The Home Life of the Ancient Greeks
CHAPTER XV.
SLAVERY.
Slaves in Ancient Greece--Captives Taken in War--The Slave Trade--The Price of Slaves--Native Serfs--The Helots--The Penestae and the Clarotae--The Status of the Slave--Protection against Ill-treatment--The Slave’s Duties--Modes of Liberation.
All the social and economic conditions of antiquity are based on the institution of slavery, and without it would have been impossible; in fact, slavery is so closely interwoven with the whole life of antiquity that even the political development of the ancient nations and their achievements in the domain of art and industry would be inexplicable without the existence of a large slave population. So great was the importance of slavery in antiquity that any account of Greek life would be incomplete, which did not give some slight sketch of these peculiar conditions.
The institution of slavery in Greece is very ancient; it is impossible to trace its origin, and we find it even in the very earliest times regarded as a necessity of nature, a point of view which even the following ages and the most enlightened philosophers adopted. In later times voices were heard from time to time protesting against the necessity of the institution, showing some slight conception of the idea of human rights, but these were only isolated opinions. From the very earliest times the right of the strongest had established the custom that captives taken in war, if not killed or ransomed, became the slaves of the conquerors, or were sold into slavery by them. This custom, which was universal in the Homeric age, continued to exist in the historic period also, so that not only was it adopted in contests between Hellenes and barbarians, but even in the numerous feuds between Hellenes and Hellenes they often condemned their own countrymen to the hard lot of slavery; in later times, however, it was only in cases of special animosity that they resorted to this expedient; as a rule, they exchanged or ransomed captive Greeks. Besides the wars, piracy, originally regarded as by no means dishonourable, supplied the slave markets; and though in later times endeavours were made to set a limit to it, yet the trade in human beings never ceased, since the need for slaves was considerable, not only in Greece, but still more in Oriental countries.
In the historic period the slaves in Greece were for the most part barbarians, chiefly from the districts north of the Balkan peninsula and Asia Minor. The Greek dealers supplied themselves from the great slave markets held in the towns on the Black Sea and on the Asiatic coast of the Archipelago, not only by the barbarians themselves, but even by Greeks, in particular the Chians, who carried on a considerable slave trade. These slaves were then put up for sale at home; at Athens there were special markets held for this purpose on the first of every month; the slaves were arranged on platforms, so that the buyers might examine them on all sides, for they sought chiefly to obtain physical perfection and strength of limb for hard work, and therefore, if the purchasers desired it, the slaves had to be undressed. Of course, those slaves who were bought merely for the sake of their bodily strength were least valuable; a higher price was given for those who had any special skill or were suited for posts of confidence, and considerable prices were also given for pretty female slaves or handsome boys. Consequently, there was great variety of price; at the time of Xenophon the price for a common male slave, who was only suited for rough work, was half a mina (about £2), else the ordinary average was two minae (about £8); for slaves who possessed any technical skill or higher education the price rose from five to ten minae (£20-£40), and even in exceptional cases amounted to one talent (£240).
A large portion of the slave population consisted of those who were born in slavery; that is, the children of slaves or of a free father and slave mother, who as a rule also became slaves, unless the owner disposed otherwise. We have no means of knowing whether the number of these slave children born in the houses in Greece was large or small. At Rome they formed a large proportion of the slave population, but the circumstances in Italy differed greatly from those in Greece, and the Roman landowners took as much thought for the increase of their slaves as of their cattle. Besides these two classes of slave population, those who were taken in war or by piracy and those who were born slaves, there was also a third, though not important, class. In early times even free men might become slaves by legal methods; for instance foreign residents, if they neglected their legal obligations, and even Greeks, if they were insolvent, might be sold to slavery by their creditors, a severe measure which was forbidden by Solon’s legislation at Athens, but still prevailed in other Greek states. Children, when exposed, became the property of those who found and educated them, and in this manner many of the hetaerae and flute girls had become the property of their owners.
Finally, we know that in some countries the Hellenic population originally resident there were subdued by foreign tribes, and became the slaves of their conquerors, and their position differed in but few respects from that of the barbarian slaves purchased in the markets. Such native serfs were the Helots at Sparta, the Penestae in Thessaly, the Clarotae in Crete, etc. We have most information about the position and treatment of the Helots; but here we must receive the statements of writers with great caution, since they undoubtedly exaggerated a good deal in their accounts of the cruelty with which the Spartans treated the Helots. Still, it is certain that in many respects their lot was a sad one. The constant fear of general insurrection on the part of the Helots entertained by the Spartans, whose own numbers were far fewer, and the terrible severity with which they punished, not only real insurrection, but even merely suspected revolution, prove to us that the statements concerning the cruel treatment of the Helots are not absolutely without foundation. But, as a rule, they did not perform menial slave offices in the houses of the free citizens, but cultivated their lands, and as they were only obliged to hand over a certain part of the profit to the owners, they were able to keep the remainder for themselves, and sometimes to accumulate fortunes and even to purchase their freedom. Nor do we hear of cases in which individual Spartans treated the Helots who were subordinate to them with especial severity--most of the cases of cruelty towards Helots are those in which State reasons seemed to require such proceedings, and were aimed, not at individuals, but at the whole mass of slaves. This was due to a curious arrangement by which the Helots were not, like other slaves, private property of the Individual citizens, but State property and assigned to a particular piece of land, and along with it to the owner for the time being, without enabling him to maintain right of ownership over them. We must not therefore regard the Helots in the same light as ordinary slaves; they were rather public serfs, and on this account they were better off than those who belonged to individual owners. There seems no doubt that besides the Helots there were also private slaves at Sparta, who rendered personal services in the households.
The position and treatment of the slaves varied in different periods, and differed also in the different parts of Greece. Here, too, the conditions of the heroic age were patriarchal, and the distinction between free men and slaves was not so great as afterwards. Trustworthy slaves superintended extensive farms and numerous herds; old female slaves had the whole direction of the household; they were often intimately connected with the inmates of the house, and showed touching fidelity and affection for their masters, with whom they lived on a familiar footing. Similar conditions existed in later times too, but only in remote pasture districts, such as Arcadia, where even in the historic age the slaves were almost regarded as members of the family, ate at the same table as their masters, and shared their labours and recreations. Generally speaking, the Dorians were regarded as stern masters, and the Athenians as kinder and more considerate; in fact, a common reproach against the Athenians was that their kindness degenerated into weakness, and that the slaves were nowhere so insolent as at Athens; they expressed themselves freely, it was said, did not give way even to free citizens in the street, they drank, they met together for common banquets, carried on love affairs, etc., just like free men. These reproaches seem not to have been altogether exaggerated, as is proved by the important part played by slaves in the newer Attic comedy; they were usually insolent, cunning fellows, who cared little for an occasional beating, and were always ready to play their masters a trick, or to intrigue with the sons against their stern fathers. Still it was not unusual in Attica for slaves to run away, and therefore the slave-owners tried to prevent this by stern supervision, and even by chaining and branding. It is natural that the temperament of the Athenians, which changed quickly from extreme to extreme, should not often succeed in finding the right mean between severity and kindness, and therefore, in their sudden transitions from excessive consideration to severest cruelty, a real feeling of attachment between slaves and masters was very rare; still there were instances of devoted fidelity on the part of the slaves, and many inscriptions still extant speak of such devotion continuing even to the grave.
The rights assigned by law to the master over his slaves were very considerable. He might throw them in chains, put them in the stocks, condemn them to the hardest labour--for instance, in the mills--leave them without food, brand them, punish them with stripes, and attain the utmost limit of endurance; but, at any rate at Athens, he was forbidden to kill them. These severe punishments were generally reserved for special cases of obstinacy, theft, or such like; as a rule, the slaves were treated much as our servants are. Their masters gave them the ordinary dress of artisans and workmen--the exomis, or short garment with sleeves (compare the terra-cotta figure, No. 206);
their food was simple but nutritious, chiefly barley porridge and pulse, sometimes meat; their drink was the cheap wine of the country; they had their own sleeping apartments, usually those of the male slaves were separated from those of the female, except when the master allowed a slave to found a family and to live with one of his fellow-slaves. Legal marriages between slaves were not possible, since they possessed no personal rights; the owner could at any moment separate a slave family again, and sell separate members of it. On the other hand, if the slaves were in a position to earn money, they could acquire fortunes of their own; they then worked on their own account, and only paid a certain proportion to their owners, keeping the rest for themselves, and when they had saved the necessary amount they could purchase their freedom, supposing the owner was willing to agree, for he was not compelled. Generally speaking, the position of the public slaves was even more favourable. There were certain occupations which free men were unwilling to undertake, and for this purpose the State used slaves; thus, for instance, at Athens the executioner, torturers, gaolers, and police were all slaves; they had their own dwellings assigned them by the State, could possess property, and received a small salary from the State out of which they had to feed and clothe themselves; they could also earn money by other kinds of work, and sometimes attained a position of fortune. Some of them, as for instance the Athenian police, held a position which gave them certain rights over the citizens, and, therefore, the position of these public slaves must have been a very independent one, while the numerous temple slaves also felt the hardness of their position much less than those whose owners were private persons.
The protection given to slaves by the State was very small, but here again there were differences in different states. It was only in cases of the utmost emergency that the State interfered between master and slave. In the oldest period the owner had power of life and death over his slave, but later legislation put an end to this, and at Athens, in particular, the master might not even kill a slave if he found him committing a crime, the penalty of which was death; cases of necessary defence, or such where the crime could only be prevented by killing the perpetrator, were, of course, excluded. If any owner had killed his slave without being able to justify himself, he was punished for so doing, not as severely as though he had murdered a free man, but only as if it were a case of manslaughter. Further protection against excessive ill-treatment from their masters was given by the right of sanctuary, which permitted the slave to take refuge at the altar of some god, where he found, at any rate, protection for the time being; they might even, supposing they were too cruelly used by their masters, ask to be sold to another master, and it even appears as if the owner could be legally compelled to grant this request. In other respects the State took little notice of slaves, except to forbid certain things, such as gymnastic exercises, love-making with free citizens, participation in certain festivals and sacrifices. Very curious and characteristic of the view they held of slaves, were the arrangements when a slave had to give evidence in a court of law. So bad was their opinion of the moral character of barbarians, and especially of those who were not free, that they thought the slaves could only be induced to speak the truth by direct physical compulsion, and consequently they were always questioned under torture. If in a suit one party required the testimony of his opponent’s slave, the latter could refuse it, but he did so at the risk of losing the suit. Sometimes a master voluntarily offered his slave as witness. If the torture, of which there were various grades, some of them very severe, inflicted any lasting injury on his body or health, the owner might demand compensation, supposing that he was not the loser in the case.
The mode in which slaves were used varied a good deal, according as an owner required his slaves for his own personal service or household, or used them for work in the field or at some trade, or sent them out to work for others. Among those in the personal service of their master were all who were occupied with the duties of the household and service and attendance on their master and his family. Their number was, of course, regulated by the size of the household; a poor family had often to content itself with a single slave, but very few were so poor as not to have any; in large houses a whole army of slaves was kept, who all had their special duties, though often very slight ones. There were the door-keeper, the slaves who attended their master or his family in the street, the paidagogos, the lady’s maid, the cook, the coachman, the stable boys, water carriers, wool workers, etc. This whole army of servants was usually under the direct supervision of a superintendent or steward, himself a slave, but a particularly trustworthy one, who was often trusted so much by his master as to have charge of his keys and his signet ring. The office of these stewards was of particular importance on the country estates, where they had all the slaves required for farming purposes immediately under them, and had to assign them occupations and superintend their work, unless the master undertook this or himself took up his dwelling on the estate. Slaves who could fill such posts of confidence would, of course, fetch a very high price, and their position can in no way be compared with that of ordinary slaves. The same may be said of those who possessed some intellectual culture, and could serve their masters as secretaries or readers, or even help them in scientific labours, by making extracts, etc.; but this was far rarer among the barbarian slaves of the Greeks than among the Greek slaves of the Romans. The slaves could also render their masters important assistance by technical skill; thus, in a rich household, there would be, besides the cook, a special baker for bread and cakes, also weavers, fullers, embroiderers, whose duty it was to provide the clothing. And as the slaves in the country had to work in field and meadow, to attend the vineyards, and olive gardens, to guard and attend the cattle, so the artisan set his slaves to work in his workshop, and either instructed them himself in his art or bought such as were already trained for the purpose. Even physicians often had slave assistants, and some of these were so much trusted by their masters that they took their place by the sick bed.
It was very common, too, for people who were not themselves artisans to own a number of slaves who practised some particular trade, as in a factory. Among the ancients slaves took the place of machinery, for they were tolerably cheap to buy and maintain, and thus a factory of this kind, worked by slaves, was a good investment for capital, especially if the owner understood enough business to undertake the direction himself, or if he had a good overseer. These factory owners also escaped the prejudices against artisans; to own slaves who made money by the work of their hands was not regarded as “mechanical” so long as they kept their own hands from the work. Thus the father of Demosthenes possessed a knife factory, that of Isocrates a flute factory, Lysias and his brother owned a shield factory of one hundred and twenty workers. The slaves who worked in these were not all necessarily the property of the owner. Very often a slave proprietor who did not understand a business himself, let his house to someone who carried it on at his own risk; or, supposing a master to possess among his slaves one who understood some particular trade, he let him out for a certain time at a fee (which was paid not to the slave, but to the master) to someone who could make use of him, perhaps in a large factory. In this way slaves were often let out for work in the mines, which required a great many hands; in fact, they might be let out for a long or short period, even for days and half-days, for work in the fields, domestic occupations, personal service, etc. Many of the flute girls and hetaerae were slaves, and were hired out by their owners by the hour, day, or month, an arrangement with which we are familiar from ancient comedy.
Moreover, it sometimes happened that slaves who had learned some profession made an agreement with their masters to pay them a certain proportion of their earnings, and keep the rest for themselves; sometimes these lived in their own houses and paid for their own food, and might easily earn enough to purchase their freedom.
There were various ways of liberating slaves, and the proceedings were different in different states; it was a matter of some importance too, whether a slave was private property or owned by the State or by some sanctuary. There was no definite legal formula for the manumission of private slaves as at Rome; the State did not interfere in the matter, but only demanded a certain tax from the liberated slave. As a rule, the act of manumission was performed before witnesses or publicly in some large assembly, at the Theatre, in courts of law, etc., in order to give the freed man a guarantee of its validity. It often happened that an owner gave all or some of his slaves their freedom in his will, either immediately upon his death or on the condition that the slave should serve his heirs for a certain period, or pay a certain sum to them out of his own earnings in return for his freedom. If a slave purchased his freedom during the lifetime of his master there was a curious arrangement for establishing the legality of the proceeding, since a slave was not able to conclude a legally valid contract. We owe our knowledge of this proceeding chiefly to documents at Delphi. A mock sale had to be carried on; the master sold the slave for a sum mentioned in the contract (which was paid by the slave himself, unless it was remitted by the master) to some god, _e.g._ at Delphi to Apollo, under the condition that he should be free as soon as he entered the possession of the god. The slave did not then become a temple slave, but was set free by the god, probably in return for some small payment to the sanctuary. As these contracts were concluded in the presence of witnesses, usually priests of the divinity in question, and deposited in the sanctuary, the freed slave had the security of not being afterwards claimed by his former master or his heirs, and again losing his freedom. Sometimes these contracts contained clauses which pledged the slave to certain obligations towards his master as long as he lived, or towards his heirs, or to care for the burial and grave of his former master, etc. In most cases the freed slave did not immediately lose all connection with his old master; he was not a citizen, and therefore his former owner became his legal patron. It was not unusual for the contract to specify that in case the slave should die without children, his property should belong to his former master or his heirs, and sometimes this even extended to the children of the slave, supposing they in turn died without legal heirs. It may have often happened, as was also the case among some of the Russian serfs in our own time, that the freed slave was richer than his master, and we may thus explain such obligations as those already mentioned, or the condition that the liberated slave should maintain his master until his death. The right of citizenship was seldom conferred on slaves when they were set free; supposing this was the case, of course, all such obligations were omitted. This was usually done when a slave had deserved especially well of his country; thus, for instance, all those who fought at the battle of Arginusae received their freedom and the right of citizenship. The conditions at Sparta were different; sometimes the Helots received their freedom from the State, especially those children of Helots who were educated and brought up together with the sons of citizens, but the right of citizenship was never combined with this freedom. Still, it was not unusual for children who were born of Spartan fathers and Helot mothers to be both free men and citizens; the celebrated Spartan generals Lysander, Gylippus and Callicratidas, were sons of Spartans and Helots.
It would be impossible to make a guess at the number of slaves in Greece. Statements on the subject are extant, but these are insufficient to give us any general idea. There can be no doubt that the number was a very large one; it was a sign of the greatest poverty to own no slaves at all, and Aeschines mentions, as a mark of a very modest household, that there were only seven slaves to six persons. If we add to these domestic slaves the many thousands working in the country, in the factories, and the mines, and those who were the property of the State and the temples, there seems no doubt that their number must have considerably exceeded that of the free population. The injurious influence of this part of the population, who were chiefly barbarians, was felt in many different ways; and though it is not as evident in Greece as in Rome, where the disastrous results of slavery are most marked, yet we cannot hesitate to affirm that the speedy fall of Greece from her political and social height, and the sad picture she offered under Roman dominion, was due, among other causes, in very great part to the institution of slavery.
THE END.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED FOR THIS BOOK.
I.--WORKS BEARING ON THE SUBJECT GENERALLY.
J. A. St. John. “The Hellenes.” London, 1844.
J. P. Mahaffy. “Social Life in Greece from Homer to Menander.” London, 1875.
W. A. Becker. “Charikles neu bearbeitet von H. Goell.” Berlin, 1877.
C. F. Hermann. “Griechische Privataltertümer,” 3rd ed., edited by H. Blümner. Freiburg and Tübingen, 1882.
Panofka. “Bilder antiken Lebens.” Berlin, 1843.
Panofka. “Griechen und Griechinnen.” Berlin, 1844.
Weiszer. “Lebensbilder aus dem Klassichen Altertum.” Stuttgart, 1862.
A. Baumeister. “Denkmäler des Klassichen Altertums.” Munich, 1884.
Th. Schreiber. “Kulturhistorischer Atlas des Altertums.” Leipzig, 1885.
H. Blümner. “Kunstgewerbe im Altertum.” Leipzig and Prague.
II.--WORKS DEALING WITH SPECIAL SUBJECTS.
1. _Costume._
W. Helbig. “Das homerische Epos aus den Denkmälern erläutert.” Leipzig, 1884, pp. 115-180.
J. Boehlau. “Quaestiones de re vestiaria Graecorum.” Weimar, 1884.
Fr. Studniczka. “Beiträge zur Geschichte der altgriechischen Tracht.” Vienna, 1886.
Th. Schreiber. “Mitteilungen des deutschen archaeologischen Instituts in Athen.” Vol. VIII. (1883), pp. 246 f.; IX. (1884), pp. 232 f.
2. _Birth and Early Childhood._
H. v. Swiecicki. “Die Pflege der Kinder bei den Griechen.” Breslau, 1877.
Becq de Fouquières. “Les jeux des anciens.” Paris, 1869.
L. Grasberger. “Erziehung und Unterricht im Klassischen Altertum.” Würzburg, 1864-1881.
3. _Education._
L. Grasberger. (_See 2._)
J. L. Ussing. “Erziehung und Jugendunterricht bei den Griechen und Römern.” Berlin, 1885.
4. _Marriage and Women._
No special books quoted.
5. _Daily Life within and without the House._
G. Bilfinger. “Die Zeitmesser der antiken Völker.” Stuttgart, 1886.
6. _Meals and Social Entertainments._
Anastasios Maltos. A modern Greek work on the symposia of the Ancient Greeks. Athens, 1880.
7. _Sickness and Physicians; Death and Burial._
Welcker. “Kleine Schriften.” III., pp. 1 f.
8. _Gymnastics._
L. Grasberger. (_See 2._)
J. H. Krause. “Die Gymnastik und Agonistik der Hellenen.” 2 vols. Leipzig, 1841.
Ed. Pinder. “Ueber den Fünfkampf der Hellenen.” Berlin, 1867.
H. Marquardt. “Zum Pentathlon der Hellenen.” 1886.
9. _Music and Dancing._
K. v. Jan. “Die Griechischen Saiteninstrumente. Programm des Lyceums von Saargemünd.” Leipzig, 1882.
Gevaert. “Histoire et théorie de la musique dans l’antiquité.” Vol. II. (1881), pp. 241 f.
K. v. Jan. An article in “Baumeister’s Denkmäler des Klassischen Altertums.” I., 553 f.
10. _Religion._
K. F. Hermann. “Lehrbuch der gottesdienstlichen Altertümer der Griechen.” Second edition. Revised by K. B. Stark. Heidelberg, 1858.
Metzger. An article entitled _Divinatio_ in Pauly’s “Realencyklopädie.” II., pp. 1113 f.
Bouché-Leclerque. “Histoire de la divination dans l’antiquité.” Paris, 1880.
Büchsenschütz. “Traum und Traumdeutung im Altertum.” Berlin, 1882.
11. _Games and Festivals._
J. H. Krause. “Ἑλληνικά.” Part I. Olympia. Vienna, 1838. Part II., Pythien, Nemien, und Isthmien. Leipzig, 1841.
E. Curtius. Olympia. Berlin, 1852.
Ad. Böttiger. Olympia. “Das Fest und seine Stätte.” Second Edition. Berlin, 1886.
Holwerda. An article in the “Archæologische Zeitung” for 1880, pp. 169 f.
A. Mommsen. “Delphica.” Leipzig, 1878, pp. 149-214.
H. Guhrauer. “Der Pythische Nomos” in “Supplemente der neuen Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogie.” Vol. VIII., pp. 309 f.
A. Mommsen. “Heortologie. Antiquarische Untersuchungen über die städtischen Feste der Athener.” Leipzig, 1864.
A. Michaelis. “Der Parthenon.” Leipzig, 1871.
Preller. An article in Pauly’s “Realencyklopädie.” Vol. III., pp. 83 f.
Preller. “Demeter und Persephone.” pp. 342 f.
12. _The Theatre._
Wieseler. An article entitled “Griechisches Theater,” in Ersch. Gruber’s “Encyklopädie.” First series. Vol. LXXXIII., pp. 243 f.
Wieseler. “Theatergebäude und Denkmäler des Bühnenwesens.” Göttingen, 1851.
Alb. Müller. “Lehrbuch der szenischen Altertümer.” Freiburg-im-Br., 1886.
W. Donaldson. “Theatre of the Greeks.” Ninth edition, London, 1879.
Lüders. “Die Dionysischen Künstler.” Berlin, 1873.
Sommerbrodt. “Scaenica.” Berlin, 1876. pp. 199 f.
Arnold. An article in “Verhandlungen der 29ten Philologen Versammlung,” 1875. pp. 16 f.
Wieseler. “Das Satyrspiel.” Göttingen, 1848.
O. Benndorf. “Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Attischen Theaters,” an article in the “Zeitschrift für österreichische Gymnasien.” 1875.
13. _War and Seafaring._
W. Rüstow and H. Köchly. “Geschichte des Griechischen Kriegswesens.” Aarau, 1852.
Helbig. “Das Homerische Epos aus den Denkmälern erläutert.” pp. 195-250.
Jähns. “Handbuch einer Geschichte des Kriegswesens von der Urzeit bis zur Renaissance.” Leipzig, 1880.
A. Müller. An article in Baumeister’s “Denkmäler des Klassischen Altertums.” Vol. I., pp. 525 f.
Boeckh. “Urkunden über das Seewesen des Attischen Staates.” Berlin, 1840.
Graser. “De veterum re navali.” Berlin, 1864.
A. Cartault. “La trière Athénienne.” Paris, 1880.
A. Breusing. “Die Nautik der Alten.” Bremen, 1886.
Raoul Lemaître. “Sur la disposition des rameurs sur la trière antique,” an article in the _Revue Archéologique_ for 1883. pp. 89 f.
14. _Agriculture, Trade, and Commerce._
Büchsenschütz. “Besitz und Erwerb.” Halle, 1869.
Büchsenschütz. “Die Haupstätten des Gewerbfleiszes im klassischen Altertum.” Leipzig, 1869.
W. Drumann. “Die Arbeiter und Kommunisten in Griechenland und Rom.” Königsberg, 1860.
Blümner. “Die gewerbliche Thätigkeit der Völker des klassischen Altertums.” Leipzig, 1869.
Blümner. “Technologie und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Künste bei Griechen und Römern.” 4 vols. Leipzig, 1875-1887.
15. _Slaves._
Wallon. “Histoire de l’esclavage dans l’antiquité.” Second edition. Paris, 1879.
Büchsenschütz. “Besitz und Gewerb.” pp. 104--208.
INDEX.
_Abacus_, The, 111
Academy, The, at Athens, 119, 127
Acarnania, Javelin-throwers of, 478
“Achaeans, Curly-haired,” 64, 72
Achilles, Wail at the death of, 248; bandaging the arm of Patroclus, 464
Acropolis, Buildings on the, 179
Actors, Dress of, 4, 46; Gloves of, 56; sometimes poets, 421; selected by poets, and examined by the State, 421; Division of parts to, 422; Dumb, 423; Payment of, 423; Guilds and Schools of, 423; Costumes and masks of, 422-444; Prizes of, 449
Adonis, Festival of, 152
Aeschines, Figure of, 2; his employment in boyhood, 104; his allusion to slaves, 532
Aeschylus, The Trilogy of, 411; his introduction of a second actor, 412; Songs and Chorus of, 413; his “Eumenides,” 428; his contest with Sophocles, 449
Aesculapius, 234; Sanctuaries of, 238; Sacrificial offering of cocks to, 336
Aesop’s Fables, 88
Aetion exhibits his picture at Olympia of Alexander’s Marriage, 364
Aetolia, Javelin-throwers of, 478
Agesilaus, Dress of, 50; Anecdote of, and the hobby-horse, 93
Agora, The, 128
Agrae, The lesser Eleusinia at, 378
Agricultural implements, 493
Agricultural pursuits, 176
Agriculture, in statistical relation to industry and trade, 489; the chief occupation in the heroic period, 491; at Sparta, 491; at Athens, 491; Irrigation in, 492; in Arcadia, 493; Allusion in Homer to, 493; Implements of, 493
Alcibiades, Shoes named after, 55; at a banquet, 216
Alcmene, her song to her children, 85
Alexander the Great and Roxana; picture of their marriage, by Aetion, 364
Alexandria, School of, 128
Alexandria Troas, Ruins of Wrestling School at, 121
Alexandrine period, Varieties of female dress in the, 43
Altis, Grove of, 121, 304, 362, 365
Amazons, Chiton of, 39; Battle-axe of, 475; Shields of, 478
Ambrosia, Festival of, 385
Amorgos, Looms of, 48
Ampechonion, The, 43
Amphiaraus, Temple of, 243; Oracle of, 346; Figure of, 465; Helmet of, 469
Amphictyons, The, 369
Amphidromia, The, 82, 83, 84
Amphoras, 373
Amulets for infants, 83, 84; in curing disease, 243
Anacreon on Conversation, 219
Anaximander introduces methods of measuring time, 184
Anaximenes lecturing at Olympia, 364
Andromache, Head-dress of, 74, 145
Andromeda, Masks relating to, 430
Animals, Sacrifice of, 137, 138, 203, 336, 337
Animals, wild, Hunting, 196
Anthesterian Festival, The, 385
Antioch, School of, 128
Antiphon on spear-throwing, 278
Antisthenes, 127
Aphrodite Anadyomene, 172
Aphrodite bathing, 159
_Aphrodite Pandemos_, 134
_Aphrodite Urania_, 134, 151
Apollo, Figure of, 4; The chlamys of, 19; Head-dress of, 66; invoked at weddings, 137, 144; at the purification of Orestes, 330; Sacrifice of asses to, 336; Oracles of, 342; Clarian Temple of, 344; Sacrifice at Pythian Games to, 367; Hecatomb to, 370; A slave set free by, 531
Apollo-Coropaeus, Oracle of, 345
_Apoxyomenos_, The, of Lysippus, 285
Arcadians, The, 458
Arcesilas of Cyrene, 514
Archery, Skill of Cretans in, 300; Instruction in, 124 (_See, also_, Bow and Arrows)
_Archon Basileus_, Dress of the, 4
Areopagus, The, 102
Arginusae, the battle of, Slaves at, 531
Argolis, 371
Argos, Prophecy at, 344
Ariadne, 444
Aristarchus, inventor of sun-dials, 185
Aristophanes, his allusions to chitons and mode of wearing the hair, 69; allusions to nurseries, 85; allusion to the mother of Pheidippides, 98; his descriptions of marriage, 134, 170; “Birds” of, 140; “Frogs” of, 200; allusion to fidelity of citizens to judicial duties, 195; The “Acharnians” of, 236, 383; his account of the recovery of Plutus from blindness, 240; Comedies of, 392; Jokes of, 436
Aristotle, Shaven face of, 73; his allusion to the flute, 112; teaches in the Lyceum, 127; his opinion of work, 490; of tradesmen, 510
Arithmetic in Spartan education, 101; in Attic education, 111, 127
“Armour-race,” The, 273, 274
Arms, Exposure of, 18
Arms, presented to _ephebi_, 118; used in war, 452; of Homeric soldiers, 460; of later times, 462-480
Army of Sparta, 454-456; of Athens, 456-460 (_See, also_, Soldiers)
Artemidorus, Dream-book of, 342
Artemis, Chiton of, 29; Dolls offered to, 92; invoked at weddings, 137, 144; Sacrifice at Pythian Games to, 367
Artist, Profession of, 489, 500; Workshop of an, 504
Askolia, Game of, 384
Aspasia, 172
Astragals (_See_ Knuckle-bones)
Astronomy in Attic schools, 114, 127
Athene at her toilet, 159; as a weaver, 498
_Athene-Hygeia_, 375
_Athene Polias_, 372, 375, 377
Athens, Dress at, 12; Shoes worn at, 55; Walking-sticks at, 64; Mode of dressing the hair at, 68; System of education at, 102-132; Tribes and clans of, 143; Daily life in, 179-201; Streets and suburbs of, 179, 180; Houses at, 179, 181; Duties and voluntary services of citizens of, 194, 195; Banquets in, 203-232; Festivals of, 372-390; Theatre of, 396; Military service in, 456
Athletes, Hair of, 69; Complexion of, 285; Position and training of, 302-305; useless to the State, 305; at Olympia, 358
Auditorium of theatres, 398-402
Augustus, Obelisk of, in the Campus Martius, 185
Babylonians, their arrangements for measuring time, 184
Ball, Game of, 223, 299
Bankers, 190, 516, 517, 518
Banquets for men, 203; Order of proceedings at, 205; The various dishes served at, 206, 207; Drinking at, 209; at religious festivals, 349; at Olympia, 363 (_See, also_, Symposium)
Barbers’ shops, 189, 190
_Barbiton_, The, 314
Barley-cake, 208
Barter, 515
Basilinna, 386, 387
Baskets for learning to walk, 86
Bathing children, 85
Baths for new-born infants, 80; in gymnasia, 121; for bride and bridegroom, 137; of women, 159; for men, 192-194; Public and private, 192, 193; connected with the gymnasia, 192
Battering-ram, 480
Battle-axe, The, 475
Beard, the, Modes of wearing, 71-74
Beer, 211
Bib, The, 24, 28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39
Birds, Snaring, 197; Sacrifice of, 336
Birds of Aristophanes, 140
Birth and Infancy, Period of, 78-98
Birthdays, 203
“Black broth,” 178
Blindness, Cures for, 240
Board of Inspection in Sparta, 99
Boating, 126
Boehlau on the woman’s chiton, 21
Boeotians, Food of, 206
Bogies, 88
Boots, 52, 53
_Boule_, The, 195
Bow and Arrows, Teaching the use of, 124; Construction of, 300; in war, 476, 477 (_See, also_, Archery)
“Bowl of Duris,” The, 307
Boxing, 116, 123, 291, 292; subject to special rules, 292; Injuries from, 293; Methods of, 293-296; Thongs used in, 293, 296; at Olympia, 353
Boys, Clothing of, 100, 118; Education of, 99-132; Gymnastic exercises of, 100, 115, 116, 119-124; Oath taken by, 117; period when classed as _ephebeia_, 117; exercised in arms, 124; horse-riding, swimming, boating, and marching, 124-126; Advanced instruction of, 127, 128; at quoit-throwing, 278; as priests, 325, 326; at the Olympic games, 353, 354; at Pythian games, 368; at theatres, 447; as slaves, 521
Branchidae, The Sanctuary of, 344
Bread, 207, 208
Bridal dress, 138
Bridal presents, 135
Bridal procession, 139
Bridal song, 140
Bridal torches, 139
Brooches, 6
Brygos, vase painter, 30
Burning the dead, 250, 254, 255
Byzantium, Intemperance at, 197
Cakes, 207, 208; for Cerberus, 245
Callirhoe, The sacred water of, 137
Calypso, 145
Camps, 455
Caps, Shape and material of, 59
Captives taken in war, 452
Carriages for infants, 90; of the rich, 198
Caryatid, Dress of a, 37; Head-dress of a, 75
Castanets, 320
Cattle rearing, 176, 496, 497
Cavalry, 452, 457, 479, 480
Cenotaphs, 264
Ceos, Burial ordinances of, 251
Cerberus, 245
Chairs, 202
Chariot races, 353, 354-357, 368, 373
Charioteers, Costume of, 4, 354
Chariots, Fighting from, 451
Charon, The pilos of, 59; his fees, 245
Chemises, 43
Children, Customs at the birth of, 78-80; Swaddlings for, 80; Suckling, 81; Legitimation of, 81; Exposure of, 82; Naming, 83; Welcome and Dedication of, 82, 84; Charms for, 84; in the nursery, 85; Bathing, 85; Weaning, 85; learning to walk, 87; Clothing of, 88; Threats for quieting, 88; Stories for, 88; Toys for, 89-92; Games of, 92-97; Chastisement of, 98; Education of, 98; Registration of new-born, 143; bound to obedience, 148; at meals, 178; at the Feast of Cans, 386; as slaves, 521 (_See, also_, Boys and Girls)
Chionis, jumping feat of, 269
Chiton, The, long and short, and by whom worn, 3, 4; Homeric descriptions of, 6; Change in the cut of, 8; of Hermes, 11; of workmen and others, 12; Modes of wearing the, 14, 15; combined with the himation, 17; worn at home, 19; its resemblance to the peplos, 20; worn by women, 21, 24-26; Changes in, 30; Construction of, 33; Folds of, 33, 34; Arrangement of, 37; Varieties of, 39-41; Colour of, 44, 45; Patterns of, 46; Material of, 47, 48; on the stage, 438; of soldiers, 465
Chlaina (Cloak), 3; shape of, 7, 8; material of, 15
Chlamys, The, 7; place of its origin, 17; shape and mode of wearing, 18; of Hermes and Apollo, 18, 19
Choragia, The, 418
Choruses, 214, 350, 389, 392, 394, 413, 415; Training of, 417, 419, 420; Prizes to, 419; The selection of, 420; Dress of, 444
Circe, 145
Cirrha, 368
Cithara, The, taught in Attic schools, 112; Construction of, 309-311; Manner of playing, 311; at Pythian games, 366
Cithara player, Dress of, 32; at banquets, 133
Citizens, Daily life of, 188-201; Judicial duties and voluntary services of, 195; as soldiers, 456
Civic rights of young men, 133
Civil duties, 195
Clans at Athens, 143
Clarian Temple of Apollo, The, 344
Clarotae, The, 522
Cleisthenes, Reforms of, 457
Cleon, 428
Cloak, The, 7; Mode of wearing, 15, 17, 19; Coloured, 47
Clocks, Water, 185-187
Clothes, Washing, 156, 157
Club, The, 475
Club-rooms, 179, 192
Cnidus, Medical school of, 235, 239
Cock and quail fighting, 228
Coffins, Material and shapes of, 252, 253
Coins put into mouths of dead men, 245
Callicratidas, 532
Colours of dress, 44-47
Comedy, 414, 415, 436-442
Comus, The, 230
Concubinage, 145, 146
_Condottiere_, The, 459
Conjurers, 217
Conversations and discussions at symposia, 219
Cooking, 206
Corinth, Female morality at, 170; The hetaerae of, 171; Temple of Aphrodite at, 173
Corn dealers, 510
Corymbus, The, 68
Cos, Medical school of, 235, 239
Cosmetics, 165
Costume, Knowledge of, essential to a complete picture of past ages, 1; Theatrical, 432-444 (_See, also_, Dress)
Costume, Greek, Incorrect ideas of, 2; Two kinds of, 2; Names of garments in, 3 (_See, also_, Dress)
“Cothurnus,” The, 436
Cottabus, Game of, 194, 220, 221
Cotton garments, 49
Council of Five Hundred, 195, 449
Cradles, 81
Crematoria, The, 250
_Crepida_, 54
Crete, Marriage custom at, 145; skill of its people in archery, 300, 478
Crobylus, The, 68, 75
Ctesibius, Water clock of, 187
Cuirass, The, 460, 462, 464, 465, 479
Culture of Greeks, 110
Cup-bearers, 178, 221
Cups, Wine, 213
“Curl-holders,” 64, 71
Curls worn by men, 64, 65, 68
Curse on murderers, 251
Cybele, Musical instruments used in the worship of, 319, 320
“Cyclops,” The, 415
Cymbals, 320
Cynic philosophers, Dress of, 20; Bare feet of, 49; Beards of, 74; at the Cynosarges, 127
Cynosarges, The, at Athens, 119
Cyrene, Silphium of, 514
Daily life at Sparta, 175-179; at Athens, 179-201
Dancing, at symposia, 216; Pantomimic, 217; chiefly confined to professional performers, 321; between the sexes unknown, 321; for religious purposes, 321; in the worship of Dionysus, 321; in armour, 321; Singing combined with, 321; Distinction in ancient and modern, 322; in connection with religious mysteries, 348; after religious ceremonies, 350; Choric, 417
“Daughter of Niobe, A,” 39
Death and burial, Customs connected with, 244-264
Delos, Proficiency in swimming of inhabitants of, 126
Delphi, Oracle of, 342, 343; Pythian games at, 366-370
Demeter, Offering of swine to, 336; Wanderings of, 381; Festival in honour of, 382
Democedes, the physician, 238
Demosthenes, 194; Factory of the father of, 529
Dice, 97, 192, 194, 223, 224, 225, 347
Diogenes, his allusion to the care taken of sheep, 498
Diomede, Helmet of, 468
Dionysus, Fillet on forehead of, 71; Festival of, 118; in a vase picture, 169; his journey to Hades, 200; Hymn in praise of, 212; Worship of, 320; Sacrifice to, 333; Goats offered to, 336; Festivals of, 383-390; Theatre of, 298, 403, 445; on the stage, 442
“Dionysus, The Little,” 96
_Dionysos-Eleutheros_, 386, 389
Diplax, The, 8
Discipline in Sparta, 100
“Discobolus,” The, in the Vatican, 277
Diseases, described in inscriptions, 239; Modes of curing, 239-243
Dishes at a birth-festival, 84; sometimes enumerated in verse, 206
Divorce, Grounds of, 148, 149
Dodona, Oracle of Zeus at, 344
Dogs for hunting, 196; carried about in the propitiation of Hecate, 331
Dolls, 90-92
Door, Decking the, on the birth of a child, 78
Doric and Ionic costume, Differences between, 22-30
Dough, as a substitute for table-napkins, 206
Dowry, Bride’s, 135,136; Return of, 149
Dragon, Apollo’s fight with the, 367
Drama, Origin of, 392; Divisions of the, 411, 416; Choregraphic element in the, 417; Representation of the, 421-448
Dramas at Eleusinian festivals, 381; at the Feast of Cans, 389, 390
Drapery in Egypt 4000 B.C., 9; among the Phoenicians, 9; as shown in vase paintings, 30, 33, 34
Drawing, Teaching of, 113, 127
Drawing lots at Olympia, 360
Dream oracles, 240-243
Dream-book of Artemidorus, 342
Dreams, 341; revealing the will of the gods, 342
Dress, of actors, 4; at Athens, 12; of charioteers, 4; of cynic philosophers, 20; of flute players, 4; of gods, 3; of harp players, 4; in Ionia, 12; of the age of Pericles, 2; of priests, 4, 327; of riders, 18, 125; of soldiers, 8, 18, 455; in Sparta, 12; of workmen, 12, 19, 502; of youths, 18, 100, 106, 118; of women, 20-49; Colour and pattern of, 44; with designs of figures, 47; Material of, 47, 48; of hetaerae, 48; of children, 87, 88; paidagogoi, 103; of female gymnast, 132; of bride, 138; of bridegroom, 139; of a corpse, 245; of funeral mourners, 251; of peasants, 497; of slaves, 524
Drinking parties, 197, 202, 209; Representations of, 212
Drinking songs, 215
Drunkenness, 230; of women, 170
Dumb-bells, 116; used in jumping, 266
Duris, vase-painter, 30; his representation of school-teaching, 106
Dwellings in Sparta, 177; in Athens, 179, 181
Dyeing the hair, 166
Early rising, 194
Ear-rings, 65
Ecstasy, 341
Education, Distinction in the Doric and Ionic states in system of, 99; in Sparta, 99-102, 130, 132; in Athens, 102-132 (_See, also_, Schools)
Egypt, Drapery in, 9
Eleusinian celebrations, 151, 377-382
Elians, The, 358, 363
Embalming, 249
Embroidery, 45, 130
_Ephebi_, 117; Double use of the term, 117; The oath taken by, 117; their change of dress, and dedicatory rites, 118; Military education of, 124, 126, 127, 456
Ephesus, Ruins of wrestling school at, 121; theatre of, 402
Ephors, The, 454
Epicureans, The, 128
Epidaurian sacrifice, 379
Epidaurus, Sanctuary of Aesculapius at, 239, 242, 243
Epithalamium of Helen, 141
Erinnys, The, 335
Eros, Glorification of, 220
Ethics, 110
Etruscan graves, Spirals found in, 65
Euphorbus, The hair of, 65
Euripides, his tirades against married life, 134, 170; Songs from 216; on
Olympic games, 365; Tetralogies of, 412; “Cyclops” of, 415; represented on the stage, 428
Evil eye, The, 83
_Exomis_, mode of wearing the chiton, 13; on the stage, 438
Exposure of infants, 82
Eyebrows, Dyeing the, 166
Factories, 529
Fair at Olympic Festival, 367
Fairy tales, 88
Farms, Management of, 492, 493
“Fast and Loose,” Game of, 226
Feast of Adonis at Alexandria, 391
“Feast of Pitchers,” The, 386
Feet, the, Coverings for, 49-55
Felt garments, 49
Fencing, 124
Festivals, Costume for, 3, 46; at the birth of children, 82-84; of the Panathenaea, 124; at marriages, 138; for women, 151; of Adonis, 152; Religious, 195, 349, 350, 351; Frequency of, 203; National, 350; at Olympia, 351-366; at Delphi, 366-370; Isthmian, 370; Nemean, 371; Athenian, 372-391
Fibulae, 6, 32, 33, 39, 69
“Ficoronese Cista,” The, 296
Fireless sacrifices, 334
Fish, Eating, 207
Fish-market, 191
Fishing, 197
“Five-lines,” Game of, 224
Flowers for funeral wreaths, 245
Flute, the, Instruction in, 107, 112; neglected at Athens, but popular at Thebes, 112; its Bacchic origin, 112; carefully avoided in Sparta, 113; Construction of, 315; playing, 316-319; at Pythian games, 366
Flute players Costume of, 4; at symposia, 214, 216; at sacrificial ceremonies, 338; as slaves, 521
Forfeits, 213
Fortune-telling, 347
“Frogs,” The, of Aristophanes, 200
“Frog’s wine,” 210
Fruits, 208
Fuller’s earth used in washing, 188
Funerals, 203, 245-264; Bearers at, 252; Cars at, 250; Games at, 290; Laments at, 246; Orations at, 255
_Gamelion_, The month, favourite time for weddings, 136
Games of children, 92-97, 223; at the symposium, 220, 223-229
Gaming houses, 197
Gaolers, 525
Gardens at Athens, 182
Geometry in Attic schools, 114, 127
Gifts for new-born children, 83
Girdle, The, 11, 20, 23, 24, 35, 39
Girls, Early marriages of, 92; Education of, 129; Domestic instruction of, 130; Plato on the education of, 130; their gymnastic training in
Sparta, 130, 131; debarred from social intercourse, 133; as priestesses, 325, 326; of Elis, 366
Glaucus, 304
Gloves, 55, 56
Goat-rearing, 497
Gods, Costume of, 3; Libations to, 212; Temples of, 324; modes of revealing their will, 324; their desire for worship and sacrifice, 324; Prayers to, 328; Sacrifices to the, 331-335
Gold masks discovered at Mycenae, 72
“Good genius,” the, Drinking in honour of, 209
Gorgias, his discourses at Olympia, 364
Graser on arrangement of rowing-benches, 484
Grasshoppers, Golden, for the hair, 68, 69, 71
Graves, 252; Adornment of, 254; Libations at, 256; Care of, 262
Greaves, 460, 461, 462
Greece, Conditions in heroic period, 451
“Guest-friend,” The, 199, 200
Guests, Reception of, 203, 204
Gylippus, 532
Gymnasia, The, 115; State institutions, 119; at Athens, and their arrangement, 119, 120; of Rome, 120; Teachers in, 122, 123
Gymnasiarchs, The, 122
Gymnastic exercises, 265-305; in Sparta, 301; in Athens, 115-124; of Spartan girls, 130, 131
Hades, Temple of, 243
Hair, the, Modes of wearing, of men, 64-74; of women, 74-77; curled, 64, 75; plaited, 66, 67, 75; ornamented, 65, 68, 77; cut short, 69; Modes of cutting, 71; Shaving, 71; Scenting, 74; Kerchiefs for 76, 77; parted in the middle, 76; with “Greek knot,” 76; with a fillet, 77; of _ephebi_, 118; Laconian custom of cutting off the bride’s, 144; dyeing, 166; cut off at funerals, 251; of soldiers, 455
Handicrafts, 176; of gods, 498; depreciation of, 499, 500; in the hands of three classes, 500; of foreigners, 501
Hands, Washing, at meals, 205, 206; Lines of, 347
Hangmen, 525
Harp, The, 215
Harp players, Costume of, 4; at symposia, 215
Hats, Place of origin of, 56; Various shapes of, 56-59; of straw, for women, 61
Head, the, Coverings for, 56-61
Hecate, Propitiation of, in cases of madness, &c., 331, 336
Hecatomb, Offering of a, 337; to Apollo at the Pythian Festival, 370; to Athene Polias, 377
Hector, 145; Wail at death of, 248
Helen, Epithalamium of, 141
Helios, Sacrifice of horses to, 336
Helmet, The, 466-469; of Diomede, 468; of Amphiaraus, 469
“Helots,” The, 454, 455, 478, 522
Hephaestus, The pilos of, 59; Gifts to newly-wedded pair from, 143; at the forge, 498
Hera, invoked at weddings, 137; with her mirror, 163; Temple of, 362
Herbs, Medical, 234
Hercules, Drunken, 230
Hermes, The chiton of, 11; The himation of, 15; The chlamys of, 18; The petasos of, 56; Cradle of, 81; Libation to, at symposia, 230; Inventor of the lyre, 307
Herodotus, on female dress, 22, 30; Travels of, 198
Hesiod, in Attic schools, 110; his opinion of work, 490
_Hetaerae_, Dress of, 48; Literary culture of, 129; Position of, 133, 173; without legal protection, 173; at meals, 203; at symposia, 216; as slaves, 521; reason of their social intercourse with men, 172; Tax exacted from, 173; in Old Comedy, 170; sanctioned by the State, 171; Celebrities amongst, 172; their influence on the marriage relationship, 148; in a vase picture, 167; at the theatre, 447
Hiero, vase painter, 9, 30
Himation, The, 3, 6; mode of wearing, 15; of youths, 18; of women, 26, 41; as a scarf, 41; Colour of, 14, 45; Embroidery of, 47; drawn over the head, 60
“Hipparchs,” The, 457
Hipparchus, 215
Hippias, Discourses at Olympia of, 364
Hippocrates, Oath of, 236
Hippodamus of Miletus, 179
Hippodrome, The, 356, 361
Hobby-horse, The, 93
Homer, his reference to skins as the dress of soldiers, 8; his allusion to Laertes gardening, 55; in Attic schools, 110; his description of the life of nobles, 175; his allusion to warm baths, 192; allusion to physicians, 233; his account of the funeral games in honour of Patroclus, 357; his allusions to armour, 465, 466, 467, 475; to agriculture, 493; to handicraftsmen, 498
Honey, of Hymettus, 208; used to check dissolution of a corpse, 249
Horace’s _Plagosus Orbilius_, 105
Horae, The, 143
Horse-cloths, 125
Horse-racing, 270, 357
Horse-rearing, 496
Horse-shoes, 480
Hospitality, Custom of, 199
Human sacrifice, 335
Hunting, among the Dorians, 178; among the Athenians, 196
Hymen, Torch of, 140
_Hymenaeus_, 140
Hysiae, Prophecy at, 343
Iacchus, 379, 380
Immorality of the age of Pericles, 174
Implements of agriculture, 493
“Incroyables,” 94.
“Incubation” in the cure of disease, 239-242
Infantry, 452; Armour of, 461; in the time of Persian wars, 478
Infernal deities, 335, 349
Inns, 200, 366
Inscriptions on tombs, 256, 257
Interpreters of dreams, 342; of prophecies, 343-347
Ionia, Dress in, 12; Shaving in, 72
Ionic and Doric costumes, Differences between, 22-30
Iphicrates, Shoes named after, 55; re-introduces the sword into the Greek army, 475
Ismenus, The sacred water of the, 137
Isocrates, 128; lecturing at Olympia, 364; Factory of the father of, 529
Isthmian games, The, their similarity to the Olympic, 370; Prizes and recitations at, 370
Javelin-throwing, 278, 279, 282, 478
Javelins, Hunting with, 196, 475; in war, 476
Jewel caskets, 164
Judges at Olympic games, 358
Judgment of Paris, The, 159
Judicial duties, 195
Jugglers, 218
Jumping, 116, 121; Varieties of, 265; Dumb-bell used in, 266, 267; Leaping-poles in, 268; Spring-boards in, 269; Distances covered in, 269, 270; at Olympia, 353, 360
Jurymen, 195
Kerameikos, The, 377
Kerchiefs for the hair, 76, 77
Kisses in the worship of gods, 329
Kitchen, The, 183
Kite-flying, 93
Kladeos, The, 121
Knees, the, Exercises in bending, 299
“Knuckle-bones”, 97, 194, 224; Mode of playing with, 225
Kolotes, Table of, at Olympia, 362
_Kolpos_, The, 11, 28, 30, 33
Laconian marriage custom, 144
Ladas, The runner, 271
Lady’s maid, 162
Laertes, 55, 145, 176
Laïs, 172
Lament, Funeral, 246
Lance, The, 472, 476, 480
Laws of Lycurgus, 100
Laying-out a corpse, 246, 249
Leaping-poles, 268
Leather tunics, 49
Lectures at Olympic Festivals, 364
Legends told to children, 88
Legitimation of children, 81
Lenaea, Festival of, 384
Leto, Sacrifice at Pythian games to, 367
Libations, Daily, 328; as bloodless sacrifices, 335; at the sacrifice of animals, 338
Linen garments, 22, 29, 47, 497
Lions, 196, 197
“Liturgies,” The, 275, 375, 418
Lots, Drawing, at Olympia, 360
Love, Idea of, in “New Attic Comedy,” 134; in _Aphrodite Urania_, and _Aphrodite Pandemos_, of, 134.
Love-charms, 95
Lunch in Athens, 191
Lycabettos, The, at Athens, 119
Lyceum, The, at Athens, 119, 127
Lycurgus, Laws of, 100
Lye, as a substitute for soap, 188
Lyre, the, Instruction in, 107, 112; played at banquets, 215; an invention of Hermes, 307; Construction of, 307-309; Manner of playing, 311
Lysander, 532
Lysias, lecturing at Olympia, 364; owner of a shield factory, 529
Lysippus, the _Apoxyomenos_ of, 285
Machinery in the Greek theatre, 409-411
Madness, Methods supposed to cure, 331
Maenads, The, 390
Magic, Antidotes to, 84; in curing disease, 243
Magna Graecia, Lunch in, 191; Luxurious living in, 206
Manuring the ground, 494
“Market of Hippodamus,” 180
Market-place, The, 190, 514
Marriage, entered into early by girls, 92, 136; Tirades of Aristophanes and Euripides against, 134; a matter of contract between fathers or guardians, 135; Bride’s dowry at, 135; Homeric custom of bridegroom bringing presents at, 135; Engagement prior to, 136; Favourite month and days for, 136; Ceremonies of, 137; Banquet at a, 138; Dress of bride and bridegroom at, 138, 139; Bridal procession at, 139; Singing and torches at, 140, 141; Gifts and congratulations after, 142; Monumental representations of, 143, 144; Laconian custom of, 144; Laws of Lycurgus respecting, 146; Grounds for dissolution of, 148, 149; Symbolical customs at, 140, 141
Masks, theatrical, Material of, 425; Designs of, 426; Three kinds of, 426, 428; for different sexes, ages, phases of character, and moods of mind, 429; for mythological characters, 430
Massage in gymnasia, 123, 285
Match-makers, 135
Mattock, The, 493
_Maza_, 208
Meals, in Sparta, 177, 178; in Athens, 191, 194; in the evening, 202; Reclining at, 205; Simplicity of, in
Athens, 206; The various dishes at, 206, 207
Meat, Varieties of, 206
Medical schools of Cos and Cnidus, 235, 239
Medical students, 236
Medusae, The, 88
Meeting-halls, 179
Megalopolis, Theatre of, 402
Memnon, Figure of death of, 469
Menander, Shaven face of, 73
Menecrates, 237
Merchants, 197, 512, 517
Metal-founders, 504
Milo, 304
Military expeditions, 198 (_See, also_, War)
Military training of _ephebi_, 124, 126, 127; of lower classes, 176, 455
Miracle, Love of, in connection with the healing art, 239
Mirrors, 162, 163
Money-changers, 190, 516
Money systems, 513
Monuments, Drapery of, 9
_Morra_, The game of, 227
Mortgages, 516, 517
Mountebanks, 243
Moustache, The, 72
Mules and asses, 496
Murderers, Curse on, 251
Muses, The, 335
Music, Compulsory instruction in Sparta in, 101; Instruction at Attic schools in, 111-113; at a symposium, 212; Branches and instruments of, 306-320; after religious ceremonies, 350; at Pythian games, 366; of the stage, 413-421
Musical contests, 449
Musical dialogues, 416
Muslin garments, 49
Mycenae, Discoveries at, 3; Gold masks at, 72
Myron’s statue of Ladas, 271; of Discobolus, 277
Mythology taught in Attic schools, 110
Myths, Religious, 348
Nails, Cutting the, 189
Naming children, 83, 84
Nausicaa on the sea-shore, 146, 15
Nemean games, 371
“New Attic Comedy,” The, 134
Nissen on life at Athens, 181
Nobles, Daily life of, 175, 176; in the heroic period, 451
Nurseries, 85
Nurses, children’s, Duties of, 85
Oath taken by _ephebi_, 117; of Hippocrates, 236; taken by athletes, 360
Obedience to elders in Sparta, 100
Oculists, 238
Odysseus, The pilos of, 59; Fidelity of, 145; playing at quoits, 275; Ship of, 482
“Odyssey,” The, Description of Nausicaa in, 156; Quoit-throwing mentioned in, 275
“Oedipus at Colonus,” 436
Oils, Sweet-scented, for the hair, 74; for the body, 162; for a corpse, 245; used by runners, 271; used by wrestlers, 284; supplied to foreign countries, 494
Oinopides, 364
Olives, 494, 495
Olympia, Arrangements of gymnasia at, 120; Wrestling school of, 121
Olympic Festival, the, Chronology of, 351; Mythic origin of, 352; Persons excluded from, 352, 353; Contests at, 353-359; Embassies, and sacrifice to Zeus at, 359; Swearing of competitors at, 360; Drawing of lots by competitors and prayer to Zeus Moiragetes at, 360; Order of competitions at, 361; Distribution of prizes at, 362; Sacrifices at, 362, 363; Banquets at, 363; Recitations, art exhibitions, and official announcements at, 364; Representatives of all classes at, 365; Fair connected with, 366
Olympic games, 274, 304, 352-359
Omens, Interpretation of, 340
Oracles, The, 341; of Apollo, 342; uttered by Pythia, 343; at various places, 343-346; Questions to, 344
Orations, Funeral, 255
Orchestra of theatres, 398, 403
Orestes, Purification of, 330
Ornaments for the hair, 65, 68, 71, 77; of bride, 138
Paean, The, 214
_Paidagogos_, Duties of a, 102, 116; his bad influence, 103; on the stage, 436
Painting school of Sicyon, 113
Paintings, The chiton in, 4; Folds of dress in, 9; Representations of daily life in, 19; at Olympia, 364
Palm branch, The, 362
Pamphilus, 113
Panathenaea, Festivals of the, 124, 151; The lesser and greater, 372; Contests at the, 372-375; Pyrrhic war dance, 374; Muster of men at, 374, 375; Torch-race at, 376; Procession at, 376; Judges at, 378
_Pancratium_, The, 116, 123, 296; its importance as a mode of fighting, 297; at Olympia, 353
Pandora, Box of, 233
Pantomimic dancing, 217
Papyrus in schools, 109
Parabasis, The, 414
Paris, The chiton of, 11; The himation of, 15; The hair of, 64, 163
Parthenon marbles, Female drapery of the, 2; Hats in, 56; Walking-sticks in, 64; Head-dresses in, 76
Patroclus, Funeral games in honour of, 290, 357; his arm bandaged by Achilles, 464
Pausanias, 239; his allusion to the Hippodrome, 356
Peasants 493, 494, 495
Pedlars, 513, 514
Peisistratus, 372
Peitho invoked at weddings, 137
Peleus and Thetis, 143
Peloponnesus, the, Soldiers from, 459; Handicrafts in, 501
“Peltasts,” The, 478
Penelope, 145; at the loom, 153, 154; Wooers of, 176
Penestae, The, 522
_Pentathlum_, The, 116, 123, 297, 298, 353
Peplos, the, Shape and mode of wearing, 20, 21; The Homeric supposed to be identical with the Doric, 21, 22; of Athenian women, 22; on vase pictures, 22, 23
Pergamum, School of, 128
Pericles, Dress of the age of, 2; Beard of, 73; and Aspasia, 172; Immorality of the age of, 174; and the theatre, 445
“Perioiki,” The, 454
Peronatris (robe), The, 43
Persephone, 381
Petasos (hat), 56, 57, 59; of women, 61
Phaeacians, The, 176
Phayllus, Jumping feat of, 269
Pheidias, Costume of the age of, 37; his descendants as temple-servants, 328
Pheidippides, The mother of, 98
_Pheiditia_, 177
Philosophy, Schools of, 127, 128
Philtres, 331
Phocylides in Attic schools, 110
Phoenicians, the, Drapery among, 9; Dishonesty of, 510
Phorminx, The, taught in Attic schools, 112, 312
Phryne, 172
“Phylarchs,” The, 457
Physicians, and the treatment of infants, 80; their early connection with priests, 234; Guild of, 235; their apprentices, 235; Two classes of, 236; Complaints against, 237; Salaries of public, 238; as specialists, 238; their methods of treatment, 238
Physiognomy, Fortunes told from, 347
Picnics, 204
Pilgrimages, to shrines, 198; of invalids to medical sanctuaries, 239
Pindar, Odes of, 363
Pipe, The, used as the double flute, 316
_Plagiaulos_, The, 320
Plague, Great, in camp of the Greeks, 233
Plaiting the hair, 66, 67
Plato, on the care of children, 87; recommends fencing, 124; teaching at the Academy, 127; on the education of girls, 130; supposed to have invented water clocks, 186; The “Symposium” of, 204, 214; simplicity of his meals, 206; on music at symposia, 216; his opinion of work, 490
Plays of Greek stage, of three kinds, 411; Tragic, 412-414; Comic, 414, 415; Satyric, 415, 416
Plough, The, 493, 495
Plutus, his recovery from blindness, 240
Podalirius, 234
Poets at Olympic festival, 364, 365
_Polenta_, 208
Police of Athens, 180, 525, 526
Polycrates, 238
Polydamas, 304
Polygnotus, his paintings of women, 76
Pomades, 64, 72, 74
Porridge, 207, 208
Poseidippus, Shaven face of, 73
Poseidon, Dress of, 19; Sacrificial offering of horses to, 336
Pot Market, The, 513
Poultry, 206
Pratinas, 415
Praxiteles, Statue of Phryne by, 172
Prayer, offered by priests, 326; Times for offering, 328; for special occasions, 328; Attitude in, 328; Qualifications to ensure the efficacy of, 329; at the utterance of oracles, 343; to Zeus Moiragetes, 360
Presents, Bridal, 142
Priam, Figure of, 4
Priestesses, Qualifications of, 325; with the gift of prophecy, 343, 344
Priests, Costume of, 4; Practice of healing art by, 238; their office, and gradual increase of their influence, 324; of both sexes, 325; Qualifications of, 325; Modes of appointing, 327; their duties, 326; their privileges and distinguishing dress, 327; their attendants, 327
Prizes at Olympic festival, 362; of poets and actors, 449
Prodicus, Discourses at Olympia of, 364
Prophecy and divination, 341-348 (_See, also_, Oracles)
“Protagonist,” or chief actor, 405
Ptolemy Philopater, Ship of, 486
Public houses, 197
Purification, after childbirth, 84; before offering prayer, 329; by fire, smoke, and the sea-leek, 330; of Orestes, 330
Pyrrhic war dance, 374
Pythia, utterer of oracles, 343; the Great and the Lesser, 366
Pythian games, The musical competition at, 366; Sacrifices and the _Pythian Nomos_ at, 367; Gymnastic and Equestrian contests at, 368; The Amphictyons at, 369; Expenses of, and prizes at, 369; Recitations and offerings at, 370
_Pythian Nomos_, The, 367
Quackery, 243
_Quadrigae_, The, 452
Quail-fighting, 228
Quince, The, 141
Quintain, Striking at the, 296
Quoits, 121, 275, 277, 278
Racing, Various kinds of, 270, 273
“Rape of Helen, The,” 9
Razors, 188
Reading and writing at Sparta, 101; at Athens, 108-110
Recitations at Olympic festivals, 364
Reclining at meals, 205
Reeds for writing, 109
Regattas, 126, 377
Registration of new-born children, 143
Reliefs, Representations of daily life in, 19
Religious festivals, 195
Religious myths, 348
Religious worship, 323-348; chiefly in the hands of laymen in Homeric times, 323; The two forms of, 328; its cheerfulness, 349
Resin wine, 211
Rhapsodists, Competition between, 372
Rhetoric, 128
Rhodes, 228; Slingers of, 478
Riders, The chlamys of, 18
Riding, Instruction in, 124, 125
Riding races, 353
Riddles, 214, 219, 220
Road-making, 198
Robbers, 200, 201
Rope-pulling, 299
Rougeing, Practice of, 165, 166
Rowers, 482-486
Running, The course for, 270; Speed attained in, 271; Starting-signal for, and method adopted for making the limbs flexible in, 271; Mode of, 272, 273; at Olympia, 353
Sacrifice at a birth-festival, 84; at weddings, 136, 137; a common occurrence, 203; of swine and sucking-pigs, 330; object of, 331; the idea underlying, 332; variety of gifts offered in, 332, 333; bloody and bloodless, 334, 335; ceremonies observed in, 337; for discovering the will of the gods by interpretation of signs, 340; at the utterance of oracles, 343; time of offering, 349; at Olympia, 363; The Epidaurian, 379; before war, 456
Sailors, 481, 483-486
_Salone_, The, 190
_Sambuca_, The, 313
Sandals worn by men and women, 50; how made, 51; Children chastised with, 98; removed at banquets, 205
Satyric drama, 415, 442, 444
Satyrs, 333
Sauces, 207
Sausages, 206
Scarf, The, 11; of Paris, 12
Scenery in the Greek theatre, 407-409
Schools of Athens, 102-132; Masters and teachers of, 104; Furniture of, 104, 108; Fees of, 104; Corporal punishment in, 105; Hours of tuition in, 106; Holidays in, 106; Representation by Duris of teaching in, 106; System of tuition in, 108-115; Text-books in, 110; Instruction in music in, 111-113; Geometry in, 114, 127; Time of opening, 188
Schools of philosophy, 127, 128
Science, Travelling for purposes of, 198
“Scolia,” The, 215
“Scourge-bearers” of Sparta, 100
Sculptors, 501
Scythe, The, 493
Seafaring, 481-488
See-saw, 95
Seers, or interpreters, Connection with the priests, 325
Segesta, Theatre of, 396
Sewing, 130
“Shadow-pointers,” 184, 185
Shaving, 72, 73
Shawls, 42
Sheep-rearing, 496, 498
Shields, 469-471, 480
Ships, Mode of navigating, 481; Construction of, 482-488
Shirt, The, 20
Shoemakers, 502, 503, 504
Shoes, Various designs of, 52, 54, 55
Shopkeepers, 190, 197
Sicily, 190, 191; Luxurious living in, 206
Sicyon, Painting school of, 113
Sieges, Modes of conducting, 480, 481
Sieves used for prophecy, 347
Signs, Interpretation of, 346, 347
Silk garments, 49
Silphium, 514
Simonides, 216
Singers, Travelling, 198
Singing at weddings, 140, 141; at the baths, 194; at a symposium, 214
Skins, Clothes made of, 8, 49
Slavery interwoven with the life of antiquity, 519; regarded as a necessity of nature, 519; of captives taken in war, 519, 520; foreigners sold to, 521; Solon’s legislation against, 521; one of the causes of the fall of Greece, 532
Slaves, 78; entrusted with the education of children, 98; employed in writing, 109; fetching water, 151; as ladies’ maids, 162; Sleeping apartments of, 182, 525; sent to market, 191; at the baths, 194; as porters, 181, 204; taught the healing art, 237, 528; at a funeral, 250; at the theatre, 447; Captives of war becoming, 452; The Helot class of, 454, 522; in agriculture, 490, 494; Markets for, 520, 521; Prices paid for, 521; their condition and treatment, 523; their characters, 524; Masters’ rights over, 524; Dress of, 524; their food, 525; working on their own account and purchasing their freedom, 525; as hangmen, gaolers, &c., 525; Dwellings of, 525; Protection of, 526; Torture of, 527; Various classes of, 528; in factories, 529; their liberation, 530, 531; their numbers in Greece, 532
Sleeves of chitons, 4, 11; of women’s chitons, 21, 29, 31, 39, 41
Sling, The, 477
Slippers, 54, 56
Smoke offerings, 335
Snow-water for cooling wine, 213
Soap, Substitutes for, 188
Social life among Spartan men, 179
Socrates, 49, 50; Wealth of, 183; visiting shops, 190; Ablutions of, 188; after the symposium, 232; said to have taken lessons in dancing, 321; wishing to offer some of his hemlock to the gods, 335; represented on the stage, 428; on idleness, 491
Soldiers, Skins as the dress of, 8; The chlamys of, 18; of Sparta, 454-456; of Athens, 456-460; hired, 458; Payment of, 459
Solon, Oath for _ephebi_ composed by, 117; Symbolical marriage custom ordained by, 141; Travels of, 198; on funeral laments, 248; on the garments of a corpse, 251; on military service, 456; his legislation against the slavery of foreigners, 521
Song in praise of the murderers of Hipparchus, 215
Songs, Drinking, 215; of victory, at Olympic festivals, 363; on the stage, 416
Sophists, The, 127; at the Feast of Pitchers, 387
Sophocles, Figure of, in the Lateran, 217; Beard of, 73; his account of the funeral games in honour of Patroclus, 357; Tetralogies of, 412; Chorus and dialogue of, 413; Satyric dramas of, 415; contest with Aeschylus, 449
Sparta, Dress of male population of, 12; Wearing of shoes forbidden in, 49; Mode of wearing the hair in, 71; Hardening infants in, 80, 82; System of education in, 99-102; Clothing and discipline of boys in, 100; Indifference to pain in, 100; Study of music in, 101, 113; Gymnastic exercises in, 101, 132; High reputation of women of, 132; Domestic relations at, 146; Daily life at, 175-179; Opinion of work in, 490; Handicrafts in, 501
“Spartiates,” The, 454, 455
Spear, Throwing the, 121, 124, 281, 282, 353; of soldiers, 472
Spinning, 130, 152-154
Spring-boards, 268, 269
Spring-weights, 268
Spurs, 480
Stadion, The, 362, 365
Stage of the Greek theatre, 404-411
Statues, Representations of daily life in, 19
Stelai, Decoration of, 258-262
Stirrups, 480
_Stoa Poikile_, The, 127, 378
Stockings, Substitutes for, 55
Stoics, The, 127
Stones used in war, 477, 478
Strabo, 239
Streets of Athens, 179, 180
Stringed instruments, 306-314
Strophion, The,
Studniczka, on the shape of the peplos, 21
Styx, 245
Squares, Public, 180
Street of Tripods, 390
Suburbs of Athens, 180
Sucking-pigs offered in sacrifice, 330
Suckling infants, 81
Sun-dials, 185
Sunshades, 61-63, 152, 376
Superintendents of schools at Athens, 102
Superstitions customs at death and burial, 243-264
Swaddling clothes, 80
Swimming, Practice of, 126
Swine offered in sacrifice, 330, 360; Rearing of, 497
Swings, 95
Sword, The, 473-475; the “Lacedaemonian,” 475, 480
Sword-dance, 217
Sympathetic cures, 243
_Symposium_, The, 204, 209; Proceedings at, 209; Games and riddles at, 219-230; Regulations at, 213; Music at, 214; sometimes became an orgy, 216; its ending, 230
Syracuse, Theatre of, 396
_Syrinx_, The, 320
_Syssitia_, 177
“Table-merchants,” 516
Tables, 202, 205, 209
Tablets for writing, 108, 109
Tambourines, 320
Tanagra, 228
“Taxiarchs,” The, 457
Temple-sweepers, 327
Temples, Medical, 239-243
Temples, Religious, regarded as the dwellings of the gods, 324
Ten Thousand, the, Expedition of, 458
Terra-cottas, Women’s dress in, 43; Head-coverings in, 61; Playing games in, 223, 226
_Thalamus_, The, 141
“Thaumaturgists,” 217
Theatre, The, Origin of, 392; Daylight performances in, 394; Auditorium, stage and orchestra of, 396; of Dionysus, of Syracuse, and of Segesta, 396; Plan and structure of, 398; Situation and seats of, 399; Seats of honour in, 400; Gangways and staircases in, 401; Arcades and size of, 402; of Ephesus, and of Megalopolis, 402; The thymele of orchestra in, 403; Entrances to orchestra in, 404; Decoration of proscenium in, 404; Stage doors of, 405; Scenery of, 406, 407; Various uses of the orchestra in, 407; Revolving pieces of scenery in, 408; Machinery of, 409; Gods in, 410; Plays acted in, 411-421; Actors of, 421-432; Masks used in, 425-432; Costumes of performers in, 432-444; Admission of the public to, 444-448; Prizes of actors in, 449
Theocritus, Allusions to women’s dress by, 43; Alcmene’s song to her children in, 85; Epithalamium of Helen in, 141; his allusion to the women at the Festival of Adonis, 152, 390
Theognis, in Attic schools, 110; Song by, 215
_Thermae_, The, of the Roman Empire, 192
Thesmophoria, The, 151, 382, 383
_Thesmophoriazusae_, The, of Aristophanes, 170
Thessaly, and the origination of the chlamys, 17; Luxury in, 206; Slingers of, 478; Horse-rearing in, 496
“Thetes,” The, 456
Tholia, The, 61
_Tholos_ buildings, 253
Threshing, 493
Throwing the javelin, 278, 279, 282; quoits, 121, 275, 277, 278; the spear, 121, 124, 281, 282
Thucydides, his allusion to male dress, 12; allusion to dressing the hair, 68
Thymele, The, 403
Time, Measurement of, 183
Tolls, 201, 502
Tombs, 254; Inscriptions and designs on, 258-262
Torch-race, The, 274, 275, 376
Torches, Bridal, 139, 140
Tortoise, The, as a symbol of domestic life, 151; Lyre of Hermes constructed out of a, 307
Torture of slaves, 527
Torturers, 525
Towns, Life in, 177
“Towns, Game of,” 223
Toys, 89-93
Trades (_See_ Handicrafts, &c.)
Tradesmen, Contempt for, 508, 509; Dishonesty of, 510
Tragedies, 411-414, 430
Trainers of youth in Sparta, 99
Travelling, 197-201
Tribes, at Athens, 143; of Greece in heroic period, 451; in later centuries, 453, 454
_Trigonon_, The, 313
Trousers, 20
Trumpets, 320
Tumulus, 253
Tunics, 49
Tyndareus, The chiton of, 11
Umpires at Olympic games, 358, 359
Urns, 255
Usury, 517
Vase painter, Workshop of a, 506
Vase paintings, The chiton in, 4; Representations of daily life in, 19; Female dress in, 22, 28, 30; Drapery in, 33, 34; Coloured patterns in, 45; _Ephebi_ racing on horseback in, 125;
Bridal procession in, 144; Representations of women in, 153-159, 164, 167; Drinking scenes in, 230; Charioteers in, 451
Vaults for the dead, 253, 254
Vegetables, 207, 208
Vines, 494
Visiting, 194
Vitruvius, his description of a gymnasium, 120
Wail, Funeral, 248
Walking-sticks, 63, 64
War, Authorities on the subject of, 450; Part taken by nobles in, 451; Charioteers in, 451, 452; Arms used in, 452, 460-480; Cavalry in, 452, 479; Infantry in, 452; The closed phalanx in, 452; Captives taken in, 452; Modes in heroic age of, 452; regarded as a festival, 455; Sacrifice before entering upon, 456; Sieges, 480, 481
Washing clothes, 156, 157; at wells, 159
Water, Holy, 137; sprinkled after death, 244, 255; in the temples, 329; its use at the time of sacrifice, 337
Water clocks, 185-187
Weaning, 85
Weaving, 130, 152
Wedding banquets, 138 (_See, also_, Marriage)
Weights and measures, False, 510
Wind instruments, 314-320
Wine, forbidden to women, 170; Drinking, 178, 202, 209; mixed with water, 210; Varieties of, 210; used in the game of cottabus, 221; offered in sacrifice to gods, 335; at the Anthesterian festival, 385
Witchcraft, Protection from, 331
Witches, 88
Wives, their admission among the clansmen, 142; their honourable position at Sparta, 146; their subordinate position among the Athenians, 147; Infidelity of, 148; of poorer citizens, 150; Advice for, 166, 167
Women, Dress of, 20-49; Head-coverings of, 60-63; Head-dress of, 74-77; suckling their children, 81; their part in the Amphidromia, 83, 84; purification after childbirth, 84; amusing their children, 88; their high reputation in Sparta, 132; their position in relation to men and in the household, 145; their important position in heroic times, 145; their household duties, 146; as wives, 146-149; their apartments, 150; water from the wells, 151; attended by slaves, 151, 182; their seclusion, 151; their few public appearances, 151, 152; their weaving and spinning, 152-154; Vase painting representations of, 155, 164, 167; washing clothes, 156, 157; at their toilet, 157, 169; Baths for, 159, 162; anointing the body, 162; Maids of, 162; rougeing, dyeing the hair, &c., 165, 166; Inferiority of the Athenian to the Spartan, 170; addicted to intemperance, 170; dining, 178, 203; sitting at windows, 182; at funerals, 245, 246, 251; at a sacrificial ceremony, 338; forbidden to witness the Olympic games, 366; at Eleusinian festivals, 380; at the festival of Demeter, 382; at night celebrations of Dionysus, 390; at the theatre, 447; as slaves, 521, 523
Woollen clothing, 11, 47, 497
Work, how regarded by Doric and other races, 490; Hesiod’s opinion of, 490; encouraged by the tyrants, 490; Opinion of Socrates of, 491; Depreciation of, 499, 500
Workmen, Dress of, 12, 19, 188; travelling, 198; Citizens’ contempt for, 498; Hired, 506; Wages of, 508
Workshops, 190, 192, 502-506
Wreaths, given to guests at a symposium, 209; on the dead, 245; on tombs, 262; of priests, 327; at Olympic games, 361, 362
Wrestling, Technical expressions of, 284; Preparations for, 284; The process of cleansing after, 285; Two principal methods of, 285; represented in the Florentine marble group, 286; Tricks or feints in, 288; Superintendents of, 288, 289; its thorough development into an art, 290; at Olympia, 353
Wrestling school, The, 115; its management, 116; Method and object of instruction in, 116, 282; of Olympia, 121; of Ephesus and Alexandria Troas, 121
Xenophon’s _Oikonomikos_, Allusion to, 130, 166; description of symposia, 214, 217, 220
Youths, Dress of, 18; Hair of, 69; Beards of, 74 (_See, also_, Boys)
Zeus, as represented in works of art, 19; Beard of, 73; witness to the oath taken by _ephebi_, 118; invoked at weddings, 137; protector of strangers, 199; statue by Pheidias, 328; Oracle of, 344; Sacrifice at Olympic festival to, 359; Appeal from olive-growers to, 495
Zeus Ammon, Oracle of, 345
Zeus _Herkeios_, Altar to, 181, 358
Zeus Moiragetes, Prayer to, 360
Zeus-Nemeios, Sanctuary of, 371
Zeus Soter, Libations to, 212
Zeus Trophonius, Oracle of, 345
PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C.
FOOTNOTES:
[A] Translated by S. C. Calverley.
[B] Translated by J. Hookham Frere.
[C] Translated by S. C. Calverley.
[D] Nissen.--“Pompeianische Studien.”
[E] Callistratus, translated by Elton.
[F] Translated by T. J. Arnold.
[G] Compare an essay by Raoul Lemaître, “Sur la disposition des rameurs sur la trière antique,” in the “Revue Archéologique” for 1883, pp. 89 and fol. His conclusions, however, differ from Graser’s. The question of the arrangement of oars is still an open one.