Chapter 4

JUSTINIAN.

Sequel in Justinian of the submission to Pope Hormisdas, 189

His acknowledgment of the Primacy to Pope John II. in 533, 190

Reply of Pope John II. confirming the confession sent to him by Justinian, 191

The _Pandects_ of Justinian issued in the same year, 192

Close interweaving of ecclesiastical and temporal interests, 193

Interference with the freedom of the papal election by the temporal ruler, 194

Letter of Cassiodorus as Prætorian prefect to Pope John II., 195

Justinian all his reign acknowledged the Primacy of the Pope, 196

His character, purposes, and actions, 196

Succeeds his uncle the emperor Justin I., 198

Great political changes coeval with his succession, 199

He reconquers Northern Africa by Belisarius, 199

The Catholic bishops of Africa meet again in General Council, 200

They send an embassy to consult Pope John II., 201

Pope Agapetus notes their reference to the Apostolic Principate, 202

Great renown of Justinian at the reconquest of Africa, 203

Pope Agapetus at Constantinople deposes its bishop, 204

Justinian begins the Gothic War. Belisarius enters Rome, 205

He is welcomed as restorer of the empire, 206

The empress Theodora deposes Pope Silverius by Belisarius, 207

First siege of Rome by Vitiges, 210

The mausoleum of Hadrian stripped of its statues, 211

Vitiges, having lost half his army, raises the siege, 213

Belisarius, having reconquered Italy, is recalled for the war with Persia, 214

Totila, elected Gothic king, renews the war, 214

Visits St. Benedict at Monte Cassino, and is warned by him, 215

Second siege of Rome by Totila, 216

Rome taken by Totila in 546, 216

Third capture of Rome by Belisarius, in 547, 217

Fourth capture of Rome by Totila, in 549, 218

Totila defeated and killed by Narses at Taginas, 219

Fifth capture of Rome by Narses, in 552, 220

End of the Gothic war, in 555, 221

Its effect on the civil condition of the Pope, Italy, and Rome, 222

The sufferings of Rome from assailants and defenders, 223

The new test of papal authority applied by these events, 225

Vigilius, having become legitimate Pope, is sent for by Justinian, 226

Church proceedings at Constantinople after the death of Pope Agapetus, 227

The patriarch Mennas, in conjunction with the emperor, consecrates at Constantinople a patriarch of Alexandria, 228

The Origenistic struggle in the eastern empire, 229

Justinian theologising, 230

The whole East urged to consent to his edict on doctrine, 231

Pope Vigilius, summoned by Justinian, enters Constantinople, 232

After long conferences with emperor and bishops he issues a Judgment, 234

The Pope and emperor agree upon holding a General Council, 235

The emperor's despotism, and the bishops crouching before it, 236

The Pope takes sanctuary, and is torn away from the altar, 237

Flies to the church at Chalcedon, 238

The bishops relent, and the Pope returns to Constantinople, 239

Eutychius, succeeding Mennas, proposes a council under presidency of the Pope, 239

The emperor causes it to meet under Eutychius without the Pope, 240

Proceedings of the Council. The Pope declines their invitation, 241

Close of the Council, without the Pope's presence, 242

The Pope issues a Constitution apart from the Council, 242

Also a condemnation of the Three Chapters without mention of the Council, 243

The Pope on his way back to Rome dies at Syracuse, 244

The patriarch Eutychius, refusing to sign a doctrinal decree of Justinian, is deposed by the Resident Council, 244

Justinian issues his Pragmatic Sanction for government of Italy, 245

State of things following in Italy, 246

Justinian's conception of the relation between Church and State, 248

He gives to the decrees of Councils and to the canons the force of law, 250

Three leading principles in these enactments, 251

The State completely recognises the Church's whole constitution, 251

The episcopal idea thoroughly realised, 253

Concurrent action of the laws of Church and State herein, 254

Justinian further associated bishops with the civil government, 255

The part given to them in civil administration, 256

A system of mutual supervision in bishops and governors, 257

The branches of civil matters specially put under bishops, 259

The completeness and the cordiality of the alliance with the Church, 261

Which differentiates Justinian's attitude from that of modern governments, 262

In what Justinian was a true maintainer of the imperial idea, 264

The dark blot which lies upon Justinian, 267

How he passed from the line of defence to that of interference and mastery, 269

The result, spiritual and temporal, of Justinian's reign, 270