Part 2

Ic Aelfric munuc and maessepreost, swa theah waccre thonne swilcum hadum gebyrige, weardh asend on Aethelredes daege cyninges fram Aelfeage biscope, Adhelwoldes aeftergengan, to sumum mynstre the is Cernel gehaten, thurh Aedhelmaeres bene dhaes thegenes, his gebyrd and goodnys sind gehwaer cuthe. Tha bearn me on mode, ic truwige thurh Godes gife, thaet ic dhas boc of Ledenum gereorde to Engliscre spraece awende; na thurh gebylde mycelre lare, ac forthan the ic geseah and gehyrde mycel gedwyld on manegum Engliscum bocum, the ungelaerede menn thurh heora bilewitnysse to micclum wisdome tealdon; and me ofhreow thaet h['i] ne cuthon ne naefdon tha godspellican lare on heora gewritum, buton tham mannum anum dhe thaet Leden cudhon, and buton tham bocum dhe Aelfred cyning snoterlice awende of Ledene on Englisc, tha synd to haebbene. For thisum antimbre ic gedyrstlaehte, on Gode truwiende, thaet ic dhas gesetnysse undergann, and eac fordham the menn behofiadh godre lare swidhost on thisum timan the is geendung thyssere worulde, and beodh fela frecednyssa on mancynne aerdhan the se ende becume, swa swa ure Drihten on his godspelle cwaedh to his leorning-cnihtum, "Dhonne beodh swilce {4} gedreccednyssa swilce naeron naefre aer fram frymdhe middangeardes. Manega lease Cristas cumadh on minum naman, cwedhende, 'Ic eom Crist,' and wyrcadh fela tacna and wundra, to bepaecenne mancynn, and eac swylce tha gecorenan men, gif hit gewurthan maeg: and butan se Aelmihtiga God dha dagas gescyrte, eall mennisc forwurde; ac for his gecorenum he gescyrte tha dagas." Gehw['a] maeg the eadhelicor dha toweardan costnunge acuman, dhurh Godes fultum, gif h['e] bidh thurh boclice lare getrymmed; fordhan dhe tha beodh gehealdene the odh ende on geleafan thurhwuniadh. Fela gedreccednyssa and earfodhnysse becumadh on thissere worulde ['ae]r hire geendunge, and tha synd dha bydelas thaes ecan forwyrdes on yfelum mannum, the for heora m['a]ndaedum sidhdhan ecelice throwiadh on dhaere sweartan helle. Thonne cymdh se Antecrist, se bidh mennisc mann and sodh deofol, swa swa ure Haelend is sodhlice mann and God on anum hade. And se gesewenlica deofol thonne wyrcdh ungerima wundra, and cwydh thaet he sylf God beo, and wile neadian mancynn to his gedwylde; ac his tima ne bidh na langsum; forthan the Godes grama hine fordedh, and theos weoruld bidh sidhdhan geendod. Crist ure Drihten gehaelde untrume and adlige, and thes deofol the is gehaten Antecrist, thaet is gereht, dhwyrlic Crist, aleuadh and geuntrumadh dha halan, and naenne ne gehaeldh fram untrumnyssum, buton tham anum the he sylf aer awyrde. He and his gingran awyrdadh manna lichaman digellice thurh deofles craeft, and gehaeladh h['i] openlice on manna gesihthe; ac h['e] ne maeg naenne gehaelan the God sylf aer geuntrumode. He neadadh thurh yfelnysse thaet men sceolon bugan fram heora Scyppendes geleafan to his leasungum, sedhe is ord aelcere leasunge and yfelnysse. Se Aelmihtiga God gedhafadh tham arleasan Antecriste to wyrcenne t['a]cna, and wundra, and ehtnysse, to feorthan healfan geare; forthan dhe on dham timan bidh swa micel yfelnyss and thwyrnys betwux mancynne thaet h['i] wel wyrdhe beodh thaere deoflican ehtnysse, to ecum forwyrde tham dhe him onbugadh, and to ecere myrhdhe dham the him thurh geleafan widhcwedhadh. God {6} gedhafadh eac thaet his gecorenan thegenas beon aclaensade fram eallum synnum thurh dha ormaetan ehtnyssa, swa swa gold bidh on fyre afandod. Tha ofslihdh se deofol dhe him widhstandadh, and h['i] thonne faradh mid halgum martyrdome to heofenan rice. Tha dhe his leasungum gelyfadh, tham h['e] aradh, and h['i] habbadh sydhdhan tha ecan susle to edleane heora gedwyldes. Se arleasa dedh thaet fyr cymdh ufan swilce of heofonum on manna gesihdhe, swilce h['e] God Aelmihtig sy, dhe ah geweald heofenas and eorthan. Ac tha cristenan sceolon beon thonne gemyndige hu se deofol dyde tha dha he baed aet Gode thaet he moste fandian Iobes. He gemacode dha thaet fyr come ufan swilce of heofenum, and forbaernde ealle his scep ['u]t on felda, and tha hyrdas samod, buton anum the hit him cydhan sceolde. Ne sende se deofol dha fyr of heofenum, theah dhe hit ufan come; fordhan the he sylf naes on heofonum, sydhdhan he for his modignysse of-aworpen waes. Ne eac se waelhreowa Antecrist naefdh tha mihte thaet he heofenlic fyr asendan maege, dheah the h['e] thurh deofles craeft hit swa gehiwige. Bidh nu w['i]slicor thaet gehwa dhis wite and cunne his geleafan, weald hwa dha micclan yrmdhe gebidan sceole. Ure Drihten bebead his discipulum thaet h['i] sceoldon laeran and taecan eallum theodum dha dhing the he sylf him taehte; ac thaera is nu to lyt dhe wile wel taecan and wel bysnian. Se ylca Drihten clypode thurh his witegan Ezechiel, "Gif thu ne gestentst thone unrihtwisan, and hine ne manast, thaet h['e] fram his arleasnysse gecyrre and lybbe, thonne swelt se arleasa on his unrihtwisnysse, and ic wille ofgan aet dhe his blod," thaet is his lyre. "Gif dhu dhonne thone arleasan gewarnast, and he nele fram his arleasnysse gecyrran, thu alysdest thine sawle mid thaere mynegunge, and se arleasa swylt on his unrihtwisnysse." Eft cwaedh se Aelmihtiga to tham witegan Isaiam, "Clypa and ne geswic dhu, ahefe thine stemne swa swa byme, and cydh minum folce heora leahtras, and Iacobes hirede heora synna." For swylcum bebodum weardh me gedhuht thaet ic naere unscyldig widh God, gif ic nolde odhrum mannum cydhan, odhdhe thurh {8} tungan odhdhe thurh gewritu, tha godspellican sothfaestnysse the he sylf gecwaedh, and eft halgum lareowum onwreah. For wel fela ic wat on thisum earde gelaeredran thonne ic sy, ac God geswuteladh his wundra thurh dhone the he wile. Swa swa aelmihtig wyrhta, he wyrcdh his weorc thurh his gecorenan, na swylce he behofige ures fultumes, ac thaet we geearnion thaet ece lif thurh his weorces fremminge. Paulus se apostol cwaedh, "We sind Godes gefylstan," and swa dheah ne do we nan thing to Gode, buton Godes fultume. Nu bidde ic and halsige on Godes naman, gif hwa thas boc awritan wylle, thaet he h['i] geornlice gerihte be thaere bysene, thylaes the we thurh gymelease writeras geleahtrode beon. Mycel yfel dedh sedhe leas writ, buton he hit gerihte, swylce he gebringe tha sodhan lare to leasum gedwylde: forthi sceal gehwa gerihtlaecan thaet thaet he aer to woge gebigde, gif h['e] on Godes dome unscyldig beon wile. Quid necesse est in hoc codice capitula ordinare, cum prediximus quod xl. sententias in se contineat? excepto quod Aethelwerdus dux vellet habere xl. quattuor in suo libro.

PREFACE.

I Aelfric, monk and mass-priest, although more weakly than for such orders is fitting, was sent, in king Aethelred's day, from bishop Aelfeah, Aethelwold's successor, to a minster which is called Cernel, at the prayer of Aethelmaer the thane, whose birth and goodness are known everywhere. Then it occurred to my mind, I trust through God's grace, that I would turn this book from the Latin language into the English tongue; not from confidence of great learning, but because I have seen and heard of much error in many English books, which unlearned men, through their simplicity, have esteemed as great wisdom: and I regretted that they knew not nor had not the evangelical doctrines among their writings, those men only excepted who knew Latin, and those books excepted which king Aelfred wisely turned from Latin into English, which are to be had. For this cause I presumed, trusting in God, to undertake this task, and also because men have need of good instruction, especially at this time, which is the ending of this world, and there will be many calamities among mankind before the end cometh, according to what our Lord in his gospel said to his disciples, "Then shall {5} be such tribulations as have never been from the beginning of the world. Many false Christs shall come in my name, saying, 'I am Christ,' and shall work many signs and wonders, to deceive mankind; and also the elect, if it may be. And unless Almighty God shorten those days, all mankind will perish; but for his elect he will shorten those days." Everyone may the more easily withstand the future temptation, through God's support, if he is strengthened by book learning, for they shall be preserved who continue in faith to the end. Many tribulations and hardships shall come on this world before its end, and those are the proclaimers of everlasting perdition to evil men, who afterwards for their crimes suffer eternally in the swart hell. Then Antichrist shall come, who is human man and true devil, as our Saviour is truly man and God in one person. And the visible devil shall then work innumerable miracles, and say that he himself is God, and will compel mankind to his heresy: but his time will not be long, for God's anger will destroy him, and this world will afterwards be ended. Christ our Lord healed the weak and diseased, and the devil, who is called Antichrist, which is interpreted, Opposition-Christ, weakens and enfeebles the hale, and heals no one from diseases, save those alone whom he himself had previously injured. He and his disciples injure men's bodies secretly through the devil's power, and heal them openly in the sight of men: but he may not heal those whom God himself had before afflicted. He compels, through wickedness, men to swerve from the faith of their Creator to his leasings, who is the author of all leasing and wickedness. Almighty God permits the impious Antichrist to work signs, and miracles, and persecution, for three years and a half; for in that time there will be so much wickedness and perversity among mankind, that they will be well worthy of devilish persecution, to the eternal perdition of those who incline unto him, and to the eternal joy of those who by faith resist him. God also permits that {7} his chosen servants be cleansed from all sins through great persecutions, as gold is tried in fire. The devil slays those who withstand him, and then, with holy martyrdom, they go to the kingdom of heaven. Those who believe in his leasings, those he honours, and they shall have afterwards eternal torment for reward of their sin. The impious one will cause fire to come from above, as it were from heaven, in sight of men, as if he were God Almighty, who rules over heaven and earth; but Christians must then be mindful how the devil did, when he prayed to God that he might tempt Job; he made fire to come from above, as if from heaven, and burned all his sheep out in the field, and the shepherds also, save one who should announce it to him. The devil sent not fire from heaven, though it came from above; for he himself was not in heaven, after that he, for his pride, had been cast out. Nor also hath the cruel Antichrist the power to send down heavenly fire, though he, through the devil's craft, may so pretend. It will now be wiser that everyone know this, and know his belief, lest anyone have to await great misery. Our Lord commanded his disciples that they should instruct and teach all people the things which he had himself taught to them; but of those there are too few who will well teach and well exemplify. The Lord also cried, through his prophet Ezechiel, "If thou warnest not the unrighteous, and exhortest him not, so that he turn from his wickedness and live, then shall the wicked die in his iniquity, and I will require from thee his blood," that is, his perdition. "But if thou warnest the wicked, and he will not turn from his wickedness, thou shalt release thy soul with that admonition, and the wicked shall die in his unrighteousness." Again the Almighty spake to the prophet Isaiah, "Cry and cease thou not, raise thy voice as a trumpet, and declare to my people their crimes, and to the family of Jacob their sins." From such commands it appeared to me that I should not be guiltless before God, if I would not declare to {9} other men, by tongue or by writings, the evangelical truth, which he himself spake, and afterwards to holy teachers revealed. Very many I know in this country more learned than I am, but God manifests his wonders through whom he will. As an almighty worker he works his work through his chosen, not because he has need of our aid, but that we may earn eternal life by the performance of his work. Paul the apostle said, "We are God's assistants," and yet we do nothing for God without the assistance of God. Now I desire and beseech, in God's name, if anyone will transcribe this book, that he carefully correct it by the copy, lest we be blamed through careless writers. He does great evil who writes false, unless he correct it; it is as though he turn true doctrine to false error; therefore should everyone make that straight which he before bent crooked, if he will be guiltless at God's doom. Quid necesse est in hoc codice capitula ordinare, cum praediximus quod xl. sententias in se contineat? excepto quod Aethelwerdus dux vellet habere xl. quattuor in suo libro.

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INCIPIT LIBER CATHOLICORUM SERMONUM ANGLICE, IN AECCLESIA PER ANNUM RECITANDORUM.

SERMO DE INITIO CREATURAE, AD POPULUM, QUANDO VOLUERIS.

An angin is ealra thinga, thaet is God Aelmihtig. He is ordfruma and ende: he is ordfruma, fordhi the he waes aefre; he is ende butan aelcere geendunge, fordhan the he bidh aefre ungeendod. He is ealra cyninga Cyning, and ealra hlaforda Hlaford. He hylt mid his mihte heofonas and eordhan, and ealle gesceafta butan geswince, and he besceawadh tha niwelnyssa the under thyssere eordhan sind. He awecdh ealle duna {10} mid anre handa, and ne maeg nan thing his willan widhstandan. Ne maeg nan gesceaft fulfremedlice smeagan ne understandan ymbe god. Maran cydhdhe habbadh englas to Gode thonne men, and theah-hwedhere h['i] ne magon fulfremedlice understandan ymbe God. H['e] gesceop gesceafta thadha he wolde; thurh his wisdom he geworhte ealle thing, and thurh his willan h['e] h['i] ealle geliffaeste. Dheos thrynnys is ['a]n God; thaet is se Faeder and his wisdom of him sylfum aefre acenned; and heora begra willa, thaet is se Halga Gast: he nis na acenned, ac he gaedh of tham Faeder and of tham Suna gelice. Dhas thry hadas sindon ['a]n Aelmihtig God, se geworhte heofenas, and eordhan, and ealle gesceafta. He gesceop tyn engla werod, thaet sind englas and heah-englas, throni, dominationes, principatus, potestates, uirtutes, cherubim, seraphim. Her sindon nigon engla werod: h['i] nabbadh naenne lichaman, ac h['i] sindon ealle gastas swidhe strange and mihtige and wlitige, on micelre faegernysse gesceapene, to lofe and to wurdhmynte heora Scyppende. Dhaet teodhe werod abreadh and awende on yfel. God h['i] gesceop ealle g['o]de, and let h['i] habban agenne cyre, swa h['i] heora Scyppend lufedon and filigdon, swa h['i] hine forleton. Dha waes thaes teodhan werodes ealdor swidhe faeger and wlitig gesceapen, swa thaet h['e] waes geh['a]ten Leohtberend. Tha began he to modigenne for thaere faegernysse the he haefde, and cwaedh on his heortan thaet h['e] wolde and eadhe mihte beon his Scyppende gelic, and sittan on tham nordh-daele heofenan rices, and habban andweald and rice ongean God Aelmihtigne. Tha gefaestnode he thisne raed widh thaet werod the h['e] bewiste, and h['i] ealle to dham raede gebugon. Dhadha h['i] ealle haefdon thysne raed betwux him gefaestnod, tha becom Godes grama ofer h['i] ealle, and h['i] ealle wurdon awende of tham faegeran h['i]we, the h['i] on gesceapene waeron, to ladhlicum deoflum. And swidhe rihtlice him swa getimode, thadha he wolde mid modignysse beon betera thonne he gesceapen waes, and cwaedh, thaet he mihte beon tham Aelmihtigum Gode gel['i]c. Tha weardh he and ealle his geferan forcuthran and wyrsan thonne aenig odher gesceaft; and tha {12} hwile the he smeade hu he mihte daelan rice widh God, tha hwile gearcode se Aelmihtiga Scyppend him and his geferum helle w['i]te, and h['i] ealle adraefde of heofenan rices myrhdhe, and let befeallan on thaet ece fyr, the him gegearcod waes for heora ofermettum. Tha sona tha nigon werod, the dhaer to lafe waeron, bugon to heora Scyppende mid ealre eadhmodnesse, and betaehton heora r['ae]d to his willan. Tha getrymde se Aelmihtiga God tha nigon engla werod, and gestathelfaeste swa thaet h['i] naefre ne mihton ne noldon sydhdhan fram his willan gebugan; ne h['i] ne magon nu, ne h['i] nelladh nane synne gewyrcan, ac hi aefre beodh ymbe thaet ['a]n, hu hi magon Gode gehyrsumian, and him gecweman. Swa mihton eac tha odhre the dhaer feollon d['o]n, gif hi woldon; forthi dhe God h['i] geworhte to wlitegum engla gecynde, and let h['i] habban agenne cyre, and h['i] naefre ne gebigde ne ne nydde mid nanum thingum to tham yfelan raede; ne naefre se yfela r['ae]d ne com of Godes gethance, ac com of thaes deofles, swa swa we ['ae]r cwaedon.

Nu thencdh menig man and smeadh hwanon deofol come; thonne wite he thaet God gesceop to maeran engle thone the nu is deofol: ac God ne gesceop hine na to deofle; ac thadha he waes mid ealle ford['o]n and forscyldgod thurh tha miclan up-ahefednysse and widherweardnysse, tha weardh he to deofle awend, sedhe ['ae]r waes maere engel geworht. Dha wolde God gefyllan and geinnian thone lyre the forloren waes of tham heofenlicum werode, and cwaedh thaet h['e] wolde wyrcan mannan of eordhan, thaet se eordhlica man sceolde getheon and geearnian mid eadmodnysse tha wununga on heofenan rice, the se deofol forwyrhte mid modignysse. And God tha geworhte aenne mannan of l['a]me, and him on ableow gast, and hine gel['i]ffaeste, and he weardh tha mann gesceapen on sawle and on lichaman; and God him sette naman Ad['a]m, and he waes tha sume hwile ['a]nstandende. God tha hine gebrohte on neorxna-wange, and hine thaer gelogode, and him to cwaedh, "Ealra thaera thinga the on neorxna-wange sindon thu most brucan, and h['i] ealle beodh the betaehte, buton anum treowe the stent on middan {14} neorxna-wange: ne hrepa thu thaes treowes waestm, forthan dhe thu bist deadlic, gif dhu thaes treowes waestm geetst." Hw['i] wolde God swa lytles thinges him forwyrnan, the him swa miccle odhre thing betaehte? Gyse hu mihte Ad['a]m tocnawan hwaet h['e] waere, buton h['e] waere gehyrsum on sumum thince his Hlaforde. Swylce God ew['ae]de to him, "Nast thu na thaet ic eom thin Hlaford and thaet thu eart min theowa, buton thu do thaet ic the h['a]te, and forg['a]ng thaet ic the forbeode. Hwaet maeg hit thonne beon thaet thu forg['a]n sceole: ic dhe secge, forgang dhu anes treowes waestm, and mid thaere eadhelican gehyrsumnysse thu geearnast heofenan rices myrhdhu and thone stede the se deofol of-afeoll thurh ungehyrsumnesse. Gif dhu thonne dhis lytle beb['o]d tobrecst, thu scealt deadhe sweltan." And tha waes Adam swa w['i]s thaet God gelaedde to him nytenu, and deorcynn, and fugelcynn, dhadha he h['i] gesceapene haefde; and Adam him eallum naman gesceop; and swa swa h['e] h['i] tha genamode swa h['i] sindon gyt gehatene. Tha cwaedh God, "Nis na gedafenlic thaet thes man ana beo, and naebbe naenne fultum; ac uton gewyrcan him gemacan, him to fultume and to frofre." And God tha geswefode thone Adam, and thatha he slep dha genam he an rib of his sidan, and geworhte of dham ribbe aenne wifman, and axode Adam hu heo hatan sceolde. Tha cwaedh Adam, "Heo is ban of minum banum, and flaesc of minum flaesce; beo hire nama Uirago, thaet is faemne; fordhan dhe heo is of hire were genumen." Dha sette Adam eft hire odherne naman, Aeua, thaet is lif; fordhan dhe heo is ealra lybbendra modor.

Ealle gesceafta, heofonas and englas, sunnan and monan, steorran and eordhan, ealle nytenu and fugelas, s['ae] and ealle fixas, and ealle gesceafta God gesceop and geworhte on six dagum; and on dham seofodhan daege h['e] geendode his weorc, and geswac dha and gehalgode thone seofodhan daeg, fordhan dhe h['e] on dham daege his weorc geendode. And he beheold tha ealle his weorc dhe he geworhte, and h['i] waeron ealle swidhe gode. Ealle dhing he geworhte buton aelcum antimbre. He cwaedh, "Geweordhe leoht," and dhaerrihte waes leoht {16} geworden. He cwaedh eft, "Geweordhe heofen," and thaerrihte waes heofen geworht, swa swa he mid his wisdome and mid his willan hit gedihte. He cwaedh eft, and het dha eordhan thaet heo sceolde fordhlaedan cuce nytenu; and h['e] dha gesceop of dhaere eordhan eall nytencynn, and deorcynn, ealle dha dhe on feower fotum gadh; ealswa eft of waetere he gesceop fixas and fugelas, and sealde dham fixum sund, and dham fugelum fliht; ac he ne sealde nanum nytene ne nanum fisce nane sawle; ac heora blod is heora lif, and swa hradhe swa hi beodh deade, swa beodh h['i] mid ealle geendode. Thadha he worhte dhone mann Ad['a]m, he ne cwaedh n['a], "Geweordhe man geworht," ac he cwaedh, "Uton gewyrcan mannan to ure anlicnysse," and h['e] worhte dha thone man mid his handum, and him on ableow sawle; fordhi is se man betera, gif h['e] g['o]de gedhihdh, thonne ealle dha nytenu sindon; fordhan dhe h['i] ealle gewurdhadh to nahte, and se man is ece on anum daele, thaet is on dhaere sawle; heo ne geendadh naefre. Se lichama is deadlic thurh Adames gylt, ac dheah-hwaedhere God araerdh eft dhone lichaman to ecum dhingum on domes daeg. Nu cwaedon gedwolmen thaet deofol gesceope sume gesceafta, ac h['i] leogadh; ne maeg h['e] nane gesceafta gescyppan, fordhan dhe he nis na Scyppend, ac is atelic sceocca, and mid leasunge he wile beswican and ford['o]n thone unwaran; ac he ne maeg naenne man to nanum leahtre geneadian, buton se mon his agenes willes to his lare gebuge. Swa hwaet swa is on gesceaftum widherweardlic gethuht and mannum derige, thaet is eall for urum synnum and yfelum geearnungum.

Tha ongeat se deofol thaet Adam and Eua waeron to dhy gesceapene thaet hi sceolon mid eadmodnysse and mid gehyrsumnysse geearnian dha wununge on heofenan rice dhe h['e] of-afeoll for his up-ahefednysse, tha nam h['e] micelne graman and ['a]ndan to tham mannum, and smeade h['u] h['e] h['i] ford['o]n mihte. He com dha on naeddran hiwe to tham twam mannum, aerest to dham wife, and hire to cwaedh, "Hw['i] forbead God eow thaes treowes waestm, dhe stent on middan neorxna-wange?" Tha cwaedh thaet w['i]f, "God us forbead thaes treowes waestm, and cwaedh thaet we {18} sceoldon deadhe sweltan, gif we his on byrigdon." Dha cwaedh se deofol, "Nis hit na swa dhu segst, ac God w['a]t genoh geare, gif ge of dham treowe geetadh, thonne beodh eowere eagan geopenode, and ge magon geseon and tocn['a]wan aegdher ge g['o]d ge yfel, and ge beodh englum gelice." Naeron h['i] blinde gesceapene, ac God h['i] gesceop swa bilewite thaet h['i] ne cudhon nan dhing yfeles, nadhor ne on gesihdhe, ne on spraece, ne on weorce. Weardh theah thaet w['i]f dha forspanen thurh dhaes deofles l['a]re, and genam of dhaes treowes waestme, and geaet, and sealde hire were, and h['e] geaet. Dha waeron h['i] butu deadlice, and cudhon aegdher ge g['o]d ge yfel; and h['i] waeron dha nacode, and him dhaes sceamode. Tha com God and axode hwi he his bebod tobraece? and adraefde h['i] butu of neorxna-wange, and cwaedh, "Fordhan dhe dhu waere gehyrsum dhines wifes wordum, and min bebod forsawe, thu scealt mid earfodhnyssum the metes tilian, and seo eordhe the is awyriged on thinum weorce, syldh the dhornas and bremblas. Thu eart of eordhan genumen, and thu awenst to eordhan. Thu eart dust, and dhu awentst to duste." God him worhte dha reaf of fellum, and h['i] waeron mid tham fellum gescrydde.