CHAPTER LIX

THE END

While all this was going on around Petersburg, Sherman, under Grant's instructions, was carrying out the other part of the lieutenant general's program. After securing possession of Savannah he pushed troops forward to Pocotaligo, a point on the Charleston and Savannah railroad about midway between the two cities. From that position he could move with equal ease against Charleston, Augusta, or Columbia and the cities and towns north of Columbia.

General Joseph E. Johnston had been grudgingly recalled to the command of such Confederate forces as could be assembled in that quarter for the purpose of offering resistance to that advance northwardly which Sherman obviously intended. But for a time Johnston could not know or safely conjecture by which of the three lines of march that were equally open to him, Sherman would elect to move. Consequently for a time Johnston was compelled to scatter his meager forces widely, holding them in such readiness as he could for concentration when his enemy's purposes should be disclosed.

On the first of February Sherman began his march. Carefully spreading reports that Charleston on the one hand or Augusta on the other was his destination, he moved swiftly upon Columbia, the capital city of South Carolina.

It was Sherman's plan in this northward march to keep the sea always at his back. He arranged for the fleet to coöperate with him from beginning to end, to bring supplies to the several points along the coast that were held by the Federals and to preserve to him at those points secure places of refuge to which he might retreat in the event of his encountering disaster in the field. His tactics were precisely those adopted by Cornwallis in his contest with Greene in 1780, but with the modern improvement of a navy driven by steam and therefore far more certain and precise in its operations than that which supported Cornwallis could be.

Sherman entered the city of Columbia on the seventeenth of February. Thus far he had encountered no opposition except such as the alert Confederate cavalry under Wade Hampton could offer. For as yet the uncertainty as to whither Sherman planned to go compelled Johnston to keep his own forces scattered over a line that stretched all the way from Augusta to Charleston.

It was in South Carolina, of which Columbia is the capital, that secession had been born. It was here that South Carolina had proclaimed her withdrawal from the Union and her independent sovereignty. It was here that the war which had cost so much of life and treasure and sacrifice and suffering had been born. There was very naturally, among the now victorious men of Sherman's command, a specially vengeful feeling toward South Carolina and still more against its capital city.

The cotton stored in that city was brought out and piled in the middle of the broad streets. Presently it was fired by some agency. The fire spread to the buildings of the town, and the greater part of the beautiful city was burned.

The Confederates have always insisted that Columbia was wantonly burned by General Sherman's order. General Sherman always denied the charge. The controversy over that point in newspapers, pamphlets and books, has filled space enough in print to constitute a library.

It would quite uselessly encumber these pages to present here, even in outline, the hopelessly conflicting testimony that has been given on either side. All of that testimony is accessible to every reader who cares to follow it in controversial publications, and it seems to lead to no safely definite conclusion.

Let us leave the matter here as one of the calamities of war concerning which the responsibility is so hopelessly involved in a mass of conflicting testimony that no historian mindful of fairness can feel himself safe in passing judgment with respect to it. Columbia has been rebuilt in all its beauty. The country in whose crown it is a jewel has grown to be the greatest and freest on earth. Surely we can leave the dead past to bury its dead, so far as such matters as this are concerned.

From Columbia northward Sherman's advance was contested at every step with all the vigor and determination that General Joseph E. Johnston could bring to bear. That able general was a grand master of the art of so retreating as to make his retreat more costly to his enemy than an advance would have been. His force was exceedingly small as compared with Sherman's columns, but it was made up of veteran troops, as good as ever stood up before an enemy, and it was perfectly responsive to any and every demand that its commanding general might make upon it either for daring or for endurance.

The country through which Sherman had to march was swampy, forest grown, and laced with watercourses difficult to pass. Its roads were mere tracks through woods and fields, which, when rain fell, quickly became quagmires. At every stream Johnston's ceaselessly active men burned the bridges and obstructed the fords. In every forest stretch they felled trees across the roads, and planting cannon in commanding positions, rendered the progress of their foes as dangerous as it was difficult. Wherever a vantage ground lay, the Confederates--war-educated as they were, and still determined--took position and inch by inch contested the difficult ground. Not in all the war was there an operation more gallant on either side than this advance and retreat.

Still keeping the protecting sea on his right flank which he could at any moment change into his rear, Sherman left the ashes of Columbia on the twentieth of February and advanced towards Fayetteville, where he arrived on the eleventh of March.

In the meanwhile the city of Wilmington, on the coast, had been captured by General Terry's Fort Fisher expedition, and communication was established between Terry and Sherman. Thus a way was opened by which both supplies and reinforcements might be sent without limit or molestation to the army that was for the third time cutting in twain what remained of the Confederacy.

From Fayetteville, Sherman pushed on to Goldsboro fighting with Johnston's desperate Confederates at every step. Thence he advanced toward Raleigh, the capital city of North Carolina.

At Averysboro, a point between, the two armies came into direct collision on the sixteenth of March and each lost about half a thousand men in a severe conflict. Three days later on the nineteenth they met again at Bentonville and in a small, but bloody conflict, the Federals lost 1,600 men and the Confederates somewhat more than 2,000.

In the meanwhile, at Goldsboro, Sherman had been reinforced by the whole of Schofield's corps, withdrawn from Thomas's force at Nashville. This addition to his force rendered his army almost ridiculously superior in numbers to that of his adversary. That, under Grant's direction, was always the keynote of tactics and strategy. From beginning to end of his campaigns Grant held to the doctrine of "the most men." Seeing clearly that the North could put three or four men into the field to the South's one, he regarded it as very clearly his duty, as the commander in chief of the Federal forces, to see to it that wherever a fight was to occur, the three or four should be present to meet and overcome the one.

The fierce struggle at Bentonville which for a time seemed of very doubtful issue, was the last battle of consequence fought between Sherman and Johnston.

Let us go back now to Petersburg, where the hour of the final struggle drew near. The reader has already been told of Lee's effort to compel Grant to contract his lines south and west of Petersburg. That effort was made on the night of the twenty-fourth of March and the morning of the twenty-fifth.

The spring was advancing now. The roads were hardening. Grant had all the force that he could use and more. His army vastly outnumbered the remnant of Lee's. His equipment was as perfect as good organization and a lavish expenditure of money could make it. With an unseen railroad skirting his rear and a fleet at his base he could concentrate as heavy a force as he pleased at any point he might select on Lee's line. Moreover the extension of the Federal line to the left had placed the two armies in such position that if Grant could crush or break through Lee's right wing, Richmond would be completely cut off, and the successful retreat of Lee's army would be impossible.

It was Grant's plan to do precisely this. To that end he sent three strong divisions under General Ord to strengthen his extreme left, where General Sheridan commanded. Then he ordered Sheridan to push forward through Dinwiddie Court House to Five Forks and assail the enemy there.

Battle was joined on the thirty-first of March, but so great was the resisting power of the sadly depleted Confederate army, that Sheridan was hurled back and compelled to appeal to Grant for help. On the first of April, strongly reinforced, Sheridan again advanced to the attack, and after a bloody contest succeeded in carrying the position, taking about 5,000 prisoners, the very flower of the Confederate troops.

The work of ending the war was now on, and Grant prosecuted it vigorously. At daybreak on April the second he assaulted the center of Lee's line near Petersburg, broke through it at two points, and by pressing Lee hard on his right made a practical end of Confederate resistance in that quarter.

There was nothing left to Lee but to abandon Richmond and Petersburg and go into a retreat which was sure to be marked at every step by fierce fighting, but which was clearly hopeless from its beginning. His only chance was to fall back through Virginia, place himself behind the Roanoke river, form a junction there with Johnston's army and make one last, desperate stand against armies overwhelmingly superior to his own in all except courage and dogged determination. That chance was so slender, by reason of the situation, that only a high heroism would have regarded it even as a possibility.

Under Lee's instruction Richmond was evacuated. In the process some fool poured all the alcoholic liquor there was in the town into the gutters, at a time when the arsenals and public warehouses were being fired. The fire, of course, quickly set the rivers of whiskey aflame and from these the houses were ignited, so that within a brief while the entire heart of the city was burned.

Lee's only hope in retreat lay in marching south-westwardly. But Grant's forces under Sheridan had the advantage of him at the start and their activity was such as to keep them constantly not only upon the left flank of the retreating forces, but also in front of them at many points. From beginning to end of the retreat Grant hammered Lee's southern flank, turned and assailed his front, and continuously pressed him back toward James river on the north. That way there lay no thoroughfare for the Confederates. They must force their way to the southwest or they must surrender for lack of food. They simply could not force their way to the southwest, and so their surrender was inevitable from the very first hour of the retreat.

Moreover Lee's force, already depleted to a mere handful, was hourly losing strength in many ways. The constant fighting was depleting it. Starvation--not figurative but actual--was compelling many of the men to wander away from the line of march in search of food. Many filled their bellies with grass or leaves and marched on, determined to hold out to the end. Here and there one got possession of an ear of hard corn and accepted it as a three days' ration. Pasture fields in which wild onions had sprung up in response to the spring sunshine, were despoiled of their fruitage by famishing men. The bursting buds of forest trees were greedily eaten. Even haystacks--when they were infrequently found--were devoured as human food for lack of anything better.

All these things and others like unto them, were done by the steadily diminishing company of Confederates who were determined to hold out to the end even if the end should prove to be death by starvation. But hour by hour that small company of heroic souls was growing smaller and smaller. Many died by the roadside. Many were killed while delivering their own despairing fire. Many, seeing that further resistance was hopeless, and knowing how terribly their wives and children needed them in the homes which a farther march would leave behind, simply went home.

During the last days of his retreat Lee had at no time so many as 20,000 men, all starving, while his adversary was assailing him by day and by night, with a force numbering 150,000, or about eight to one. Surely even the story of the Confederate war presents no spectacle which better illustrates the high quality of American manhood than does this resistance through many days of starvation and discouragement, by a mere handful of men, assailed in flank, in rear and in front by seven or eight times their number of perfectly equipped and well fed men.

At Appomattox Court House Lee found himself completely surrounded. By good marching Grant had succeeded in pushing an infantry column of 80,000 men into Lee's front, in support of Sheridan's cavalry operations there.

There was only one course open to the great Confederate chieftain. He surrendered on the ninth and tenth of April all that remained of the Army of Northern Virginia. They numbered, all told, including teamsters, quartermaster's men and all, only 26,000 men, of whom no more than 7,800 carried muskets.

In effect this surrender made an end of the most stupendous war of modern times. As the army under Lee had been from the beginning the backbone of the Confederate cause, its destruction resulted in the surrender of all the other Confederate forces as soon as the news of the event at Appomattox could reach the detached commanders.

Here ends the story of the Confederate war. In these pages a conscientious effort has been made to tell it with the utmost impartiality and the most scrupulous regard for truth.

That war began about forty-nine years ago. It is now forty-five years since it ended in the restoration of the American Union. The American people are again completely one, and the great Republic has come to be the most potent as it is the freest nation that has ever existed on earth. The bitternesses and resentments to which the fierce struggle gave birth have been displaced by kindlier thoughts in all but the narrowest and most ungenerous minds. The two great commanders, Lee and Grant, have alike been assigned to honored places in all our Halls of Fame. The time has come when all Americans may fitly rejoice together in the story of the great deeds done on the one side and on the other in that Confederate war which did so much to give to the Republic its foremost place among the nations of the earth.

END OF VOL. II.

INDEX

Abolitionists, vol. I, 53, 63, 65-66

Adams, Abigail, vol. I, 22

Alabama, the, vol. II, 262-63

Anti-slavery presidential candidates, vol. I, 82-83

Anti-slavery sentiment in South, vol. I, 43-47

Anti-war sentiment in North, vol. I, 99; vol. II, 124, 174-75

Anderson, Major Robert, vol. I, 178-79, 191-92

Antietam, battle of, vol. I, 429-32

Atlanta, Sherman's campaign against, vol. II, 265-77

Appomattox Court House, vol. II, 355

Army of Northern Virginia, quality of, vol. II, 124-25

Ball's Bluff, battle of, vol. I, 247

Baltimore, first blood of war shed in, vol. I, 206-207

Banks, Gen. N. P., in Valley campaign, vol. I, 381-84; in Red River campaign, vol. II, 207-208

Bailey, Capt. Theodorus, vol. I, 344-45

Belligerent Rights of Confederates, vol. I, 250-51

Belmont, battle of, vol. I, 274

Bell and Everett Party in 1860, vol. I, 146

Benjamin, Judah P., vol. I, 368-71

Benton, Thomas H., vol. I, 128

Beauregard, Gen., reduces Fort Sumter, vol. I, 179-80, 191-92; at Manassas, vol. I, 215 et seq.; under Gen. A. S. Johnston, vol. I, 305 et seq.; at Shiloh, vol. I, 323-27

Big Bethel, battle of, vol. I, 210

Blockade of Southern ports, vol. I, 261 et seq.

Brandy Station, battle of, vol. II, 127

Border States, attitude of toward secession, vol. I, 194 et seq.; war operations in, vol. I, 256-59

Bragg, Gen. Braxton, campaign against Louisville, vol. II, 49-71; at Murfreesboro, vol. II, 76-82; at Chattanooga, vol. II, 196 et seq.

Brown, John, in Kansas, vol. I, 124; at Harper's Ferry, vol. I, 133 et seq.; influence of raid, vol. I, 141-42

Brown, Gov. Joseph E., of Georgia, discontent with war, vol. II, 322, 325-26

Brownell, Henry Howard, vol. II, 282

British Government, fostering of slavery in American colonies by, vol. I, 39; attitude of toward Confederacy, vol. I, 254-55; payment of indemnity by, vol. II, 264

Buchanan, James, vol. I, 155 et seq.

Buell, Gen. Don Carlos, operations in Kentucky, vol. I, 284; occupies Nashville, vol. I, 292; movement toward Pittsburg Landing, vol. I, 316; at Shiloh, vol. I, 323-24; campaign against Louisville, vol. II, 49-71; superseded by Rosecrans, vol. II, 75

Bull Run, see _Manassas_

Burnside, Gen, A. E., operations on Southern coast, vol. I, 354; in command of Army of Potomac, vol. II, 21; Fredericksburg campaign, vol. II, 19-30

Butler, Gen, B. F., in command of troops sent to New Orleans, vol. I, 335; rule over New Orleans, 346-48; at Petersburg, vol. II, 258-59

California, controversy over admission, vol. I, 76

Casey, Gen., vol. I, 409

Calhoun, John C., vol. I, 51, 91

Carthage, Mo., battle of, vol. I, 257

Causes of war, vol. I, 19 et seq.

Cedar Mountain, battle of, vol. I, 417

Cedar Creek, battle of, vol. II, 307

Cemetery Ridge, Gettysburg, vol. II, 134, 143

Charleston, struggle for possession of, vol. II, 181-195; blockade running, vol. II, 182-83; attempt to capture by sea, vol. II, 184; topography of, vol. II, 187; Gen. Gillmore's expedition against, vol. II, 186-195; bombardment of, vol. II, 194

Chancellorsville, campaign of, vol. II, 83-121

Champion Hills, battle of, vol. II, 165

Chattanooga, strategic importance of, vol. II, 53-54; operations around, vol. II, 196-206

Chickamauga Creek, battle of, vol. II, 199-202

Chickamauga, campaign of, see _Chattanooga_

"Civil War" not accurate term, vol. I, 13-18

Clay, Henry, vol. I, 45, 51, 53, 54, 59, 86-87

Compromise of 1850, vol. I, 71-112

Confederate States Government organized, vol. I, 152

Confederate war, magnitude of, vol. I, 3 et seq.; compared with other wars, vol. I, 4-5; consequences of, vol. I, 5 et seq.; causes of, vol. I, 19 et seq.; inevitableness of, vol. I, 177

Confederate Commission at Hampton Roads, vol. II, 341-42

Cold Harbor, battle of, vol. II, 249-54

Congress, resolutions of to avoid war, vol. I, 184-85

Cotton-gin, effect of on slavery, vol. I, 47-51

Cruisers, the Confederate, vol. II, 261-64

Corinth, Confederate concentration at, vol. I, 314; Gen. Grant at, vol. II, 37-52; attacked by Gen. Van Dorn, vol. II, 72-74

Cross Keys, battle of, vol. I, 394

Credit, national, effect upon of war, vol. II, 69

Crittenden, Gen. J. J., vol. I, 160-162

Culpeper Court House, vol. II, 127-28

Dahlgren, Admiral, vol. II, 194

Davis, Jefferson, unjustly blamed for inaction of Confederate army after Manassas, vol. I, 240; favoritism toward Gen. Pemberton, vol. II, 74-75; animosity toward Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, vol. II, 326-27; reveals Hood's plan of campaign, 327-28; instructions of to Confederate commanders, vol. II, 342-43; rejects Lee's proposals, vol. II, 343

Daniel, John M., vol. I, 152

Democratic Party, division of in 1860, vol. I, 144-5; opposition of to war in 1864, vol. II, 308-309, 311-13

Disunion sentiment, growth of in South, vol. I, 83-86; in North, vol. I, 88-90

District of Columbia, slave trade in, vol. I, 96

Douglass, Frederick, vol. I, 135

Douglas, Stephen A., personality of, vol. I, 115-17; of "Squatter Sovereignty," vol. I, 120; division over in Democratic convention in 1860, vol. I, 144-45

Dodge, Col. Theodore A., vol. II, 84, 98, 112, 115, 120

DuPont, Rear-Admiral S. F., vol. II, 184-86

Draft Riots in New York City, vol. II, 176-78

Early, Gen., invasion of Pennsylvania by, vol. II, 294-98; operations of in Shenandoah Valley, vol. II, 303-307

Elliott, Gen. Stephen, vol. II, 191-92

Election of 1860, temper of North and South as it approached, vol. I, 137-38; story of, vol. I, 139-147

Enlistments, North and South, vol. I, 169

Emancipation, of slaves by owners, vol. I, 44, 73; the struggle for, vol. II, 3-18; Lincoln's plan of compensated, vol. II, 9-11; his plan by purchase in border states, vol. II, 14; as a war measure, vol. II, 15; results of, vol. II, 16-18

English people, sentiments of against slavery, vol. I, 254

European nations, attitude of toward Confederacy, vol. I, 251-55

Ericsson, Capt. John, vol. I, 299

Ewell, Gen., called to aid of Gen. Jackson in Valley campaign, vol. I, 375-81; in Shenandoah Valley, vol. II, 127-29; at Gettysburg, vol. II, 135-37

Fair Oaks, battle of, vol. I, 359-61

Farragut, Admiral D. G., early neglect of, vol. I, 272; record of, vol. I, 232-33; at New Orleans, vol. I, 335-46; up the Mississippi, vol. I, 348-51; expedition against Mobile, vol. II, 278-83

Fisher's Hill, battles of, vol. II, 303-305

Five Forks, battle of, vol. II, 352

Foote, Commodore, secures permission for Grant to proceed against Forts Henry and Donelson, vol. I, 276; at Island Number 10, vol. I, 329

Forrest, Gen. N. B., operations in Kentucky, vol. II, 56-58; operations against Grant in Vicksburg campaign, vol. II, 154; captures Col. Streight, vol. II, 197-98; raids West Tennessee and Kentucky, vol. II, 216; at Fort Pillow, vol. II, 219-20

Franklin, Benjamin, vol. I, 22

Frazier's Farm, battle of, vol. I, 407-408

Free Soil Party, vol. I, 82, 112, 123

Fredericksburg, Burnside's campaign of, vol. II, 19-30; battle of, 23-28

Fremont, Gen. J. C., forces of opposed to Gen. Jackson in Valley campaign, vol. I, 378, 389-94; at battle of Cross Keys, 394-95; emancipation proclamation of, vol. II, 9; resignation of, vol. II, 12; candidate for presidency in 1864, vol. II, 309

French, Gen., vol. II, 25

Fugitive Slave Act, vote in Congress on, vol. I, 99; enforcement of, vol. I, 104-5; as concession to South, vol. I, 114; denunciation of by extremists, vol. I, 117

Gaines's Mill, battle of, vol. I, 401, 404

Georgia, discontent with war in, vol. II, 4, 14

Gettysburg, battle of compared with Waterloo, vol. I, 4; campaign of, vol. II, 122-150; battle of, vol. II, 134-149

Gillmore, Gen. Q. A., operations against Charleston, vol. II, 186-195

Gordon, Gen., vol. II, 345

Granger, Gen. Gordon, vol. II, 279

Grant, Gen. U. S., early neglect of, vol. I, 268; antagonism toward at headquarters, vol. I, 274; captures Paducah, vol. I, 274; expedition against Forts Henry and Donelson, vol. I, 275-77; restrained by Halleck, vol. I, 278, 285; plan of for prosecuting war, vol. I, 291-92; restored to command, vol. I, 308; his conception of strategy, vol. I, 310-11; at Pittsburg Landing, vol. I, 315 et seq.; superseded by Halleck, vol. I, 326; treatment of by Halleck, vol. II, 31-37; at Corinth, vol. II, 38-52; Vicksburg campaign, vol. II, 152-70; at Chattanooga, vol. II, 202-206; appointed Lieutenant-General, vol. II, 209; strategy of, vol. II, 210-15; plan of campaign, 1864, vol. II, 221-27; at battle of the Wilderness, vol. II, 228-36; at Spottsylvania, vol. II, 237-48; movement to Cold Harbor, vol. II, 249-52; battle of Cold Harbor, vol. II, 252-54; to Petersburg, vol. II, 255-59; confidence in Sherman, vol. II, 265-66; operations at Petersburg, vol. II, 284-93, 299-301; plans Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley campaign, vol. II, 302-303; operations early in 1865, vol. II, 344-46; moves against Lee, vol. II, 352 et seq.; receives Lee's surrender at Appomattox, 355

Halleck, Gen. H. W., opposition of to Grant, vol. I, 275, 278, 285-88, 292, vol. II, 31-37; assumes command at Pittsburg Landing, vol. I, 326-27; inaction of, vol. I, 330-31, vol. II, 38-40; in supreme command, vol. II, 43; blunders of while opposing Bragg's campaign against Louisville, vol. II, 54, 57; opposition to Hooker during Gettysburg campaign, vol. II, 128

Harper's Ferry, John Brown's raid upon, vol. I, 134 et seq.; capture of by Gen. Jackson, vol. I, 427

Hancock, Gen. W. S., charge upon Marye's Heights, vol. II, 25; at Gettysburg, vol. II, 137; in battle of the Wilderness, vol. II, 230-33; at Spottsylvania, vol. II, 243-47; attack upon Richmond, vol. II, 300

Hartford, the, Farragut's flagship at Mobile, vol. II, 280-82

Heintzelman, Gen., vol. I, 404-405

Hill, Gen. A. P., vol. I, 400, vol. II, 300

Hill, Gen. D. H., vol. I, 400, vol. II, 22

Hollins, Commodore, vol. I, 329

Holly Springs, battle of, vol. II, 154

Hood, Gen. J. B. at Gettysburg, vol. II, 139-140; qualities as commander, vol. II, 274; at Atlanta, vol. II, 274-77, 327-29; campaign north of Atlanta, vol. II, 337-39

Hooker, Gen. Joseph, charge of up Marye's Heights, vol. II, 26; appointed to command of Army of Potomac, vol. II, 85-87; state of army, 88-89; Chancellorsville campaign, vol. II, 90-122; forced by Lee back to Potomac, vol. II, 128-29; resigns command, vol. II, 131; at battle of Lookout Mountain, vol. II, 205

Huger, Gen., vol. I, 407-408

Hunter, Gen. David, vol. II, 11-12, 295

Irrepressible Conflict, the, vol. I, 37-57

Island No. 10, vol. I, 328-30

Iuka, vol. II, 51

Jackson, Fort, vol. I, 341-44

Jackson, "Stonewall," at Manassas, vol. I, 225-26; in Shenandoah Valley, vol. I, 358; Valley campaign of, vol. I, 364-96; offers resignation, vol. I, 366; restrained by Johnston and Letcher, vol. I, 369-70; at Gaines's Mills, vol. I, 400-401; operations against Pope in northern Virginia, vol. I, 416-17; at second battle of Manassas, vol. I, 420-21; captures Harper's Ferry, vol. I, 427; at Chancellorsville, vol. II, 98-107; mortally wounded by his own men, vol. II, 104-105; influence of upon his men, vol. II, 105-106; Col. Dodge's tribute to, vol. II, 112

Jefferson, Thomas, vol. I, 39, 43

Johnson, Andrew, proposes constitutional amendment, vol. I, 158; vice-presidential candidate, vol. II, 310

Johnson, Edward, vol. I, 375-78

Johnston, Gen. Albert Sydney, killed at Shiloh, vol. I, 321

Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., strategy of before battle of Manassas, vol. I, 211; at Manassas, vol. I, 224; in command at Richmond, vol. I, 356-57; at Seven Pines, vol. I, 360-61; interference with plans of by Benjamin, vol. I, 368-70; at Jackson in Vicksburg campaign, vol. II, 165; operations in Sherman's Atlanta campaign, vol. II, 266-74; criticized by Jefferson Davis, vol. II, 326-27; recalled to command of Confederate forces in South Carolina opposed to Sherman, vol. II, 347; opposes Sherman's northward advance from Columbia, vol. II, 349-51

Kansas, civil war in, vol. I, 123-27

Kansas-Nebraska Bill, vol. I, 119 et seq.

Kentucky, neutrality of, vol. I, 194, 258; military operations in, vol. I, 258, 282 et seq.

Ledlie, Gen. J. H. in command of mine explosion at Petersburg, vol. II, 289-93

Lee, Gen. Robert E., resigns from U. S. Army and takes commission from Virginia, vol. I, 207-209; early neglect of, vol. I, 269; assumes command of Confederate Army, vol. I, 361-62; plans for conduct of war, vol. I, 363-64; strategy of in Jackson's Valley campaign, vol. I, 387-88; in Seven Days battles, 397 et seq.; in second Manassas campaign, vol. I, 416-21; first invasion of Maryland, vol. I, 423-32; at Fredericksburg, vol. II, 21-28; at Chancellorsville, vol. II, 91-121; plans invasion of the North, vol. II, 123 et seq.; enters Pennsylvania, vol. II, 129; at Gettysburg, vol. II, 131-50; battle of Wilderness, vol. II, 228-236; battle of Spottsylvania, vol. II, 237-48; Cold Harbor, vol. II, 249-54; at Petersburg, vol. II, 283-93; strategy of in Early's invasion of Pennsylvania, vol. II, 294-95, 297-98; defense of Petersburg and Richmond, vol. II, 299-301; conference with Jefferson Davis, vol. II, 343; retreat from Richmond, vol. II, 353-55; starved condition of army, 354; surrender at Appomattox, 355

Leesburg, battle of, see _Ball's Bluff_

Letcher, Gov. John, vol. I, 46, 366, 370

Lincoln, Abraham, attitude toward slavery, vol. I, 20, 78; popular majority against in 1860, vol. I, 148-49; effect of election upon South, vol. I, 149-151; policy upon taking office, vol. I, 166-67; calls for troops, vol. I, 167-68; inaugural address, vol. I, 181-84; paramount object to save Union, vol. II, 4-6; appointment of Stanton, vol. II, 6-7; attitude toward emancipation, vol. II, 7 et seq.; proclamation of emancipation, vol. II, 16; opposition to, vol. II, 173-75; presidential campaign of 1864, vol. II, 308-14; desire to end war, vol. II, 341-42

Little Round Top, Gettysburg, vol. II, 134, 139-40

Lodge, Henry Cabot, vol. I, 29-30

Longstreet, Gen., at Gaines's Mills, vol. I, 400-401; at Gettysburg, vol. II, 138-39, 142-43, 146-47; at Chattanooga, vol. II, 199-200; in Wilderness battle, vol. II, 231-32

Lookout Mountain, battle of, vol. II, 202-205

Louisiana territory, taking of slaves into, vol. I, 52

Lovejoy, Owen, vol. I, 64

McClellan, Gen. George B., succeeds McDowell in command, vol. I, 245-47; genius for organization, vol. I, 249; character of, vol. I, 293-94; Peninsular campaign of, vol. I, 352-361; operations during Seven Days Battles, vol. I, 338-413; restored to command, vol. I, 426; at South Mountain, vol. I, 428-29; at Antietam, vol. I, 430-33; proclamation to slaveholders in Virginia, vol. II, 7-8; inaction of after Antietam, vol. II, 19-20; superseded by Burnside as commander of Army of Potomac, vol. II, 21; succeeded by Halleck as commander Federal army, vol. II, 36; Democratic candidate for president in 1864, vol. II, 308, 313

McDowell, Gen. Irwin, plans battle of Manassas, vol. I, 221; succeeded by McClellan in command of Federal army, vol. I, 245; operations during Jackson's Valley campaign, vol. I, 364, 389, 390, 393

McClernand, Gen., vol. II, 158

McGuire, Dr. Hunter, vol. I, 385-6

McPherson, Gen. J. B., vol. II, 266, 268

Magruder, Gen., vol. I, 355, 357, 405, 407-408

Malvern Hill, battle of, vol. I, 410-12

Mails, use of by anti-slavery propagandists, vol. I, 66-69

Manassas, first battle of, vol. I, 215-32; inaction of Confederates after, vol. I, 233 et seq.; second campaign of, vol. I, 414-22; second battle of, vol. I, 420-21

Marshall, John, vol. I, 37

Maryland, division of sentiment in, vol. I, 259

Marye's Heights, vol. II, 24-27

Massachusetts, disunion threats in, vol. I, 88-89

Mason and Slidell, vol. I, 295

Meade, Gen., appointed to command Army of Potomac, vol. II, 131; at Gettysburg, vol. II, 133-50; at Petersburg, vol. II, 287, 289, 292

Mechanicsville, battle of, vol. I, 400

Merrimac and Monitor, fight of, vol. I, 299-301

Mexican war, effect of upon slavery controversy, vol. I, 61-62

Military strength of North and South, vol. I, 169-72

Mill Springs, battle of, vol. I, 284

Missouri Compromise, vol. I, 54-57; change of Southern feeling toward, vol. I, 71 et seq.; repeal of, vol. I, 113 et seq.

Missouri, secession sentiment in, vol. I, 198; civil war in, vol. I, 198-213; military operations in, vol. I, 256 et seq.

Missionary Ridge, battle of, vol. II, 202-206

Mississippi river under control of Confederates, vol. I, 328-29

Morgan, Gen. John, vol. II, 56, 58, 198

Morris Island, vol. II, 188, 193

Mobile, fortifications of, vol. II, 278-79; bay fight at, vol. II, 280-83

Monocacy campaign, vol. II, 294-98

Mountaineers, feeling of toward slavery, vol. I, 195-98; union sentiment among, vol. I, 259

Murfreesboro, captured by Forrest, vol. II, 58; battle of, vol. II, 76-81

National Idea, growth of, vol. I, 19 et seq.

Negroes, enlistment of, vol. II, 217-20; troops at Petersburg, vol. II, 292-93

New England, slave traders of, vol. I, 39-41

New Hope Church, battle of, vol. II, 269

New Madrid, vol. I, 328-29

New Orleans, importance of to Confederacy, vol. I, 333-35; capture of, 339-48

New York City, draft riots in, vol. II, 176-78

North Carolina, discontent with war in, 1864, vol. II, 321-22

North, political hostility to war, vol. I, 199

Patterson, Gen., vol. I, 211

Pea Ridge, battle of, vol. I, 257

Peace Conference, vol. I, 165

Peace proposals, vol. I, 185-87

Pemberton, Gen. John C., vol. II, 74-75, 153, 165, 167

"Pepper Box Policy," vol. I, 209 et seq.

Perryville, battle of, vol. II, 70

Petersburg, situation of, vol. II, 257; attack upon, vol. II, 258-59; siege of, vol. II, 285-93; mine explosion at, vol. II, 288-91

Pickett's charge at Gettysburg, vol. II, 145-46

Pinckney, Eliza, vol. I, 22, 48

Pittsburg Landing, vol. I, 315, 320

Pillow, Fort, vol. II, 217-19

Pleasanton, Gen., vol. II, 127-28

Pocotaligo, vol. I, 264-65, vol. II, 195

Polk, Gen. Leonidas, vol. I, 306, vol. II, 200-201, 270

Pope, Gen. John, vol. I, 306, 328-29, 416-21

Porter, Commodore D. D., at New Orleans, vol. I, 336 et seq.; with fleet at Vicksburg, vol. II, 161 et seq.; in Red River expedition, vol. II, 208

Porter, Gen. Fitz-John, vol. I, 421-22

Port Hudson, vol. II, 151, 152, 168

Price, Gen. Sterling, vol. II, 51-52

Potomac, Army of the, fighting quality of under McClellan, vol. I, 414 et seq.

Randolph, John, vol. I, 29

Red River Campaign, vol. II, 207-208

Republican Party, vol. I, 83, 123, 131, 146

Resources, comparative, of North and South, vol. I, 169-201

Richmond, evacuation and burning of, vol. II, 353

Rockingham Memorial, vol. I, 29

Rosecrans, Gen., at Corinth, vol. II, 72-73; supersedes Buell, vol. II, 73, 75; at Nashville, vol. II, 77; at Stone River, vol. II, 77 et seq.; at Murfreesboro, vol. II, 196 et seq.

Russia, opposition of to intervention, vol. I, 255

Savage's Station, battle of, vol. I, 404-405

Saxton, Gen., vol. I, 378-80

St. Philip, Fort, vol. I, 340-44

Secession, Ordinance of, vol. I, 151

Senate, balance of power in, vol. I, 76-77

Sedgwick, Gen., operations of in Chancellorsville campaign, vol. II, 91, 93, 115-118; death of at Spottsylvania, vol. II, 239

Seminary Ridge, Gettysburg, vol. II, 134, 143

Semmes, Admiral Raphael, vol. II, 262-63

Seward, W. H., vol. I, 297-98

Seven Days Battles, vol. I, 397-413

Schenck, Gen., vol. I, 378-80

Scott, Dred, vol. I, 127-28

Schofield, Gen. J. M., vol. II, 266, 337-38

Sharpsburg, see _Antietam_

Sheridan, Gen. P. H., in cavalry skirmish at Yellow Tavern, vol. II, 239; in Shenandoah campaign, vol. II, 302-307; at Cedar Creek, vol. II, 307; in pursuit of Lee, vol. II, 353-55

Sherman, Gen. Wm. T., at Shiloh, vol. I, 317 et seq.; in Vicksburg campaign, vol. I, 152-58; battle of Missionary Ridge, vol. II, 204-205; campaign against Atlanta, vol. II, 265-77; at Atlanta, vol. II, 315-29; order of depopulation, vol. II, 315-19; negotiations of with Southern statesmen, vol. II, 321-26; march to sea, vol. II, 330-36; march upon Columbia, vol. II, 347; burning of Columbia, vol. II, 349; northward march from Columbia, vol. II, 350-51

Shiloh, vol. I, 302-27

Shields, Gen., vol. I, 390-95

Sickles, Gen., vol. II, 139

Slaves as contraband of war, vol. II, 8

Slaves, return of fugitive, vol. I, 79

Slavery, effect of controversy upon sentiment of nationality, vol. I, 37 et seq.; attitude of colonies toward, vol. I, 39-40; political contest over, vol. I, 52; maintenance of as issue of war, vol. II, 3-4

Slidell, John, vol. I, 295

Smith, Gen. G. W., vol. I, 361

Soldiers of North and South compared, vol. I, 204-206

South Mountain, battle of, vol. I, 428-29

Spottsylvania, battle of, vol. II, 237-248

"Squatter Sovereignty," vol. I, 120-22

Stanton, Edwin M., vol. II, 6-7

States, sovereignty of, vol. I, 25 et seq.

Stephens, A. H., vol. II, 322-24, 341, 343

Stoneman, Gen., vol. II, 91-93

Stone River, battle of, vol. II, 80

Story, Justice Joseph, vol. I, 41

Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher, vol. I, 108

Streight, Col., vol. II, 197-98

Stuart, J. E. B., at Manassas, vol. I, 228; desire of to advance upon Washington after Manassas, vol. I, 238-39; rides around McClellan, vol. I, 398-99; raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania, vol. II, 20; in Chancellorsville campaign, vol. II, 93, 100, 106-107; at Brandy Station, vol. II, 127-28; in Gettysburg campaign, vol. II, 131-32; death of at Spottsylvania, vol. II, 239

Sumner, Gen., vol. I, 361, 404-405

Sumter, Fort, occupation of by Major Anderson, vol. I, 179, 188; Beauregard's preparations for reduction of, vol. I, 179-80; bombardment of, vol. I, 192; results of reduction of, vol. I, 193; bombardment of by Gillmore, vol. II, 190-93

Supreme Court, decisions of, vol. I, 37

Taney, Chief Justice, vol. I, 128-29

Taylor, Gen. Richard, vol. II, 208

Texas, annexation of, vol. I, 58 et seq.

Thomas, Gen. George H., vol. I, 283; at Mill Springs, 284; at battle of Chickamauga, vol. II, 200-202; at Missionary Ridge, vol. II, 205; defeats Hood, vol. II, 338

Trent Affair, the, vol. I, 295 et seq.

"Uncle Tom's Cabin," influence of, vol. I, 108 et seq.

Underground railroad, effect of on South, vol. I, 156

Van Buren, Martin, vol. I, 83

Van Dorn, Gen., vol. II, 62, 72-74, 154

Van Horne, Gen., vol. I, 320, 322, vol. II, 81

Vicksburg campaign, vol. II, 151-70; siege of, vol. II, 166-68

Virginia, sentiment against secession in, vol. I, 152-55; proposes peace conference, vol. I, 164-65; secession of, vol. I, 168-69; divided by secession of West Virginia, vol. I, 259-60

Wade, Benjamin F., vol. I, 159

Wagner, Fort, vol. II, 188-93

Warren, Gen., vol. II, 139-40

Washington, threatened by Gen. Early, vol. II, 296-97

Webster, Daniel, vol. I, 29, 50, 90, 97

West Virginia, creation of, vol. I, 259-60

Whig Party in 1860, vol. I, 146

Whitney, Eli, vol. I, 47-49

Welles, Gideon, vol. I, 349

Wilderness, battle of the, vol. II, 228-36

Wilkes, Capt. Charles, vol. I, 295

Williams, Gen., vol. II, 12-13

Williamsburg, battle of, vol. I, 357

Willoughby Run, Gettysburg, vol. II, 134, 135-37

Wilmington, capture of, vol. II, 350

Wilmot Proviso, vol. I, 64, 71-72

Winchester, battles of, vol. I, 384, vol. II, 305

Wythe, George, vol. I, 43

Yorktown, McClellan's siege of, vol. I, 355

Zollicoffer, Gen., vol. I, 282, 284

* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unpaired quotation marks were retained except as noted below.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Text uses both "Haines Bluff" and "Haines's Bluff".

Text uses both "DuPont" and "Du Pont" when referring to the same Rear-Admiral.

Some interrogative sentences ended with periods instead of with question marks; retained here.

Text uses both "Alatoona" and "Allatoona".

Page 88: "wofully" was printed that way.

Page 104: Missing closing quotation mark added after 'ill-looking.'

Page 130: "been able to oppose no obstacle" was printed that way.

Pages 210-215: opening quotation mark removed from General Grant's quotation, because there were no other quotation marks in the rest of that text.

Some out-of-sequence entries in the Index have been remedied, but others may remain. Page references in the Index were not checked for accuracy.

Page 365: "succeeded by Halleck as commander Federal army" (under McClellan) likely is missing the word "of".

Page 368: "divided by secession of West Virginia, vol. I, 259-60" was missing the volume and page numbers. They were added by Transcribers based on examination of volume I of this set of books.