Part 4

As the theory of a warmer climate having existed in primeval times and that the Earth is and has been for ages cooling off hardly leaves a place for a universal period of Glaciers.

It hardly seems rational that the vast accumulation of flora to produce the coal deposits and sustain the wonderful specimens of animal and reptile growth could have been interrupted by a period of ice. If so, the earth in its present condition shows evidence of growing warmer instead of cooling off.

It is by the writer seriously doubted that the many evidences attributed to glaciers can be charged to their influence.

Where large rocks are found foreign to anything in their immediate surroundings and similar to formations at quite long distances away, the explanation that the straggling specimens were carried there by glaciers is not necessarily conclusive.

There may be many instances where such evidences are the work of glaciers, but it does not seem as if an ice age were needful to produce the changes of rock, or to show the markings on rocks claimed to have been caused by glacial abrasions. Icebergs can produce and explain every such feature as is claimed for the glacier, and there seems to be little reason to doubt that similar evidences such as are imputed to glaciers are constantly going on as much at the present day as in any remote age in the past.

There can be no doubt that icebergs have existed in all time from the earliest movement of the Earth’s machinery.

As explained in treating of icebergs, an area of extent equal to some of our smaller States frozen to a depth of thousands of feet breaks up and floats away from the polar oceans. Presuming an iceberg large as the State of Rhode Island to start off, which is very likely a small estimate of the size of many, such berg being exposed to thawing winds and the sun’s rays until thousands of miles away from its starting point, and after all these exposures is often a mass of 300 or more feet high and 2,000 feet deep. Imagine the weight and force of such a body striking the peak of some submarine mountain, the top of a hill with the momentum produced by wind and tide. There tops could as easily be wiped off and carried long distances, as a man can strike off the top of a measure of grain, and leave the same marks attributed to glaciers.

These great masses of rock and soil supposed to be transferred from their original deposit are carried long distances till melting has loosened a hold, and they are dropped to the bottom of the ocean and left for the wonderment and surmise of the future as to how they got there. This process of wiping off high points of submarine lands must be going on just as much at the present time as ever in the past, and seems a very wise and cheap system of dredging instituted by Providence.

With the reasoning to follow of how the Earth obtains and maintains its warmth an ice age would seem an impossibility and absurdity.

WHAT PRODUCES A GLACIER?

Here again the influence of Springs is called into service. As all the hills and mountains, it is here claimed, are the results of water aided by centrifugal force, therefore the hills and mountains become the reservoirs of supply for all the lower parts of the Earth. This arrangement of Nature provided the means for producing a Glacier. At high altitudes in the mountains, whether in the frigid zone or in the temperate, break forth springs; coursing down the mountain side to the valleys, the waters soon become aërated so as to freeze. Springs from different ranges and neighboring heights contribute their streams, all commingling in the deep cañons and freezing in a mass. With the accumulations of snow and rain, this body grows until in time, by the constant supply from the springs, rain and snow, the mountain gorges are filled however wide and large they may be.

This monstrous aggregation of ice must of course seek a lower point by its enormous weight and constant accumulation on top, and naturally begins to crawl down the valley grade. The first inception of a glacier is spring water, which with other contributions named ultimately produces what may be called a river of ice.

Under the ice river is always flowing a stream of water, and many air holes and openings are found upon the surface at different points, no doubt produced by the influence of spring water coming in of temperature above freezing or at the usual fifty-two degrees, about the average of fresh water springs in all latitudes. This conglomeration of influences to make a glacier shows the absurdity of having such solid masses break off, as claimed to be seen by Arctic explorers, large enough to remain intact well down into the Atlantic Ocean. As these mountain ravines fill up, of course the waters involve and cover with ice, every rock and tree, and all such objects in the way must necessarily be carried to some lower point and ultimately left. This faculty of a glacier has given it credit for performing all such apparent transitions, while icebergs which evidently do 1,000 times this amount of work are getting much the smaller share of credit.

It has been reported by sailors in the region of icebergs that by observations taken during a few months, they perceptibly grow many feet higher, which goes to prove the claim that they are constantly being added to from underneath. With change of season, these monsters are floated away from their moorings, toward the Equator to cool and freshen the main oceans, produce electric currents of air, become the wonder and terror of ocean travel, and melting away under tropical suns; or on the other hand, some may seek the interior and contribute themselves to the cooling of the waters that manifest themselves in refreshing springs all over the Earth.

There were newspaper reports of large masses of ice being thrown out during the great eruption in the Island of Java, but such statements may do better for newspaper items than to sustain an argument in this work. How can this equable condition of spring water, with its delicious coolness adjusted to all seasons and tastes, be accounted for if it does not come practically from one common source? Will some scientist answer?

XI.

CAVES.

These peculiar freaks in the Earth are nothing to excite much curiosity or wonder. It is rare to find caves only in limestone formations which by long contact with water gradually wash away and leave monstrous chambers that have formerly been a solid mass.

Sometimes a cave may be formed by a sinking of the floor, leaving the arched top supporting itself, but whatever the cause and wherever caves are found, I never read of any but lead to subterranean rivers of great purity and coolness of water, nearly all the waters of which are credited with blind fish. Where did the fish originate? The stalagmites and stalactites tell of the copious influence of water.

What is the source of these cave rivers? Are they from soakage of rainfalls and do they have any dry season?

XII.

ARTESIAN WELLS.

Here is a subject that is worthy the attention of settlers in our arid and apparently desert regions of country. We are told that the source of an artesian well is from fountains of water gathered and stored in higher lands that run through different strata of rocks till they reach the valleys, and when the boring reaches down to these strata the water naturally comes up toward the height of the fountain it started from. Would it not be a sensible inquiry to make as to where the supply came from to furnish the water in the higher lands? That the accepted theory of supply to artesian wells comes from some higher point is not correct can be demonstrated on the prairies, where no higher land is in sight.

A very good test occurred some years ago at the Hamilton mine, adjoining the great Chapin mine, in Wisconsin. It became almost impossible to work the mine on account of the great influx of water.

Not much more than a half mile away was a lake that was charged with producing this annoying flow.

At the time of a temporary abandonment, the writer disputed this solution, and a survey was proposed to determine the level in the lake and mine, which showed the water in the mine eleven feet the lowest. To overcome this encroachment of water, an ingenious device was adopted by building a chimney over the point of inflow to the height of water level and stopping at the bottom; when completed allowed to fill.

When its true level was reached the rest of the mine was dry some distance above. It is doubtful if any place on the Earth will not respond with a flow of water within a mile in depth and rarely half that distance will need to be bored.

In the Mojave desert it is claimed a depth of 200 feet and often less gets a good flow of water. What sends it up and whence its source? In Michigan, Wisconsin, and many other adjacent States, a depth of 100 or 200 feet will produce large flowing wells. Where does this universal supply come from and why unchanged by wet or dry seasons? The flow from Lake Superior is frequently larger in the dry season of August than in the wet season of spring.

If there is no unfailing supply of water in the Earth, where does the influence come from to produce an Oasis in a desert?

If artesian wells are bored in our arid and now almost worthless lands, wherever a fountain of water is tapped will be an Oasis around which the settler can produce fabulous wealth of crops and obtain forage for live stock. The expense of boring wells will be largely compensated by cheapness of land and bountiful results in vegetation.

XIII.

OASES.

These green spots in the great deserts are the counterparts of Islands in the oceans.

If not thrown up and fed by water upheaval, how are they produced? Are they volcanic? The Oasis of Ammonium, or Siwah, six miles long and eight wide, contains the ruins of the famous temple and oracle of Ammon, visited by Alexander the Great, and celebrated for the fountain of the Sun, whose waters are warm at morning and evening, and cold at noon.

There are several oases not long distances west of the Nile in the Great Desert. The ancients considered them as Islands in a Sea of Sand, but they are really elevated lakes, although not manifesting themselves much at the surface, but underlying so closely as to render the climate too unhealthy to live in during the summer and autumn, being of a swampy character, and yet very productive in winter and spring. Where do these waters soak in to produce such spots in the deserts?

XIV.

THINGS THAT PUZZLE US.

It is frequently a query how the distribution of fish is so general even in the most obscure lakes and springs rising and running from points so isolated as to apparently preclude such specimens from getting there. It seems strange that some species would exist at the head of a stream and not inhabit it throughout. Seas and lakes may, and do exist, without any visible outlets to the ocean, and yet are plentifully supplied with varieties of fish. Now what may be a rational explanation of how they got there. It cannot seem right to say that they originally existed in an adjacent sea or the nearest approach to the ocean, as they are not found in any adjacent waters and are entirely peculiar to their locality, having no neighbors akin. It does not seem as if such would be the case if they became isolated by some remote upheaval and change of surrounding Earth’s surface, as this would only divide up the family and spread the species like immigration from the eastern to the western states.

As asked before, where do these blind fish come from in caves where streams do not seem to have any connection with surface waters? Where do the many specimens come from in the island lakes all over the world? To all these questions there seems a simple answer when we accept the idea that the center of the Earth is the womb that is developing and sending out through every pore, seam, crevice and crack some new seed and form of life to develop a new and strange existence to us on the outside.

It is a Scriptural idea that “We are born of water.”

Creatures that have their inception in the bowels of the Earth cast their eggs as the fish and reptile spawn in our rivers. These eggs or spawn or seeds of life in whatever form are taken in the currents that course through the different strata of the earth by centrifugal force and pressure, taking almost any amount of time in their hermetically sealed transit before they reach an atmosphere in which to develop into a new existence. Any lake, spring, or fountain of water that is a living stream fed by the inexhaustible sources within, may have from that varied storehouse and laboratory of nature any specimen of fish, scale, skin, shell or reptile of any form, that no adjoining or neighboring water may develop.

The spawn or egg may be destroyed on its outward passage or held back by influences preventing its maturity; or landed on the surface under unfavorable conditions of climate, air, and properties in the water.

Why do shad not exist anywhere in similar coast waters? Where do they come from and is the Gulf Stream to be credited with their origin? Where do the different schools of blue fish, mackerel, herring and numerous other fish find their headquarters to breed, and why after seeking other waters for a season, return to some place that seems to be their “sweet home”?

Was Seth Green the pioneer in transportation of spawn to distant waters for their incubation? It is more than likely that he was not; with all credit due to the great service his genius has rendered.

What is said of the dissemination of fish, shells, and reptiles may be consistently said of vegetation.

The earth is filled with the seed of every plant and tree and shrub that ever sprang into life in any place, clime or time. Dig to whatever depth you will, the substance you throw out, whether earth or stone, when exposed to the air, will produce some growth of vegetation. Frequently something entirely new and different from the surrounding vegetation. To assume that streams, winds, and birds carry and distribute all the seeds to their different localities where found in an isolated condition, is too much for human credulity. On the tops of mountains, where streams do not run uphill on the surface, where the birds seldom fly, and on spaces impossible for seeds to be carried by winds, you find species peculiar to their altitude, atmosphere and soil.

Through the channels that eternally pour from never ending supplies, and in which storehouse are mingled the seeds from every valley, plain and mountain top of our Earth; from this source they can be scattered and mixed in every inch of the soil which composes our Earth from center to surface, and when brought into contact with our atmosphere start into new and varied existences.

The question may be reasonably asked if many of the reptilian specimens attributed to remote antiquity as belonging to our Earth’s surface, may not be specimens from an interior world, and even now have representatives of their existence there?

Certain plants and growths require specific treatment and conditions. Wherever pond lilies, peppermint, cattails, flag-root, cresses, and moss in wells are found is unfailing proof of living fountains of water.

The ocean furnishes every facility of transportation through the co-operative system without and within. The millions of seed that mature in different climes on the surface are dropped and carried by floods and currents into the main ocean. Some sink and lie buried for ages, retaining their germs of life, for the outer ocean has its regular currents and motions to such an extent, it would not make a general distribution of seed in countless years.

Through this avenue passing under the ice belt, every variety is more or less drawn into this general receptacle which, in turn carries them inward and outward, and in course of time filters them in their course into every inch of the earth through which the water passes; which is in this way the medium of transportation.

By this means every spoonful of earth is in time prepared to give growth of new life to any plant or tree that has ever existed when exposed to the influence of air and heat or even cold, to revive its species.

In passing to the surface, like the spawn of fish, they may pass through localities of such excessive heat as to destroy their life germs, as is undoubtedly the case with the spawn that should travel through waters like geysers of Iceland or the Yellowstone Park or waters similar to these, whose streams that flow away always show a dearth of fish.

With the Earth formed like this, the writer claims it to be on the principle of a globe for a gas jet, open on both sides and presenting as it turns inward a funnel shaped entrance, which is without doubt over 1,500 miles across; this passage would be just as vast to the eye as the size of, or distance to, the fixed stars, the eye losing all conception of measure, and a thousand miles is just as much beyond our scope of vision as a million.

In almost any position you can imagine the Earth to revolve around the Sun, one of these sides or ends must be partially and at times wholly exposed to the Sun’s rays, and the effect, it seems natural to suppose, would make the interior horizons light as the exterior. The water, it is believed, on any body acts as a reflector and is a giver of light from every planetary body in some degree.

It is all gas, to talk about the gaseous condition and nature of the Sun, and “other worlds than ours.” They would at best be a very poor investment and not worth the labor and genius of a power able to create; 160 acres of good land in any productive locality would be worth more than 1,000 such whirling pyrotechnics of space.

It is altogether too presumptive to suppose that our little Earth with all its boasted cities, and boroughs thrown in, can be the only habitation for poor, vain and sinful man.

XV.

METEORS.

These are nothing more or less than dust particles thrown from volcanic eruptions on some planet, and in countless numbers drifting through time and space till sucked into the atmosphere of some other orb.

Whoever doubts the influence of friction ought to be convinced by watching these meteoric specks falling through our atmosphere of a clear evening, although the process goes on as much in day as night time.

While falling in space this dust must gain an inconceivable speed, as a feather without resistance falls as rapidly as a ball of lead.

The contact with our atmosphere ignites and evidently consumes them into gas before reaching the Earth. They used to be called falling stars, but if they were of inferior magnitude it is quite probable there would have been many a badly bumped head before this time, from the numbers that have fallen.

XVI.

ATTRACTION OF GRAVITATION.

This seems to be a question not fully settled by sufficient authority. It seems as if this term were incorrectly applied and that suction would be a better name for the agency.

That bodies fall to the ground when dropped, or return when thrown or shot into the air is nothing more than a stick of wood thrown into a stream floats with the current and drifts to the bank.

Most people when asked which side of a fan you feel the air from, when fanning yourself, naturally reply from the side toward you, but by trying the experiment you will soon discover that the air comes after the passage of the fan, only filling the space or vacuum the fan has made.

It has often been asked why people trying to board a train in motion are so apt to be drawn under the wheels, and legs and arms crushed. It is the same reason as with the fan, a large vacuum is being produced and proportionate suction occurs to fill it.

A man can stand alongside a train when motionless and lean against it, or put his hand on it, as safely as on the depot, but when in motion of thirty or forty miles an hour, it would be almost sure to cost him his life. Attraction can hardly be possible except by affinity; iron can be attracted by a magnet no more than wood, unless possessed of that peculiar quality of being magnetic. Mr. Edison’s experiments have to be confined entirely to such bodies of ore.

That attraction of affinity exists there can be no doubt, as exhibited in plants, insects, birds and animals, both quadruped and biped, otherwise courtship and marriage and all means of propagating species would be for naught and neglected.

It is a general supposition that we derive our heat from the Sun by direct rays, but it is doubtful if it comes only through its innumerable rays of light through which the Earth and the planets revolve, and here friction puts in one of its special works. The common idea that noon-day is the time for the greatest heat is not always justified, for other influences, such as friction in the atmosphere, can make midnight warmer than noon.

The concentrated rays of the Sun at midday of course bring them so closely together, and direct, that the Earth’s revolution comes squarely across them, as can be demonstrated across the teeth of a comb, thus showing a greater pressure than drawn obliquely.

That heat can come directly from the Sun seems an impossibility without some medium of contact, which through the coldness and a barrenness of space does not seem to exist.

As we arrive at certain altitudes in the mountains, we find perpetual snow and ice, and the same class of atmosphere is encountered anywhere else rising in a balloon to similar heights. It would be natural to expect an increasing warmth as we get away from the Earth toward the Sun, but the reverse being the case, it is hard to imagine what the temperature of space 1,000 miles away must be.

The question is likely to be asked, if the Sun does not send out heat, how is it obtained?

The answer will be in accordance with the first proposition in this brief work. All heat is obtained by Friction, in absence of which there can be no heat. The Earth gets its heat mostly by friction through its atmosphere.

The mass of atmosphere surrounding our planet is like an ocean made up of gases and elements that produce both water and land. The revolution of the Earth through that atmosphere at the rate of 1,000 miles an hour, seventeen miles a minute, or nearly four miles every second, is something as incomprehensible to our minds as the distance to the Sun. Only for this friction for a certain distance from the surface, the same condition of cold would no doubt exist on the surface as on the tops of the high ranges of mountains.

The Earth is producing its own warmth by friction in its atmosphere the same as a wagon-wheel would do by being rapidly revolved inside of a loose tire. The atmosphere is virtually a tire surrounding us, through which the Earth revolves, and by Friction produces the warmth as really as a man warms his hands by rubbing them together.

That the Sun can be an inconsumable body of fire, or that it can become extinct is a most preposterous belief.

That the Sun is a vast body of earth and water hardly admits of a doubt, and its warmth and light is due to the same influence largely that the Earth and every other planet experiences.

There is not and cannot be a complete consumption of material in the immutable affairs of Nature, as there must be an eternal and exhaustless interchange of supply and demand. While our forest and other fuel supply is being burned, another is growing and something forming to keep up the balance.