CHAPTER XXI.

Conclusion: General Summary.

Causes of the Perpetuation of the Name of Rome 366 Parallel instances: Claims now made to represent the Roman Empire 367 Parallel afforded by the History of the Papacy 369 In how far was the Empire really Roman 374 Imperialism: Ancient and Modern 375 Essential Principles of the Mediæval Empire 377 Influence of the Imperial System in Germany 378 The Claim of Modern Austria to represent the Mediæval Empire 381 Results of the Influence of the Empire upon Europe 383 Upon Modern Jurisprudence 383 Upon the Development of the Ecclesiastical Power 384 Struggle of the Empire with three Hostile Principles 388 Its Relations, Past and Present, to the Nationalities of Europe 390 Conclusion: Difficulties caused by the Nature of the Subject 392

APPENDIX.

NOTE A. On the Burgundies 395

NOTE B. On the Relations to the Empire of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein 398

NOTE C. On certain Imperial Titles and Ceremonies 400

NOTE D. Hildebert's Lines contrasting the Past and Present of Rome 406

INDEX 407

DATES OF SEVERAL IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE.

B.C.

Battle of Pharsalia 48

A.D.

Council of Nicæa 325

End of the separate Western Empire 476

Revolt of the Italians from the Iconoclastic Emperors 728

Coronation of Charles the Great 800

End of the Carolingian Empire 888

Coronation of Otto the Great 962

Final Union of Italy to the Empire 1014

Quarrel between Henry IV and Gregory VII 1076

The First Crusade 1096

Battle of Legnano 1176

Death of Frederick II 1250

League of the three Forest Cantons of Switzerland 1308

Career of Rienzi 1347-1354

The Golden Bull 1356

Council of Constance 1415

Extinction of the Eastern Empire 1453

Discovery of America 1492

Luther at the Diet of Worms 1521

Beginning of the Thirty Years' War 1618

Peace of Westphalia 1648

Prussia recognized as a Kingdom 1701

End of the House of Hapsburg 1742

Seven Years' War 1756-1763

Peace of Luneville 1801

Formation of the German Confederation 1815

Establishment of the North German Confederation 1866

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EMPERORS AND POPES.

A. D. B. C. Augustus. 27 A. D. Tiberius. 14 Caligula. 37 Claudius. 41 42 St. Peter, (according to Jerome). Nero. 54 67 Linus, (according to Jerome, Irenæus, Eusebius). 68 Clement, (according Galba, Otho, Vitellius, to Tertullian and Vespasian. 68 Rufinus). 78 Anacletus (?). Titus. 79 Domitian. 81 91 Clement, (according to later writers). Nerva. 96 Trajan. 98 100 Evaristus (?). 109 Alexander (?). Hadrian. 117 119 Sixtus I. 129 Telesphorus. Antoninus Pius. 138 139 Hyginus. 143 Pius I. 157 Anicetus. Marcus Aurelius. 161 168 Soter. 177 Eleutherius. Commodus. 180 Pertinax. 190 Didius Julianus. 191 Niger. 192 193 Victor (?). Septimius Severus. 193 202 Zephyrinus (?). Caracalla, Geta, Diadumenian. 211 Opilius Macrinus. 217 Elagabalus. 218 219 Calixtus I. Alexander Severus. 222 223 Urban I. 230 Pontianus. 235 Anterius or Anteros. Maximin. 235 236 Fabianus. The two Gordians, Maximus Pupienus, Balbinus. 237 Gordian the Younger. 238 Philip. 244 Decius. 249 251 Cornelius. Gallus. 251 252 Lucius I. Volusian. 252 253 Stephen I. Æmilian, Valerian, Gallienus. 253 257 Sixtus II. 259 Dionysius. Claudius II. 268 269 Felix. Aurelian. 270 275 Eutychianus. Tacitus. 275 Probus. 276 Carus. 282 283 Caius. Carinus, Numerian, Diocletian. 284 Maximian, joint Emperor with Diocletian. 286 296 Marcellinus. [305(?) 304 Vacancy. Constantius, Galerius. 304(?) Licinius. or 307] 308 Marcellus I. Maximin. 308 Constantine, Galerius, Licinius, Maximin, Maxentius, and Maximian reigning jointly. 309 310 Eusebius. 311 Melchiades. 314 Sylvester I. Constantine (the Great) alone. 323 336 Marcus I. 337 Julius I. Constantine II, Constantius II, Constans. 337 Magnentius. 350 352 Liberius. Constantius alone. 353 356 Felix (Anti-pope). Julian. 361 Jovian. 363 Valens and Valentinian I. 364 366 Damasus I. Gratian and Valentinian I. 367 Valentinian II and Gratian. 375 Theodosius. 379 384 Siricius. Arcadius (in the East), Honorius (in the West). 395 398 Anastasius I. 402 Innocent I. Theodosius II. (E) 408 417 Zosimus. 418 Boniface I. 418 Eulalius (Anti-pope). 422 Celestine I. Valentinian III. (W) 424 432 Sixtus III. 440 Leo I (the Great). Marcian. (E) 450 Maximus, Avitus. (W) 455 Majorian. (W) 455 Leo I. (E) 457 461 Hilarius. Severus. (W) 461 Vacancy. (W) 465 Anthemius. (W) 467 468 Simplicius. Olybrius. (W) 472 Glycerius. (W) 473 Julius Nepos. (W) 474 Leo II, Zeno, Basiliscus (all E.) 474 Romulus Augustulus. (W) 475 (End of the Western Line in Romulus Augustus. 476) (Henceforth, till A.D. 800, Emperors reigning at 483 Felix III[2]. Constantinople). Anastasius I. 491 492 Gelasius I. 496 Anastasius II. 498 Symmachus. 498 Laurentius (Anti-pope). 514 Hormisdas. Justin I. 518 523 John I. 526 Felix IV. Justinian. 527 530 Boniface II. 530 Dioscorus (Anti-pope). 532 John II. 535 Agapetus I. 536 Silverius. 537 Vigilius. 555 Pelagius I. 560 John III. Justin II. 565 574 Benedict I. 578 Pelagius II. Tiberius II. 578 Maurice. 582 590 Gregory I (the Great). Phocas. 602 604 Sabinianus. 607 Boniface III. 607 Boniface IV. Heraclius. 610 615 Deus dedit. 618 Boniface V. 625 Honorius I. 638 Severinus. 640 John IV. Constantine III, Heracleonas, Constans II. 641 642 Theodorus I. 649 Martin I. 654 Eugenius I. 657 Vitalianus. Constantine IV (Pogonatus). 668 672 Adeodatus. 676 Domnus or Donus I. 678 Agatho. 682 Leo II. 683(?) Benedict II. 685 John V. Justinian II. 685 685(?) Conon. 687 Sergius I. 687 Paschal (Anti-pope). 687 Theodorus (Anti-pope). Leontius. 694 Tiberius. 697 701 John VI. 705 John VII. Justinian II restored. 705 708 Sisinnius. 708 Constantine. Philippicus Bardanes. 711 Anastasius II. 713 715 Gregory II. Theodosius III. 716 Leo III (the Isaurian). 718 731 Gregory III. 741 Zacharias. Constantine V (Copronymus). 741 752 Stephen (II). 752 Stephen II (or III). 757 Paul I. 767 Constantine (Anti-pope). 768 Stephen III (IV). 772 Hadrian I. Leo IV. 775 Constantine VI. 780 795 Leo III. Deposition of Constantine VI by Irene. 797 Charles I (the Great). 800 (Following henceforth the new Western line). Lewis I (the Pious). 814 816 Stephen IV. 817 Paschal I. 824 Eugenius II. 827 Valentinus. 827 Gregory IV. Lothar I. 840 844 Sergius II. 847 Leo IV. 855 Benedict III. Lewis II. 855 855 Anastasius (Anti-pope). 858 Nicholas I. 867 Hadrian II. 872 John VIII. Charles II (the Bald). 875 Charles III (the Fat). 881 882 Martin II. 884 Hadrian III. 885 Stephen V. 891 Formosus. Guido. 891 Lambert. 894 896 Boniface VI. Arnulf. 896 896 Stephen VI. 897 Romanus. 897 Theodore II. 898 John IX. Lewis (the Child).[+] 899 900 Benedict IV. Lewis III (of Provence). 901 903 Leo V. 903 Christopher. 904 Sergius III. 911 Anastasius III. Conrad I.[+] 912(?) 913 Lando. 914 John X. Berengar. 915 Henry I (the Fowler).[+] 918 928 Leo VI. 929 Stephen VII. 931 John XI. 936 Leo VII. Otto I (the Great).[+] 936 939 Stephen VIII. 941 Martin III. 946 Agapetus II. 955 John XII. Otto I, crowned at Rome. 962 963 Leo VIII. 964 Benedict V (Anti-Pope?). 965 John XIII. 972 Benedict VI. Otto II. 973 974 Boniface VII (Anti-pope?). 974 Domnus II (?). 974 Benedict VII. 983 John XIV. Otto III 983 985 John XV. 996 Gregory V. 996 John XVI (Anti-pope). 999 Sylvester II. Henry II (the Saint). 1002 1003 John XVII. 1003 John XVIII. 1009 Sergius IV. 1012 Benedict VIII. 1024 John XIX. Conrad II (the Salic). 1024 1033 Benedict IX. Henry III. 1039 1044 Sylvester (Anti-pope). 1045( Gregory VI. 1046 Clement II. 1048 Damasus II. 1048 Leo IX. 1054 Victor II. Henry IV. 1056 1057 Stephen IX. 1058 Benedict X. 1059 Nicholas II. 1061 Alexander II. 1073 Gregory VII (Hildebrand). 1080 (Clement, Anti-pope). 1086 Victor III. 1087 Urban II. 1099 Paschal II. Henry V. 1106 1118 Gelasius II. 1118 Gregory, (Anti-pope). 1119 Calixtus II. 1121 (Celestine, Anti-pope). 1124 Honorius II. Lothar II (the Saxon). 1125 1130 Innocent II. (Anacletus, Anti-pope). 1138 Victor (Anti-pope). [*]Conrad III. 1138 1143 Celestine II. 1144 Lucius II. 1145 Eugenius III. Frederick I (Barbarossa). 1152 1153 Anastasius IV. 1154 Hadrian IV. 1159 Alexander III. 1159 (Victor, Anti-pope). 1164 (Paschal, Anti-pope). 1168 (Calixtus, Anti-pope). 1181 Lucius III. 1185 Urban III. 1187 Gregory VIII. 1187 Clement III. Henry VI. 1190 1191 Celestine III. 1198 Innocent III. [*]Philip, Otto IV (rivals). 1198 Otto IV. 1208 Frederick II. 1212 1216 Honorius III. 1227 Gregory IX. 1241 Celestine IV. 1241 Vacancy. 1243 Innocent IV. [*]Conrad IV, [*]William, (rivals). 1250 1254 Alexander IV. Interregnum. 1254 [*]Richard (earl of Cornwall). [*]Alfonso (king of Castile), (rivals). 1257 1261 Urban IV. 1265 Clement IV. 1269 Vacancy. 1271 Gregory X. [*]Rudolf I (of Hapsburg). 1272 1276 Innocent V. 1276 Hadrian V. 1277 John XX or XXI. 1277 Nicholas I 1281 Martin IV. 1285 Honorius IV. 1289 Nicholas IV. 1292 Vacancy. [*]Adolf (of Nassau). 1292 1294 Celestine V. 1294 Boniface VIII. [*]Albert I. 1298 1303 Benedict XI. 1305 Clement V. Henry VII. 1308 1314 Vacancy. Lewis IV. 1315 (Frederick of Austria, rival). 1316 John XXI or XXII. 1334 Benedict XII. 1342 Clement VI. Charles IV. 1347 1352 Innocent VI. (Günther of Schwartzburg, rival). 1362 Urban V. 1370 Gregory XI. 1378 Urban VI, Clement VII [*]Wenzel. 1378 (Anti-pope). 1389 Boniface IX. 1394 Benedict (Anti-pope). [*]Rupert. 1400 1404 Innocent VII. 1406 Gregory XII. 1409 Alexander V. 1410 John XXII or Sigismund. 1410 XXIII. (Jobst of Moravia, rival).

1417 Martin V. 1431 Eugene IV. [*]Albert II. 1438 1439 Felix V (Anti-pope). Frederick III. 1440 1447 Nicholas V. 1455 Calixtus IV. 1458 Pius II. 1464 Paul II. 1471 Sixtus IV. 1484 Innocent VIII. 1493 Alexander VI. [*]Maximilian I. 1493 1503 Pius III. 1503 Julius II. 1513 Leo X. Charles V.[3] 1519 1522 Hadrian VI. 1523 Clement VII. 1534 Paul III. 1550 Julius III. 1555 Marcellus II. 1555 Paul IV. [*]Ferdinand I. 1558 1559 Pius IV. [*]Maximilian II. 1564 1566 Pius V. 1572 Gregory XIII. [*]Rudolf II. 1576 1585 Sixtus V. 1590 Urban VII. 1590 Gregory XIV. 1591 Innocent IX. 1592 Clement VIII. 1604 Leo XI. 1604 Paul V. [*]Matthias. 1612 [*]Ferdinand II. 1619 1621 Gregory XV. 1623 Urban VIII. [*]Ferdinand III. 1637 1644 Innocent X. 1655 Alexander VII. [*]Leopold I. 1658 1667 Clement IX. 1670 Clement X. 1676 Innocent XI. 1689 Alexander VIII. 1691 Innocent XII. 1700 Clement XI. [*]Joseph I. 1705 [*]Charles VI. 1711 1720 Innocent XIII. 1724 Benedict XIII. 1740 Benedict XIV. [*]Charles VII. 1742 [*]Francis I. 1745 1758 Clement XII. [*]Joseph II. 1765 1769 Clement XIII. 1775 Pius VI. [*]Leopold II. 1790 [*]Francis II. 1792 1800 Pius VII. Abdication of Francis II. 1806 1823 Leo XII. 1829 Pius VIII. 1831 Gregory XVI. 1846 Pius IX.

[*] Those marked with an asterisk were never actually crowned at Rome. [+] The names marked with a + are those of German kings who never made any claim to the imperial title.

FOOTNOTES:

[2] Reckoning the Anti-pope Felix (A.D. 356) as Felix II.

[3] Crowned Emperor, but at Bologna, not at Rome.