Part 16

If we travel backward into the Ancient Southwest we must leave behind many things that came to the people since the Spaniards sallied from Mexico to the new land of wonders. Sheep, goats, chickens, burros, horses, cattle there are none, and the children of the sun have no domestic animal except the turkey. The coyote-like dog haunted the pueblos, but his ancient enemy, the cat, was not there to dispute with him. No peaches or apricots were on the bill of fare, and the desert must be scoured for small berries and the fruit of the yucca and prickly-pear. Corn, beans, melons, and squashes there were, but wheat, oats, and alfalfa came from other hands. What would be the deprivation if sugar, coffee, flour, and baking powder were cut off from the present Indians. The ancients had none, nor were the useful vessels of tin and iron for cooking dreamed of. The agave of the South furnished a sweet in the roasted leaves, which took the place of sugar and went far and wide by early commerce. Tobacco always grew wild around the pueblos, but the ancients never knew the fascination of the modern leaf.

Before the trader's cotton stuffs, were those of native cotton and before woolen stuffs there were warm blankets of strips of rabbit fur interwoven with cord, feather garments, mats of yucca, and blankets of mountain goat and buffalo wool, with girdles and stockings of the same textile. Perhaps more in use than these for clothing were the tanned skins of the elk, deer, and antelope, ornamented with native colors before aniline dyes came into existence. Buffalo skins were a part of the belongings of the ancients secured through trade with the people of the plains. There were sandals of plaited yucca and moccasins of turkey feathers. For jewelry there were seeds of the pine, shells, beads, and ornaments of turquoise and colored stones, quite enough to satisfy the love of ornament and quite suitable to the dusky skins of the Indians, as anyone may verify, if he will travel to the pueblos.

About the houses every vestige of metal and glass is absent. The windows may have been glazed with irregular plates of selenite, and the marks of fire and the rude stone axe are upon the beams. Instead of the gun, curved clubs, the bow, and stone-tipped arrows hang from the rafters with the lance thrown by the atlatl. In the corner stands a hoe of stone and a digging stick; pottery, gourds, and basketry are the sole utensils, the knife is a chipped stone blade set with pine gum in a wooden handle, and the horns of the mountain sheep are formed into spoons.

The rooms are smoky and dark, since the chimney is not yet, and the fire on the floor must be nursed, for, when it goes out, it must be rekindled by the friction of two pieces of wood or borrowed from a neighbor in the manner of primitive times, not yet forgotten among the advanced sharers of civilization. Much might be added to this picture of the early life of the Pueblos, and the exploration of the ruins will tell us yet more to excite our interest and admiration.

Among the inhabited Hopi pueblos are many seats of the ancient people now become mounds or fallen walls and their memory a tradition. There were four mission churches; hardly a vestige of them remains, and a few of the carved beams support the roofs of pagan kivas. This bears strong testimony to the completeness of the weeding out of the foreign missions by the Hopi more than two centuries ago. The Hopi have always been free and independent, even when the search for gold by the Conquistadores had been turned to the search for souls to the subjugation of most of the other Pueblos in the Southwest.

Several of the interesting ruins in Tusayan have been explored. Sikyatki, or "Yellow House," lying on the sand hills four miles east of Walpi, has yielded many strange and beautiful relics of pottery and stone, as has Awatobi, a large town on a mesa ten miles southeast of Walpi, destroyed about the year 1700 by the other villagers. Here may be traced the walls of the mission of San Bernardino de Awatobi, a large church built of blocks of adobe mixed with straw. The church stood on the mesa commanding a superb view of the lava buttes to the south and must have been in its time an imposing building. The old town of Kisakobi, near Walpi, has yielded relics in profusion of a later period than the sites mentioned, and it is here that we must look for the arts of the Hopi just before they came into the light of history.

The prevalence of ruins around the Hopi mesas is in keeping with the movements of the tribes in the Pueblo region. Of the seven Hopi towns, Oraibi is the only one now on the site it occupied when the Spaniards came to Tusayan.

Not long ago, according to Hopi traditionists, some clans withdrew from Tusayan and rebuilt cliff-houses in the Canyon de Chelly, where before some of the clans that finally settled in Tusayan lived for a time.

Without doubt the connection between the early Hopi clans and the people who lived in the cliff-dwellings was close at a former period, and there is reason to believe that the older clans who are said to have come in from the North possessed the black-and-white pottery and the arts of the cliff-dwellers. Other clans coming from the South must have worked considerable changes in Hopi arts. While the southern clans brought yellow pottery, it remained for the great influx of peoples from the Rio Grande to introduce the artistic ware with complicated symbolic decoration that rendered the Tusayan ceramics superior to all others in northern America.

INDEX

Albinos, 17

Ancient life, pictures of, 257-259

Announcements of town crier, 43

Apache, 26

Astronomy, primitive, 44

Attacks of Navaho and Apache, 254

Basket dance, 159

Baskets, kinds of, 90

Basket making, 91-95

Basket, materials of, 91

Basket struggle, 161

Baskets, uses of, 93

Blessing of the fields, 37

Burial, 130, 131

Carving, joinery, painting and drawing, 87-90

Ceremonies, 132; basis of, 135, 136

Ceremonial calendar, regulation of, 148

Chakwaina, biography of, 231-233

Children, games of, 107, 108; education of, 119-122

Clan ceremonies, 135; laws, 36

Cliff dwellers, 261

Climate, 15

Cold, disregard of, 33

Communication of news, 42

Constellations named, 44

Coöperation, 37

Corn, cooking of, 66; cultivation and care of, 61, 62; diet of, 65; feast, 61; grinding, 62; meal, 64; origin myth of, 65; planting of, 60, 61

Cornfield, appearance of, 60

Cotton, use of, 83

Courtship, 122-123

Crafts, 70

Day, division of, 45

Death, ideas concerning, 128, 129, 130

Dedication of infant to the sun, 117

Dolls, making of, 87

Dyeing, 85

Eagle capture, 170; cemetery, 171; egg shrine, 171; feathers in ceremony, 170; ownership of, 168

Education of children, 218, 219

Environment, effect in shaping culture, 15

Fewkes (Dr. J. Walter), 12, 47, 88, 151, 159, 179; on Kopeli, 221-223

Fields, guarding of, 56

Flute, ceremony of, 156-159

Fire priests, 166, 167; making, 164

Founding of new villages, 253

Fuel gathering, 71

Games, athletic and sedentary, 105, 106

Gardens, 53

Hano, origin of, 20

Havasupai, 25

Head flattening, 16

Herbs, collection of, 58; mixed with tobacco, 60

Historical ruins, 260

Hodge (F. W.), 11, 254

Honani family, account of, 228-231

House, arrangement of, 100; building of, 95-101; dedication ceremonies, 99, 100; description of, 22-23

Hunts, ceremonial, 172, 173, 174

Industry, 71

Intiwa, biography of, 227, 228

Kachinas, 135

Kachina ceremonies, 145-146

Kisakobi, 260

Kivas, construction of, Walpi, 21-22

Kopeli, biography of, 218-223

Labor, division of, 69

Lalakonti ceremony, 159-161

Land, ownership of, 37

Laws, 38

Longevity, 17

Lummis (C. F.), 11

Mamzrauti ceremony, 161-163

Marriage, 123-128

Meals, 67

Medicine men, 167, 168; theory and practice, 58

Migration of Apache and Navaho, 254; of Pueblo, 253

Mindeleff (Cosmos), 101

Mission churches, 260

Moccasin making, 72, 73, 74

Months of summer, 33, 34, 35; of winter 30, 31, 32

Mungwe, biography of, 233-235

Mushongnovi pueblo, 23

Music, character of, 103; of Flute ceremony, 103, 104, 105

Myth of Alosaka, 193; Dr. Fewkes quoted, 189; of flint clad giant, 186, 187; of Great Elk, 185, 186; of man-eagle, 180-185; of migration, 190-194, 196, 197-200; of monsters, 179; of plumed serpent, 194, 195; of sun twins, 187, 188

Naming customs, 117

Nampeo, 75, 76

Nampeo, potter, 20

Nashihiptuwa on the golden age, 213-217

Natal rites, 114-115

Native worship, 134-135

Navaho contracts, 24

New fire ceremony, 163-165

Niman Kachina ceremony, 146-148

Oraibi, location of, 260; pueblo, 24

Organization of ancient Pueblos, 252

Origin of pueblo builders, 257

Paiute, 26

Palulukong ceremony, 140-145

Physical characteristics, 16

Pima, 26, 27

Plants, knowledge of, 57; lore of, 59; uses of, 59

Planting stick, 60

Pottery, ancient, 261; burning, 80, 81, 82; clays, 77; evolution of, 78, 79; paints, 80; superstition regarding, 82; tools, 78

Powamu ceremony, 139, 140

Prayer-sticks in springs, 256

Preservation of tradition, 251

Primitive commerce, 250

Pueblo origin accounts, 251, 252

Punishments, 38

Routes to Pueblos, 13

Running, feats of, 108, 113

Saalako, medicine woman, biography of, 225-227

Sandals, 74, 75

Seed gathering, 67

Social organization, 35

Sheep, introduction of, 83, 255

Shepherds, 39-40

Shipaulovi pueblo, 24

Shrines, 175-178

Shumopavi pueblo, 24

Sichomovi pueblo, origin of name, 20

Sikyatki, ancient pueblo destroyed, 210; ruins of, 260

Snake dance, 148-155; legend, 155-156

Songs, purchase of, 102; variety of, 105

Soyaluna ceremony, 136-139

Springs, 53; disappearance of, 54; Flute Dance in, 54; names of, 54; offerings in, 53; sacred, 54

Street market, 40

Summer occupations, 33

Tewa, migration of, 20; visits of pueblos, 25

Time, determination of, 43, 44; reckoning in birth rites, 114; record, 44

Toby, biography of, 245, 247

"Tom Sawyer," biography of, 247-249

Totem names, 46, 47

Town crier, or speaker chief, 41, 42

Town patrol, 39

Traders, ability of, 38

Tradition of Apache raids, 202; of destruction of Awatobi, 210-213; of flood, 203; of former location, 204; of origin of Hano, 208; of Spanish conquerors, 206, 207; of the Spanish Friars, 204, 205

Turkey, 172

Tusayan, physical description of, 13

Unwarlike character of Hopi, 209

Villages located near water, 50; on mesas, 18

Voth (H. R.), 128

Walpi, changes due to contact, 19; description of, 21; founded 1590, 21

Wars among Pueblos, 256

Water, abstinence from by animals, 52; carriers, 53; hunting of, 51; jars, hidden, 50; signs, 51

Weaving, 82-86

Wedding costume, 127, 128; blanket, 126

Wiki and Supela, biography of, 223, 224, 225

Winter occupations, 29, 30

Women, house builders, 96

Wupa, biography of, 235-245

Yeast, chewed, 64

Zuñi, association with, 25

Transcriber's Note

Minor punctuation errors have been repaired.

Hyphenation has been made consistent throughout the main body of the book, but preserved as printed in quoted material.

Spelling has been made consistent where there was a clear prevalence of one form over another. Such changes are included in the list of amendments below. Otherwise, archaic and variant spellings are preserved as printed.

As no later editions of this book could be found, the transcriber has estimated the most likely place for an apparently omitted closing quote on page 129. This appears to be at the paragraph ending with 'Truly, we received the ceremonies from them long ago,' as there are several references to 'we' preceding it, suggesting it is all quoted material.

The following text appears on page 155: 'For several days after the Snake Dance the young and not too old play jolly comes the feast consumed with the appetite of youth, childlike simplicity.' There may be missing words or punctuation, but as the transcriber is unable to establish these, it is preserved as printed.

Both Castil shimuno (page 205) and Castil shinumo (page 206) appear. One of these is presumably a typographic error, but as the transcriber found no way to determine which is correct, they have both been preserved as printed.

Both Mishongnovi and Mushongnovi appear as variant spellings, and are preserved as printed.

The quoted matter on page 221 uses Saliko as an alternate spelling of Saalako, and this is preserved as printed.

The following amendments have been made:

Page 14--pinyons amended to piñons--... on the mesas are junipers and piñons; ...

Page 30--Soyalana amended to Soyaluna--... and after the Soyaluna ceremony ...

Page 55--Salako amended to Saalako--... although having been blessed by Saalako ...

Page 68--witr amended to with--... which, with various other herbs, ...

Page 80--ochre amended to ocher--The red paint is yellow ocher, ...

Page 91--leaf-tripping amended to leaf-stripping--... waste bits from the leaf-stripping, ...

Page 101, footnote--Mendeleff's amended to Mindeleff's--... should consult Mindeleff's paper ...

Page 110--distince amended to distance--... a distance which the Spaniards required ...

Page 121--confield amended to cornfield--... watching the cornfield, or gathering the crops, ...

Page 124--back amended to black--... she grinds the dark blue corn which the Hopi call black, ...

Page 129--It amended to If it--If it is the spirit of a good man, ...

Page 145--themelves amended to themselves--... dress themselves in appropriate costume, ...

Page 148--it amended to its--... the Snake Dance, from its elements of horror, ...

Page 161--Salako amended to Saalako--... of which his wife, Saalako, ...

Page 162--prayer-stick amended to prayer-sticks--... and messengers are sent to springs and shrines to deposit prayer-sticks.

Page 168--follaws amended to follows--... more striking customs in this regard follows: ...

Page 186--empting amended to emptying--... and drank four times, emptying the pool.

Page 195--Palulokona amended to Palulukona--On the sixth day, _Palulukona_ [the Serpent Deity] ...

Page 198--seded amended to seeded (confirmed with the quoted source)--... and red and yellow speckled corn, and a seeded grass ...

Page 200--formed amended to found (confirmed with the quoted source)--Calako's picture is found on the Powamu altars ...

Page 208--county amended to country--... in our country where the past is forgotten ...

Page 220--as as amended to or as--... whether as a farmer or as Snake Priest, ...

Page 226--Wapli amended to Walpi--No visitor to Walpi escapes the ordeal ...

Page 250--XII amended to XI--XI THE ANCIENT PEOPLE

Page 253--ing amended to in--There were Seven Cities of Cibola in the subsequent stretch ...

Page 255--undersirable amended to undesirable--... were almost as undesirable as ...

Page 263--xl amended to 12--Fewkes (Dr. J. Walter), 12, 47 ...

Page 263--x amended to 11--Hodge (F. W.), 11, 254

Page 264--4 amended to 11--Lummis (C. F.), 11

Page 264--83 amended to 82--Pottery, superstition regarding, 82;

Page 264--304 amended to 204--Tradition of Apache raids, ... of former location, 204; ...

The frontispiece illustration and list of other books in the series have been moved to follow the title page.