ii. 295;

but soon returns to Italy, and leaves the Christians of Palestine to themselves, ii. 296. Reflections on the ill success of this crusade, and the causes which led to it, ii. 297 et seq.

—— THE SEVENTH CRUSADE, A.D. 1242-1245.—The Tartars of the middle ages, ii. 312 et seq. State of Palestine, ii. 326. Jerusalem captured by the Carismian hordes, and the Christians slaughtered, _ib._ The united Mussulman and Christian forces defeated by the Carismians, ii. 330. Distress of the Christians, ii. 334. Innocent IV., at the council of Lyons, determines on a new crusade, ii. 338. Louis IX. engages to assist, ii. 345-347. The distinguished individuals of France who enter into it, ii. 347, ii. 348. Preparations of Louis IX., ii. 358 et seq. He arrives at Cyprus, ii. 369. Lands at Damietta, and defeats the Mohammedan forces, ii. 385. Advances on Cairo, ii. 399. Defeats the Egyptians, ii. 403. His sanguinary contests with the Mamelukes, ii. 405. Slaughter of the Christians at Mansourah, ii. 408. Sanguinary contests with the Mussulmans, and their severe losses, ii. 413-416. Exposed to disease, pestilence, and famine, ii.et seq. Louis IX. captured, and his army destroyed, ii. 428 et seq. 30,000 Crusaders massacred, ii. 430; and numbers taken into slavery, ii. 435. Louis enters into an abject treaty with the sultan of Cairo, ii. 438, ii. 447. The Christian forces evacuate Damietta, ii. 448. Heavy ransom paid for the liberation of Louis IX., who quits Egypt for Syria, ii. 450. A fresh crusade preached in Europe, ii. 464. Numbers of Christians in Syria and Egypt embrace the Mohammedan religion, ii. 469. Hostilities resumed in Palestine, ii. 474. Louis quits Palestine, and arrives at Paris in 1254, ii. 478, ii. 480. General reflections on the crusade, and its unhappy termination, ii. 481 et seq. Desolating crusades against the idolaters of Lithuania, Prussia, &c., ii. 493.

—— THE EIGHTH CRUSADE, A.D. 1255-1270.—Dangerous position of the Christians of Palestine, iii. 7. War declared against, iii. 8. Coolness of Pope Alexander IV. and Clement IV., iii. 8, iii. 20. The crusade supported only by a few French knights under Eudes, son of the duke of Burgundy, iii. 9. The Latin Crusaders lose Constantinople, iii. 10. Misfortunes of the Christians in Palestine, iii. 11 et seq. Louis IX. of France undertakes another crusade to the Holy Land, and after extensive preparations he sails with a powerful armament, and lands at Tunis, iii. 23-37. England, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, &c. engage to assist, iii. 29. Great mortality at Tunis, iii. 41. Death of Louis IX., iii. 46. The Crusaders conclude a ten years’ truce with the king of Tunis, iii. 49. Their fleet is nearly destroyed by a tempest, iii. 51. The ancient spirit of the Crusaders suspended, iii. 57. Prince Edward of England arrives in Palestine, _ib._; but soon returns, iii. 58. Causes of the failure of this crusade, iii. 58 et seq. Gregory X. convokes the council of Lyons, and endeavours, but in vain, to revive a new crusade, iii. 59. Severe losses and sanguinary contests of the Christians of Palestine with the Saracens, iii. 69, iii. 80 et seq. The slaughter of, at the capture of Ptolemaïs, iii. 85 et seq. Abandoned by their leaders, iii. 87. Capture and destruction of all the Christian cities along the coast of Syria, iii. 89. Indifference of the Western world to the melancholy fate of the Christian inhabitants, iii. 90.

—— ATTEMPTED CRUSADES AGAINST THE TURKS, A.D. 1291-1396.—Pope Nicholas IV. directs his attention to the preaching of another crusade, iii. 93. The hopes of the West revived by the successes of the Tartars against the Mussulmans, iii. 94 et seq. Proclaimed by Clement V. at the council of Vienna, iii. 97. Philip, king of France, Edward III. of England, and other illustrious personages, prepare for a formidable crusade, which is checked by the death of Pope John XXI., iii. 107, iii. 108. Persecutions of the Christians of the East in consequence of these attempts, iii. 109. Benedict XI. endeavours to stir up a crusade, iii. 110, iii. 111. Assembly of sovereigns and nobles at Avignon, iii. 113, iii. 114. They capture and burn Alexandria, iii. 116. Invade the coast of Barbary, iii. 117. Miraculous interpositions related, iii. 118. Treaty with the sultan of Egypt, iii. 119. A crusade against the Turks determined on, iii. 125. Its illustrious leaders, iii. 126. Their fatal contests with Bajazet, iii. 127, iii. 128. Pope Eugenius exhorts to a fresh crusade, iii. 135; and large armies are collected, iii. 137. The Christians enter into a treaty with Amurath, which they violate,