Chapter 79

[1] Cicero went so far as to write some short commentarii on his consulship in Greek, and perhaps in Latin also; but they were not edited until after his death, and do not deserve the name of histories.

[2] Cf. _ad. Fam._; v. 12, 1, and vi. 2, 3.

[3] X. i. 31. He calls it _Carmen Solutum_.

[4] See _Bell. Civ_. i. 4, 6, 8, 30; iii. 1.

[5] "_Clementia tua_," was the way in which he caused himself to be addressed on occasions of ceremony.

[6] B. G. iv. 12.

[7] B. G. ii. 34. and iii. 16.

[8] Ib. see vii. 82.

[9] It was then that, as Suetonius tells us, Caesar declared that Pompey knew not how to use a victory.

[10] B. G. v. 36.

[11] Ib. iii. 25.

[12] Ib. i. 6, 7.

[13] Ib. iii. 59.

[14] B. G. iii. 7.

[15] Suetonius thus speaks (_Vit. Caes._ 24) of his wanton aggression, "_Nec deinde ulla belli occasione ne iniusti quidem ac periculosi abstinuit tam federatis tam infestis ac feris gentibus ultro lacessitis._" An excellent comment on Roman lust of dominion.

[16] I am told by Professor Rolleston that Caesar is here mistaken. The pine, by which he presumably meant the Scotch fir, certainly existed in the first century B.C.; and as to the beech, Burnham beeches were then fine young trees. Doubtless changes have come over our vegetation. The linden or lime is a Roman importation, the small-leaved species alone being indigenous; so is the English elm, which has now developed specific differences, which have caused botanists to rank it apart. There is, perhaps, some uncertainty as to the exact import of the word _fagus_.

[17] B. G. vi. 11, _sqq._

[18] Phars. i. 445-457.

[19] B. G. vi. 19.

[20] Ib. iii. 20.

[21] Ib. iv. 5.

[22] Ib. see i. 30; ii. 30.

[23] Ib. ii. 17; v. 5. Ib. iii. 16, 49, and many other passages.

[24] B. G. ii. 16, 207.

[25] Brut. lxxv. 262.

[26] "_Calamistris inurere_," a metaphor from curling the hair with hot irons. The entire description is in the language of sculpture, by which Cicero implies that Caesar's style is statuesque.

[27] "_Praerepta non praebita facultas._"

[28] B. C. ii. 27, 28.

[29] Ib. i. 67.

[30] Ib. iii. 78. Compare also the brilliant description of the siege of Salonae iii. 7.

[31] _Vell. Pat._ ii. 73.

[32] _De Or._ iii. 12.

[33] See _Aul. Gell._ i. 10.

[34] The word _ambactus_ (= _cliens_); and the forms _malacia_, _detrimentosus_, _libertati_ (abl.), _Senatu_ (dat.). But these last can be paralleled from Cicero.

[35] B. H. 5.

[36] Id. 5.

[37] Id. 33.

[38] Id. 31.

[39] Id. 5.

[40] Id. 15.

[41] Id. 19.

[42] _E.g._ 20.

[43] Ib.

[44] Tac. De Or. 21. "Non alius contra Ciceronem nominaretur." Quint. x. i. 114.

[45] _Elegantia_, Brut. 72, 252.

[46] The best will be found in Suet. Jul. Caes. vi. Aul. Gel. v. 13, xiii. 3. Val. Max. v. 3. Besides we can form some idea of them from the analysis of them in his own Commentaries.

[47] _De Analogia_, in two books, Suet. 56.

[48] Brut. lxxii.

[49] See the long quotation in Gall. xix. 8.

[50] Gell. ix. 14.

[51] Charis. i. 114.

[52] Ibid.

[53] Gell. vii. 9.

[54] Prisc. i. 545.

[55] Cassiod. ex Annaeo Cornuto.--_De Orthog._ col. 2228.

[56] Macrob. i. 16.

[57] _E.g._ Macrob. Sat. i. 16. Plin. xviii. 26.

[58] Sat. vi. 334.

[59] Cicero calls them _Vituperationes_, ad Att. xii. 41.

[60] Suet. Caes. 77.

[61] Suet. 78.

[62] Ib. 75. Flor. iv. 11, 50.

[63] Ib. 74.

[64] _Doctis Iupiter! et laboriosis_, Cat. i. 7.

[65] More particularly the life of his friend Atticus, which breathes a really beautiful spirit, though it suppresses some traits in his character which a perfectly truthful account would not have suppressed.

[66] This is Nipperdey's arrangement.

[67] Hist. Rom. vol. viii.

[68] ii. 2.

[69] i. 2.

[70] They are fully expounded in the second volume of Roby's Latin Grammar.

[71] Unless _Cotus_ be thought a more accurate representative of the Greek.

[72] Nipperdey, xxxvi.-xxxviii. quoted by Teuffel.

[73] Dunlop, ii. p. 146.

[74] Suet. Caes. 45.

[75] Ib. 56.

[76] _Victrix causa deis placuit, sed victa Catoni._--Phars. i. 128.

[77] Catil. 53.

[78] _Cat._ 3. The chapter is very characteristic; _Jug._ 3, scarcely less so.

[79] Suet. Gram. 15, tells us that a freedman of Pompey named Lenaeus vilified Sallust; he quotes one sentence: _Nebulonem vita scriptisque monstrosum; praeterea priscorum Catonisque ineruditissimum furem_. Cf. Pseudo-Cic. Decl. in Sall. 8; Dio. Hist. Rom. 43, 9.

[80] _Res gestas carptim ut quaeque memoria digna videbantur, perscribere_. Cat. 4.

[81] Anson, id. iv. _ad Nepotem_ implies that he began his history 90 B.C. Cf. Plutarch, _Compar. of Sulla and Lysander_. And see on this controversy Dict. Biog. s. v. _Sallust_.

[82] Jug. 95.

[83] Suet. J. C. 3.

[84] _A spe, metu, partibus, liber_.--Cat. 4; cf. Tac. Hist. i. 1. So in the Annals, _sine ira et studio_.

[85] This is not certain, but the consensus of scholars is in favour of it.

[86] Cat. 31, Cicero's speech is called _luculenta atque utilis Reipublicae_, cf. ch. 48.

[87] Ib. 8, 41, compared with Caes. B. C. ii. 8; iii. 58, 60.

[88] Ib. 1, compared with 52 (Caesar's speech).

[89] See esp. Cat. 54.

[90] Jug. 15.

[91] Ib. 67.

[92] Jug. 31.

[93] Cat. 35, 43; cf. also ch. 49.

[94] Jug. 95.

[95] Cat. 5.

[96] Jug. 6, _sqq._

[97] Cat. 15, and very similarly Jug. 72.

[98] Quint. x. 1. _Nec opponere Thucydidi Sallustium verear_. The most obvious imitations are, Cat. 12, 13, where the general decline of virtue seems based on Thuc. iii. 82, 83; and the speeches which obviously take his for a model.

[99] As instances we give--_multo maxime miserabile_ (Cat. 36), _incultus, ûs_ (54), _neglegisset_ (Jug. 40), _discordiscus_ (66), &c. Poetical constructions are--_Inf_. for _gerund_, often; _pleraque nobilitas_ for _maxima pars nobilium_ (Cat. 17). For _asyndeton_ cf. Cat. 5, _et saepiss._

[100] Cat. 10. The well-known line _os ch' eteron men kenthoi eni phresin, allo os bazoi_, is the original.

[101] Ib. i. 1, _virtus clara aeternaque habetur; obedientia finxit_.

[102] It should perhaps be noticed that many MSS. spell the name Salustius.