CHAPTER II.

[1] The biographical details are to a great extent drawn from Forsyth's Life of Cicero.

[2] Or _diosaemeia_.

[3] _Pro Quintio._

[4] _Pro S. Roscio Amerino._

[5] See _De Off._ ii. 14.

[6] _Pro Roscio Comoedo_.

[7] _Pro M. Tullio_.

[8] _Divinatio in Caecilium_.

[9] In Verrem. The titles of the separate speeches are _De Praetura Urbana_, _De Iurisdictione Siciliensi_, _De Frumento_, _De Signis_, _De Suppliciis_.

[10] _Pro Fonteio_.

[11] _Pro Caecina_.

[12] _Pro Matridio_ (lost).

[13] _Pro Oppio_ (lost).

[14] _Pro Fundanio_ (lost).

[15] _Pro A. Cluentio Habito_.

[16] _Pro lege Manilia_.

[17] _Pro G. Cornelio_.

[18] _In toga candida_.

[19] _Pro. Q. Gellio_ (lost).

[20] _De lege Agraria_.

[21] _Pro C. Rabirio_.

[22] _Pro Calpurnio Pisone_ (lost).

[23] _In L. Catilinam_.

[24] _Pro Muraena_.

[25] _Pro Cornelio Sulla_ (lost).

[26] _Pro Archia poeta_.

[27] _Pro Scip. Nasica_.

[28] _Orationes Consulares_.

[29] _Pro A. Themio_ (lost).

[30] _Pro Flacco_.

[31] _Orationes post reditum_. They are _ad Senatum_, and _ad Populum_.

[32] _De domo sua_.

[33] _De haruspicum responsis_.

[34] _Pro L. Bestia_.

[35] _Pro Sextio_.

[36] _De Provinciis Consularibus_.

[37] _Pro Coelio_.

[38] Pro Can. Gallo_ (lost).

[39] _In Pisonen_.

[40] _Pro Plancio_.

[41] _Pro Scauro_ (lost).

[42] Pro G. Rabirio Postumo_ (lost).

[43] _Pro T. Annia Milone_.

[44] _Pro Marcello_.

[45] _Pro Q. Ligario_.

[46] _Pro Rege Deiotaro_.

[47] _Orationes Philippicae in M. Antonium_ xiv.

[48] Such are the speeches for the Manilian law, for Marcellus, Archias, and some of the later Philippics in praise of Octavius and Servius Sulpicius.

[49] It will be remembered that Milo and Clodius had encountered each other on the Appian Road, and in the scuffle that ensued, the latter had been killed. Cicero tries to prove that Milo was not the aggressor, but that, even if he had been, he would have been justified, since Clodius was a pernicious citizen dangerous to the state.

[50] Rosc. Com. 7.

[51] In Verr. ii. v. 11.

[52] In Vatin. 2.

[53] Pro Font. 11.

[54] Pro Rabir. Post. 13.

[55] Cat. iii. 3.

[56] Pro Coel. 3.

[57] Phil. ii. 41.

[58] In Verr. v. 65.

[59] Pro Coel. 6.

[60] Pro Cluent. pass.

[61] Forsyth; p. 544.

[62] He himself quotes with approval the sentiment of Lucilius:

nec doctissimis; Manium Persium haec legere nolo; Iunium Congum volo.

[63] _De Republica_, _De Legibus_ and _De Officiis_.

[64] N. D. ii. 1, fin.

[65] De Off. i. 43.

[66] See Acad. Post. ii. 41.

[67] De Off. i. 2.

[68] De Fin. ii. 12.

[69] De Fin. ii. 12.

[70] _E.g._ the sophisms of the Liar, the Sorites, and those on Motion.

[71] Ac. Post. 20.

[72] De Leg. i. 13 fin. Perturbatricem autem harum omnium rerum Academian hanc ab Arcesila et Carneado recentem exoremus ut sileat. Nam si invaserit in haec, quae satis scite nobis instructa et composita videntur, nimias edet ruinas. Quam quidem ego placare cupio, submovere non audeo.

[73] i. 28.

[74] Tusc, i. 12, a very celebrated and beautiful passage.

[75] The Paradoxes are--(1) _oti monon to kalon agathon_, (2) _oti autarkaesaearetae pros eudaimonian_, (3) _oti isa ta amartaemata kai ta katorthomata_, (4) _oti pas aphron mainetai_. We remember the treatment of this in Horace (S. ii. 3). (5) _oti monos o sophos eleutheros kai pas athron doulos_, (6) _oti monos o sophos plousios_.

[76] A well-known fragment of the sixth book, the _Somnium Scipionis_, is preserved in Macrobius.

[77] _Latrant homines, non loquuntur_ is his strong expression, and in another place he calls the modern speakers _clamatores non oratores_.

[78] Calamus.

[79] Atramentum.

[80] Called _Librarii_ or _A manu_.

[81] Caesar generally used as his cipher the substitution of d for a, and so on throughout the alphabet. It seems strange that so extremely simple a device should have served his purpose.

[82] This is Servius's spelling. Others read _Temelastis_, or _Talemgais_, Orelli thinks perhaps the title may have been _ta en elasei_ (_Taenelasi_, corrupted to _Tamelastis_) _i.e._ de profectione sua, about which he tells us in the first Philippic.

[83] Brut. 75.

[84] Brut. 80.

[85] Sextilius Ena, a poet of Corduba. The story is told in Seneca, Suas. vi.