Part 1
THE HISTORY OF THE CATNACH PRESS.
LARGE PAPER COPY.
Only Two Hundred and Fifty Printed. Each Copy numbered and Signed
[Signature: Charles Hindley.]
No. ________
_Purchased by_
____________________________________________________
_of_
____________________________________________________
_on the ___________ day of ____________ 18_____
THE HISTORY OF THE CATNACH PRESS, AT BERWICK-UPON-TWEED, ALNWICK AND NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, IN NORTHUMBERLAND, AND SEVEN DIALS, LONDON.
BY CHARLES HINDLEY, ESQ.,
_Editor of "The Old Book Collector's Miscellany; or, a Collection of Readable Reprints of Literary Rarities," "Works of John Taylor--the Water Poet," "The Roxburghe Ballads," "The Catnach Press," "The Curiosities of Street Literature," "The Book of Ready Made Speeches," "Life and Times of James Catnach, late of the Seven Dials, Ballad Monger," "Tavern Anecdotes and Sayings," "A History of the Cries of London--Ancient and Modern," etc._
London: CHARLES HINDLEY [THE YOUNGER,] BOOKSELLERS' ROW, ST. CLEMENT DANES, STRAND, W.C. 1886.
TO MR. GEORGE SKELLY, of THE MARKET PLACE, and MR. GEORGE H. THOMPSON, of BAILIFFGATE, ALNWICK, _In the County of_ NORTHUMBERLAND, THE HISTORY OF THE CATNACH PRESS.
IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR
[Signature: Charles Hindley.]
_St. James' Street, Brighton. Lady Day, 1886._
"'Tis education forms the common mind; Just as the twig is bent the tree's inclined."--_Pope._
----There can be little doubt that Jemmy Catnach, the printer, justly earned the distinction of being one of the great pioneers in the cause of promoting cheap literature--he was for a long time the great Mæcenas and Elzevir of the Seven Dials district. We do not pretend to say that the productions which emanated from his establishment contained much that was likely to enlighten the intellect, or sharpen the taste of the ordinary reader; but, to a great extent, they served well in creating an impetus in the minds of many to soar after things of a higher and more ennobling character. Whilst for the little folk his store was like the conjuror's bag--inexhaustible. He could cater to the taste and fancies of all, and it is marvellous, even in these days of a cheap press, to look back upon the time when this enterprising man was by a steady course of action, so paving the way for that bright day in the annals of Britain's history, when every child in the land should be educated.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION OR A PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE UNDER DIFFICULTIES.
----Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it.--BOSWELL, _Life of Johnson_.
That history repeats itself is fairly and fully exemplified by the reproduction of "THE CATNACH PRESS," the _first_ edition of which was published in 1869, and "GUARANTEED ONLY TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY COPIES PRINTED."--Namely: 175 on fine, and 75 on extra-thick paper. _Each copy numbered._ The outer and descriptive title set forth that the work contained:--
"A COLLECTION of Books and Wood-cuts of James Catnach, late of Seven Dials, Printer, consisting of Twenty Books of the Cock Robin-Class, from, 'This is the House that Jack Built,' to 'Old Mother Hubbard,' (printed with great care) _specialite_ at THE CATNACH PRESS, from the old plates and woodcuts, prior to their final destruction, to which is added a selection of Catnachian wood-cuts, many by Bewick, and many of the most anti-Bewickian character it is possible to conceive."
The announcement of the publication of the work was first made known through the medium of the metropolitan press, some few days prior to the copies being delivered by the book-binders, and so great was the demand of the London and American trade, that every copy was disposed of on the day of issue.
The work is now eagerly sought after by book collectors who indulge in literary rarities.
While engaged in collecting information for "The Catnach Press," and interviewing the producers of ballads, broadsides and chap-books, we met with a vast assemblage of street-papers and of a very varied character, which we proposed to publish in quarto form under the title of "The Curiosities of Street Literature," and when in London in 1869, still seeking for information on the subject, met by mere chance in the Strand with the street ballad singer of our youth, one Samuel Milnes, who used between the years of 1835 and 1842 to visit Fetter Lane every Thursday with the newest and most popular ballad of the day. We so often met with him at other times and places in and about London in after years that a peculiar kind of a friendly feeling grew up towards him in preference to all other street ballad singers of the time, so much so that at our meetings--and friendly greetings, we invariably purchased the ballad he was singing, or, gave him a few halfpence as a fee for having detained him from his calling--or shall we say bawling, for to tell the truth, Samuel Milnes was but a very indifferent vocalist.
Time rolled on--"still on it creeps, each little moment at another's heels"--and we continued to meet our old ballad singer either in London or Brighton. The meeting with him on this particular occasion was most opportune for we wanted him. First we obtained from him "Wait for the Turn of the Tide," and "Call her back and kiss her," then the following information:--
"Oh, yes, I remember you, remember you well; particularly when I see you down at Brighton: when you treated me to that hot rum and water; when I was so wet and cold, at a little snug public-house in one of the streets that leads off the main street. I don't remember the name on it now, but I remembers the rum and water well enough; it was good. You said it would be, and so it was, and no mistake. How old am I now? Why, 59. How long have I been at it? Why, hard on fifty years. I was about nine or ten year old--no, perhaps I might have been 12 year old, when I come to think on it. Yes, about 12 year old; my mother was a widow with five children, and there was a boy in our street as used to go out singing ballads, and his mother said to my mother, 'Why don't you let your boy (that's me) go out and sing ballads like my boy.' And I said I didn't mind, and I did go out, and I've been at it ever since, so you see 'aint far short of 50 year. How many do I sell in a day? Well, not so many as I used to do, by a long way. I've sold me four and five quires a-day, but I don't sell above two and three dozen a-day now. That's all the difference you see, sir--dozens against quires. How do I live then? Why, you see I am so well-known in different parts of London, that lots and lots of people comes up to me like you always do--and say's--'How do you do, old fellow? I remember you when I was a boy, if it's a man, and when I was a girl, if it's a woman.' And says, 'So you are still selling songs, eh?' Then they give me a few coppers; some more and some less than others, and says they don't want the songs. Some days--very often--I've had more money given me than I've took for the ballads. Yes, I have travelled all over England--all over it I think--but the North's the best--Manchester, Liverpool, and them towns; but down Bath and Cheltenham way I was nearly starved. I was coming back from that way, I now remember, when I met you, sir, at Brighton that time. I buy my ballads at various places--but now mostly over the water, because I live there now and it's handiest. Mr. Such, the printer, in Union-street in the Borough. Oh! yes, some at Catnach's--leastways, it ain't Catnach's now, it's Fortey's. Yes, I remember 'old Jemmy Catnach' very well; he wa'n't a bad sort, as you say; leastways, I've heard so, but I never had anything of him. I always paid for what I had, and did not say much to him, or he to me--Writing the life of him, are you indeed? No, I can't give you no more information about him than that, because, as I said before, I bought my goods as I wanted them, and paid for them, then away on my own account and business. Well he was a man something like you--a little wider across the shoulders, perhaps, but about such a man as you are. I did know a man as could have told you a lot about "old Jemmy," but he's dead now; he was one of his authors, that is, he wrote some of the street-ballads for him, and very good ones they used to be, that is, for selling. Want some old 'Dying Speeches' and 'Cocks,' do you indeed; well, I a'nt got any--I don't often 'work' them things, although I have done so sometimes, but I mostly keep to the old game--'Ballads on a Subject.' You see them other things are no use only just for the day, then they are no use at all, so we don't keep them--I've often given them away. You'd give sixpence a piece for them, would you, indeed, sir; then I wish I had some of them. Now I come to think of it I know a man that did have a lot of them bye him, and I know he'd be glad to sell them, I don't know where he lives, but I sometimes see him. Oh! yes, a letter would find me. My name is Samuel Milnes, and I live at No. 81, Mint-street, that's in the Borough; you know, Guagar is the name at the house. Thank you, sir, I'm much obliged. Good day sir."
Our next adventure--in pursuit of knowledge under difficulties--occured at Brighton in the month of August, 1869, and when we were winding our way through a maze of small streets lying between Richmond and Albion Hills, in the Northern part of the town, our ears voluntarily "pricked up," on hearing the old familiar sounds of a 'street, or running patterer' with the stereotyped sentences of "Horrible."--"Dreadful."--"Remarkable letters found on his person."--"Cut down by a labouring man."--"Quite dead."--"Well-known in the town."--"Hanging."--"Coroner's Inquest."--"Verdict."--"Full particulars."--"Most determined suicide."--"Brutal conduct."--&c., &c., _Only a ha'penny!--Only a ha'penny!_ Presently we saw the man turn into a wide court-like place, which was designated by the high-sounded name of "SQUARE," and dedicated to RICHMOND; hither we followed him, and heard him repeat the same detached sentences, and became a purchaser for--'_only a ha'penny!_' when to our astonishment we discovered a somewhat new phrase in cock or catchpenny selling. Inasmuch as our purchase consisted of the current number (253) of the _Brighton Daily News_--a very respectable looking and well printed Halfpenny Local Newspaper, and of that day's publication, and did in reality contain an account of a most determined suicide of an old and highly respected inhabitant of Brighton and set forth under the heading of:--
THE DETERMINED SUICIDE OF AN AGED ARTIST. REMARKABLE LETTERS OF DECEASED.
Calling the man aside, we ventured upon a conversation with him in the following form:--
----"Well, governor, _how does the cock fight?_" "Oh, pretty well, sir; but it ain't a cock; its a genuine thing--the days for cocks, sir, is gone bye--cheap newspapers 'as done 'em up." "Yes; we see this is a Brighton Newspaper of to-day." "Oh, yes, that's right enough--but its all true." "Yes; we are aware of that and knew the unfortunate man and his family; but you are vending them after the old manner." "That's all right enough, sir,--you see I can sell 'em better in that form than as a newspaper--its more natural like for me: I've sold between ten and twelve dozen of 'em to-day." "Yes; but how about to-morrow?" "Oh, then it will be all bottled up--and I must look for a new game, I'm on my way to London, but a hearing of this suicide job, I thought I'd work 'em just to keep my hand in and make a bob or two." To our question of "Have you got any real old 'cocks' by you?" He replied, "No, not a bit of a one; I've worked 'em for a good many years, but it 'aint much of a go now. Oh, yes, I know'd 'old Jemmy Catnach' fast enough--bought many hundreds, if not thousands of quires of him. Not old enough? Oh, 'aint I though; why I'm turned fifty, and I've been a 'street-paper' seller all my life. I knows Muster Fortey very well; him as is got the business now in the Dials--he knows his way about, let him alone for that; and he's a rare good business man let me tell you, and always been good and fair to me; that I will say of him."
Having rewarded the man with a few half-pence to make him some recompense for having detained him during his business progress, we parted company.
While still prosecuting our enquiries for information on the literature of the streets, we often read of, and heard mention made of, a Mr. John Morgan, as one of the "Seven Bards of the Seven Dials" and his being best able to assist us in the matter we had in hand. The first glimpse we obtained of the Poet! in print was in an article entitled "The Bards of the Seven Dials and their Effusion" and published in "THE TOWN," of 1839, a weekly journal, conducted by the late Mr. Renton Nicholson, better known as "Baron Nicholson," of Judge and Jury notoriety:--
REVIEW.
_The Life and Death of John William Marchant_, who suffered the extreme penalty of the law, in front of the Debtor's door, Newgate, on Monday, July 8th, 1839, for the murder of Elizabeth Paynton, his fellow servant, on the seventeenth of May last, in Cadogan Place, Chelsea. By John Morgan. London: J. Catnach, 2 and 3, Monmouth Court, 7 Dials.
The work is a quarto page, surrounded with a handsome black border. "Take no thought for to-morrow, what thou shalt eat, or what thou shalt put on," says a certain writer, whose wisdom we all reverence, and then he adds "Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof"--a remark particularly applicable to the bards of Seven Dials, whose pens are kept in constant employment by the fires, rapes, robberies, and murders, which, from one year's end to the other, present them with a daily allowance of evil sufficient for their subsistence. But, at present, it is only one of these poets, "John Morgan," as he modestly signs himself, whom we are about to notice; and as some of our readers may be curious to see a specimen of the poetry of Seven Dials, we shall lay certain portions of John Morgan's last effusion before them, pointing out the beauties and peculiarities of the compositions as we go along. After almost lawyer-like particularity as to dates and places, the poem begins with an invocation from the murderer in _propria personæ_.
"Oh! give attention awhile to me, All you good people of each degree; In Newgate's dismal and dreary cell, I bid all people on earth farewell."
Heaven forbid, say we, that _all_ the people on earth should ever get in Newgate, to receive the farewell of such a blood-thirsty miscreant.
"John William Marchant is my name, I do confess I have _been to blame_."
And here we must observe that the poet makes his hero speak of his offence rather too lightly, as if, indeed, it had been nothing more than a common misdemeanour.
"I little thought, my dear parents kind, I should leave this earth with a troubled mind."
Now this _is_ modest; he is actually surprised that his parents are at all grieved at the idea of getting rid of such a scoundrel, and well he might be.
"I lived as servant in Cadogan Place, And never thought this would be my case, To end my days on the fatal tree: Good people, pray drop a tear for me."
There is a playfulness about the word "drop," introducing just here after "the fatal tree," which, in our mind, somewhat diminishes the plaintiveness of the entreaty; but we must not be hypocritical.
* * * * *
Then comes his trial and condemnation, the account of which is most remarkable precise and pithy.
"At the Old Bailey I was tried and cast, And the dreadful sentence on me was past On a Monday morning, alas! to die, And on the eight of this month of July."
A marvellous particularity as to dates, intended, doubtless, to show the convicts anxiety that, although he died young, his name should live long in the minds of posterity. Then follows his farewell to father and mother, and an impudent expression of confidence that his crime will be forgiven in heaven, an idea, by-the-by, which is reported to have been confirmed by the Ordinary of Newgate, who told him that the angels would receive him with great affection; and this it was, perhaps, which induced our bard of Seven Dials to represent his hero as coolly writing poetry up to the very last moment of his existence; taking his farewell of the public in these words:--
"Adieu, good people of each degree, And take a warning, I pray, by me; The bell is tolling, and I must go, And leave this world of misery and woe."
But we cannot exactly see what business the fellow--"a pampered menial," had to speak ill of the world, when he was very comfortably off in it, and might have lived long and happily if it had not been for his own wickedness; a hint which we throw out for the benefit of Mr. John Morgan, in his future effusions, trusting he will not make his heroes die grumby, when poetic justices does not require it.
But we must now take our leave, with a hearty wish to the whole fraternity of Seven Dials' bards, that they may never go without a dinner for want of the means of earning it, or that, in other words, though they seem somewhat contradictory, "Sufficient unto the day may be the evil thereof."
Again, the writer of an article on "Street Ballads," in the "National Review," for October, 1861, makes the following remarks:--
"This Ballad--'Little Lord John out of Service'--is one of the few which bear a signature--it is signed 'John Morgan' in the copy which we possess. For a long time we believed this name to be a mere _nom-de-plume_; but the other day in Monmouth Court, we were informed, in answer to a casual question that this is the real name of the author of some of the best comic ballads. Our informant added that he is an elderly, we may say old, gentleman, living somewhere in Westminster; but the exact whereabouts we could not discover. Mr. Morgan followed no particular visible calling, so far as our informant knew, except writing ballads, by which he could not earn much of a livelihood, as the price of an original ballad, in these buying-cheap days, has been screwed down by the publishers to somewhere about a shilling sterling. Something more like bread-and-butter might be made, perhaps, by poets who were in the habit of singing their own ballads, as some of them do, but not Mr. Morgan. Should this ever meet the eye of that gentleman (a not very probable event, we fear), we beg to apologise for the liberty we have taken in using his verses and name, and hope he will excuse us, having regard to the subject in which we are humble fellow-labourers. We could scarcely avoid naming him, the fact being that he is the only living author of street-ballads whose name we know. That self-denying mind, indifferent to worldly fame, which characterised the architects of our cathedrals and abbeys, would seem to have descended on our ballad-writers; and we must be thankful, therefore, to be able to embalm and hand down to posterity a name here and there, such as William of Wykeham, and John Morgan. In answer to our inquiries in this matter, generally, we have been told, 'Oh, anybody writes them,' and with that answer we have had to rest satisfied. But in presence of that answer, we walk about the streets with a new sense of wonder, peering into the faces of those of our fellow-lieges who do not carry about with them the external evidence of overflowing exchequers, and saying to ourselves, 'That man may be a writer of ballads.'"
At every enquiry we made for information in regard to street-literature, we still continued to be referred to Mr. John Morgan as the most likely person living to supply what we needed on the subject.
But the grave question arose in our own minds of the How, When, and Where: could we find out and interview this said Mr. John Morgan, Poet! First we made enquiry at the office of Mr. Taylor, Printer of Ballads, &c., 92 and 93, Brick Lane, Spitalfields, but, they "had not the least idea where we could find him. In fact they had only heard of him as a ballad-writer, and knew nothing about where he lived, never having employed him: had perhaps printed some of his ballads. Thought Mr. Such, of the Borough, might give some information, but, sure to find out all about him in the Seven Dials district."
Mr. H. Such, Machine Printer and Publisher, 177, Union Street, Borough, S.E., on being applied to could give us no positive information as to the whereabout of Mr. John Morgan--he knew him, but where he lived he could not tell. Mr. Fortey or Mr. Disley, in the Dials-way, would be most likely to know.
Mr. William S. Fortey, (late A. Ryle, successor to the late J. Catnach), Printer, Publisher, and Wholesale Stationer, 2 and 3, Monmouth Court, Seven Dials, London, W., on being applied to could not exactly tell where Mr. John Morgan did live, it was somewhere Westminster-way: it was very uncertain when he should next see him, because he did not sometimes call in for weeks together, yet he might by chance see him to-morrow, or the next day. Anyway, we felt that we had no right to press the question any further, more particularly so because Mr. Fortey had been very civil and obliging to us on other occasions--in fact we have been under great and lasting obligations to him, so changed the conversation.
Mr. Henry Disley, Printer, 57, High Street, St. Giles', London, who we found to be a very genial sort of a man, and that he had formerly been in the service of James Catnach; he was working in his front shop at a small hand-press on some cards relative to a forthcoming FRIENDLY LEAD,[1] to be held at a public-house in the immediate neighbourhood, while Mrs. Disley was hard at work colouring some Christmas Carols, and which she did with a rapidity that was somewhat astonishing. In answer to our inquiry whether he knew of one John Morgan--who was--as we described him, "something of a song writer." Well! both Mr. and Mrs. Disley together--"did know him--should think they did." But when we came to enquire about his private address they knew nothing about that. He (Mr. Morgan) wrote ballads for them at times: often called on them--whenever he did it was always to sell a _good_ ballad he had on hand, or to tell them what _bad_ times it was with him: but as to where he lived, beyond that it was somewhere Westminster-way, they did not know--in fact, had not the least idea. But, most likely, Mr. Fortey, him in Monmouth Court, did. Yes! come to think of it, he would be sure to know.
The very unsatisfactory and evasive answers received in reference to the address of Mr. John Morgan gave a zest to our zeal in the matter--so much so, that we then determined "to work the oracle" out in our way.