CHAPTER XXII

_Fredericksburg at Present--The Health of the City--Its Financial Solidity--Its Commercial Prosperity--Its Lines of Transportation--Its Water Power--Its Official Calendar--List of Mayors, &c._

We now come to the closing words of the history of our venerable city, and what we shall add in closing will be of Fredericksburg as it is at present, without going into tiresome details, but before proceeding with that interesting topic we must turn aside to mention some useful and honored organizations of the ladies of the town, which failed to receive attention in a former chapter, after which our subject. "Fredericksburg at Present," will be resumed.

DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.[91]

The Betty Washington Lewis Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, was organized in 1899 at the Exchange Hotel. Several prominent members of the National Society were present and explained the scope and work of the association. Mrs. Wm. Key Howard, of Kenmore, was appointed regent, by Mrs. Hugh N. Page, State regent, and twelve charter members were obtained. At the end of the first year Mrs. Howard resigned, and, in February, 1900, at a meeting at Kenmore, once the home of the sister of Washington, whose name the chapter adopted, Mrs. John T. Goolrick was elected regent; Mrs. H. M. D. Martin, vice-regent; Mrs. B. C. Chancellor, registrar; Mrs. V. S. F. Doggett, treasurer; Miss Sallie N. Gravatt, secretary, and Mrs. V. M. Fleming, historian. In addition to these officers the following charter members were present: Mrs. Marion Maria Mason Daniel, Mrs. Kate Tichenor Dill, Mrs. C. R. Howard, Mrs. Florence C. Richards, Mrs. Lettie M. Spencer and Mrs. Florence F. Weir.

In the preliminary work of organization, which was undertaken by Mrs. John T. Goolrick, one of her warmest supporters was Mrs. Martin. She actively interested herself in the cause, her house was always open for meetings and through her several members were added to the chapter. The work of Mrs. V. S. F. Doggett was valuable and effective, and to the time of her death her zeal and interest were unabated. Mrs. Lucilla S. Bradley, a "real daughter," and Mrs. Maria Jefferson Carr Mason, a great granddaughter of Thomas Jefferson, were honorary members.

This chapter has aided many worthy causes outside and inside of the society, both local and foreign. Colonial balls and other entertainments have, at different intervals, been given, among the handsomest being a reception at Kenmore, where an address on John Paul Jones was delivered by Capt. S. J. Quinn, before a large and appreciative audience.

In 1904 the State Conference was entertained by the Fredericksburg Chapter, and the guests were unstinted in their praises of the hospitality accorded them here. The chapter is at present as vital a force as when organized, and prepared to use opportunities when found to do work along historical and helpful lines. The officers elected at a recent meeting are Mrs. John T. Goolrick, regent; Mrs. W. H. Richards, vice-regent; Mrs. B. C. Chancellor, registrar; Mrs. H. M. Eckenrode, treasurer, and Miss Sallie N. Gravatt, secretary.

DAUGHTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY.

The Daughters of the Confederacy was organized on the 28th of February, 1896, with the following officers: Mrs. Joseph Nicholas Barney, president; Mrs. J. Horace Lacy, vice-president; Mrs. Vivian M. Fleming, secretary, and Miss Sallie Nelson Gravatt, treasurer, and an executive committee of fourteen ex-Confederates. The chapter rapidly grew in numbers and at one time had upon the roll nearly two hundred names. This society has been quite active since its organization and has done much good in the way of helping destitute veterans, looking after and administering to the sick and burying the dead. It has been the channel of distributing the Confederate crosses, and if any cross has been bestowed upon the unworthy, it was because of the ability of the unworthy to obtain vouchers from genuine Confederates. This chapter has done a good work in looking after the remains of Confederate soldiers, when found upon the battle-fields or elsewhere, and having them interred in the Confederate cemetery. One of the praiseworthy acts of the society, a few years ago, was to disinter the remains of the brave Gen. Abner Perrin, killed at the "Bloody Angle" while gallantly leading his brigade, and buried on the Hicks farm near the courthouse, and Lieut. Wm. H. Richardson, of Alabama, killed at the same time, and buried by the General, and to place them side by side in the Confederate cemetery. And yet there is other work for these self-sacrificing ladies to do. By annual elections Mrs. Barney has remained at the head of the chapter and is the present presiding officer, with Miss Sallie M. Lacy as secretary, who is an active support to the president.

ASSOCIATION FOR THE PRESERVATION OF VIRGINIA ANTIQUITIES.[92]

The Fredericksburg Branch of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities is a small but active band. They have acquired the Mary Washington House and "Rising Sun Tavern." The "Tavern" has been recently repaired, but retains in all respects its original style of architecture. Both buildings are furnished in "ye olden style," and are centers of great interest to visitors. The officers of this branch are Mrs. Vivian M. Fleming, directress; Miss Rebecca C. Mander, secretary, and Mrs. Charles Wallace, treasurer.

THE CITY MISSION.

The City Mission was organized on the 14th of March, 1901, mainly through the efforts of Rev. W. D. Smith, rector of St. George's church, and Mrs. J. B. Ficklen. It has been quite an active society and much good has resulted from its labors. The main object of the society is to afford relief to the destitute of the town, especially the sick, and as it is composed altogether of benevolent and kind hearted ladies, we know, from this and their splendid labors in the past, that their mission will be well performed. They do more than look after the sick. These ladies gather up secondhand clothing from those who can spare it and sell the same at a cheap rate to those able to purchase and give to the destitute. The society is composed of ladies from all religious denominations, and the city is laid out in districts, each of which is placed in charge of three ladies, to whom applications for assistance by parties living therein are referred. By this method impositions are rare and needy persons are not overlooked. The present officers of the society are Mrs. J. B. Ficklen, president; Mrs. B. B. Montgomery and Miss Jennie Hurkamp vice-presidents; Miss Rebecca C. Mander, secretary; Miss Annie Myer, treasurer, and Mrs. Isaac Hirsh, purchasing agent.

THE FREDERICKSBURG TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION.[93]

The faculty of the public schools of Fredericksburg met and organized the Fredericksburg Teachers' Association in September, 1906. The officers elected at that meeting were as follows: Miss Kate James Mander, president; Miss Clarice Crittenden Davis, vice-president; Miss Jennie M. Goolrick, secretary, and Miss Maggie L. Honey, treasurer. The president of the School Board, Mr. A. B. Bowering, after the teachers were organized, was requested to outline a plan for a library, which he did, and the teachers commenced the work. After obstacles and delays, by solicitation, and dessert sales, a sufficient amount of money was raised to commence the purchase of books, and quite a nice collection of the best publications was secured. Since that additions have been made as the means of the association would justify, and now the library is an institution formed on a solid basis. It is popular with the children, and from it they derive much pleasure and instruction. The present officers are Miss Kate James Mander, president; Miss Mary Page Waller, vice-president; Miss Agnes P. Roach, secretary, and Miss Maggie L. Honey, treasurer.

FREDERICKSBURG AT PRESENT.

Fredericksburg is a healthy town--a true Virginia city--almost free from the fevers and diseases that visit other cities of the coast or even of tidewater. It is beautifully situated on the west bank of the Rappahannock river, at the head of tidewater, where its inhabitants escape the malaria of the lowlands and the fevers peculiar to the mountains. Therefore, when we compare the death rate of Fredericksburg, which is made every month by Dr. J. N. Barney, our health officer, with that of other neighboring cities, we find it quite favorable to our town.

PURE WATER SUPPLY.

Our main source of water supply, the Rappahannock river, has no city or town of any size above us, and for that reason the water is almost free from foreign substances, and as pure as are the mountain springs from which it flows. The analysis of this water, which has often been made in the years gone by, and repeatedly in the past few years, shows ninety-eight per cent., which probably more nearly approaches absolute purity than any other stream of its size in the country. Besides this aid to health, the sanitary condition of the town is carefully looked after by the Board of Health, and everything that threatens the introduction of disease is at once removed or reduced to a healthy condition. In addition to this, as a convenience for the citizens, and an aid to health conditions, the main part of the city has been sewered within the past four years, and laterals are in course of construction to reach those portions of the town not now sewered. With these aids to health and our lynx-eyed Board of Health, who are always on the alert, we may hope for and confidently expect, as we now have, an unusually healthy city.

FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE CITY.

The financial condition of Fredericksburg is good, and her credit is undoubted. It is true that the debt of the city is large, but for every bond issued there is something substantial standing for it, except nearly $120,000 of ante-bellum bonds, issued by our forefathers in an honest and earnest endeavor to secure for our people improvements of a permanent and profitable character. But the improvements proved worthless to the town. Those who voted for them have passed over the river of death, leaving this indebtedness as a legacy to their descendants, and we take great pleasure in providing for it. The other bonds were issued for improvements the town needed and was compelled to have. They are all in use at present, successfully operated, and are valued far in advance of the price paid for them by the city, and it is only a question of private or corporation ownership, as to whether it was a wise policy for the city to erect and operate them. The City Council thinks it acted for the best interests of the town and the people back it up in that opinion. Nearly all of the bonds issued by the city bear four per cent., were sold at or above par and purchased mostly by our own citizens. This, it would appear, is a strong indication that our financial affairs are in a satisfactory condition.

PRESENT COMMERCIAL CONDITION.

The commercial prosperity of the town is probably far in advance of what it ever was before. We have now about one hundred and fifteen wholesale and retail stores, each one doing a thriving business. In these stores the customer will be able to find any article of merchandise he may need and at as low price as he could find it in the larger cities. In the last few years there has been a spirit of improvement in business houses, and at present there are to be found store-houses that would be a credit to a city of larger pretentions. So changed is the business portion of Main street by reason of this enlargement and ornamentation that citizens of the town have often had to inquire for the places they wished to visit. In addition to this, our manufactures have increased and are still increasing, and in them hundreds of persons find employment at living wages. Among the manufacturing institutions may be mentioned two large flouring mills, one woolen mill, one pants factory, one silk mill, two sumac mills, three excelsior mills, one mattress factory, two pickle factories, one canning factory, one shoe factory, one shirt factory, one spoke factory and six repair shops. The assessed taxable value of property in town is, personal property $703,782, real estate $1,676,133, making a total of $2,379,915. Besides this, our several banks, in their periodical statements, made to the Government, show largely over a million dollars on deposit, subject to individual checks. In view of these facts truly it may be said that Fredericksburg is in a prosperous commercial condition and is rapidly adding to that prosperity.

LINES OF TRANSPORTATION.

The lines of transportation running to and from Fredericksburg are sufficient for all the requirements of the town, both as to freight and passenger travel, yet our citizens would not object to the construction of another road, starting at some deep water point on the coast, crossing the Rappahannock river at this place and connecting north of us with the great trunk lines, traversing this extensive country in all directions. But for this important improvement we must patiently wait.

The great line of travel and traffic through Fredericksburg, north and south, at present, is the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad. This road is probably one of the best conducted roads in the country and seldom has an accident. Not until a few years ago did it share its track with any other road, but now three or more companies are running their cars over this line and the carrying business is immense. This large increase in business necessitated a double track of the entire line--from Richmond to Washington--which was done with great rapidity. The present service on this road that passes through town is nine passenger trains north and ten south each twenty-four hours. In addition to this, the increase in freight has also increased the number of freight trains, and so we now have fifty to pass through in a day and night, and yet it is more than probable that this large number will soon be further increased. This road has a new iron bridge spanning the Rappahannock river at this point.

The Piedmont, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad--Narrow Gauge--runs daily from Fredericksburg to Orange, a distance of forty miles. It connects Fredericksburg and intermediate points, with that great trunk line, the Southern, at that point, which is an accommodation to the travelling public along its entire line. Although a narrow gauge road, it does quite a large business and it has been rumored that it may be extended beyond the mountains some day, in which event it will become a line of greater importance than at present.

The former citizen, who went out from us even a few years ago, on his return to his old home now, would find, among other changes, that the Weems Line of steamers from Fredericksburg to Baltimore, had transferred its business to another company, and the old familiar name of Weems, of more than a half century standing, whose line was so intimately interwoven with all the interests of Fredericksburg, was a name of the past. But he would also find a line--The Maryland, Delaware and Virginia railroad, not that their steam boats run upon railroad tracks--had taken its place, and, by its splendid steamers, so well adapted to the river trade, had brought us into rapid and easy communication with Norfolk and Baltimore, by the Rappahannock river and Chesapeake bay, and thence with the whole busy world beyond.

A SPLENDID WATER POWER.

Some one writing of our water-power some years ago said: "The water-power of the Rappahannock river at Fredericksburg, made available by the erection of a magnificent dam, has been harnessed for work to some extent, but not yet to its full capacity." That this is true is a pity, but that it will not long be true is a blessing. The old dam, which gave us only five thousand horse-power, is rapidly yielding to the touch of time, and already another is in course of construction that will be more substantial and give us more power than the present dam gives at its best. A gentleman, well informed as to the plans of the present company, says: "The dam now in process of construction will be built just below the present dam and will be of reinforced concrete. It will be about twenty-two feet above the present water level below the old dam, and will husband the entire plan of the river; or rather, will render the entire plan available for power purposes, but will not, strictly speaking, husband the entire plan, because the pond behind the dam will be rather limited in capacity owing to the closeness of the hills on either side of the river and the abrupt fall of the stream. This dam will afford about eight thousand horse-power, utilized in the city, and at a power-house of the company to be built near the silk mill, but to the east of the main Falmouth road. Just above Taylor's quarry it is planned to build another dam seventy-six feet high, or about one hundred and thirty-eight feet above the sea, with quite a large pond or storage reservoir behind it, reaching up the river some ten miles or more. And then above this reach, and at or about the junction of the two rivers, the large dam, about eighty-four feet high, or two hundred and twenty-two feet above sea level, will complete the development so far as the Fredericksburg Power Company is concerned. This last level reaches to about Germanna. The whole contemplated scheme will yield about thirty thousand horse-power." This will be such an enormous increase of power over what we now have that we cannot realize it. But the question is, what is to be done with this immense power? Shall it be used in Fredericksburg or transmitted to neighboring cities to increase their facilities for manufactures? Capitalists and manufacturers must answer this question.

It will thus be seen that Fredericksburg, with its quiet ways and want of bustling activity, is a manufacturing center of considerable importance, and lying, as it does, on the line of travel from north to south, there is no good reason, as we have intimated, why it may not be a manufacturing center of much greater importance.

It is true that those who estimate a place solely by the number of industrial enterprises which it encourages, or the amount of traffic which comes to it, would not rank Fredericksburg as highly as some of the more busy or bustling towns of other parts of the country, but those who recognize other agencies besides water wheels and steam engines, and other earthly products, besides dry goods, groceries and general merchandise, will find much here to admire and interest them.

It is also true that with the manufacturing facilities that we possess we would gladly see them greatly enlarged and more fully developed, also new ones erected and operated, but with this accomplished we would not forget that there are better fabrics than those that are manufactured by mechanical appliances. With a climate unsurpassed, an immunity from epidemics, a situation enviable because of its surroundings, water as pure as ever came from mountain springs, with all the advantages as we have before said of tidewater, without its malaria, with all the benefits of the mountains, without the mountain fevers, together with a refined and elevated society--if these, with the additions of home virtues and home joys, be regarded as valuable in life, then Fredericksburg must rank much higher than many a place that has more outward show of prosperity.

The pursuit of gain and the exacting cares of business have not engaged altogether the thoughts and attentions of our people, to the exclusion of those things which tend to the _pleasure_, _comfort_ and _health_ of the community, and to its intellectual development. For the benefit of the first mentioned of these classes, Hurkamp Park has been located, Washington Avenue and the National Boulevard have been laid out, completed and adorned, and the Free Bridge has been constructed, while "Lovers' Lane" remains the same that it was in the century past.

For those who would derive comfort from inhaling the pure, fresh air of the morning or evening in a drive, on horse-back or on a bicycle, can find on the avenue and boulevard beautifully graded drives, and a variety of scenes which are ever pleasing to the eye, while the beautiful sun risings and settings, and the deep blue sky above rival in grandeur and sublimity those of far-off Italy.

For those who would spend the twilight hours in a pleasant walk with her who "claims his thoughts by day and dreams by night," in search of health the Free Bridge and the enchanting walks beyond are equal to the far-famed "Lovers' Lane," which in olden times was so attractive, even enchanting, as it is now, to the belles and beaux, where words were spoken and vows made that led to unions of hands and hearts that nothing earthly could weaken or sever.

For those whose tastes and inclinations lead them to intellectual enjoyment, the Library and Reading Room, located in the north wing of the Courthouse and the Wallace Library, soon to be in operation, afford excellent facilities. The Library at the Courthouse is furnished with splendid books--historical, biographical, religious and miscellaneous, and the number is added to as the funds at the command of the association will allow. It is conducted by the ladies of the town, who are always ready to give, toil and even sacrifice to benefit, elevate and make more useful the masses of the people.

All of these advantages belong to Fredericksburg, with many others that we have probably inadvertently omitted, that make it one of the most desirable residential cities in the country; and we can readily agree with Captain John Smith, the great explorer, "that Heaven and earth never agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation," than the beautiful valley of the Rappahannock, and Fredericksburg is located on the most beautiful, picturesque and healthy spot of that far-famed valley.

And yet, with all these advantages, pointing out Fredericksburg as a most desirable place for her educational, industrial, commercial and residential advantages, its prosperity is not what it should be; but with a full development of all her varied facilities which we trust will be done in the near future and which can be done if our people will work harmoniously, we may hope for more prosperous days; for

"Reason's whole pleasure--all the joys of sense-- Lie in three words--HEALTH, PEACE and COMPETENCE."

OFFICIAL CALENDAR--SEPTEMBER 1, 1908.

HUSTINGS COURT.

HON. JOHN T. GOOLRICK, _Judge_.

HON. GRANVILLE R. SWIFT, _Commonwealth's Attorney_.

A. BACON YATES, _Clerk_.

JOHN SCOTT BERRY, _Deputy Clerk_.

J. CONWAY CHICHESTER, _City Sergeant_.

BAYLOR S. PATES, _Deputy City Sergeant_.

MUNICIPAL OFFICERS.

H. LEWIS WALLACE, _Mayor_.

ROBERT T. KNOX, _Treasurer_.

A. B. BOWERING, _Commissioner of Revenue_.

A. P. ROWE, _City Tax Collector_.

E. H. RANDALL, _City Surveyor_.

MAGISTRATES.

_Upper Ward_--S. J. QUINN, S. E. EASTBURN, R. E. BOZEL.

_Lower Ward_--A. G. BILLINGSLY.

CITY COUNCIL.

WILLIAM. E. BRADLEY, _President_.

A. MASON GARNER, _Vice-President_.

SAMUEL E. EASTBURN, _Clerk_.

_Upper Ward_--Wm. E. Bradley, Harry B. Lane, Josiah P. Rowe, Joseph M. Goldsmith, John C. Melville, Clarance R. Howard.

_Lower Ward_--A. Mason Garner, W. S. Embrey, Jr., Henry Warden, J. W. Masters, F. L. W. Green, Arthur Brown.

COUNCIL COMMITTEES.

_On Finance_--Harry B. Lane, John C. Melville, Wm. E. Bradley.

_On Public Property_--Wm. E. Bradley, A. Mason Garner, J. W. Masters.

_On Water Works_--Josiah P. Rowe, Harry B. Lane. A. Mason Garner.

_On Streets_--W. S. Embrey, Jr., J. M. Goldsmith, C. R. Howard.

_On Light_--John C. Melville, J. W. Masters, Harry B. Lane.

_On Almshouse_--A. Mason Garner, Wm. E. Bradley, Josiah P. Rowe.

_On Public Interest_--Joseph M. Goldsmith. C. R. Howard. Henry Warden.

_On Ordinances_--Clarance R. Howard, W. S. Embrey, Jr., F. L. W. Green.

_On Auditing_--Authur Brown, F. L. W. Green, John C. Melville.

_On Health and Police_--John W. Masters, Henry Warden, Arthur Brown.

_On Schools_--Henry Warden, Josiah P. Rowe, J. M. Goldsmith.

_On Fire Department_--F. L. W. Green, Arthur Brown, W. S. Embrey, Jr.

SUPERINTENDENTS OF DEPARTMENTS.

S. J. QUINN, _Superintendent City Water Works_.

B. F. BULLOCK, _Superintendent City Gas Works_.

WM. KEY HOWARD, _Superintendent City Electric Light_.

JOHN W. BALL, _Superintendent Almshouse_.

SAMUEL FITZHUGH, _Clerk of Market_.

POLICE DEPARTMENT.

_Upper Ward_--WALLACE N. TANSILL, J. A. STONE.

_Lower Ward_--JOHN H. ROBINSON, WM. R. HALL.

_Special Police_--CHARLES A. GORE.

CITY REGISTRARS.

_Lower Ward_--J. FRED. BROWN.

_Upper Ward_--JOHN J. BERREY.

PUBLIC FREE SCHOOL BOARD.

A. B. BOWERING, _President_.

S. J. QUINN, _Clerk_.

B. P. WILLIS, _Superintendent_.

_Upper District_--Isaac Hirsh, W. L. Brannan, J. R. Rawlings.

_Lower District_--A. B. Bowering, W. H. Hurkamp, Geo. Freeman, Jr.

BOARD OF HEALTH.

MAYOR H. LEWIS WALLACE.

DR. J. N. BARNEY, _Secretary and Health Officer_.

DR. WILLIAM JEFFRIES CHEWNING.

A. BACON YATES.

CITY CORONER.

DR. ANDREW C. DOGGETT.

MAYORS OF FREDERICKSBURG IN THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.

CHARLES MORTIMER, from March, 1782, to March, 1783

WILLIAM MCWILLIAMS, from March, 1783, to March, 1784

JAMES SOMERVILLE, from March, 1784, to March, 1785

GEORGE WEEDON, from March, 1785, to March, 1786

CHARLES MORTIMER, from March, 1786, to March, 1787

JAMES SOMERVILLE, from March, 1787, to March, 1788

CHARLES MORTIMER, from March, 1788, to March, 1789

GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1789, to March, 1790

BENJAMIN DAY, from March, 1790, to March, 1791

WILLIAM HARVEY, from March, 1791, to March, 1792

JAMES SOMERVILLE, from March, 1792, to March, 1793

FONTAINE MAURY, from March, 1793, to March, 1794

GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1794, to March, 1795

WILLIAM HARVEY, from March, 1795, to March, 1796

FONTAINE MAURY, from March, 1796, to March, 1797

WILLIAM HARVEY, from March, 1797--died in office March 13, 1798

WM. TAYLOR, from March 17, 1798 to March 19, 1798

FONTAINE MAURY, from March, 1798, to March, 1799

GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1799, to March, 1800

DAVID C. KER, from March, 1800, to March, 1801

WILLIAM S. STONE, from March, 1801, to March, 1802

DAVID C. KER, from March, 1802, to March, 1803

GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1803, to March, 1804

BENJAMIN DAY, from March, 1804, to March, 1805

GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1805, to March, 1806

CHARLES L. CARTER, from March, 1806--resigned August 11, 1808

WILLIAM SMOCK, from August 11, 1808, to March, 1809

RICHARD JOHNSTON, from March, 1809, to March, 1810

GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1810, to March, 1811

JOSEPH WALKER, from March, 1811, to March, 1812

GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1812, to March, 1813

CHARLES L. CARTER, from March, 1813, to March, 1814

GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1814, to March, 1815

JOHN SCOTT, from March, 1815, to March, 1816

GARRET MINOR, from March, 1816, to March, 1817

ROBERT MACKAY, from March, 1817, to March, 1818

GARRET MINOR, from March, 1818, to March, 1819

ROBERT MACKAY, from March, 1819, to March, 1820

DAVID BRIGGS, from March, 1820, to March, 1821

ROBERT LEWIS, from March, 1820--died in office Feb. 10, 1829

THOMAS GOODWIN, from Feb. 12, 1829--died in office Jan. 15, 1836

JOHN H. WALLACE, from January 20, 1836 to March 22, 1838

BENJAMIN CLARKE, from March 22, 1838, to March 22, 1844

ROBERT BAYLOR SEMPLE, from Mar. 20, 1844--died in office Feb. 8, 1853

JOHN L. MARYE, JR., from Feb. 12, 1853, to March 21, 1854

PETER GOOLRICK, from March 21, 1854, to March 21, 1855

JOHN S. CALDWELL, from March 20, 1855, to March 17, 1857

PETER GOOLRICK, from March 17, 1857, to March 22, 1859

WILLIAM S. SCOTT, from March 22, 1859, to March 22, 1860

PETER GOOLRICK, from March 21, 1860--resigned April 4, 1860

MONTGOMERY SLAUGHTER, from April 4, 1860, removed by military April 28, 1868.

CHARLES E. MALLAM, appointed by military April 28, 1868, removed by military July 15, 1869.

WILLIAM E. NYE, appointed by military July 15, 1869, resigned Feb. 23, 1870.

LAWRENCE B. ROSE, elected by Council Feb. 23, 1870, to June 30, 1870

WILLIAM ROY MASON, elected by the people July 1, 1870, resigned July 28, 1870.

LAWRENCE B. ROSE, from July 28, 1870, to June 30, 1872

ROBERT BANKS BERREY, from July 1, 1872, to June 30, 1874

LAWRENCE B. ROSE, from July 1, 1874--died in office April 10, 1877

HUGH S. DOGGETT, from April 12, 1877, to June 30, 1880

JOSEPH WARD SENER, from July 1, 1880, to June 30, 1884

JOSIAH HAZARD, from July 1, 1884, to June 30, 1888

ABSALOM P. ROWE, from July 1, 1888, to June 30, 1896

WM. SEYMOUR WHITE, from July 1, 1896--died in office Nov. 26, 1897

HENRY R. GOULDMAN, appointed Nov. 30, 1897, to June 30, 1898

ABSALOM P. ROWE, from July 1, 1898--died in office June 1, 1900

MARION G. WILLIS, appointed June 15, 1900, to June 30, 1902

MARION G. WILLIS, elected July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1904

THOMAS P. WALLACE, elected July 1, 1904, to August 31, 1908

H. LEWIS WALLACE, elected Sept. 1, 1908, and now serving.

INDEX.

Accoqueck, 19.

Acorn Lodge, I. O. O. F., 221.

Acquisition of Territory--Walker's exploration, 281; the Great Northwest, 312; the Louisiana purchase, 313; the Florida purchase, 314; acquisition of Texas, 314; the territory from Mexico, 314.

Adams, Capt. Andrew B., 221.

Adams, John, 230, 294.

Adams, John Quincy, 311.

Adams, Rev. Geo. F., 211.

Adams, Samuel, patriot, 307.

A great revival of religion, 93.

Aldridge, Miss Virginia, 224.

Aler, George, 141.

Alexander, Capt. Robert H., 184.

Alexander, Gen. E. P., 91, 266.

Alexander, Philip, 134

Alexander, Robert B., editor. 227.

Allen, John, town trustee, 42.

Allen, Wm., 140, 142.

Allison, John W., Jr., 167.

Alsop, Boswell, 168.

Ames, Michael, hostage prisoner, 77, 79.

Amoroleck, Smith's prisoner, 15, 17.

Anasheroans, Indian tribe, 19.

Anderson. Capt. John K., 184.

Anstice, Mrs. Judith, teacher, 197.

Argall, Capt., 20.

Armistead, Henry, court clerk, 130.

Arts and manufactures encouraged, 46.

Assembly's Home and School, 198.

Association for the P. V. A., 324.

Atkinson, John, 237.

Bacon, Nathaniel, 281, 283.

Baggett, Samuel I., 262.

Baggett, Wm. M., 141.

Bagnall, Anthony, historian, 13, 15.

Bailey, William, 221.

Ball, Col. Wm. B., 83.

Ball, John M., publisher, 229.

Ball, John Wesley, 174.

Bankhead, Col. John, 257.

Barber, Rev. H. H., 207.

Barbour, Gov. James, 132.

Barksdale, Gen. Wm., 81, 88, 97, 99.

Barlosius. Charles F., 167.

Barney, Dr. J. N., 326.

Barney, Mrs. Joseph Nicholas, 326.

Barton, Thomas B., hostage prisoner, 74, 77.

Barton, Judge Wm. S., 68, 183, 215.

Battle of Fredericksburg, 91, 92.

Beale, Wm. C., 138, 139, 140.

Beckwith, Frank, 174.

Benson, Wm., 171.

Benwick, J. B., Jr., architect, 141, 210.

Bernard, Wm., 46.

Berrey, John J., hostage prisoner, 79, 142.

Berrey, Robert B., mayor, 184, 209.

Beverley, Harry, town trustee, 39.

Beverley, Robert, 28, 35.

Billingsly, Rev. Joseph A., editor, 227.

Biscoe, Robert L., publisher, 229.

Blackburn, Robert, 167.

Blackford, Wm. M., editor, 227.

Blair, John, 302, 304.

Blanton, Thomas, 237.

Boardman, Stephen A., teacher. 197.

Board of Health, 335.

Bonaparte, Charlotte, 243.

Bonaparte, Emperor Napoleon, 243, 310.

Boswell, Capt. J. K., engineer, 96.

Botts, Benjamin. 172.

Bowen, Wm., 167.

Bowering, Benjamin, machinist, 169, 176.

Bowering, Prof. A. B., 169, 192, 201, 211, 325.

Bowman, Mrs. D. C., 223.

Bradley, Capt. James H., hostage prisoner, 77, 78.

Bradley, Mrs. Lucilla S., 323.

Bradley, Wm. E., 127, 147, 176, 177, 227, 261.

Bradford, Daniel, 166.

Braxton, Capt. Carter, 70, 71, 72.

Braxton, Carter, signer D. I., 247.

Braxton, Rev. Carter, 211.

Brent, Thomas N., 197, 261.

Bridges--Chatham, 171; Stafford, 171; Free, 171.

Briggs, David, 64.

Broaddus, Rev. Andrew, 210, 211.

Broaddus, Rev. Wm. F., D. D., 74, 77, 78, 197, 211.

Brockenburg, Dr. John, 193.

Brooke, Judge Francis, 125.

Brooke, Gov. Robert, 130, 218, 220.

Brown, James, 172.

Brown, John, 183, 313.

Brown, Rev. James E., 216.

Brown, Rev. John A., 216.

Buckner, Cuthbert, teacher, 198.

Buckner, Robert, 38, 39, 40.

Bullock, B. F. Supt. gas, 178.

Burgess, Roland, 216.

Burrows, Silas, 157, 257.

Butterfield, Gen. Daniel, 191, 269.

Byrd, Col. Wm., 26, 43.

Caldwell, J. S., mayor, 141, 220.

Campbell, Daniel, 218, 220.

Campbell, James M., editor, 227.

Campbell, Mrs. Wm. A., teacher, 198.

Campbell, Rev. Alexander, 213.

Carter, Col. J. W., 13th Miss., 89.

Carter, George, publisher, 226.

Carter, Robert, 49.

Caruthers, Wm., teacher, 198.

Cary, Archibald, 168, 293.

Cary, Col. Milton, 72.

Castle, Henry, 60.

Champ, John, 46.

Chancellor, Mrs. B. C., D. A. R., 322, 323.

Chancellor, M. S., 175.

Chancellor, Rev. Melzi, 96.

Chancellorsville campaign, 94; Gen. Hooker in command, 94; moved to Chancellorsville, 94; Gen. Sedgwick in town, 95; defeated at Salem church, 96; Hooker beaten at Chancellorsville, 95.

Chestnutt, Rev. I. L., 214.

Chew, Col. Robt. S., 72, 130, 183, 184, 192.

Chew, John James, 68, 116, 130, 138, 142.

Chew, John, 125.

Chew, John, Jr., 130.

Chew, Robert S., 130.

Chiles, Rev. James, 209.

Churches, 202; St. George's, 203; Trinity, 206; Presbyterian, 207; French Memorial Chapel, 208; Baptist, 209; Methodist, 211; Christian, 213; St. Mary's Catholic, 214; Shiloh Old Site, 215; Shiloh New Site, 215; Robinson's, 215; Church of God, 216.

Citizens, arrested as hostages, 77, 86; second arrest and names, 102.

City Council--Accepts situation, 111; condemns assassination, 112; levies taxes, 114; orders an election, 115; reverses order, 115; city officers removed, 116; addition to oath of office, 117; new council, 120; orders new courthouse, 140; passes resolution on death of Prest. McKinley, 278, 279; standing committees, 334; Supts. of departments, 334; police department, 334.

City Hall, 143.

City Mission, the, 324.

City Officers, 52, 130, 333.

Clarke, Gen. George Rodgers, 212, 313.

Clarke, Jonathan, 312, 313.

Clarke, Rev. M., 205.

Clarke, Wm., explorer, 313.

Clay, Henry, U. S. Senator, 264.

Cleveland, Prest. Grover, 160.

Clowder, Jeremiah, 39.

Coakley, John, hostage prisoner, 77, 79.

Cobb, Col. John A., 153.

Cobb, Gen. Thomas Reade Rootes, 91.

Cole, Col. E. D., 127, 146, 170, 174, 212, 248, 261, 262.

Cole, Counsellor, 168.

Coleman, Judge Richard H., teacher, 197.

Colson, Thomas, 194.

Confederate cemetery, 185, 186, 189.

Confederate Veterans, 191.

Conflagrations, 59, 64.

Contagious diseases, 65.

Conway, P. V. D., 93.

Conway, Walker P., 120.

Cooke, Dr. James, hostage prisoner, 77, 79.

Coons, Jacob, German miner, 24.

Corbin, Hon. S. Wellford, 170.

Corbin, James P., clerk, 223, 261, 277.

Cotton, Mrs. An., 282.

Coulter, Judge John, of Chatham, 171.

Courthouse, 142.

Courts--Hustings Court established, 124; District Court, 124; Circuit Court, 125; District Court of Appeals, 125; Hustings Court abolished and re-established, 126; Police Court, 126.

Cox, Abraham, hostage prisoner, 77, 79, 80.

Cox, George, 64.

Cox, James A., 246.

Cox, Mrs. Lucy Ann, 246.

Craig, Rev. Lewis, 209.

Crawford, Wm. J., architect, 159.

Criminals, punishment of, 55.

Crismond, H. F., 261.

Crutchfield, Edgar M., 200.

Crutchfield, Hon. Oscar M., 220.

Cultatawoman, Indian king, 14, 19.

Cunningham, James, 167.

Cunningham, Wm. H., 111, 201.

Curtis, Thomas, 165.

Custis, Daniel Parke, 237.

Dahlgren, Capt. Ulrich, 83.

Dandridge, Col. John, 236, 237.

Daniel, Mrs. M. M. M., D. A. R., 322.

Daniel, Major John W., 160.

Daniel, S. Greenhow, 227.

Dannehl, Henry, 170.

Daughters American Revolution, 322.

Daughters of the Confederacy, 323.

Davis, Miss Clarice C., teacher, 325.

Dawson, Hon. John, 154, 233.

Day, Major Benjamin, 194, 195, 220.

Dick, Dr. Charles, 124.

Dickey, Robert, 139, 140.

Dill, Mrs. Kate Tichenor, D. A. R., 322.

Dill, Rev. Jacob S., D. D., 211, 263, 315.

Dixon, Rev. George L., 215.

Dixon, Roger, Gent., 237.

Doggett, Capt. Hugh S., 120, 184.

Doggett, Mrs. V. S. F., D. A. R., 322, 323.

Dolly, Rev. W. L., 213.

Dow, Rev. Lorenzo, 66.

Dunaway, Rev. Thomas S., D. D., 211, 279.

Dunmore, Lord, 48.

Early, Gen. Jubal A., 96, 98, 273.

Eastburn, Oliver, 170.

Eckenrode, Mrs. H. M., D. A. R., 323.

Edrington, Mrs. C. W., 222.

Eisenhower, S. A., 248.

Electric light plant, 178.

Elks, benevolent order of, 221.

Embrey, Judge A. T., 126, 146, 228, 261.

Embrey, Major W. S., 170.

Essex, Rev. Benjamin, 123.

Eubank, John, 242.

Eve, George W., 120.

Fairs, agricultural, 44, 169, 170.

Farish, Wm. F., 165.

Fauntleroy, Miss L., editress, 229.

Federal Hill, 153.

Ferneyhough, John, 162.

Ferry, first constructed, 170.

Fetherstone, Richard, Gent., 14, 19.

Fetherstone's Bay, 19.

Ficklen, Mrs. J. B., 324, 325.

Field, John, printer, 219.

Fire Department, 144, 180, 181.

Fishback, Harman, German miner, 24.

Fishback, John, German miner, 24.

Fitzhugh, St. Geo. R., 146, 147, 261, 263, 276, 277.

Fitzhugh, Wm., of Chatham, 171, 236.

Fleming, Mrs. V. M., D. A. R., 322, 323, 324.

Floyd, Gen. John B., 81.

Fontaine, Col. W. W., teacher, 197.

Fontaine, John, diary of, 26, 27.

Ford, James W., teacher, 198.

Forrer, Rev. F. S., 214.

Forsythe, Major Robert, 134.

Fort, constructed on Rappahannock, 1681, 25.

Franklin, Benjamin, 124.

Fraser, Simon, 220.

Freaner, W. T., 166.

Fredericksburg American Lodge, 218.

Fredericksburg Artillery, 72, 73, 74.

Fredericksburg College, 198.

Fredericksburg Commandery, K. T., 220.

Fredericksburg, city of, founded, 1727; streets bear royal names, 37; act House of Burgesses, 38; seat of justice, 42; re-survey, 44; wooden chimneys, 45; limits extended, 46; military ardor, 48; under the U. S., 50; chartered by Legislature, 51; rapid growth, 53; lends money to government, 54; important center, 58; important postal point, 60; limits extended, 62; great fire, 64; trade of the town, 65; epitome of the city, 67; limits extended, 68; charter amended 1852, 1858, 69; in the Confederacy, 71; surrendered to Gen. McDowell, 74; Gen. Pope enters, 76; evacuation scenes, 81; bridges destroyed, 82; Gen. Burnside on Stafford Heights, 83; authorities consult Gen. Lee, 84; Gen. Sumner demands surrender, 85; bombardment, 88 (see Chancellorsville and Wilderness campaigns); war closes, 110; under the Stars and Stripes, 110; military supreme, 113; new charter, 117; untrammelled citizens in power, 119; ante-bellum debt, 119; present debt, 121; courts, 124; its declaration, 283; furnishes head of army and navy, 301; Fredericksburg at present, 325; financial condition, 326; commercial condition, 327; official calendar, 333; council committees, 334; registrars, 335; list of mayors, 336.

Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4, 217.

Fredericksburg R. A. Chapter, 220.

Fredericksburg Teachers' Association, 325.

Freedman's Bureau, 127.

Fremont, Gen. John C., 313.

French, Dr. George, 172.

French. Seth B., 208.

Frieze, Jacob, 242.

Garner, A. Mason, 147, 174, 176.

Garnett, Geo. W., 211.

Garnett, Hon. James M., 169.

Garrison, Hon. Geo. T., 158.

Gas Works, 176, 177.

Gately, Matthew J., 237.

Gates, Gen. Horatio, 251.

Gaullier, John F., 172.

Gibson, Rev. John S., 207.

Gill, Beverley T., hostage prisoner, 77, 111.

Gilmer, Capt. Lucien G., 185.

Gilmer, Rev. Thomas W., 209.

Gladstone, Sir Wm. E., premier, 305.

Gooch, Wm., Esq., Governor, 42.

Goodwin, Thomas, 165.

Goolrick, John, teacher, 196.

Goolrick, Hon. John T., 126, 192, 261, 271, 272, 275, 277.

Goolrick, Miss Jennie M., teacher, 325.

Goolrick, Mrs. John T., D. A. R., 160, 322, 323.

Goolrick, Peter, 138, 139, 140, 166.

Gordon, Douglas H., 85.

Gordon, Gen. John B., 98.

Gordon, Samuel, 169.

Gordon, W. F., 184.

Gore, Charles A., 60.

Gore, Jacob, 60.

Grant, Gen. U. S., 73, 99, 109.

Gravatt, George, 111, 120.

Gravatt, Miss Sallie N., D. A. R., 322, 323.

Gray, John, 167.

Gray, Rev. J. S., 207.

Gray, Wm. F., editor, 225.

Green, Gen. Nathaniel, 251, 253.

Green, John W., 64.

Green, Mrs. James L., 226.

Green, Rev. Edwin, 207.

Green, Timothy, editor, 225, 259.

Green, Wm. D., 166.

Gregg, Gen. D. McM., 263.

Griffin, John M., 261, 262.

Griffin, Lieut. Robt. S., 262.

Hackley, Mrs. Mary, teacher, 197.

Hagen, Rev. Henry, 24.

Halkerson, Robert, 220.

Hall, Dr. Elisha, 152.

Hall, Dr. Horace B., 111, 152, 205.

Hall, Dr. Marshall C., 205.

Halsey, J. J., teacher, 197.

Hanback, ----, German miner, 24.

Hancock, John, 308.

Hanson, Thomas H., teacher, 196.

Harman, Wencel, 248.

Harris, Gen. T. M., 114.

Harris, O. L., 222.

Harrison, Benjamin, President, 247.

Harrison, Col. Archibald, 72.

Harrison, Thomas, 120.

Harrison, Wm. Henry, President, 264, 312.

Harrow, James D., editor, 225.

Hassininga, Indian king, 15, 19.

Hawley, Gen. J. W., 262, 271.

Heflin, E. G., architect, 145.

Henderlite, Rev. J. H., 209.

Henry, Edward, teacher, 197.

Henry, Patrick, 44, 264, 284, 285, 287, 302.

Henry, Rev. Patrick, 23, 44.

Herndon, Capt. Wm. Lewis, 241.

Herndon, Charles, 111.

Herndon, Dr. B. S., 142.

Herndon, Dr. James C., 244.

Herndon, Jacob, 167.

Herndon, John M., 126, 208.

Heslop, Isaac, 237.

Hill, Col. John B., 257.

Hirsh, Isaac, 261.

Hirsh, Mrs. Isaac, 325.

Hirsh, Mrs. Maurice, 223.

Hitt, Peter, German miner, 24.

Hitt, W. Snowden, 196.

Hodge, Rev. A. A., 209.

Hoge, Rev. Wm. J., D. D., 94.

Holliday, John, speaker, H. B., 42.

Holmes, Thomas, 227.

Holtzclaw, Jacob, German miner, 24.

Honey, Miss Maggie L., teacher, 325.

Hooton, Albert, 174.

Hotels--Tammany Hall, 165; Rappahannock House, 165; Farmers', 165; Exchange, 166; Eagle, 166; Alhambra, 167; Indian Queen, 167; Travellers' Rest, 168; Western, 168; Liberty House, 168; Planters', 168.

Houston, Gen. Samuel, 168, 314.

Howard, Clarance R., 155.

Howard, Mrs. Clarance R., D. A. R., 322.

Howard, Mrs. Wm. Key, of Kenmore, D. A. R., 322.

Howard, Wm. Key, 155, 179.

Howison, John, 200.

Howison, Rev. Robert R., LL. D., 81.

Howison, Samuel S., 86.

Huffman, John, German miner, 24.

Huffman, Landon J., 142.

Hunnicutt, Rev. James W., editor, 77, 227.

Hunter, Charles E., 176.

Hurkamp, Charles H., 170.

Hurkamp, John G., 111.

Hurkamp, Miss Jennie, 325.

Hurkamp, Wm. H., 192.

Ironclad Oath, 116.

Jackson, Rob., city trustee, 42.

Jackson, Capt. Wm. A., 183.

Jackson, Gen. Andrew, President, 257.

Jackson, Gen. T. J., 81, 84, 95, 272.

Jacobs, W. J., 262.

James, Rev. Wm., 132, 211.

Japazaws, Chief, 20.

Jay, Judge John, 240.

Jefferson, Thomas, 167, 247, 264, 283, 292, 294, 296, 313, 323.

Jefferys, Major M. M., 191.

Jenkins, Wm., Gaoler, 130.

Johns, Rev. Arthur S., 205.

Johnson, Major James, 128.

Johnson, Capt. Volley M., teacher, 197.

Johnston, B., 237.

Johnston, H. Stuart, 257.

Johnston, Lafayette, 257.

Johnston, Mrs. Eliza, 257.

Jones, John Paul, 218, 237, 238, 239, 265, 301, 323.

Jones, W. T., 179.

Julien, John, alderman, 124.

Kelly, Maj. J. Harrison, 170, 221, 225.

Kemper, Charles E., 23.

Kemper, John, 23, 24.

Kemper, Rev. James, 23, 24.

Kenmore, 155.

Ker, Dr. David C., 46, 66, 231.

King, Gen. Horatio C., 262, 270, 276, 277.

King, Wm. I., 177.

Kirkland, Richard, 92.

Knight, John T., 120, 177, 248, 261.

Knox, Capt. Jas. S., 146, 175, 177, 184.

Knox, Miss Virginia, 223.

Knox, Thomas F., hostage prisoner, 77, 111, 142.

Kobler, Rev. John, 212, 213.

Lacy, Maj. J. Horace, 170.

Lacy, Miss Sallie M., 324.

Lacy, Mrs. J. Horace, U. D. C., 323.

Lacy, Rev. B. T., 209.

Ladies' Memorial Association, 185, 186, 188, 189, 320.

Lafayette, Gen., 256.

Lane, H. B., chairman finance, 176, 261, 334.

Larkin, Capt. Thos. M., 185.

Laughlin, Col. W. L., 166.

Lawrens, Henry, 308.

Layton, C. Ernest, 222.

Leavell, John T., 262.

Lee, Daniel M., 192, 262.

Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 247.

Lee, Gen. Charles, 251.

Lee, Gen. Henry, 251, 308.

Lee, Gen. Robert E., 73, 83, 99, 108, 109, 110, 183, 191, 264.

Lee, Gen. Wm. H. F., 83.

Lee, Richard Henry, 247, 287, 293, 302, 306.

Lee, Thomas Ludwell, 168, 295.

Legg, John, 130.

Lewis, Col. Fielding, 155, 243.

Lewis, John, 44, 45.

Lewis, Meriwether, 313.

Lewis, Robert, 255, 256.

Lexington, battle of, 48.

Liberty Bell, 247.

Little, A. Alexander, 226.

Little, Miss Bella, 226.

Little, Mrs. John P., 197.

Littlepage, Gen. Lewis, 240.

Little, Wm. A., 74, 85, 102, 111.

Livingston, Robert R., 294.

Livingston, Wm., 41.

Lomax, Judge John T., 132, 193.

Long, Michael, 167.

Longstreet, Gen. James, 83.

Lowery, James T., 146.

Lowery, Wm. T., 221.

Low, Rev. Samuel, 132.

Lucas, Albert G., 180.

Lucas, Walker, 168.

Luck, Cadmus B., 166.

Mackay, Robert, 149.

Madison, Pres. James, 264, 301, 302, 304.

Magdalen, man-of-war, 48.

Magrath, Mrs. A. L., teacher, 197.

Mahaskahod, Indian town, 15, 16, 19.

Mander, Miss Kate James, teacher, 325.

Mander, Miss Rebecca C., 324, 325.

Mannahocks, Indian tribe, 17.

Marshall, John, 249, 264, 308.

Martin, German miner, 24.

Martin, Mrs. H. M. D., D. A. R., 322.

Marye, Capt. Edward, 73.

Marye, John L., 72.

Marye, John L., Jr., 44, 74, 138, 139, 209.

Marye, Rev. James, rector, 44, 203.

Marye, Rev. James, Jr., 203.

Marye, William B., 198.

Mary Washington Hospital, 222.

Mary Washington, House, 156; Monument, 157, 159; will, 160; 257.

Mason, George, 168, 288, 302, 303.

Mason, Judge John E., 127, 292.

Mason, Mrs. M. J. C., D. A. R., 223, 323.

Mason, Rev. J. K., rector, 205.

Massauteck, 19.

Massawomeks, Indian tribe, 16.

Maury, Com. M. F., 264, 315, 316, 318, 319.

Maury, Gen. Dabney H., 191.

Maury, Rev. Magruder, 205.

Mayors, list of, 336.

McBryde, Rev. Robert, 205.

McCabe, James D., 229.

McClellan, Gen. George B., 75, 76.

McCracken, Capt. T., 170, 176, 181, 184, 261.

McCracken, Patrick, 120.

McGuire, James, hostage prisoner, 77, 78, 111, 208.

McGuire, Rev. Edward C., 204, 205, 207.

McKinley, President Wm., 278.

McKinley, Wm. and Cabinet, 262.

McLane, Wilmer, 108.

McLaws, Gen. Lafayette, 83.

McMahon, Gen. Martin T., 263, 271.

McPhail, Rev. George W., 196, 209.

McPherson, Archibald, 194, 235, 236.

McWilliams, Wm., 124, 254.

Meade, Rev. Wm., 204.

Mebane, Rev. Benj. W., D. D., 209.

Meditation Rock, 157.

Meiggs, R. J., P. M. G., 61.

Melville, John C., 148, 178.

Mercer, Capt. John, 231.

Mercer, Col. John Fenton, 231.

Mercer, Gen. Hugh, 50, 150, 162, 217, 249, 301.

Mercer, James, 46, 130, 131, 162, 220.

Mercer, Robert, 226.

Merchant, Rufus B., 228.

Metcalfe, John, 132, 141.

Miles, Gen. Nelson A., 262, 271.

Military--Fredericksburg Artillery, 72; Capt. Blackford's Co., 182; Fredericksburg Guards, 183; Mercer Rifles, 183; Washington Guards, 183; Fredericksburg Grays, 183; Coleman Guards, 184; Gordon Rifles, 184; Fredericksburg Grays (new), 184; Washington Guards reorganized, 185; Garfield Light Infantry Blues, 185.

Ministers qualify to celebrate rites of matrimony, 132.

Minor, Capt. George, 258.

Minor, John, 68, 125, 130, 140, 142, 172, 231.

Moltke, Baron Von, 268.

Monacans, Indian tribe, 16.

Moncure, John, 134.

Moncure, Mrs. Mary Knox, 154.

Moncure, Thomas, 197.

Monroe Doctrine, 310.

Monroe, James, 60, 150, 204, 264, 310, 314.

Montague, A. J., 276, 277.

Montgomery, Mrs. B. B., 325.

Moore, Austin, 28.

Moraughtacunds, Indian tribe, 17, 18.

Morgan, Gen. Daniel, 251.

Morris, Maj. T. E., 261, 262.

Morrison, Thos. F., 170.

Morrison, Wm. C., 120.

Morson, Arthur A., 134.

Mortimer, Dr. Chas., 124, 253.

Mosco, Indian guide, 13, 14, 15, 18.

Mundell, John, 64.

Murat, Catherine Willis, 243.

Murat, Prince Charles, 243.

Murdaugh, Rev. E. C., 205, 206.

Murphy, Wm. H., 167.

Myer, John H., 120, 223.

Myer, Miss Annie, 325.

Myrtle Lodge, I. O. O. F., 221.

Nandtaughtacund, Indian King, 14, 18, 19.

Napoleon Bonaparte, 310.

Napoleon, Louis, 268.

National Cemetery, 190, 191.

Nelson, Gen. Thomas., Jr., 247, 293.

Newby, James, 167.

Newspapers and Periodicals--The Virginia Herald, 225; The Genius of Liberty, 225; The Courier, 226; The Fredericksburg News, 226; The Political Arena, 226; The Christian Banner, 227; The Virginia Baptist, 227; The Democratic Recorder, 227; The Fredericksburg Ledger, 227; The Independent, 227; The Bulletin, 227; The True Standard, 227; The Recorder, 227; The Free Lance, 227; The Virginia Star, 228; The Daily Evening Star, 228; Masonic Olive Branch and Literary Portfolio, 229; The Little Gleaner, 229; The Fredericksburg Journal, 229; The Evening Journal, 229.

Normal School Building, 147.

Norton, Wm. H., hostage prisoner, 77, 79.

O'Ferrall, Gov. Charles T., 159, 276, 277.

Ould, Col. Robert, 104.

Owens, Rev. Wm. B., 93, 94.

Page, Mann, Jr., 160.

Page, Mrs. Hugh N., 322.

Passasack, Indian King, 14, 18, 19.

Patrick, Gen. M. R., 75.

Paul, John, 238.

Paul, William, 237, 238.

Pendleton, Edmund, 49, 287, 293, 296.

Perrig, Rev. J. F., 214.

Perrin, Gen. Abner, 324.

Peyton, Benj., 143.

Peyton, Capt. George H., 166, 184.

Phelps, Elijah, 61.

Pierson, Charles H., 170.

Pitcher, Molly, 246.

Pocahontas, 12, 19, 20, 264.

Political divisions, 230, 231, 233, 234.

Pollock, Capt. John G., 73.

Poor Debtors' prison bounds, 134, 135.

Poor, care of, 171, 174.

Pope, Gen. John, 75, 76, 77, 81.

Porter, Gen. Horace, 239.

Porter, John S., 183.

Port Royal, 19.

Posey, Gen. Thomas, 217, 301.

Postal investigation, 60.

Postoffice burnt, 89.

Powell, D. Lee, 183.

Powell, Rev. W. R., 227.

Powell, Smith's companion, 13.

Powers, Hiram, 218.

Powhatan, Indian King, 19, 20.

Pritchard, John, 68, 142, 180, 183.

Procter, Thomas, 168.

Proctor, Thomas F., 192.

Pryor, Mrs. Roger A., 151.

Public Buildings, 137; Courthouse, 142; City Hall, 144; Fire House, 144; Union House, 144; Colored School, 144; Wallace Library, 145.

Public Free School Board, 335.

Public Schools, 199.

Pullen, Jesse, 167.

Quinn, Capt. S. J., 147, 174, 175, 176, 192, 211, 220, 261, 277, 323.

Quisenberry, Wm. P., 167.

Ramsay, Rev. F. P., 199, 223.

Ramsay, T. H., 166.

Randolph, Gov. Edmund, 124, 304.

Randolph, John, 149.

Randolph, Peyton, 49.

Randolph, Rev. A. M., 93, 205.

Ransom, Gen. Robert, 83.

Ransom, Rev. W. L., 216.

Rapahanock, Indian King, 18.

Ratliff, Lieut. Wm., 89.

Rawls, Miss Mary, 195.

Ray, Rev. Albert, 216.

Read, James G., 197.

Reaney, Rev. W. L., 207.

Reconstruction commenced, 113.

Religious liberty, 309.

Revere, John H., 184.

Rhinehart, H. W., 197.

Richards, Mrs. F. C., D. A. R., 322, 323.

Richardson, Hon. James D., 302.

Richardson, Judge D. C., 276.

Richardson, Lieut. Wm. H., 324.

Rising Sun Tavern, 148.

Roach, Miss Agnes P., 325.

Roberts, John H., hostage prisoner, 77, 79.

Robinson, John H., 181.

Robinson, John, 39.

Robinson, Rev. Willis M., 215, 216.

Roddy, Samuel, 124.

Rolfe, Capt. John, 19, 20.

Rootes, Philip, 46.

Rootes, Thomas Reade, 153, 231.

Rosebro, Rev. J. W., D. D., 146, 199, 209.

Ross, Alexander, 46.

Rothrock, Charles M., 246.

Rowe, A. P., 160, 170, 247, 248, 260.

Rowe, A. P., Jr., 146, 262.

Rowe, Capt. M. B., 170, 174, 184, 185, 261.

Rowe, Geo. H. C., hostage prisoner, 77, 78, 103, 105.

Rowe, Josiah P., 176.

Rowe, Rev. George, 215.

Royston, John, 38, 39, 40, 41.

Ruggles, Gen. Daniel, 200.

Ruggles, Gen. Geo. D., 271, 276.

Rush, Dr. Benj., 152.

Russell, saves Smith's life, 13.

Sanford, Joseph, 68, 142, 168.

Saunders, Rev. A. P., D. D., 198, 209.

Schofield, Gen. John M., 115.

School Buildings--Union House, 144; Colored School, 144; new School Building, 145.

Schooler, Miss Willie F., 194, 197.

Schools, Fredericksburg Academy, 193; Federal Hill Female College, 194; Charity School, 194; Rev. Samuel Wilson's, 195; John Goolrick's, 196; T. H. Hanson's, 196; Rev. Geo. W. McPhail's, 196; Powell and Morrison's, 197; Richard Sterling's, 197; Mrs. John P. Little's, 197; Misses Ann and Mary Drinnan's, 197; Rev. Dr. Wm. F. Broaddus's, 197; Judge Richard H. Coleman's, 197; Wm. Caruthers's, 198; Public Schools, 199; Fredericksburg College, 198; Fredericksburg Female Seminary, 198.

Scott, Capt. Benj., 185.

Scott, Charles S., 111, 171.

Scott, Dr. Wm. S., 86.

Scott, Francis S., 134.

Scott, Gen. Winfield, 265, 314.

Scott, Hugh S., 68, 142.

Scott, John F., hostage prisoner, 77, 79.

Secobeck, 19.

Seddon, Thomas, 133.

Semple, Rev. Robert B., 210, 211.

Semple, Robert B., 138, 139, 140, 226.

Sener, Capt. J. W., 111, 120, 175, 183, 184, 201.

Sener, Hon. J. B., 128, 157, 160, 227, 248, 260.

Sentry Box, 150.

Sewell, Gen. W. J., 262, 271.

Shackleford, Rev. J. Green, 207.

Shakahonea, Indian town, 15.

Shelburne, Rev. Cephas, 214.

Shepherd, George W., 59, 149, 192, 261.

Sherman, Roger, 294.

Sickles, Gen. Daniel E., 269, 271.

Slaughter, F., 142.

Slaughter, M., hostage prisoner, 74, 77, 78, 84, 86, 87, 104, 111, 112, 126.

Slaughter, Rev. Philip, D. D., 193.

Slaughter, Wm., 68, 139, 140.

Sligo, small-pox hospital, 66.

Smith, Augustin, 39.

Smith, Austin, 30.

Smith, Capt. John, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 37, 264, 332.

Smith, Charles K., 248.

Smith, Frank W., 170.

Smith, Gen. Gustavus W., 83.

Smith, George Washington, 223.

Smith, Maj. Lawrence, 21, 37.

Smith, Miss Rebecca, 222.

Smith, Mrs. Jas. P., 158.

Smith, Rev. Jas. P., D. D., 209.

Smith, Rev. S. C., 211.

Smith, Rev. Wm. D., 205, 224, 324.

Smith, Robert, 183.

Smith, William, 22.

Smock, James, 171, 172.

Society of the Army of the Potomac, 259, 261, 271, 276.

Sockbeck, 19.

Somerville, James, 124.

Somerville, Prof. S. W., 145, 199.

Sons of Confederate Veterans, 192.

Spencer, Mrs. Lettie M., 322.

Spotswood, Governor, 22, 23, 24, 27, 32, 33, 42.

Stansbury, John L., 84.

Stearns, Frank P., 145.

Stearns, Mrs. Walter C., 223.

Stegara, Indian town, 15, 16, 19.

Sterling, Richard, 197.

Stern, Richard, 197.

Stevenson, A. E., 159, 160.

Stevenson, Carter L., 132.

Stoffregen, R. Lee, 175.

Stone, Samuel, 167.

Strasburger, Miss Bertha, 222.

Stuart, Gen. J. E. B., 86.

Sumner, Gen. E. V., 85.

Tackett, Charles E., teacher, 197, 198.

Tackett, Charles E., 166.

Taliaferro, John, 39, 42.

Tapahanock, Indian King, 19.

Tauxuntania, Indian town, 15, 16, 19.

Taylor, Col. W. W., 176.

Taylor, Mayor Richard M., 276, 277.

Taylor, Pres. Zachary, 264, 312, 314.

Taylor, William, 172.

Teasdale, Rev. John, 211.

Telephone Co., 179.

Temple, Benj., hostage prisoner, 77, 79.

Temple, Charles W., 198.

Templeman, Wm., 237.

Thanksgiving Proclamation, 306.

Thatcher, Elisha, 171.

Thom, Reuben T., 89, 205, 208.

Thornton, Ira, 42.

Thornton, Pressley, 46.

Timberlake, James, 167.

Tobacco Inspectors, oath of office, 47.

Todkill, Smith's companion, 13.

Transportation Lines--R. F. and P. R. R., 328; P. F. and P. R. R., 328; Md., Del. and Va. R. R., 329.

Tremain, Gen. Henry E., 262, 271.

Tucker, Saint George, 304.

Turner, James A., 192, 261.

Tuttle, H. B., 166.

Tyler, Gov. Hoge, 277.

Tyler, Prest. John, 264, 312, 314.

Ultz, John, 166.

Upham, Dr. J. H., 244.

U. S. Government building, 147.

Utterback, Harman, German miner, 24.

Virginia, military district No. 1, 113.

Vorhees, Hon. Daniel W., 313.

Waddy, Rev. John M., 211.

Waite, George, 221.

Walden, Rev. L. G., 215.

Walker, Dr. Thomas, 281.

Walker, George A., 184.

Walker, Joseph, 162.

Wallace, Judge A. Wellington, 126, 302, 309.

Wallace, Capt. C. Wistar, 145, 149, 184.

Wallace, Dr. J. Gordon, 74, 120.

Wallace, Gen. Gustavus B., 149, 218, 301.

Wallace, H. H., 261.

Wallace, J. Stansbury, 248.

Wallace Library, 145, 146.

Wallace, Maj. Thomas P., 146.

Wallace, Mrs. Charles, 324.

Waller, John, 39, 42.

Waller, John, Jr., 237.

Waller, Miss Mary Page, 325.

Waller, Rev. John, 209.

Waller, William, 44.

Wardwell, ----, 76.

Ware, William, 218.

Warren, William, 139, 140.

Warwick, Hon. Charles F., 248, 250.

Washington, Augustine, 42.

Washington, Bushrod, 130.

Washington, Col. Wm., 251.

Washington, George, 42, 46, 48, 49, 143, 217, 218, 253, 254, 255, 264, 299, 302, 304.

Washington, Martha, 236, 237.

Water Power, 329.

Water Works, 174, 175.

Wayman, ----, German miner, 24.

Weaver, Tillman, German miner, 24.

Weedon, Gen. George, 49, 50, 149, 150, 217, 301.

Weir, Mrs. Florence F., 322.

Wellford, Beverley R., 139, 140, 142.

Wellford, Beverley R., Jr., 79, 220.

Wellford, C. C., hostage prisoner, 64, 77, 142, 143.

Wellford, Dr. Francis P., 243.

Wellford, W. N., 169.

Wheeler, Gen. D. D., 151.

Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, 262, 271.

White, Jesse, 225, 229, 246.

White, Mrs. W. Seymour, 222.

White, Wm. H., 138, 139, 140.

White, W. Seymour, 222, 228, 248.

Whittemore, J. M., 141, 180.

Wight, Mrs. H. Theodore, 153.

Wilderness Campaign, 99, 101, 105.

Williams, Major Charles, 76, 128.

Williams, Rev. R. Aubrey, 211.

Williams, Rev. Wm. H., 211.

Willis, Catherine, 243.

Willis, Col. Byrd C., 243.

Willis, Benj. P., 146, 200, 211.

Willis, Henry, 39, 44, 45.

Willis, M. G., 177.

Willis, Rev. John C., 227.

Willis, Wm., 245.

Wilson, Rev. Samuel B., 132, 207.

Winchester, Stephen, 172.

Wodrow, Alexander, 220.

Woltz, Col. John W., 227.

Woodford, Gen. Wm., 217, 301.

Wood, Silas, 64, 143.

Wrenn, Lewis, hostage prisoner, 77, 79.

Wroten, George W., 147, 261.

Wythe, George, 168, 247, 302.

Yates, A. Bacon, 160.

Yates, Charles, 237.

Young, James, 166, 167.

Young, John James, 105, 111, 120, 201.

Young, Mary, 238.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Description of Virginia by Smith, his spelling modernized.

[2] Howison's U. S. History, from Smith.

[3] Walter Russell, in Smith.

[4] Howe's History of Virginia.

[5] Howe's History.

[6] Acts of House of Burgesses.

[7] Howe's History of Virginia.

[8] Furnished by Chas. E. Kemper, Esq.

[9] It is claimed by Rev. James Kemper that the German Reformed Church, organized at Germanna in 1714, was the first church of that denomination planted in this country.

[10] Mr. M. D. Conway, in Magazine of American History, Vol. 27, No. 3, page 186.

[11] Memoirs of a Huguenot Family, page 268.

[12] John Fontaine was the son of Rev. James Fontaine, of France, a Huguenot who fled to England to avoid religious persecution, and thence settled in Scotland, where he ended his days. The name originally was _De la Fontaine_, but John's grandfather, "from motives of humility, cut off the _De la_, the indication of the nobility of the family." John came to this country in 1716, with his brother Peter, and at once became a friend and companion of Governor Spotswood's, while Peter became a minister of ability and was very popular. From these two brothers sprang the Fontaines of this country.

[13] Austain Moore lived at Chelsea, on the Mattaponi river. He was the Governor's son-in-law.--Maury's History of Virginia.

[14] Austin Smith lived in the village or settlement afterwards named Fredericksburg. He is supposed to have been a descendant of Lawrence Smith, who commanded the fort here in 1681. He no doubt has descendants here now bearing the name of Smith, while some are known by other names.

[15] These Indians came from the Meherrin river, where Governor Spotswood owned a large body of land. He had opened a school there for the education and conversion of the Indian children, which made him quite popular with the Indians in that quarter. The Governor and Mr. Fontaine visited that part of the country a few weeks before they started on this expedition.

[16] This must be at the junction of the Rapidan and Robinson rivers.

[17] This is the Rapidan river probably.

[18] It is likely that this was Conway river, a tributary of the Rapidan, and the line between Madison and Green counties.

[19] This is unquestionably the north fork or north branch of the Rivanna river, a tributary of the James, which runs through Green county, its head waters coming from the sides of the Blue Ridge mountain.

[20] This is the Shenandoah river, as no other river in the Valley answers to Mr. Fontaine's description, and which is a very important part of his narrative. The distance of the river from the mountains and the description of the streams crossed in reaching the mountains, enable us to determine with considerable accuracy the route the Governor and his party took as they crossed the Blue Ridge into the beautiful Shenandoah Valley, "the Granary of the World." A careful inspection of the map will show that they passed through the counties of Orange, Madison and the northern portion of Green over into Rockingham, where the Shenandoah river is about seventy-five or eighty yards wide and runs within a few miles of the Blue Ridge mountains.

[21] Governor Spotswood, when he undertook the great discovery of the Passage over the Mountains, attended with a sufficient guard, and pioneers and gentlemen, with a sufficient stock of provision, with abundant fatigue passed these mountains and cut his Majesty's name in a rock upon the highest of them, naming it Mount George; and in complaisance the gentlemen from the Governor's name, called the mountain next in height Mount Alexander.

For this expedition they were obliged to provide a great quantity of horse shoes (things seldom used in the lower parts of the country, where there are few stones); upon which account the Governor, upon their return, presented each of his companions with a golden horse shoe, (some of which I have seen studded with valuable stones resembling the heads of nails,) with this inscription on one side: _Sic juvat transcendere montes_, and on the other is written the tremontane order.

This he instituted to encourage gentlemen to venture backwards, and make discoveries, and new settlements; any gentleman being entitled to wear this golden shoe that can prove his having drunk his Majesty's health upon Mount George.--Hugh Jones, 1724.

[22] This Mr. Woodford is supposed to be the father or grandfather of General Wm. Woodford, of Revolutionary fame.

[23] The town referred to in the county of King George is the town of Falmouth, on the opposite side of the river, and a mile and a half above Fredericksburg. The act that made Fredericksburg a town also gave Falmouth a legal existence. At the time of the passage of the act that territory belonged to King George county, but now to Stafford county.

[24] The water came from two springs--Poplar spring and Smith's spring.

[25] Died at Crystal Springs, Miss., March 1, 1900.

[26] This list was obtained from a diary kept by John J. Berrey while in prison.

[27] Some amusing incidents are related of Dr. Broaddus while a prisoner worth relating in these pages. The Doctor was an educated, polished gentleman, and quite a humorist. When he was received into prison the keeper proceeded in his usual manner to ascertain his name, age and place of nativity. When asked his name he said it was William F. Broaddus. "What does the F stand for?" asked the keeper. The Doctor replied that he did not know. "Don't know?" demanded the keeper. "I will tell you the circumstances," said the Doctor, "and let you decide for yourself. My name was William Francis Ferguson. I did not like the two F's and asked my mother to let me drop one. She consented and I dropped one, but I never could tell whether I dropped the one that stood for Francis or the one that stood for Ferguson. Now, can you tell me which one I dropped?" The keeper saw he was beaten, and demanded, "What is your age?" "I was born in the year of one," replied the Doctor. "What! Do you mean to tell me you are 1861 years old," shouted the keeper. "Not at all," said the Doctor. "Well, then, explain yourself," demanded the keeper, showing some impatience. "I was born in the year one of this century," responded the Doctor. "Where were you born?" indignantly asked the keeper. "Now, you've got me again," answered the Doctor. "That's a question I have long wanted settled, and I'll state the case and perhaps you can help me settle it. My birthplace at the time of my birth was in Culpeper county. Changes in county lines afterwards placed it in Rappahannock county. Now, if I were to tell you I was born in Culpeper, and you should go down there to inquire, you would find the place in Rappahannock. If I were to tell you I was born in Rappahannock and you were to investigate you would find that when I was born the place was in Culpeper and there was no Rappahannock county at the time. Now, will you please tell me where I was born?" The keeper passed him without further questions.

It was the habit of Dr. Broaddus to preach on Sunday mornings to his fellow prisoners, and such others as would come to hear him while the prison chaplain would hold services in another part of the prison. It is related of the superintendent of the prison, that in making the announcements for preaching he would cry out: "All who wish to hear the gospel according to Abraham Lincoln come this way; those who wish to hear it according to Jeff. Davis go over there," pointing to Dr. Broaddus and his congregation.

[28] The scenes of the evacuation of Fredericksburg are taken principally from "The Past, Present and Future of Fredericksburg," by Rev. Robert R. Howison, LL. D., who was aided in its preparation by diaries kept by those present at the time and the recitals of other eye witnesses, besides newspaper articles, the reports of Generals in both armies and our own knowledge, being present.

[29] See General Lafayette McLaws's report of the battle.

[30] Extract from Gen. Lafayette McLaws's official report of the battle of Fredericksburg, made to General James Longstreet--War of Rebellion, Series 1, Vol. 21, page 578.

[31] It is said that just south of the Stevens house, about a hundred yards in front of the Confederate line, lay a wounded Union soldier on the night of the 13th. His supply of water gave out. Just before daylight he began to call for water. The cry was incessant. Both lines could hear him, but no one seemed willing to venture to his relief. As the day dawned he seemed to cry louder--water, water, water; but none came. Among those who heard him, and whose heart was touched with pity, was a Confederate youth, yet in his teens. He determined to answer the call or die in the attempt; and so informed Gen. Kershaw, his commander, who tried to dissuade him from it. But his purpose was fixed, and it is said that just as "the sun was gilding the blue arch above with his golden beams," this youth took his canteen, filled with water, jumped over the stone wall, and, with form bending low, carried it to the sufferer. Just as the deed was accomplished a yell of approval went up from both Confederate and Union lines, such as was never heard before, and which was repeated time and again. The boy soldier did not have to bend his form in returning to his post. He went back a hero, and a good Samaritan, proclaimed such by both armies, and he has since been immortalized in verse. That youth was Richard Kirkland, of Co. E. 2nd S. C. Vol. He has a memorial stone in the Church of the Prince of Peace at Gettysburg, and the inscription: A hero of benevolence; at the risk of his life he gave his enemy drink at Fredericksburg. He was killed at Chickamauga.

[32] See Christ in the Camp, by Rev. J. Wm. Jones, D. D.

[33] See War of the Rebellion, Series 1, Vol. 25, Part 1, page 798.

[34] Still living.

[35] An amusing incident is told of Mr. Joyce when he was arrested. He is a native of Ireland, as every one will readily perceive when he hears him speak. When arrested he was asked in a brusque tone by the officer--"Where are you from?" He replied instantly: "Be Jasus, oim a Virginnyan, and niver denoi the place of moi netivity."

[36] See Council proceedings, June 20, 1864.

[37] That record not found. Mr. Rowe must have assisted Rev. Wm. F. Broaddus, D. D., in the release of the nineteen citizen prisoners.

[38] From Council proceedings of July 8, 1864.

[39] Not found in the Council proceedings.

[40] Mr. McLane's residence was in the midst of the first battle between the two great armies, and, strange to say, it was in the midst of the last and that the terms of surrender were written and signed in his residence. When the war broke out Mr. McLane was living in Prince William county, and at the first battle of Manassas his residence was in the thickest of the fight. He afterwards moved to Appomattox county to get out of the reach of the war. During the last engagement of the two armies his residence was between the lines, and when General Lee and General Grant met they asked for a room in the house, which was furnished them, and there the terms of surrender were written and signed.

[41] Traveller was General Lee's war horse. Every soldier in the army knew him. At the death of this faithful old horse, that had carried General Lee through the war, he was turned over to the taxidermist, who prepared and mounted him. He is now at the Soldiers' Home in Richmond, looking as natural and life-like as when he bore the Confederate Chieftain into battle, or when he moved in General Lee's funeral procession, fully equipped for the march, but without his accustomed rider.

[42] Blue and Gray.

[43] GENERAL LEE'S FAREWELL ADDRESS.

_Headquarters Army Northern Virginia, Appomattox Courthouse_, April 10, 1865.

GENERAL ORDERS, NO. 9.--After four years of arduous service, marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers.

I need not tell the brave survivors of so many hard fought battlefields, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to this result from no distrust of them, but feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish nothing to compensate for the loss that must have attended a continuation of the contest, I determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen.

By the terms of agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and remain until exchanged. You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a merciful God will extend to you his blessing and protection. With an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration of myself, I bid you all an affectionate farewell.

R. E. Lee, _General_.

[44] The assassination of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by J. Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.

[45] See Council proceedings, April 27, 1865.

[46] This amount was ascertained by Mr. St. George R. Fitzhugh, after a thorough examination of the indebtedness of the town at the close of the war, about 1895, which was published in the town papers and also in circulars and distributed.

[47] Attorney-General and Secretary of the Treasury in Washington's Cabinet.

[48] President James Monroe.

[49] Afterwards one of the Judges of the Supreme Court.

[50] Council proceedings, 1867.

[51] Some of the colored people were told by wags that the object of the bureau was to furnish a bureau to every colored family that had none, as it was composed of bureaus. Believing this to be true, some colored women are said to have driven their wagons from Caroline county to town and applied to Major Johnson for their bureau, and could not conceal their disgust when they were informed that "It was a jestis bureau they had in Fredericksburg and not a furniture bureau."

[52] Governor of Virginia in 1794-96, and afterwards Attorney-General of the State.

[53] Appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by President Washington.

[54] Wrote Mary Washington's will and was one of the witnesses to her signature.

[55] Mr. Thomas Seddon was the father of Hon. James A. Seddon, Confederate Secretary of War, and lived in the residence now owned and occupied by Mr. George W. Shepherd.

[56] Thomas B. Barton, John James Chew and Beverly R. Wellford, of the committee, were not members of the Council, but appointed from the body of the citizens.

[57] Council proceedings, July 18, 1907.

[58] See War of the Rebellion, Series 1, Vol. 21, page 590.

[59] In his excitement, Grand Master Page dedicated the monument to Mary, the mother of our illustrious brother, George _H._ Washington. A brother remarked to another, "I didn't know there was an H in Washington's name. What does it stand for?" As quick as thought the shrewd Essex lawyer responded, "Hatchet--George Hatchet!" The fun that incident excited is not over with yet.

[60] One tradition is that this drug store was at the corner of Princess Ann and Amelia streets, where Mr. John Stansbury Wallace lives; but another tradition locates it at the corner of Main and Amelia, most likely adjoining the corner house. This tradition is strengthened by finding, some time ago, while repairing the house, many old papers and other things that must have come from a drug store, and no other such store was ever known at that place.

[61] General Smith got his name Extra Billy while in the stage business, long before he was either General or Governor Smith. It is reported to have happened in this way: At certain seasons of the year, before the days of railroads, travel was very heavy and far beyond the capacity of the regular stages on the road, which was the only means of travel over land at that time. When this occurred Billy Smith, as he was called, would put on an extra stage, and if the travel still increased he would put on another, and so on, until sometimes he would have on the road four or five stages, where one usually did the work. On this account, and because of his unsurpassed politeness, he became popular with travellers. On this occasion a traveller was anxious to get to Washington, and could get no seat in the stage. In hustling around he found two or three others who were anxious to go, but, like himself, could not get accommodations on any part of the stage, and the agent declared it impossible to provide for them. The impatient and anxious traveller cried out "Where is Extra Billy?" Extra Billy was sent for, an extra stage was provided and the travellers went on their way rejoicing, but "Extra Billy" remained with Mr. Smith, following him to his grave.

[62] It is said on one occasion John Randolph, of Roanoke, stopped here. It was soon known, and the Democrats congregated to entertain him. They prepared a bowl of punch in an adjoining room, and when it was ready Mr. Randolph was invited to meet the gentlemen and join them in something to drink. In a gruff voice, he replied to the committee that waited on him, "I don't drink with strangers, and if I can't rest here one night without being disturbed by a mob, I will drive to the Sycamores." The Sycamores was a hotel twelve miles from town on the Bowling Green road. It was said he was not again disturbed.

[63] At the corner of Commerce and Charles streets, in front of this hotel, is a stone block about two and a half feet high and some two feet in diameter. It was placed there many years before the Civil war, it is said, for the sale and annual hire of slaves. The slave to be sold was required to stand on this block in the presence of the gathered traders, when he or she was "cried out" by the auctioneer to the highest bidder. Those slaves who were publicly hired out for the year also took their stand on this block and were hired out at the highest price bid. There is probably no relic in Fredericksburg that calls back more vividly the days of slavery than does this stone block.

[64] Yet living.

[65] Yet living.

[66] One of the Judges of the Court of Appeals of Virginia for fourteen years before the war, and president of said court for twelve years after the war.

[67] Slaughter's Bristol Parish. Va., 2nd edition.

[68] It is related by the "old folks" that when the ceremony closed the minister looked at the groom and said "kiss your bride." The groom, not understanding English and imagining it was some figure in the dance, innocently took the bride by the hands and merrily waltzed up and down the aisle to the amusement of the audience, but to the great mortification of the bride.

[69] Some authorities give 1735 as the date of the erection of this church.

[70] Great grandfather of Governor John L. Marye.

[71] It has been claimed, and it is probably true, that James Monroe held more important public positions in his life than any other one man, either before or since his day.

[72] A memorial tablet erected in St. George's church has this inscription: "Rev. Edward McGuire, D. D., born in Winchester, Va., July 26, 1783, died Oct. 8, 1858. During forty-five years the faithful, beloved and highly blessed pastor of St. George's church, Fredericksburg. Amiable in character, prudent in action, wise in counsel, evangelical in doctrine, experimental in preaching, he was a pastor of great influence and success, highly esteemed for his sound judgment and consistent conduct during a long and useful life."

[73] A memorial slab erected in St. George's church gives this remarkable record: "Reuben T. Thom, born 1782, died 1868. He was for 52 years a vestryman, and for 45 years senior warden of St. George's church. A father in Israel he was respected and beloved by three generations."

[74] From a communication in an old copy of the _Fredericksburg News_, furnished by Dr. Horace B. Hall.

[75] In the occupancy of this building we have this coincidence: When the members of St. George's church were building their present house, in 1849, they occupied the Methodist church, back of the park, which had been vacated for the new house on Hanover street. More than thirty years afterwards, when Trinity Episcopal church was organized, they occupied the Methodist church on Hanover street, the Methodists having moved to their new house on George street.

[76] In the Presbyterian church a marble tablet is erected with this inscription: "Samuel B. Wilson, first pastor; born March 17, 1783: died Aug. 1, 1869. They that be wise shall shine as the firmament, and they that turn many to righteousness as the stars forever and ever."

[77] On a memorial tablet erected in the church is this inscription: "Thomas Walker Gilmer, pastor, born July 25, 1834, died April 5, 1869. I know that my Redeemer liveth."

[78] Historical sketch of Fredericksburg, 1883, by Robert B. Berrey.

[79] A memorial slab in the church is thus inscribed: "In memory of Rev. Wm. F. Broaddus, D. D., born April 30, 1801, died Sept. 8, 1876. The beloved and faithful pastor of this church 1853 to 1862, through whose labors and liberality this house was built. 'He was a good man and full of the Holy Ghost and faith, and much people was added to the Lord.'"

[80] In the basement of the church is a memorial tablet inscribed as follows: "In memory of Deacon George W. Garnett, the faithful, efficient and beloved Superintendent of the Fredericksburg Baptist Sunday School for thirty consecutive years, who died July 9, 1876, aged 54 years. 'He was a faithful man, and feared God above many.' Erected by the school."

[81] Mrs. V. M. F. prepared this article.

[82] Appleton's Encyclopedia, Volume 9.

[83] Mayor Robert Lewis, a nephew of Washington, delivered the welcome address to Lafayette when he visited Fredericksburg in 1824, in which he said: "The presence of the friend of Washington excites the tenderest emotions and associations among a people, whose town enjoys the distinguished honor of having been the residence of the Father of His Country during the days of his childhood and youth."--Pamphlet of Reception of Lafayette at Fredericksburg, page 4.

"At this place, sir, which calls to our recollection several among the most honored names of the Revolutionary war, I did, many years ago, salute the first residence of our paternal chief, received the blessing of his venerated mother, and of his dear sister, your own respected parent."--Extract of General Lafayette's reply to the above.

"The city of Fredericksburg--first residence of Washington--may she more and more attain all the prosperity which independence, republicanism and industry cannot fail to procure." Sentiment offered by Lafayette at a banquet on the above occasion.

[84] Manly's Southern Literature.

[85] A son of Jonathan Clarke, who lived at Newmarket, in Spotsylvania county, and afterwards moved to Fredericksburg. For many years he was clerk of the county court of Spotsylvania. George Rodgers Clarke is said to have been born while his father lived at Newmarket.--A letter from a descendant.

[86] Jones's U. S. History.

[87] Capt. Wm. Clarke was a Fredericksburg man. He was a son of Jonathan Clarke, of Fredericksburg, who was clerk of Spotsylvania county court. He was, therefore, a brother of General Geo. Rodgers Clarke, who conquered the great northwest territory.--A letter from a descendant of Wm. Clarke. See also Maury's History of Virginia, page 158.

[88] Jones's U. S. History.

[89] General D. H. Maury's History of Va.

[90] Pointed out to the author by Mrs. Ann Maury, his widow.

[91] Paper prepared by Mrs. J. T. G.

[92] Paper prepared by Miss R. C. M.

[93] Paper prepared by Miss K. J. M.