iii. 138;

and undertaking another crusade are defeated and annihilated, iii. 142. The Crusaders full of bravery but deficient in qualities, iii. 143. European crusades terminate with the capture of Constantinople, and the destruction of the Greek empire by the Ottoman forces, in 1453, iii. 156.

—— DEFENSIVE CRUSADES AGAINST THE TURKS, A.D. 1453-1481, iii. 159. Meeting of Philip of Burgundy, John Capistran, Æneas Sylvius, Frederick III. of Germany, Pope Nicholas V., Calixtus III., and others, to endeavour to stir up a crusade against the Turks, iii. 159-166. The crusade preached in France, England, Germany, Spain, and Portugal, iii. 168. General assembly at Mantua, convoked by Pius II., iii. 172. His holiness endeavours to arouse the Christian states against the victorious career of the Turks, iii. 174 et seq. Accompanies the crusade, and dies at Ancona, iii. 178, iii. 179. Paul II. and Sextus V. preach the crusade, iii. 179, iii. 182. Partial successes of the Crusaders, and the discord attending them, iii. 183. The Christians lose all their previous conquests, except Cyprus and Rhodes, iii. 184. Charles VIII. of Naples engages in a pretended crusade against the Turks, iii. 192, iii. 193. Pope Alexander VI. endeavours in vain to stir up the crusade, iii. 197. The crusading spirit becomes enfeebled, iii. 197, iii. 201. Exertions of Leo X. for its revival, iii. 202 et seq. Great preparations for, iii. 206. Curious historical documents respecting, iii. 207. Clement VII. renounces all further hopes, iii. 218. Career of the Turks checked by their signal defeat in the Gulf of Lepanto, iii. 227; and before the walls of Vienna, iii. 235. General review of the holy wars, iii. 228. Their influence on the various classes of society in Europe, as regards the progress of the arts and of general knowledge, iii. 251 et seq. Concluding remarks, iii. 345-348.

—— APPENDIX.—Bull of Pope Eugenius in favour of the second crusade, iii. 370. Bull of Gregory VIII., iii. 380. Ralph of Coggershall’s account of the crusade under Richard I., iii. 395. Treaty among the Crusaders for dividing the city and empire of Constantinople, iii. 431. Jourdain’s letter on the crusade of children in 1212, iii. 441. Letter of Innocent III. exhorting the Christians to a fresh crusade, iii. 447. List of the great officers who followed St. Louis in his crusade to Tunis, iii. 465. Receipts of the troncs in France for the expenses of the crusades,