then open the swelling with an abscess knife. It may be necessary to make another incision. There are other occasional varieties of strangles, for which consult the substance of the work, pages 272, 273.

STRINGHALT.

_Cause._--Over-exertion.

_Symptom._--Raising both hind legs, one after the other, previous to starting.

_Treatment._--None is possible.

SURFEIT.

_Cause._--Heat of body.

_Symptom._--An eruption of round, blunt, and numerous spots.

_Treatment._--If the pulse is not affected, the symptom may disappear in a few hours. Look to the food. Abstract eight pounds of hay, and allow two bundles of cut grass per day. Even increase the oats, but with each feed give a handful of old crushed beans. The following drink will be of service: Liquor arsenicalis, one ounce; tincture of muriate of iron, one ounce and a half; water, one quart. Mix. Give daily, one pint for a dose.

_Symptom._--If a young horse has been neglected through the winter, the surfeit lumps do not disappear. An exudation escapes; the constitution is involved, and the disease is apt to settle upon the lungs.

_Treatment._--Do not take out. Keep the stable aired, and attend to cleanliness. Feed as previously directed, and allow bran mashes when the bowels are constipated. Administer the drink recommended above, night and morning. Clothe warmly; remove from a stall to a loose box. Should the pulse suddenly sink, allow two pots of stout each day. If the appetite fail, give gruel instead of water, and present a few cut carrots from the hand. The shortest of these cases occupy a fortnight.

SWOLLEN LEGS.

_Cause._--Debility.

_Treatment._--Place in a loose box. No hay for some weeks. Damp the corn, and sprinkle a handful of ground oak-bark on each feed. Attend to exercise. If the legs continue to enlarge, hand-rub them well and long.

TEETH.

_Cause._--A thickening of the membrane sometimes conceals the upper tushes and provokes constitutional symptoms.

_Treatment._--Lance the membrane.

_Symptoms of Toothache._--Head carried on one side, or pressed against the wall; saliva dribbles from the lips; quidding or partial mastication of the food, and allowing the morsel to fall from the mouth. Appetite capricious; sometimes spirit is displayed--then the horse is equally dejected. The tooth dies; the opposing tooth grows long. The opposite teeth become very sharp, from the horse masticating only on one side. The long tooth presses upon the gum and provokes nasal gleet.

_Treatment._--Chisel off projecting tooth; file down the sharp edges of the opposite teeth, and look to the mouth frequently.

TETANUS.

_Causes._--Cold rain; draughts of air; too much light; wounds.

_Symptoms._--The wound often dries up. The horse grows fidgety. Upon lifting up the head, "the haw" projects over the eye. The tail is raised; the ears are pricked; the head is elevated; the limbs are stiff; the body feels hard. Any excitement may call up a fearful spasm.

_Treatment._--Give a double dose of purgative medicine. Place in solitude and in quiet. Put a pailful of gruel and a thin mash within easy reach of the head. Let nobody excepting the favorite groom approach the place; and allow him to enter it only once a day.

THOROUGH-PIN.

_Cause._--Excessive labor.

_Symptom._--A round tumor going right through the leg, and appearing anterior to the point of the hock. It is nearly always connected with bog spavin.

_Treatment._--Never attack thorough-pin and bog spavin at the same time. Relieve the thorough-pin first by means of rags, cork, and an India-rubber bandage, cut so as not to press on the bog spavin. If the corks occasion constitutional symptoms, use a truss to press upon the thorough-pin, which, being destroyed, apply a perfect bandage and wetted cloths to the bog spavin. When attempting to cure bog spavin, however, continue the remedy to the thorough-pin, or the cure of one affection may reproduce the other.

THRUSH.

_Cause._--Standing in filth, when it appears in the hind feet; navicular disease, when seen in contracted feet.

_Symptoms._--A foul discharge running from the cleft of the frog. This decomposes the horn. The surface of the frog becomes ragged, and the interior converted into a white powder. The affection does not generally lame; but should the horse tread on a rolling stone, it may fall as though it were shot.

_Treatment._--Pare away the frog till only sound horn remains, or until the flesh is exposed. Then tack on the shoe and return to a clean stall. Apply the chloride of zinc lotion--three grains to the ounce of water--to the cleft of the frog by means of some tow, wrapped round a small bit of stick. When the stench has ceased, a little liquor of lead will perfect the cure. For contracted feet pare the frog, and every morning dress once with the chloride of zinc lotion; but do not strive to stop the thrush.

TREAD.

_Cause._--Fatigue and overweight.

_Symptom._--In light horses it occurs toward the end of a long journey. The hind foot is not removed when the fore foot is put to the ground. The end of the fore shoe consequently tears off a portion of the coronet from the hind foot. In cart-horses, after the horse is fatigued, the load has to be taken down a steep hill; the animal, being in the shafts, rocks to and fro; the legs cross, and the calkin of one shoe wounds the coronet of the opposite hoof.

_Treatment._--Bathe the sore with the chloride of zinc lotion, one grain to the ounce of water. Continue to do this thrice daily; feed liberally. A slough will take place, and the animal be well in about a month; the only danger being the after-result of a false quarter.

TUMORS.

These are so various and of such different natures, that in every case a surgeon should be consulted.

WARTS.

_Cause._--Unknown.

_Symptom._--There are three kinds of warts. 1st. Some are contained in a cuticular sac, and, upon this being divided, shell out. 2d. The second are cartilaginous and vascular. These grow to some size, and are rough on the surface. They are apt to ulcerate. 3d. Consists of a cuticular case, inclosing a soft granular substance.

_Treatment._--When of the first kind, slit up, and squeeze them out. The second kind, excise and apply a heated iron to stop the bleeding. The third kind are better let alone.

WATER FARCY.

_Cause._--Overwork and coarse feed, succeeded by periods of stagnation. It is the warning that true farcy threatens the stable.

_Symptoms._--Load less and work less.

_Treatment._--Improve the diet, and never allow the horse to remain a day in the stable without exercise. Saturate the swollen limb with cold water every morning, and have it afterward thoroughly hand-rubbed until it is perfectly dry. Should lameness remain after the first day, a few punctures may be made into the limb, but only through the skin. Give the following ball every morning: Iodide of iron, one drachm; powdered cantharides, two grains; powdered arsenic, one grain; Cayenne pepper, one scruple; sulphate of iron, one drachm; treacle and linseed meal, a sufficiency. Mix. The delay even of a day in treatment is attended with danger in this disease.

WIND-GALLS.

_Cause._--Hard work.

_Symptoms._--Small enlargements, generally upon the hind legs and below the hocks; no lameness; two wind-galls appear above the pastern, one beneath that joint; after extraordinary labor, the round swellings disappear and the course of the flexor tendons becomes puffy. Sometimes continued irritation will cause the wind-galls to greatly enlarge, and ultimately provokes their case to change into bone. During these changes the horse is very lame.

_Treatment._--Fold pieces of rags; wet them; put these on the wind-galls; place on the rags pieces of cork, and over the cork lace on an India-rubber bandage. Mind this bandage is constantly worn, save when ridden or driven by the proprietor. Rest is the only alleviation for the change of structure.

WINDY COLIC.

_Causes._--Gorging on green food; but more commonly impaired digestion, consequent upon severe labor and old age.

_Symptoms._--Uneasiness; pendulous head; cessation of feeding. Breathing laborious; fidgets; rocking the body; enlargement of the belly; pawing. Standing in one place; sleepy eye; heavy pulse; flatulence; the abdomen greatly enlarged. Breathing very fast; pulse very feeble; blindness; the animal walks round and round till it falls and dies.

_Treatment._--Three balls of sulphuret of ammonia, two drachms, with extract of gentian and powdered quassia, of each a sufficiency, may be given, one every half hour. Next, one ounce of chloride of potash, dissolved in a pint of cold water, and mingled with sulphuric ether, two ounces, should be horned down. In an hour's time, two ounces each of sulphuric ether and of laudanum; half an ounce of camphorated spirits; one drachm of carbonate of ammonia may be administered. No good effect being produced, throw up a tobacco-smoke enema. As a last resort, procure a stick of brimstone and light it. Remain in the stable while it burns, or the sulphureous fumes may become too powerful for life to inhale them. Continue this measure for two hours; then repeat the remedies previously recommended. All being fruitless, a desperate resort may be adopted. Puncture the abdomen with a trocar; but this operation can only be named here; the reader must turn to the substance of the book for its description.

WORMS

Are of four kinds: the Tænia, the Lumbrici, the Strongulus, and the Ascarides.

The _Tænia_ mostly affect the young.

_Cause._--Starving the mare when with foal, and breeding from old animals.

_Symptoms._--Checked development; large head; low crest; long legs, and swollen abdomen. Appetite ravenous; body thin; coat unhealthy; breath fetid. The colt rubs its nose against a wall, or strains it violently upward; picks and bites its own hair.

_Treatment._--Give spirits of turpentine. To a foal, two drachms; to a three months' old, half an ounce; six months, one ounce; one year, one ounce and a half; two years, two ounces; three years, three ounces; four years and upwards, four ounces. Procure one pound of quassia chips; pour on them three quarts of boiling water. Cause to blend with the turpentine a proportionate quantity of the quassia infusion, by means of yolks of eggs; add one scruple of powdered camphor, and give first thing in the morning. Good food is essential afterward. Subsequently give every morning, till the coat is glossy, liquor arsenicalis, from one to eight drachms; muriated tincture of iron, from one and a half to twelve drachms; extract of belladonna, from ten grains to two drachms; ale or stout, from half a pint to a quart.

The _Lumbrici_ prey upon the old and the weakly.

_Treatment._--Tartarized antimony, two drachms; common mass, a sufficiency to make one ball. Give one every morning.

The _Strongulus_, during life, is generally not known to be present.

The _Ascarides_ cause great itching posteriorly, which provokes the horse to rub its hair off against the wall.

_Treatment._--Try injections of train oil for one week. Then use infusion of catechu, one ounce to one quart of water. On the eighth morning, give aloes, four drachms; calomel, one drachm. Tobacco-smoke enemas are sometimes useful, and the following ointment may be placed up the rectum night and morning: Glycerin, half an ounce; spermaceti, one ounce; melt the spermaceti, and blend; when cold, add strong mercurial ointment, three drachms; powdered camphor, three drachms.

WOUNDS.

A _lacerated wound_ is generally accompanied by contusion, but with little hemorrhage. Shock to the system is the worst of its primary effects. The danger springs from collapse. A slough may probably follow. The slough is dangerous in proportion as it is tardy. The horse may bleed to death if the body is much debilitated.

_Treatment._--Attend first to the system. Give a drink composed of sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each one ounce; water, half a pint. Repeat the medicine every quarter of an hour if necessary, or till shivering has ceased and the pulse is healthy. A poultice, made of one-fourth brewer's yeast, three-fourths of any coarse meal; or a lotion, consisting of tincture of cantharides, one ounce; chloride of zinc, two drachms; water, three pints, may be employed. When the slough has fallen, apply frequently a solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce of water; and regulate the food by the pulse.

An _incised wound_ produces little shock. The danger is immediate, as the horse may bleed to death.

_Treatment._--Do not move the horse. Dash the part with cold water, or direct upon the bleeding surface a current of wind from the bellows. When the bleeding has ceased and the surfaces are sticky, draw the edges together with divided sutures. When the sutures begin to drag, cut them across. After copious suppuration has been established, bathe frequently with the solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce of water.

An _abraded wound_ generally is accompanied by grit or dirt forced into the denuded surface. The pain is so great, the animal may sink from irritation.

_Treatment._--Cleanse, by squeezing water from a large sponge above the wound, as was directed for broken knees, and allow suppuration to remove any grit that is fixed in the flesh. Support the body, and use the chloride of zinc lotion.

A _punctured wound_ is dangerous, as the parts injured are liable to motion. On this account those above the stifle are very hazardous. Sinuses form from the torn fascia opposing the exit of the pus; also because the small hole in the skin generally bears no proportion to the internal damage.

_Treatment._--Always enlarge the external opening to afford egress to all sloughs and pus. Regulate the food by the symptoms, and use the chloride of zinc lotion.

A _contused wound_, when large, causes more congealed blood than can be absorbed. This corrupts, and a slough must occur or an abscess must form. Either generates weakness, produces irritation, and may lead to fatal hemorrhage. Or sinuses may form. Wherefore, such accidents are not to be judged of hastily.

_Treatment._--When the contusion is slight, rub the part with iodide of lead, one drachm of the salt to an ounce of lard. When large, divide the skin, every eighth inch, the entire length of the swelling. Bathe the injury with the chloride of zinc lotion, and support the body, as the symptoms demand liberality in the matter of food.

In all wounds, gain, if possible, a large depending orifice, and cover the denuded surfaces with a rag saturated with oil of, or in solution of, tar.

* * * * *

The author, having now concluded his labors, cannot forbear from repeating the advice which was given to the reader at the commencement of the present Summary--always appeal to the body of the work so soon as the first danger has subsided. Many hints are therein contained which could not be embodied in anything deserving to be entitled an abbreviation. Ampler space there enables the writer to describe certain precautions and to suggest various stratagems which, of course, would be out of place in the pages where condensation was the professed characteristic. For these reasons the reader is most earnestly recommended never to depend longer upon the contents of the Summary, than the pressure of immediate danger shall render imperative.

INDEX.

Abdomen, diseases of, 165.

Abdominal injuries, 184, 467. ruptured diaphragm, 185. ruptured spleen, 186. ruptured stomach, 186. intro-susception, 187. invagination, 187. strangulation, 188. ruptured intestines, 188. calculus, 188.

Abraded wounds, 425.

Abscess of the brain, 19, 467. symptoms of, 20.

Acites, 178, 468. symptoms of, 178. treatment of, 179.

Acute dysentery, 172, 468. cause of, 173. symptoms of, 173. treatment of, 174.

Acute gastritis, 147, 469. causes of, 147. treatment of, 148. symptoms of, 149.

Acute laminitis, 367, 469. cause of, 368. symptoms of, 369. treatment for, 370.

Albuminous urine, 218, 470.

All kinds of treatment have been tried for tetanus, 32.

Alphabetical summary, 465.

Alteration in shape consequent upon tetanus, 31.

Aphtha, 73, 470. treatment of, 73.

Attention to the feeding of horses most important, 20.

Back sinews, clap of, 302, 477. sprain of, 303, 507.

Bandage for punctured abdomen, 432.

Best treatment for megrims, 26.

Blood spavin, 328, 470.

Bloody urine, 215, 486.

Bog spavin, 318, 470.

Bots, 152, 470. causes of, 152.

Brain, abscess of, 19. and nervous systems: their accidents and diseases, 17. disease of, 17.

Breaking down, 304, 470. cause of, 304. treatment for, 305.

Broken knees, 404, 471. contusion generally accompanies, 405. cause of, 406. proper mode to wash, 407. how to probe, 408. treatment for, 410.

Broken wind, 254, 472. cause of, 255. symptoms of, 256. treatment for, 257.

Bronchocele, 119, 473. remedies for, 119.

Bronchitis, 125, 472. symptoms of, 126. remedies for, 127.

Bruise of the sole, 353, 473.

Buying a captain, 84.

Calculi, 213, 473.

Canker, 358, 474. cause of, 359. symptoms of, 359. treatment for, 361.

Capped elbow, 324, 474.

Capped hock, 321, 474.

Capped knee, 321, 475.

Cartilages, ossified, 366, 495.

Cataract, 54, 475. kinds of, 54. preventive for, 54. no remedy for complete, 56. use of belladonna in, 56. no medicine can cure, 57.

Cavities, synovial, open, 412, 494.

Chest, the diseases of, 121.

Choking, 110, 475. causes of, 111. different kinds of, 111. high, most important, 111. remedy for, 112. low, 113.

Chronic dysentery, 175, 476. cause of, 175. symptoms of, 176. treatment of, 177.

Chronic gastritis, 150, 476. symptoms of, 150. treatment of, 151.

Chronic hepatitis, 158, 477.

Clap of the back sinews, 302, 477.

Cold, 84, 477. its causes, 84. symptoms of, 85. treatment of, 85.

Colic, windy, 199. spasmodic, 194, 505. cause of, 194. symptoms of, 196. treatment for, 197.

Congestion in the field, 121, 478. remedy for, 122.

Congestion in the stable, 123, 478. remedy for, 125.

Corns, 349, 478. causes of, 349. old and new, how to distinguish, 350. treatment for, 352.

Contused wounds, 427.

Cough, 99, 479. symptoms of, 99. treatment for, 100. medicines for, 101.

Countenance of a horse with hydrophobia, 27.

Cracked heels, 250, 479. cause of, 250. symptoms of, 252. treatment for, 252.

Crib-biting, 162, 480. symptoms of, 163. treatment of, 164.

Curb, 306, 480. cause of, 308. treatment for, 307.

Curb-chain may injure the jaw, 72.

Cystic calculus, 214.

Cystitis, 209, 480. causes of, 211. symptoms of, 210. treatment for, 210.

Diabetes insipidus, 217, 481. causes, 217. treatment for, 217.

Diaphragm, spasm of, 145, 504.

Disease of the heart, 143.

Division of the tendons, 457.

Division of the tendons, the necessity for, how provoked, 458. how to perform, 459. after-treatment required for, 460.

Do not whip a runaway horse, 19.

Dropsy of the abdomen, 178.

Dysentery, acute, 172. chronic, 175.

Enteritis, 165, 481. causes of, 165. symptoms of, 167. mode of making sure that it is present, 169. treatment of, 170.

Excoriated angles of the mouth, 64, 481. causes of, 64. treatment for, 66.

Expression of a horse changed by repeated attacks of megrims, 25.

Extirpation of the eye, 59.

Eye, fungoid tumors in, 57.

Eyes, the diseases of, 42.

Face of a horse with hydrophobia, 27.

False quarter, 345, 482. cause of, 345. treatment for, 346.

Farcy, 282, 482. cause of, 282. symptoms of, 283.

Feeding a horse with chronic tetanus, 33.

Feet, their diseases, 330.

Fever in the feet, 367.

Filled legs, 239.

Fistulous parotid duct, 394, 482. its causes, 395. symptoms of, 396. treatment for, 397.

Fistulous withers, 391, 483. its causes, 391. symptoms of, and treatment for, 392.

Flatulent colic, 199.

Foot, prick of, 354, 498 pumice, 339, 499.

Fret, 194, 505.

Fungoid tumors in the eye, 57, 483. symptoms of, 57. horrible alternatives left by, 58.

Gastritis, acute, 147. chronic, 150.

Glanders, 274, 483. cause of, 274. symptoms of, 276.

Gleet, nasal, 91, 491.

Grease, 242, 484. prevention of, 242. nature of, 242. cause of, 244. symptoms of, 245. treatment for, 247.

Gripes, 194, 505.

Gutta serena, 38, 485. causes of, 38. symptoms of, 39. peculiarities of, 40. effect upon the optic nerve, 40.

Harness horses most subject to megrims, 24.

Hay rack, evils of its general position, 44.

Heart, disease of, 143, 485.

Heels, cracked, 250.

Hematuria, 215, 485. symptoms of, 215. treatment for, 216.

Hepatitis, chronic, 158. causes of, 158. treatment for, 160.

Hide-bound, 231, 486. treatment for, 232.

Highblowing, 94, 486.

Horse quickly learns to recognize the voice of its owner, 19.

How to treat a runaway horse, 19.

Hydrophobia, 27, 486. symptoms of, 27. treatment for, 28.

Hydrothorax, 139, 486. symptoms of, 140. treatment of, 141.

Incised wounds, 424.

Idiopathic tetanus, 29. causes of, 30.

Impediment in the lachrymal duct, 61, 487. causes of, 62. treatment for, 62.

Inflammation of the kidneys, 204, 492. of the bladder, 209, 480. of the vein, 398, 496.

Influenza, 181, 487. probable cause of, 181. symptoms of, 182. treatment of, 183.

Injuries, 385. of the abdomen, 184. to the jaw, 69, 488. the snaffle may cause, 70. but often does produce, 70. treatment for, 71. produced by London stables, 35.

Jaw, injuries to the, 69, 488.

Joints, synovial, open, 418, 494.

Kidneys, inflammation of, 204, 492.

Knees, broken, 404.

Lacerated eyelid, 60, 488. cause of, 60. treatment for, 61.

Lacerated tongue, 74, 488. causes of, 77. treatment of, 77.

Lacerated wounds, 423.

Lameness, 330. treatment for, 330. mode of progression when in different feet, 333.

Laminitis, acute, 367. subacute, 375, 489.

Lampas, 67. an imaginary disease, 67.

Larva in the skin, 233, 489. cause of, 233. cure for, 234.

Laryngitis, 101, 488. cause of, 101. symptoms of, 102. treatment of, 102.

Lash, effect of on the eye of the horse, 43.

Laying open the sinuses of a quittor, 462. how to accomplish, 462. intention of, 463.

Lice, 232, 489.

Limbs, the diseases of, 286.

Liver, the diseases of, 145.

London stables, 35.

Luxation of the patella, 325, 490.

Madness, 27.

Mad staggers, 20.

Mallenders and sallenders, 249, 490. treatment for, 249.

Mange, 220, 490. causes of, 221. symptoms of, 223. treatment for, 225.

Megrims, 24, 491. a form of epilepsy, 24. when the attacks may appear, 24. symptoms of, 25.

Melanosis, 259, 491. symptoms of, 259. treatment for, 260.

Mode of feeding a horse with chronic tetanus, 33.

Mouth, the, its accidents and diseases, 64. excoriated angles of, 64. roof of, may be injured by the bit, 71. the disease of, 64.

Nasal gleet, 91, 491. its causes, 91. its treatment, 92.

Nasal polypus, 88, 492. its nature, 88. its treatment, 88.

Navicular disease, 377, 492. seat of, 377. causes of, 378. symptoms of, 379. treatment for, 382.

Nephritis, 204, 492. causes of, 205. symptoms of, 206. treatment for, 207.

Nervous system, its accidents and its diseases, 17.

Neurotomy, 451. its results, 451. manner of performing, 452.

Nostrils, the diseases of, 84. their accidents and their diseases, 84.

Occult spavin, 308, 493. cause of, 309. symptom of, 309. treatment for, 310.

Open synovial joints, 418, 494. primary treatment for, 418. general treatment for, 419.

Open synovial cavities, 412, 494. cause of, 412. nature of, 413. what is generally spoken of as, 415. treatment for, 415.

Operation of no use in abscess of the brain, 20.

Operations, 434, 495. aids to fetter the horse for, 440.

Ophthalmia, simple, 42, 503. specific, 46, 506.

Optic nerve, the effect of gutta serena upon, 41.

Osseous deposits, 286.

Ossified cartilages, 366, 495.

Overreach, 349, 495. treatment for, 349.

Parotid duct, fistulous, 394.

Parrot-mouth, 66, 495. evils of, 67. no cure for, 67.

Partial paralysis, 36, 496. symptom of, 36. the disease of fast horses, 37. generally past all cure, 37. the only hope of remedy for, 37.

Patella, luxation of, 325, 490.

Periosteotomy, 449. the intention of, 449. its advantages considered, 450.

Phlebitis, 398, 496. experiment with regard to, 399. cause of, 400. symptoms of, 401. treatment for, 402.

Phrenitis, 17, 496. seldom is perceived approaching, 18. symptoms of its approach, 18. remedies for the early symptoms of, 18.

Physic of no use in abscess of the brain, 20.

Pleurisy, 136, 497. symptoms of, 137. treatment of, 138. causes of, 139.

Pneumonia, 130, 497. doubts concerning, 131. symptoms of, 131. treatment of, 132.

Poll evil, 385, 498. its causes, 386. symptoms of, 387. treatment for, 388.

Polypus, nasal, 88, 492.

Prick of the foot, 354, 498.

Profuse staling, 215, 481.

Prurigo, 226, 499. symptoms of, 226. treatment of, 227.

Pumice foot, 339, 499. causes of, 339. symptoms of, 340. treatment for, 341.

Punctured wounds, 426.

Purgative and quiet, best remedies for tetanus, 32.

Purpura hemorrhagica, 265, 499. symptoms of, 265. treatment for, 266.

Quarter, false, 345.

Quidding, 79.

Quiet and a strong purgative, the best remedies for tetanus, 32.

Quittor, 354, 500. cause of, 355. symptoms of, 355. treatment for, 357. sinuses of, laying open, 462.

Rack, hay, evil of its general position, 44.

Rheumatism, 312, 500. cause of, 312. symptoms of, 312. treatment for, 313.

Ring-bone, 298, 500. cause of, 298. symptoms of, 298. treatment for, 300.

Ring-worm, 227, 501. symptoms of, 227. treatment for, 228.

Roaring, 106, 501. chronic, is a serious affair, 106. causes and effects of, 106. remedy for, 109.

Roof of the mouth may be injured by the bit, 71.

Rupture of œsophagus, 115, 501. how caused, 116.

Sallenders, 249, 490.

Sandcrack, 342, 502. causes of, 342. symptoms of, 342. treatment for, 343.

Scald mouth, 82, 502. causes of, 82. symptoms of, 83. treatment of, 83.

Seedy toe, 346, 503. treatment for, 347.

Shying, 42.

Simple ophthalmia, 42, 503. nature of, 43. causes, 43. treatment of, 45. symptoms of, 45.

Sinuses of a quittor, laying open, 462.

Sitfast, 240, 503. cause of, 241. treatment for, 241.

Skin, diseases of, 220.

Sole, bruise of, 353, 498.

Sore throat, 96, 503. symptoms of, 97. treatment for, 97.

Spasm of the diaphragm, 145, 504. symptoms of, 145. treatment of, 146.

Spasm of the urethra, 212, 504. causes of, 212. symptoms of, 212. treatment for, 213.

Spasmodic colic, 194, 505. causes of, 194. symptoms of, 196. treatment for, 197.

Spavin, 286, 505. cause of, 287. symptoms of, 288. treatment for, 293. how to examine for, 291. occult, 308, 493.

Specific diseases, varieties of, 254.

Specific ophthalmia, 46, 506. eyes supposed most subject to, 47. small stables the cause of, 47. symptoms of, 48. contrasted with simple ophthalmia, 49. treatment for, 50. preventive for, 51. terminations of, 51.

Splint, 294, 506. cause of, 294. symptoms of, 296. treatment of, 297.

Sprain of the back sinews, 303, 507. cause of, 303. treatment for, 304.

Staggers, 20, 507. treatment for, 22. origin of, 20. sleepy, 22.

Strain of the flexor tendon, 300, 508.

Strangles, 267, 508. cause of, 268. symptoms of, 268. treatment for, 269. a bad kind of, 272.

Stringhalt, 33, 509. symptom of, 33. cause of, 35.

Stomach, the, diseases of, 145.

Stricture of œsophagus, 116, 501. its effects, 117.

Subacute laminitis, 375, 489. W. Percival's account of, 375. treatment for, 376.

Summary, alphabetical, 465.

Surfeit, 229, 509. treatment for, 230. a severe kind of, 230. treatment for, 230.

Swollen legs, 239, 509. symptoms of, 239. treatment for, 240.

Synovial cavities, open, 412, 494. joints, open, 418, 494.

Tapping the chest, 141.

Teeth, disease of, 78, 509. symptoms of their disease, 80. treatment of, 81.

Tendons, division of, 457.

Tetanus, 28, 510.

Thorough-pin, 319, 510.

Throat, its accidents and diseases, 96. sore, 96, 503. the diseases of, 96.

Thrush, 363, 510. cause of, 363. treatment for, 364.

Toe, seedy, 346, 503.

Toothache, 80.

Tooth, components of, 79.

Tracheotomy, 443. how to perform, 445.

Traumatic tetanus, 29. causes of, 29. test for, 30.

Tread, 348, 511. causes of, in light and heavy horses, 348. treatment for, 348.

True cause of stringhalt, 35.

Tumors, 237, 511. natures of, 238.

Tushes, a cause of sickness, 78.

Tympanitis, 199.

Universal spasm is tetanus, 30.

Urethra, spasm of, 504.

Urethral calculus, 215.

Urinary organs, diseases of, 204.

Vein, inflammation of the, 398, 496.

Warts, 235, 511. kinds of, 236. treatment for, 236.

Water, certain death, after over-gorging, 21.

Water farcy, 262, 512. cause of, 262. symptoms of, 263. treatment for, 264.

Wheezing, 94, 486.

Wind-galls, 315, 512. symptoms of, 316. treatment for, 317.

Windy colic, 199, 512. causes of, 199. symptoms of, 200. treatment for, 201.

Withers, fistulous, 391.

Worms, 190, 513. cause of, 190. symptoms of, 191. treatment for, 192.

Wounds, 423, 514. lacerated, 423. their treatment, 427. incised, 424. their treatment, 428. abraded, 425. their treatment, 430. punctured, 426. their treatment, 430. contused, 427. their treatment, 431.

THE END.

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=Prescott's Complete Works=, in 15 vols. 8vo. Muslin, $33.75. Do. do. do. sheep, $37.50. Do. do. do. half calf, gilt, marble edges, $50.00. Do. do. do. half calf, antique, " $55.00. Do. do. do. full calf, " " $67.50.

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+--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber Notes: | | | | P. 10. Changed 'necesssity' to 'necessity'. | | P. 36. Changed 'stinghalt' to 'stringhalt'. | | P. 49. Changed 'eolor' to 'color'. | | P. 54. Changed 'miscroscope' to 'microscope'. | | P. 71. Changed 'the roof the mouth' to 'the roof of the mouth'. | | P. 98. Changed 'aniseseed' to 'aniseed'. | | P. 98. Changed 'but, spite of' to 'but, in spite of'. | | P. 105. 'larnyx to rise', changed 'larnyx' to 'larynx. | | P. 119. 'cause of its orign', changed 'orign' to 'origin'. | | P. 123. 'of there be any want', changed to 'if there be any want'. | | P. 130. 'making any impresssion', changed 'impresssion' to | | 'impression'. | | P. 147. 'the personal appearace', changed 'appearace' to | | 'appearance'. | | P. 163. 'acting similiarly', changed 'similiarly' to 'similarly'. | | P. 177. 'Choloroform Half an ounce.', changed 'Choloroform' | | to 'Chloroform'. | | P. 310. 'the lesson' changed to 'the lesion'. | | P. 414. Image 2. 'synovial heath', changed 'heath' to 'sheath'. | | P. 444. 'sugeons' changed to 'surgeons'. | | Fixed various punctuation. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+