Chapter 23

NAMES OF EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE HORSE.

I shall here of course omit to describe parts, such as the eyes, head and tail, for instance, which are known to everyone. The figures and letters employed in the following list, have reference to those on Fig. 147, except when Fig. 148 is mentioned.

The hoof (10) is the horny box which encloses the lower part of the leg. The front part of the hoof, near the ground surface, is called the _toe_; the side portions, the _quarters_; and the rear parts, the _heels_. The outer portion of the hoof is termed the _wall_, which is divided into a hard, fibrous outer covering, called the _crust_, and a soft inner layer of non-fibrous horn. The designations "wall" and "crust" are often used indiscriminately.

The _frog_ is the triangular horny cushion which is in the centre of the ground surface of the hoof, and which, by its elasticity and strength, acts as a buffer in saving the structures inside the hoof from the injurious effects of concussion.

_The cleft of the frog_ is the division in the middle line of the frog. In healthy feet, it consists of only a slight depression. In a disease, called "thrush," of the sensitive part which secretes the frog, the cleft forms a deep, damp and foul-smelling fissure, and the frog becomes more or less shrivelled up. The frog similar to the skin of the palms of our hands, requires frequent pressure to make it thick and strong. The horn of the hoof is merely a modification of the cuticle (scarf skin).

The _bars_ of the hoof are the portions of the wall of the hoof which are turned inwards at the heels, and run more or less parallel to the sides of the frog. The _sole_ is that portion of the ground surface of the foot which is included between the wall, bars and frog.

The _pastern_ (9) is the short column of bones (two in number) which lies between the fetlock and hoof.

The _fetlock_ (8) is the prominent joint which is just above the hoof.

The _cannon bone_ (7) is the bone that extends from the fetlock to the _knee_ (6), which, in the horse, corresponds to our wrist.

The _back tendons_ or _back sinews_ (_M_) form the more or less round tendinous cord which is at the back of the leg, from the knee (or hock) to the fetlock. These tendons, which are two in number, usually appear in the form of one cord; but in horses which have a very fine skin and "clean legs," we may see that one of them is placed behind the other. The term "clean legs" signifies that the limbs are not only sound, but are also free from any fulness, which would more or less obscure the contour of the bones, tendons and ligaments. _Muscles_ are the lean of meat, and their ends are connected to bones by means of _tendons_, which consist of hard, fibrous and inelastic material. The _ligaments_ of the limbs are composed of the same material (white connective tissue) as tendons, and serve to connect bones together, without the intervention of muscle. The horse has practically no muscles below his knees and hocks.

The _suspensory ligament_ is the fibrous cord which lies between the cannon bone and the back tendons. The fact that it stands sharply out between these two structures, when viewed from the side, shows that it is in a sound condition, which is a most important point as regards usefulness; because injury to it, from accident or overwork, is a fruitful cause of lameness, especially in saddle horses that are employed in fast work.

The _fore-arm_ (5) is the portion of the fore leg between the knee and the elbow.

The _point of the elbow_ (_I_) is the bony projection which is at the top and back of the fore-arm.

The _point of the shoulder_ (_H_) is the prominent bony angle which lies a little below the junction of the neck and shoulder, and consists of the outer portion of the upper end of the humerus.

The _forehead_ (_A_) is the front part of the head which is above the eyes.

The _nose_ (_B_) is a continuation of the forehead, and ends opposite the nostrils (_C_).

The _muzzle_ is the lower end of the head, and includes the nostrils, upper and lower lips (_D_ and _E_), and the bones and teeth covered by the lips.

The _chin-groove_ (_F_) is the depression at the back of the lower jaw, and just above the fulness of the lower lip, which, in this case, assumes the appearance of a chin.

The _angles of the lower jaw_ (_G_) are the bony angles between which the upper end of the wind-pipe lies.

The _withers_ (4) are the bony ridge which is the forward end of the back.

The _shoulders_ (3) are the bony and muscular portion of the body which is more or less included between a line drawn from the point of the shoulder (_H_) to the front end of the withers, and another line drawn from the point of the elbow (_I_) to the rear end of the withers. Anatomically speaking, the shoulders consist of the _humerus_ (the bone which lies between the elbow and the point of the shoulder), shoulder blade, and the muscles which cover them.

The _crest_ (_T_) is the upper part of the neck, extending from the withers to the ears.

The _jugular groove_ (_U_) is the groove which is on each side of the neck, just above the wind-pipe. It marks the course of the jugular vein.

The _poll_ (_V_) is the part on the top of the neck, immediately behind the ears.

The _breast_ is the front portion of the body which we see between the fore legs and below a line connecting the points of both shoulders, when looking at the animal from the front. The chest is the cavity which is covered by the ribs, and which contains the lungs, heart, etc. Therefore, instead of saying that a horse which struck a fence without rising at it, "chested" it, we should, on the contrary, say that he "breasted" it. This confusion between the terms "breast" and "chest" is not unusual.

The _brisket_ (16) is the part formed by the breastbone, and is the lower part of the chest.

The _girth-place_ is that portion of the brisket which is just behind the fore legs, and which the girths pass under when the horse is saddled.

The _back_ (4 and 11) is practically the withers and that portion of the upper part of the body which is covered by the saddle. Strictly speaking, it is that portion of the spine which is possessed of ribs. In common parlance, the term "back" is often applied to the upper part of the horse, from the withers to the highest point of the croup (Fig. 148, _H_). This measurement includes the _loins_ (12) as well as the back. The bones (six vertebrae) of the loins have no ribs, and, consequently, the flanks on each side are soft to the touch, and have a tendency to "fall in" (become depressed), especially if the abdomen, which is underneath them, be insufficiently filled with food. The _croup_ (17) is that part of the spine which is between the loins and tail. The hind legs are connected to the croup by means of the pelvis, which is firmly united to the croup by strong ligaments. The pelvis stands in the same relation to the hind legs as the shoulder blades do to the fore limbs, the chief difference between them being that the pelvis is a single bony structure composed of several bones, and the shoulder blades are separate bones. The front part of the pelvis is called the _point of the hip_ (_S_).

The _stifle_ (_N_) is the joint of the hind leg which is at the lower part of the flank. The _thigh_ extends from the stifle to the hip joint.

The _hock_ (20) is the large and freely movable joint which is immediately above the hind cannon-bone. The _point of the hock_ (_Q_) is the bony projection at the back and top of the hock. The _hamstring_, or _tendo Achillis_ (_P_), is the tendinous cord which runs up the back of the leg from the point of the hock. The _gaskin_ (19) is the part of the leg immediately above the hock and bounded at the rear by the hamstring. The term, _thigh_, is usually applied to the part of the hind leg above the gaskin; but, correctly speaking, it is the part of the hind leg above the stifle.

The _belly_, or _abdomen_ (15), is the underneath portion of the body of the horse which is not covered by bone.

The _point of the buttock_ (_O_) is the rearmost point of the pelvis.

_The dock_ (_R_) is the solid part of the tail.

The _height of a horse_ (_A B_, Fig. 148) is the vertical distance of the highest point of his withers from the ground, when he is standing with his fore legs nearly vertical and with the points of his hocks in a vertical line with the points of his buttocks. I have qualified "vertical" by "nearly" when referring to the fore legs; for when the hind legs are placed as in Fig. 147, the weight of the head and neck, which are in front of the fore legs, would cause the animal to stand somewhat "over." When a pony is being measured for polo or racing, his legs should be placed in the position I have described, although his head may be lowered until his crest is parallel with the ground.

The _length of the body of a horse_ (_D E_, Fig. 148), may be assumed as the horizontal distance from the front of the chest to a line dropped vertically from the point of the buttock. This measurement is a somewhat arbitrary one, but it is probably the best for the purpose. French writers generally take the length of a horse as the distance from the point of the shoulder to the point of the buttock. As this is not a horizontal measurement, I prefer to it the one just given.

The _depth of the chest at the withers_ (_A C_, Fig. 148) is the vertical distance from the top of the withers to the bottom of the chest. This measurement being taken for convenience sake is an arbitrary one, because the chest is lower between the fore legs than behind the elbow, which is the spot I have selected. Besides, the actual height of the withers above the roof of the chest, has no fixed relation to the depth of the chest.

_Depth of the body_ (_F G_, Fig. 148). The best and most uniform point to take this is, I think, the lowest point of the back.

_Height at the croup_ (_H I_, Fig. 148) is measured from the highest point of the hind quarters.

INDEX.

Abdomen, 471.

Accidents, 5.

Across country, riding, 219.

Age to begin, 4.

Agricultural Hall, 167, 335.

Alderson, Colonel, 310.

Allen, Mr. John, 33.

Angles of lower jaw, 468.

Ann of Bohemia, 430.

Apron skirts, 96.

Arabs, 17, 18, 424.

Argentine horses, 457.

Ash-plant, 18.

Audry, 430.

Australia, 269.

Australian horses, 457, 460.

Ayah, 92.

Back, 469.

" tendons, 466.

Backing, 442.

Backs, sore, 350.

Badminton, 361.

_Baily's Hunting Directory_, 307.

_Baily's Magazine_, 358.

Baird, Mr. Abingdon, 463.

Balance, 148, 149.

" strap, 36, 53.

"Balking," 440.

Banks, 269, 287, 450.

Bar, stirrup, 27.

Barclay, Mr. Hedworth, 378.

Bars of the hoof, 465.

" of the tree, 26, 28.

" , safety, 38-42.

Baskets, 5.

Beckford, 315.

Beers, Frank, 246.

Belly, 471.

Belvoir, 14, 306, 335.

" Vale, 320.

Beresford, Lord William, 384.

Berliner Tattersall, 392.

Bicycles, 6, 16.

Bit, 70.

" and Bridoon, 70, 76.

", cover for, 77.

Blackmore Vale, 307.

Blazers, 270.

"Blood," 345.

"Blowing their noses," 437.

"Bobbery pack," 386.

Body, length of, 472.

Bois de Boulogne, 16, 392.

Bombay, 387.

Boots, 116.

Boring, 454.

Brandy, 350.

_Breaking and Riding_, 118.

Breaking classes, 166.

" tours, 458.

Breast, 469.

Breast-plate, 54.

Breeches, 110.

Bridle, adjustment of, 86.

Bridles, 70.

Bridoon, 75.

Brisket, 469.

Brooks, 335, 338.

Brow-band, 74.

Brutality, 414-417.

Buck-jumping, 457.

Bullfinch, 248.

"Bumpy shoulders," 100.

Burnaby's Butterfly, Miss, 8, 9.

Butter, 362.

Butterfly, Miss Burnaby's, 8, 9.

Buttock, point of the, 471.

Calcutta, 12, 167, 333, 382, 386, 456, 464.

Camels, 168.

Cannon bone, 466.

Canter, the, 200.

Cantering, 240.

" false, 203.

Capping, 307.

Carriages, passing, 229.

Carrots for horses, 170.

Case for extra stirrup, 42.

Catherine II., 393.

Caton, Mr., 444.

Cattle, 248.

Ceylon, 108.

Cheek pieces, 74.

Cheshire, 248, 343, 432.

Chest, 469.

" , depth of, 472.

Chifney, Sam, 165.

Children, side-saddles for, 59-66.

" , teaching, 59-64.

Child's riding dress, 60, 98.

China, 108, 388, 462.

Chin-groove, 88, 468.

Church Minshull, 320.

Circus, 169.

" in Paris, 182.

Clark, Mr., 385.

"Clean legs," 466.

Cleaning a saddle, 69.

Cloister, 287.

Cloth, 89, 90.

Coat, driving, 109.

" , fitting riding, 100.

Coats, riding, 100-108.

Coffins, jumping, 388.

Collars, 124.

Colonel, 244.

Colour of habit, 90.

Coming home, 346.

Committee, Farmers', 373.

Compensation to farmers, 373.

Condition, rider's, 351.

"Continuations," 112.

Conyers, Mr., 366.

Cook, Mrs. "Jim," 384.

"Cope and dash," 269.

Cottesmore, 14, 250, 395.

Country, 248.

Covert fund, 307.

Covering of a side-saddle, 32.

Cows, 368.

Cracked heels, 436.

Craven, 306.

Crawley and Horsham, 306.

Creed, Mr., 92, 99.

Crest, 469.

Cross-saddle riding, 426-430.

Croup, 470.

" , height at, 473.

Crown-piece, 74.

Crop, 172.

Crupper, 26, 56.

Crust of hoof, 465.

Crutch, off, 30.

" , upper, 29.

Crutches, movable, 305.

" , riding the, 146.

Cub-hunting, 338.

Cuffs, 122.

Curb-chains, 88.

Curbs, 70, 78, 208, 209, 326, 438, 443, 448, 450, 451.

Custance, Miss, 349.

"Cut-and-laid" fence, 249.

"Cut back" pommel, 28.

Dairy-farming, 248.

Damage fund, 307.

"Dancing," 437.

Davis, 2, 3.

de Vaux, Baron, 464.

Depth of chest, 472.

" " body, 473.

Devon and Somerset Staghounds, 351, 428.

Diana, 315.

"Difficult" horses, 431-464.

Dilke, Lady, 170.

Dismounting, 134.

Distemper, 398.

Dixon, Mr. Scarth, 245.

Dock, 472.

Docking horses, 21-24.

Donkeys, 20, 388.

Double bridle, 75, 208.

"Dragged," 5, 50, 64-66, 98.

Dress, riding, 89-124.

East Galway, 269, 270.

_Ecuyers et Ecuyeres_, 464.

Elbow, point of the, 468.

"Ellen Terry," 389.

Elliot, Mr., 246.

Elmhirst, Captain, 10, 305, 311, 314, 331, 336, 341, 345.

Emigrant, 458.

Emperor Paul, 393.

_Encyclopaedia Londinensis_, 430.

Esa bin Curtis, 21.

Essex and Suffolk, 307.

_Esther Waters_, 422.

External parts, names of, 465-473.

Falls, 376-380.

Fane, Lady Augusta, 179.

Farmers, 248, 249, 357-373, 397.

" , Compensation to, 373.

" , Committee, 373.

" , daughters, 362.

Feet, care of the, 436.

Fence, riding up to, 241.

Fences, 248.

" , "made," 219.

" , natural, 224.

Fenn, Mr., 391.

Fetlock, 466.

Field, in the, 307.

_Field, The_, 306.

Fillis, Mr. Frank, 168.

" , Mr. James, 118.

Firr, Tom, 247, 387.

First Lessons, 3.

Flask, 323.

Fleming, Dr. G., 23, 24.

Flirting, 375.

Flock, 32.

Foot "home," 150.

Ford, Mr., 34, 40.

Fordham, George, 180.

Fore-arm, 468.

Forehead, 468.

Forehead-band, 74.

Foxhounds in India, 387.

Foxhunting, 343, 354.

France, 16.

Franciscan, 378.

Freddie, 18, 19, 424.

Freeman, 378.

"Frivol," 375.

Frog of hoof, 465.

Front, 74.

Frost, praying for, 245.

"Funking," 450, 451.

Galway, 269, 450.

Gallop, 206.

Garsault, 430.

Garth, Mr., 384.

Gaskin, 471.

Gates, 248, 287-303, 312, 313.

Geldings, 343.

Germans, 391.

Germany, 16.

Girls riding, 4, 5.

Girth place, 469.

Girths, 51-53.

"Give and take," 163.

Gloucestershire, 361.

Gloves, 120.

"Gone away," 326.

Gowlasher, 424.

Grafton, 246.

Grand National, 332.

_Graphic, The_, 347.

Grip, 148, 149.

Gullet plate, 27.

Gustave, 3, 183, 331.

Habits, 89-110.

Habit-shy, 440.

Hackamore, 87.

Hacking, 227.

Hacks, 16-20.

Hair, management of, 115, 116.

Halt, the, 188.

Hames, Mr. Sam, 354.

Hamstring, 470.

Hancock's bit cover, 77.

Handkerchiefs, 323.

Hands, 160.

" steady, keeping, 163.

Harding, Miss, 210, 269.

Harrington, Lord, 179.

Hat-guards, 114.

Hats, 113.

" for the tropics, 115.

Hayes' safety skirt, 94.

Haystacks, 329.

"Head," 70, 74.

" , near, 30.

Head-stall, 70, 74.

Heavy land, 367.

Heels, 465.

Height at croup, 473.

" of horse, 472.

Henry, Colonel, 358, 361, 372.

Hidden Mystery, 332.

High School Riding, 181.

_Hints to Huntsmen_, 352.

Hip, point of the, 470.

Hirelings, 452.

Hock, 470.

Holloaing, 310.

Home, coming, 346.

Hoof, 465.

Hooked-back seat, 151, 154.

Hook for stirrup-leather, 38, 39.

Horn, the, 352.

Hornsby, Mrs., 371.

Horse, talking to, 229, 230.

Horse-breaking classes, 166.

" " tours, 458.

Horses for ladies, 8.

" , buying, 423.

Hospitality, 381.

Hot countries, jackets for, 108.

_Humerus_, 469.

Hunt balls, 365, 366.

Hunter, height of, 12.

Hunters, Australian, 8.

" , Leicestershire, 8-16.

Hunting, 395, 399.

" abroad, 381.

" ties, 122.

" whips, 312, 313.

" women, 4, 5.

_Illustrated Horse-Breaking_, 234, 417.

India, 92, 381, 382, 432, 449.

" -rubber mouth-piece cover, 77.

Ireland, 307, 394, 450.

Italian remounts, 390.

Jackeroo, Miss Neil's, 11.

Jackets for hot countries, 108.

Jameson Raid, 391.

Japan, 108.

Jaw, angles of lower, 468.

Jibbing, 440.

Jorrocks, 120, 244, 315, 326, 333, 341, 348, 357, 424.

Jugular groove, 469.

Jumping, 209, 449-454.

" competitions, 168, 183.

" without reins, 236.

Kaiser and Kaiserin, 392.

Keeper of whip, 174.

Kennel coat, 402.

Kent, 249.

Kickers, 10, 11, 12, 342-345.

Kicking, 455.

Kindness to horses, 414.

Knee-pad, 99.

King-King, Captain, 376.

Kirby Gate, 342.

_Ladies in the Field_, 383, 393.

Laertes, 124.

Lash, 173.

Leading fore leg, 7.

Leaning back, 150, 158.

Leaping head, 33-36.

Left leg, action of, 149.

" , swerving to the, 146.

Legs, position of, 3.

Leicestershire, 95, 98, 179, 196, 219, 247, 270, 311, 316, 319, 328, 334, 336, 342, 343, 357, 372, 377, 378, 395, 428, 461.

Length of body, 472.

Level-seated saddle, 55, 56.

_Life of a Foxhound_, 400.

Ligament, suspensory, 467.

Ligaments, 467.

Light land, 367.

Lions, 168.

Little Pedlington, 169.

Loins, 470.

Loisset, Emilie, 464.

Long reins, 233.

Lonsdale, Lord, 98, 247.

Lord Arthur, 378.

Lord Fitzwilliams, 306.

Lucknow, 386.

Lufra, 183.

Macdougal, Captain "Ding," 384.

Macklin, Mr., 385, 446, 460.

McAndrew, Mr., 387.

Magic, 424.

Major, 244.

Mameluke bit, 390.

Manifesto, 287.

Marengo, 210.

Mares, 343.

" , docking, 22, 23.

Martingale, running, 82-88.

" , standing, 82, 161.

"Mary Anderson," 389.

Measuring horses, 20.

Meerkat holes, 335.

Melton cloth, 89-92.

" Mowbray, 386, 395, 452.

Men riding, 1.

" teaching ladies, 2, 4.

Meynell, 306.

" , Mr., 347.

Mexico, 428.

Michael Hardy, 328.

Midlands, 248.

Midland stile, 250.

Mills, Mr., 400, 405.

Milton, Mr., 386.

Modern Riding, 33.

Mons Meg, 167.

Moore, George, 422.

" , Mr. John Hubert, 82, 163.

Motee, 388.

Mounting, 125-134.

Mouth-piece, cover for, 77.

Mozufferpore, 387.

Mr. Bathurst's, 306.

"Mr. Gladstone," 389.

"Mrs. Cornwallis West," 389.

" " Kendal," 389.

" " Langtry," 389.

Murray, Mrs., 384.

Muscles, 467.

Musician, 165.

Muzzle, 468.

_My Leper Friends_, 62.

Near head, 30.

Neckties, 124.

Neil's, Jackeroo, Miss, 11.

Neilgherry cane, 18.

Newcastle, Countess of, 430.

" , Duchess of, 337, 393.

New Zealand, 269.

" " horses, 457.

"Niggling," 163.

_Nineteenth Century_, 23.

North Cheshire, 14, 320, 371.

" , Lord, 306.

Nose, 468.

Nose-band, cavesson, 443.

Nose-bands, 79, 87.

Nostrils, 468.

Numdahs, 57-59.

Off crutch, 30.

Oriental women, 429.

Orlov trotters, 425.

Oxer, 250.

Pace, judging, 374.

Paget, Mr. Otho, 246, 247, 308, 309, 315, 325, 395, 396, 399.

Panel, 32, 33, 57.

Panniers, 5.

Paperchasing, 382-386.

Paris, 392.

Pastern, 466.

Pasture land, 368.

Pat, 17.

Patent leather, 118.

Pelhams, 78.

Pellier, M., 33.

Pelvis, 470.

Penrhyn, Lord, 247.

_Pirouette renversee_, 303.

Pilots, 373.

Pith hats, 115.

Ploughed land, 327.

Points of the tree, 27.

Poll, 469.

Pollard willows, 338.

Pollok, Mr. Arthur, 269.

Pommel, 27, 28.

Polo, 144, 179.

" ponies, 16, 17.

Posts and rails, 249.

Poultry fund, 307.

Prancing, 437.

Pretoria, 166.

Prestonpans, 244.

Pulling, 442-448.

Puppies, exercise for, 406.

" , feeding, 398, 402.

" , judging, 396, 397.

" , medicine for, 404.

" , punishing, 411.

Pytchley, 209, 306, 307, 357.

" pups, 399.

Quarters, 465.

Queen Elizabeth, 430.

_Queen, The_, 60, 243.

Quorn, 14, 209, 247, 306, 341.

" Friday, 113.

Rabbit holes, 335.

Ranelagh, 183.

"Rapier," 428.

Rearers and rearing, 333, 462.

Red board, 357.

" bows, 342-345.

" rag, 357, 358.

Refusers and refusing, 327, 328, 449-454.

Reining back, 214.

Reins, 78-82.

" , how to hold the, 136.

" , jerking the, 419.

" , long, 233.

" , military way of holding, 142.

" , riding without, 233.

" , shortening the, 142.

Remounts, Italian, 390.

Rentz's Circus, 463.

Richmond Show, 336.

Ridge and Furrow, 319.

Riding abroad, 381.

_Riding and Hunting_, 51, 57, 70, 124, 136, 180, 208, 447.

Riding masters, 155.

" without reins, 233.

Right leg, action of, 150.

" " , position of, 150.

Road, rules of the, 227.

Roberts, Mr., 246.

Romance, 8, 55.

Rotten Row, 16, 17, 392, 393.

Running away, 231.

Russia, 109, 121.

Russian cabmen, 424, 425.

" horses, 457.

Rutland, Duke of, 306, 395.

Saddle, cleaning a, 69.

" cloths, 57-59.

" to fit rider, 56.

Saddling a horse, 66-68.

Saddles, riding in men's, 426-430.

"Safe," 25, 32.

Safety bars, 38-42, 231.

" skirts, 89-110, 231.

" stirrups, 42-51, 64-66.

St. Petersburg, 393.

Salary, 14, 15.

Sample, Professor, 379.

Sandwich case, 323.

Sanminiatelli, Count, 390.

Saunders, Mrs., 384, 335.

Scots Grey, 82.

"Scrutator," 343, 354, 379.

Seats of side-saddles, 32, 55.

Seat, the, 145.

" , theory of the, 145-156.

Second horseman, 323.

" horses, 347.

Shanghai, 231, 388.

Sheep, 368.

Shires, 8, 12, 91, 176, 179, 248, 249, 250, 269, 270, 357.

Shoulder, point of the, 468.

Shouldering, 441.

Shoulders, 468.

Shying, 229, 432, 433-436.

Side-saddle, weight of, 54.

Side-saddles, 1, 2, 6, 7, 25-69.

Sideways, jumping horses, 378.

Singapore, 388.

"Sit back," 214.

Skirt, accustoming horse to, 18.

" , length of, 98.

Slipper stirrup, 42.

Snaffles, 75, 326, 438, 443, 448, 450.

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 396.

_Sola topee_, 115.

Sole of the hoof, 465.

Soltikov, 393.

Sore backs, 7, 68, 324, 350.

South Africa, 335, 391.

Spinal curvature, 6.

_Sporting and Dramatic News_, 428.

Spur, 177.

" on whip, 182.

Square seat, 153-155.

_Stable Management and Exercise_, 350.

Standing jump, 241.

Standing martingale, 439.

" "over," 472.

Stapleford Park, 250.

Staples, 54.

Stake-and-bound fence, 249.

Starting, 185.

"Steady!" 169, 204.

"Steadying" horses, 223.

Steep ground, 320.

_Steiger_, 463.

Steinbock, coursing, 391.

Stifle, 470.

Stirrup bar, 27.

" , case for extra, 42.

" , leather, 36-38.

" " , length of, 156.

" , man's, 50.

" , position of foot in, 156.

" too long, 146.

Stirrups, safety, 42-51, 64-66.

Stock, 122.

Stokes, William, 428.

Stone gaps, 269.

" walls, 269.

Strangers, 327.

Stuffing of saddle, 32, 33.

Stumbling, 436.

Subscriptions, hunt, 306.

Suffolk Punch, 387.

Suez, 388.

Surtees, 330.

Suspensory ligament, 467.

Swimming, 462.

Syces, 424.

Tailors, 89, 102-105.

Talking to horses, 229, 230.

Tan, 437.

Tannoform, 351.

Tautz, Mr., 94, 110.

Tendo Achillis, 470.

Tendons, 467.

Terai hat, 115.

Terence, 384.

Tientsin, 388, 462.

Tiergarten, 16, 392, 429.

Tips, 352.

Tit-bits for horses, 170.

Thanks, 352.

_The Young Lady's Equestrian Manual_, 305

_The Wanton Mutilation of Animals_, 23.

Thigh, 470, 471.

Third crutch, 305.

" pommel, 305.

Thompson, Mr. Anstruther, 352.

Thong, 173.

Throat-latch, 74, 88.

Thrush, 436, 437, 466.

_Thoughts on Hunting_, 315.

Throwing up the head, 438.

Toe, 465.

"Tougal," Mr., 385.

Tree, points of the, 27, 29.

" , saddle, 25, 26-31.

Trot, rising at the, 190-194.

" , the, 189-200, 239.

Turner, Captain, 384.

Turning, 187.

Tushes, 86.

Tweedie, Mrs., 428.

Twitches, 416, 417.

Under-bodice, 122.

Under-clothing, 112.

Upper crutch, 29.

Vale of White Horse, 307.

Vehicles, passing, 229.

Venus de Medici, 21.

_Veterinary Notes for Horse-owners_, 22, 347, 350, 436.

Vizianagram, 381.

Voice, 165, 204, 229.

Voltaire, 24.

Walers, 21.

Walk, the, 185, 239.

Walker, Colonel, 424.

Walking puppies, 394-413.

Wall of hoof, 465.

_Wanton Mutilation of Animals, The_, 23.

Ward, Mr. Frank, 175.

Ward's Riding School, 59, 60, 167, 331.

Warwickshire Hunt, 306, 307.

Washing horses' feet, 436.

" puppies, 402.

Watches, 323.

Watering horses, 417, 418.

Webs, 28.

Weight of side-saddle, 54.

Whip, hunting, 172.

Whips, 334.

Whissendine, 250.

Whiskey, 350.

"Whoa!" 170.

Whyte Melville, 180, 181, 209, 310, 314, 315, 376, 420.

Wilberforce, Archbishop, 376.

Willows, pollard, 338.

Wintle, Mr., 231.

Wire, 250, 357-373.

" fund, 307.

Withers, 468.

Women riding, 1.

Woodland country, 338.

Wroughton, Mr., 361.

Yelvertoft Church, 270.

Young horses, 15, 16, 166, 433, 434, 435, 443.

Zebra, riding a, 62, 456.

List of Books on Horses

By CAPTAIN M. HORACE HAYES, F.R.C.V.S.

_The Field._--"As trainer, owner and rider of horses on the flat and over a country, the author has had a wide experience, and when to this is added competent veterinary knowledge, it is clear that CAPTAIN HAYES is entitled to attention when he speaks."

PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. HURST & BLACKETT, LTD. 13, Great Marlborough Street, W.

BOOKS ON HORSES.

=VETERINARY NOTES for HORSE-OWNERS.= An Illustrated Manual of Horse Medicine and Surgery, written in simple language, with 267 Illustrations. Sixth Edition. Revised throughout, considerably enlarged, and 121 new and original Photographs added. Large crown 8vo, buckram, 15s. net.

"A necessary guide for horse-owners, especially those who are far removed from immediate professional assistance."--_The Times._

"Of the many popular veterinary books which have come under our notice, this is certainly one of the most scientific and reliable."--_The Field._

"This book leaves nothing to be desired on the score of lucidity and comprehensiveness."--_Veterinary Journal._

"It is superfluous to commend a book that is an established success, and that has gone on from edition to edition extending its usefulness."--_Army and Navy Gazette._

=POINTS OF THE HORSE.= A Familiar Treatise on Equine Conformation. Third Edition in the Press.

"Capt. Horace Hayes, the best of writers upon horses, has issued a second edition--considerably altered and enlarged, and magnificently illustrated--of his admirable work upon the 'Points of the Horse,' which is, in fact, a complete work on horses, their races and peculiarities."--_Athenaeum._

"The intrinsic value of the book and the high professional reputation of the author should ensure this new edition a cordial welcome from sportsmen and all lovers of the horse."--_The Times._

=RIDING AND HUNTING.= Fully Illustrated with upwards of 250 Reproductions of Photographs and Drawings. In 1 vol., demy 8vo, cloth. Price 16s. net.

"Capt. Hayes has produced a book which cannot fail to interest, if not to instruct the experienced horseman, and the beginner may learn from its pages practically all that it is necessary for him to know."--_The World._

"We can imagine no more suitable present for one who is learning to ride than this book."--_Pall Hall Gazette._

"He is no doubt the greatest authority, both on horses and horsemanship, now living in this country. Everything which he writes is lucidly expressed, and no detail is too trivial to be explained."--_The Spectator._

=THE HORSEWOMAN.= A Practical Guide to Side-Saddle Riding. By MRS. HAYES. Edited by CAPT. M. H. HAYES. Second Edition, re-written, enlarged, and with about 150 new and original Photographic Illustrations added. 1 vol., demy 8vo. 12s. net.

"This is the first occasion on which a practical horseman and a practical horsewoman have collaborated in bringing out a book on riding for ladies. The result is in every way satisfactory, and, no matter how well a lady may ride, she will gain much valuable information from a perusal of 'The Horsewoman.'"--_Field._

"A large amount of sound, practical instruction, very judiciously and pleasantly imparted."--_The Times._

"We have seldom come across a brighter book than 'The Horsewoman.'"--_The Athenaeum._

"With a very strong recommendation of this book as far and away the best guide to side-saddle riding we have seen."--_Saturday Review._

=STABLE MANAGEMENT AND EXERCISE.= A Book for Horse-Owners and Students. Illustrated by numerous Reproductions of Photographs taken specially for this work. In 1 vol., demy 8vo. Price 12s. net.

"Capt. Hayes, who may justly claim to be the first authority now living on all matters connected with the horse, is always welcome, and the more so because each successive volume is a monument of 'the reason why.'"--_The County Gentleman._

"Eminently practical."--_The Field._

"The work of an exceptionally competent authority, who thoroughly understands his subject, and is able to make the results of his practical knowledge clear to readers."--_Badminton Magazine._

=ILLUSTRATED HORSEBREAKING.= Second and Cheaper Edition. Large crown 8vo. Price 12s. net.

_This Edition has been entirely rewritten, the amount of the letterpress more than doubled, and 75 reproductions of Photographs have been added._

"It is a characteristic of all Captain Hayes' books on horses that they are eminently practical, and the present one is no exception to the rule. A work which is entitled to high praise as being far and away the best reasoned-out one on breaking under a new system we have seen."--_The Field._

"The work is eminently practical and reliable."--_Veterinary Journal._

=HORSES ON BOARD SHIP.= A Guide to their Management. By M. H. HAYES. In 1 vol., crown 8vo, with numerous Illustrations from Photographs taken by the Author during two voyages to South Africa with horses. Price 3s. 6d. net.

"The book altogether is like the rest of Captain Hayes' works, written on sound, practical lines, and is all the more welcome in that it deals with a subject on which we have yet a great deal to learn."--_The Field._

"As he has had two voyages to South Africa in charge of large consignments, his experience is eminently practical, and his book contains much valuable information, and ought to enable the War Office to avoid in the future some of the errors of the past."--_Morning Post._

"We are sure that the book will be found useful and instructive to those who are new to the work of conveying either large or small numbers of horses across the seas."--_County Gentleman._

=TRAINING AND HORSE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA.= Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s.

"We entertain a very high opinion of Capt. Hayes' book on 'Horse Training and Management in India,' and are of opinion that no better guide could be placed in the hands of either amateur horseman or veterinary surgeon newly arrived in that important division of our Empire."--_Veterinary Journal._

=INFECTIVE DISEASES OF ANIMALS.= Being Part I. of the Translation of Friedberger and Froehner's Pathology of the Domestic Animals. Translated and Edited by the Author. With a Chapter on Bacteriology by Dr. G. NEWMAN, D.P.H. Demy 8vo, 10s. 6d. net.

"Whether considered as a work of reference for busy practitioners, as a text-book for students, or as a treatise on pathology in its widest significance, this volume meets every requirement, and is an invaluable addition to our literature."--_Veterinary Record._

=AMONG HORSES IN RUSSIA.= With 53 Illustrations from Photographs taken chiefly by the Author. In 1 vol., large crown 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net.

"The book is exceedingly well written and illustrated."--_Graphic._

"The author has made an exceedingly entertaining book of his experiences."--_Baily's Magazine._

=AMONG HORSES IN SOUTH AFRICA.= In 1 vol., crown 8vo. Price 5s.

"Capt. Hayes' book is genuinely interesting, and fully repays reading."--_Black and White._

"The book is very readable."--_Spectator._

"The book is written in a pleasant, chatty style, and with a broad mind."--_Sportsman._

=MODERN POLO.= By Captain E. D. MILLER, late 17th Lancers. Edited by Captain M. H. HAYES. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. In one vol., demy 8vo., with numerous Illustrations from Photographs and Drawings. Price 16s. net.

"Both in the matter of polo-playing and in that of choosing or breeding polo ponies, the volume is a certain authority."--_The Times._

"'Modern Polo,' written by E. D. Miller and edited by Capt M. H. Hayes, will assuredly become the authoritative work concerning the game, which is rapidly growing in favour in this country. It is clear and bright in style, and it is provided with numerous illustrations from photographs."--_Black and White._

"Mr. Miller's is by no means the only work upon the Game of Polo, but it is, at least, the most complete and comprehensive work upon the subject that has yet been issued. It has had the benefit, too, of the editorship of Capt. M. H. Hayes, one of the best authorities of the day in regard to all matters connected with horsemanship. To Capt. Hayes are also due the excellent photographs by which the book is illustrated, showing almost every turn and stroke in a rather complicated game."--_Graphic._

LONDON: HURST AND BLACKETT, LIMITED.

Transcriber's Note

The following typographical errors have been corrected:

xiii 68 Ready changed to 68. Ready xiii 75 Holding changed to 75. Holding xiii in Fig 77 changed to in Fig. 77 19 Arab pony, Freddie changed to Arab pony, Freddie. 48 Fig. 25. Cope's changed to Fig. 25.--Cope's 62 wanderers home changed to wanderers home. 102 _Photo by_ changed to _Photo. by_ 125 DISMOUNTING, changed to DISMOUNTING. 137 on both sides changed to on both sides. 174 in Fig 87 changed to in Fig. 87 195 a-well executed changed to a well-executed 250 106.--A cut and-laid changed to 106.--A cut-and-laid 273 in Fig 115 changed to in Fig. 115 478 342-245 changed to 342-345 479 Moore, George, 422 changed to Moore, George, 422. 479 Ninteenth changed to Nineteenth Ads p. 3 MANAGEMENT AND EXERCISE changed to MANAGEMENT AND EXERCISE. Ads p. 3 =MANAGEMENT IN= INDIA changed to =MANAGEMENT IN INDIA= Ads p. 4 _Sportsman_ changed to _Sportsman._

The following words were inconsistently spelled or hyphenated:

Breast-plate / Breastplate buck-jumpers / buckjumpers cavesson / cavasson cheek pieces / cheek-pieces / cheekpieces cross-saddle / cross saddle cross-country / 'cross-country / cross country / 'cross country cub-hunting / cub hunting fore-hand / forehand fore-leg / foreleg / fore leg Fox-hunting / Foxhunting hair-pins / hairpins head-stall / headstall Hooked-back / Hooked back Illustrated Horse-Breaking / Illustrated Horse Breaking / Illustrated Horsebreaking mouth-piece / mouthpiece nose-band / noseband now-a-days / nowadays paper-chase / paperchase race-course / racecourse race-horses / race-horses re-written / rewritten safety-bar / safety bar sheep-dogs / sheepdogs side-saddle / side saddle side-saddles / side saddles steeple-chase / steeplechase steeple-chasing / steeplechasing stirrup-bar / stirrup bar Thorough-bred / Thoroughbred Under-clothing / Underclothing Whyte-Melville / Whyte Melville