CHAPTER II

THE HISTORICAL POSITION OF ART ON THE CONTINENT

English influence upon the art of the Continent from the middle of the eighteenth century.--Sturm-und-Drang period in literature.--Rousseau.--Goethe's "Werther."--Schiller's "Robbers."--Spain: Francis Goya, his pictures and etchings.--France: Antoine Watteau frees himself from "baroque" influences, and directs the tendency of French art towards the Low Countries.--Pastel: Maurice Latour, Rosalba Carriera, Liotard.--Society painters: Lancrat, Pater.--The decorative painters: François Lemoine, François Boucher, Fragonard.--"Society" turns virtuous.--Jean Greuze.--Middle-class society and its depicter, Jean Baptiste Siméon Chardin.--Germany: Lessing frees the drama from the classical yoke of Boileau, and, following the English, produces in "Minna" the first domestic tragedy.--Daniel Chodowiecki as the portrayer of the German middle class.--Tischbein goes back to the national past.--Posing disappears in portrait painting.--Antoine Pesne.--Anton Graff.--Christian Lebrecht Vogel.--Johann Edlinger.--The revival of landscape.--Rousseau's influence.--English garden-style succeeds the French style.--Disappearance of "nature choisie" in painting.--Hubert Robert.--Joseph Vernet.--Salomon Gessner.--Ludwig Hess.--Philip Hackert.--Johann Alexander Thiele.--Antonio Canale.--Bernardo Canaletto.--Francesco Guardi.--Don Petro Rodriguez de Miranda.--Don Mariano Ramon Sanchez.--The animal painters: François Casanova, Jean Louis de Marne, Jean Baptiste Oudry, Johann Elias Riedinger.--An event in the history of art: in place of the prevailing Cinquecento and the "sublime style of painting" degraded at the close of the seventeenth century, a simple and sincere art succeeds throughout the whole of Europe.--Return to what Dürer and the Little Masters of the sixteenth century and the Dutch of the seventeenth century originated 41