Chapter 42

~Tyburn~: a brook which gave its name to the place Tyburn, where the Marble Arch now stands.

~Westbourne~: this brook has given its name to Westbourne Park, in Paddington.

~Holywell~ may be remembered by Holywell Street, in the Strand.

~Clerkenwell~ is named after the Parish Clerks' Well, round which they used to perform their 'mysteries.'

~quarterstaff~: a long staff used as a weapon of defence, and held in the middle and also one quarter way from the end.

~tabor~: a kind of small drum beaten with one drumstick.

~consuls~: the chief magistrates of Rome: two of them with equal power came into office every year.

~senatorial~: appointed and controlled by the senate or governing council of Rome.

~venison~ (pronounced _ven'-zon_): the flesh of deer.

~cleric~: a clergyman.

~abbot~: the head of an abbey or monastery.

~magnate~: a great man, a man of great wealth and rank. (Latin _magnus_, great.)

~metropolitan~: the bishop of a metropolis or chief cathedral city, as Canterbury is the metropolis of England in this sense.

~ordinances~: laws, commands.

15. LONDON BRIDGE. PART I.

~Architect~: one who designs buildings and superintends the building of them.

~Jewry~: the district in a town inhabited by the Jews; for in early times the Jews were not allowed to live where they liked, but only in quarters assigned to them. The street now called Old Jewry turns out of the Poultry, on the north side.

~essential~: something very important and that cannot be done without.

~intercommunication~: intercourse; dealings between people which are made much easier by having good roads and bridges to travel on.

~La Rochelle~: a seaport in France on the Atlantic, some distance north of Bordeaux.

~Saintes~: a French town about thirty-eight miles from La Rochelle.

~St. Thomas Becket~, the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury, who was canonised, that is, named a saint after his death.

~titular~: giving his name to the bridge.

~crypt~: an underground or lower room used as a chapel or burying-place.

16. LONDON BRIDGE. PART II.

~King Edward I~: 1272-1307 A.D.

~haberdashers~: dealers in 'small wares' such as cotton, tape, needles, and pins.

~Hans Holbein~: a celebrated German painter who came to live in England and was introduced to Henry VIII.

~marine painters~: artists who excel in painting boats, ships, and sea scenes. (Latin _mare_, the sea.)

~'shooting' the bridge~: passing through the arches in a boat.

~Queen Henrietta~ was the queen of Charles I. of England. After the Civil War she withdrew to France, where she died in 1669.

~Rubens~: a very celebrated Flemish painter, born in 1577, died at Antwerp in 1640.

~Sir Thomas Wyatt~ headed a rebellion in Kent, which was provoked by Mary's marriage with Philip of Spain and the restoration of Roman Catholicism. He was about to cross London Bridge, but finding this impossible crossed the Thames at Kingston. The rising was a failure, and Wyatt was executed, 1554.

~Sir William Wallace~: a brave Scotch gentleman who led the Scotch against Edward I., who was trying to deprive Scotland of its independence. Wallace was finally taken and executed as a traitor at Tyburn, 1305.

~Jack Cade~ headed a rebellion in Kent in 1450 through dissatisfaction with the government of Henry VI.: 30,000 rebels gathered on Blackheath, but the movement ended in failure and Cade was slain.

~Sir Thomas More~: the good and learned chancellor of Henry VIII., and author of a famous book called 'Utopia.' He was executed as a traitor in 1535.

~St. Thomas-on-the-Bridge~: that is, Thomas Becket, to whom the bridge was dedicated.

~pageant~: a splendid show or procession.

~ex-apprentice~: one who has been once an apprentice.

17. THE TOWER OF LONDON. PART I.

~Dominate~: to lord over, to overawe, to be master of. (Latin _dominus_, a master, lord.)

~Crusade~: an expedition under the banner of the _Cross_ to recover the Holy Land from the Turks. Richard I. went on the third Crusade in 1191.

~antiquaries~: people who study ancient things.

~mediaeval~: made during the middle ages; the period, roughly speaking, between the time of the Romans and the reign of Henry VII. (400-1485).

~lieutenant~: an officer in command of the Tower.

~keep~: the strongest part of a fortress or castle.

~insignia~: the badges of any office.

~menagerie~: a collection of wild animals.

~Queen Anne Boleyn~, to marry whom, Henry VIII. divorced Catherine of Aragon. She was the mother of Queen Elizabeth.

~Lady Jane Grey~ was proclaimed Queen by the Duke of Northumberland on the death of Edward VI., but the attempt to prevent Mary's accession was a failure, and Lady Jane Grey was executed in 1554.

~Guy Fawkes~: a conspirator who tried to blow up the King and Parliament in 1605.

~The unfortunate princes~ were Edward V., son of Edward IV., and the rightful king, and Richard Duke of York, his younger brother, murdered in the Tower by the usurper Richard III., 1483.

18. THE TOWER OF LONDON. PART II.

~Allegiance~: the duty due from a subject to his liege the sovereign.

~Lord Hastings~ was executed by order of the Duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III., in 1483 for supporting the side of Edward V. and his relations.

~ordnance~: artillery, cannon, big guns.

~antipast~: aftertaste.

~clerk~: a clergyman, a scholar, because in early times all learning was confined to the clergy.

19. THE PILGRIMS.

~ague~: a fever coming on at intervals, with fits of shivering.

~isolation~: living away from outside communication, a lonely position like that of men on an _island_ cut off from the rest of the world.

~Flemings~: the people of Flanders, a district now comprising parts of Belgium, South Holland, and North France.

~Walsingham~: a place in the north of Norfolk, where was a famous shrine.

~Glastonbury~: a small town near Wells, in Somersetshire.

~Compostella~: a place in Spain where is the shrine of St. James, the patron saint of Spain.

~Chaucer~: the great early English poet, born in London 1328, died 1400.

~expiation~: making amends for, atonement.

~Holy Sepulchre~: the burial place of our Lord at Jerusalem, to rescue which from the Turks was the object of the Crusades.

20. ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL.

~Endowment~: money given for the permanent support of an institution, such as a church, hospital, or school.

~Hospitaller~: one in charge of a hospital. The term is generally applied to the Knights of St. John, who built a hospital for sick Crusaders at Jerusalem.

~shambles~: a slaughter-house.

~Whittington~, originally an apprentice in London, became a wealthy mercer, thrice Lord Mayor, and knighted. He died in 1423, without children, and left his wealth for public objects, such as the one in the text.

~Dissolution of the religious houses~, carried out by Henry VIII. in 1536-1540 for the sake of the plunder they afforded.

~Chloroform~: a colourless liquid which when inhaled produces complete insensibility to pain.

~Norman windows~: that is, built in a style introduced by the Normans. The rounded tops of doors and windows maybe seen in the illustration on p. 44.

~lanthorn~: a raised construction on the roof, with horn or glass sides to give light.

~clinical~: in attendance at the bedside of patients.

~residential college~: where they reside or dwell.

~convalescent hospital~: where those who have had some illness may get quite well and strong again.

21. THE TERROR OF LEPROSY.

~Leprosy~: a terrible disease of the skin and blood, once prevalent in Europe, now mostly confined to the East.

~lazar~: a leper; one suffering from a foul disease like Lazarus in St. Luke xvi.

~congregate~: flock together, crowd with.

~stringent~: strict.

~statutes~: rules or laws.

~Book of the Jewish Law~: that is, the book Leviticus.

~ulcerates~: is afflicted with ulcers or sores.

~Mass~: the celebration of the Lord's Supper in the Roman Catholic Church.

~Burton Lazars~: a village one mile from Melton Mowbray, in Leicestershire. Here, on account of its excellent sulphur springs, the chief leper-hospital was established in the reign of Stephen.

~hereditary~: transmitted from parents to children.

22. THE TERROR OF FAMINE.

~24 shillings a quarter~: this is not far from the present price of wheat, which gives us cheap bread. But in 1257 24_s._ would be equivalent to at least 20_l._ in our money.

~retainers~: those in the service of a nobleman and wearing his livery and badge.

~Hanseatic merchants~: merchants trading with the Hanse cities in Germany (among which was Hamburg) who had formed a league for self-protection about the twelfth century.

~granary~: a place for storing up grain or corn.

23. ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. PART I.

~460 feet~: the loftiest spire in England, that of Salisbury Cathedral, is about 404 feet.

~its length was at least 600 feet~: the present cathedral, the third on the site, is 500 feet long.

~shrine~: a receptacle for relics and other sacred things. (The word means a 'chest.')

~aisle~ (pronounced _[=i]le_) is the side or wing of a church.

~scribe~: a writer. In those early times so few people could read or write that men often had to have recourse to professional writers.

~deed~: a written document relating to some legal transaction.

~conveyance~: a writing legally transferring from one person to another property, especially houses and land.

~Humphrey Duke of Gloucester~ was the youngest brother of Henry V., on whose death he was made regent in England in 1422. He died in 1447.

~St. Cuthbert~ was a monk, missionary, and bishop of Lindesfarne, an island off the coast of Northumberland, where he died in 687 A.D., and was buried in Durham Cathedral.

~sacristy~: a room adjoining a church where sacred vessels, vestments, &c. are kept.

24. ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. PART II.

~Inigo Jones~ (born 1572, died 1652) was a celebrated architect.

~Portico~: a row of columns in front of a building.

~Exchange~: a building where merchants meet to transact business.

~nave~: the main body of a church, the aisles being on each side of the nave.

~King Charles II. returned~ at the Restoration in 1660.

~Sir Christopher Wren~ (born 1632, died 1723): the greatest English architect. After the great fire he rebuilt St. Paul's Cathedral, fifty London churches, and many public buildings. Over his tomb in St. Paul's is the inscription in Latin: 'If you seek for his monument, look round about you.'

~The Peace of Ryswick~, 1697, made by England, Spain, and Holland with Louis XIV. of France.

~Dr. Johnson~ (born 1709, died 1784): one of the great names in English literature, and author of a celebrated dictionary.

~oriental scholar~, or ~orientalist~, is a man who studies Eastern or Indian languages, such as Persian, Arabic, Hindi, Sanskrit, &c.

~sarcophagus~: a stone chest for holding a corpse.

~porphyry~: a hard kind of stone coloured purple and white.

~Battle of the Nile~, 1798; ~Cape St. Vincent~, 1797; ~Camperdown~, 1797.

~Lord Almoner~: the official who dispenses the royal charities and bounties.

~Slavonic~: a group of kindred languages, including Russian, Polish, and Bulgarian.

25. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.

~Embattled~: built with battlements.

~minor canons~: clergy of the cathedral who intone the services and look after the music.

~charnel~: containing the bones of the dead.

~Finsbury Fields~: the _fenny_ or marshy ground lying north of the Moorgate of the old City walls.

~Papal Bulls~: decrees and orders issued by the Pope, so called from the seal attached to them.

~Latimer~ (born 1470, died 1555), Bishop of Worcester, burnt at the stake for his Protestant opinions together with Ridley, Bishop of London.

~chapter house~: the building where the chapter or clergy belonging to the cathedral meet.

~Sacrist~: the official in a cathedral who copied and took care of the music and books.

~Paul's Chain~: so called because traffic was stopped by a chain during the hours of service.

26. THE RELIGIOUS HOUSES.

~Forester~: one who has charge of a forest to cut wood, plant new trees, &c.

~vicar~: one who acts in place of another; hence a priest who on behalf of his monastery conducted services in a parish church.

~orders~: the different brotherhoods into which monks were divided.

~indiscriminate charity~: giving without thinking, whether the charity is well or ill bestowed.

~Minorites~: monks or nuns belonging to the Franciscan Order, who in their humility called themselves the 'lesser' (_minores_) brethren, or sisters.

~Blackfriars~ were the Dominicans; ~Whitefriars~ were the Carmelites; ~Greyfriars~ were Franciscans, from the colour of their respective dresses.

~Charter House~: the house of the Carthusian monks.

~Temple~: once the house of the ~Templars~, an order of knights whose duty it was to protect the Holy Sepulchre.

~part of the church ... still to be seen~: at Clerkenwell the gate of the priory of St. John's is still standing.

27. MONKS, FRIARS, AND NUNS.

~Indiscriminately~: without making any distinctions between them.

~hermit~, from the Greek, and ~solitary~, from the Latin, mean the same thing--one who retires from the world and lives in a lonely place.

~Monte Casino~, in Campania, near Naples, where St. Benedict established his monastery in 529 A.D.

~St. Benedict~ is often shortened to Benet, as in the name of several London churches.

~austerities~: severe rules of life and conduct.

~Friars~, or brethren (French _freres_, Latin _fratres_): those orders that went forth to the people.

~Assisi~: a town in Central Italy where St. Francis was born.

~St. Dominic~: born in Castile, in Spain, 1170, died 1221; founded his order to convert 'heretics,' and procured the establishment of the ~Inquisition~, or court for punishing heretics.

~Sanctuary~: a refuge where criminals were safe from the law. Sir W. Scott in the 'Fortunes of Nigel' well describes the lawless character of this district in the reign of James I.

~St. Bernard~: a celebrated brother of the Cistercian Order (born 1091, died 1153).

28. THE LONDON CHURCHES.

~St. Augustine~ was sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 597 to convert the heathen English: he was the 'Apostle of the English,' and first Archbishop of Canterbury.

~St. Dunstan~, who became Archbishop of Canterbury and died in 988, was not only a zealous priest but a great statesman and ruler.

~St. Alphege~: an Archbishop of Canterbury murdered by the Danes in 1012 A.D.

~Sise Lane~: a lane in the City, near Cannon Street.

~The Basings~: an old City family whose name also survives in the 'Bassishaw' ward of the City, and in Basinghall Street.

~Bread Street~, turning out of Cheapside, shows where the bakers chiefly dwelt in Old London.

~John Milton~ (born 1608, died 1674) wrote 'Paradise Lost,' 'Paradise Regained,' and some beautiful shorter pieces.

~Three Poets~: i. the Greek Homer, reputed author of those noble epics the 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey' (about 1000 B.C.); ii. the Roman Virgil, who wrote the 'AEneid' (born 70 B.C.); iii. the English Milton. The famous epitaph was written by John Dryden.

~William Tyndal~ assisted the Reformation by translating the New Testament into English (1526), and part of the Old Testament. He was burnt as a heretic at Vilvoorde, near Brussels, in 1536.

~William Cowper~ (born 1731, died 1800), the author of 'The Task' and other beautiful poems.

29. THE STREETS.

~Plantagenet~: Henry II., 1154-1189, was the first of the line of kings bearing this name, so called from the badge worn by Henry's father, a sprig of broom.

~Chesel~ was the Anglo-Saxon for pebble, and Kiesel is the German for the same. The ~Chesil Beach~, near Weymouth, is a remarkable bank of shingle joining Portland Bill to the mainland.

~Somerset House~, in the Strand: the palace of the Protector Somerset has been pulled down, and public offices erected on its site.

~Northumberland House~, now demolished, has given its name to Northumberland Avenue, near Charing Cross.

~Southwark ... many Inns~: in particular the Tabard, where Chaucer's pilgrims assembled.

~mediaeval~: living in the middle ages, that is, some time before about 1500 A.D.

~ironmongers in their Lane~: that is, Ironmonger Lane, turning out of Cheapside.

30. WHITTINGTON. PART I.

~Mercer~: a merchant who sells silken or woollen goods.

~executors~: those who are appointed to carry out the last will and testament of a dead man.

~Levantine~, in the Levant, or eastern part of the Mediterranean.

~Guinea~, on the west coast of Africa.

~Pizarro~: a Spanish adventurer who conquered Peru from its native rulers or Incas, and was murdered in his palace at Lima in 1541.

~a piece of eight~ (dollars), that is, about 30_s._

~assessment~: the value put upon house or property in order to fix the amount of taxes to be paid.

31. WHITTINGTON. PART II.

~Vintner~: a wine-seller.

~Wycliffe~, born about 1324, was a learned theologian and rector of Lutterworth, in Leicestershire. For preaching Protestant doctrines he was summoned to appear at St. Paul's to answer a charge of heresy in 1377.

~John of Gaunt~ thus made the second attempt to deprive London of its liberties and charter; Matilda, the opponent of Stephen, had tried long before, but it ended in her overthrow (_see_ p. 45).

~The Marshal~ was the commander of the Royal forces. To put London under him was to destroy its liberty. This office is hereditary in the family of the Duke of Norfolk, and like other royal offices became unimportant when it became hereditary.

~rebellion of the peasants, 1381~, against over-taxation and being bound to the soil as serfs by their landlords. ~John Ball~, the popular preacher, used to ask:

'When Adam delved and Eve span, Who was then a gentleman?'

~The Archbishop of Canterbury~, Simon of Sudbury, had as chancellor proposed the taxes complained of; therefore the peasants murdered him.

~rescinding~: repealing of a law.

32. WHITTINGTON. PART III.

~Burning of heretics and Lollards~: in 1401, in the reign of Henry IV., an Act of Parliament was passed for burning heretics.

~Lollards~ were those who differed from the Church before the Reformation. The name comes from a German word _lollen_, to sing--from the custom of these reformers.

~Mansion House~: the official home of the Lord Mayor. The present building was begun in 1739; previously a house in Cheapside was used for the purpose.

~bond~: a written obligation binding someone to pay a sum of money. When money was needed the King used to borrow from wealthy citizens and give a bond or promise to repay.

~St. Michael's Paternoster Royal~ is in College Hill, near Cannon Street. The church was so called from the Tower Royal given by Edward III. in 1331 to his queen, Philippa, for her wardrobe.

33. GIFTS AND BEQUESTS.

~Mark~: a coin, now obsolete, worth 13_s._ 4_d._

~interdicted~: forbidden, prevented.

~technical school~: where useful and practical arts and trades are taught.

~aqueduct~: an artificial channel for water.

~Sevenoaks~, in Kent.

~Higham Ferrers~ is a small town in Northamptonshire.

34. THE PALACES AND GREAT HOUSES.

~The King Maker~: Warwick was so called because he helped Edward IV. to become king in 1461, and restored Henry VI. for a time in 1470. He was slain at the battle of Barnet, 1471.

~quadrangle~: an open court, square, with buildings all round it.

~College of Heralds~: a Government office under the Earl Marshal which looks after pedigrees and armorial bearings.

~Hampton Court~: a Royal palace begun by Cardinal Wolsey.

~St. James's Palace~: the official residence of the Queen in London, Buckingham Palace being her private residence.

~buttery~: a storeroom where liquors and other provisions were kept.

~Baynard's Castle~ has given its name to one of the City wards.

~The Duke of Buckingham~ secured the crown for Richard III., and then being insufficiently rewarded rebelled against him, and was executed in 1483.

~George, Duke of Clarence~, brother of Edward IV., first sided with his father-in-law, the Earl of Warwick, then joined his brother in 1471. With justice, therefore, Shakespeare called him 'false, fleeting, perjured Clarence. He was accused of treason and found dead in the Tower in 1478.

35. AMUSEMENTS.

~Tournament~: a sham fight at which knights, mostly on horseback, used to show their skill.

~Twelfth Day~: twelve days after Christmas, formerly an occasion of great festivities, which have now nearly died out.

~Morris-dance~: a _Moorish_ dance to an accompaniment of bells and tambourines.

~cresset~: a kind of lantern formed of an open brazier filled with combustible materials.

~demilance~: a kind of horse-soldier armed with a short lance.

~mummeries~: entertainments performed by men in masks.

~Curfew~: the bell rung at eight o'clock at night as a sign to put out all lights. Ancient towns having much wood were liable to serious fires.

36. WESTMINSTER ABBEY.

~Thorney~, Isle of Thorns; _ey_ and _ea_ meaning island, as in Anglesey, Chelsea, Winchelsea.

~precinct~: the limit of the ground belonging to a church or other institution.

~commissioner~: appointed to see that the work was carried out.

~Sir G. Gilbert Scott~, born 1811, died 1878, was the greatest modern English architect.

~took sanctuary~: fled for shelter to the abbey, whence she could not be taken without violating the privileges of the Church.

~William Caxton~ set up in 1476 the first printing press in England.

~coronation chair~: under this is the famous stone brought from Scone by Edward I., over which all the Scottish kings had been crowned since about 800 A.D.

37. THE COURT AT WESTMINSTER.

~Star Chamber Court~, in which cases were tried before some members of the Privy Council and two judges without a jury. This was established in 1487 to restore order because great lords and landowners used to frighten juries from giving true verdicts.

~bear and ragged staff~: the arms of the Earl of Warwick consisted of a bear erect and hugging a rough stake. (See pictures on pp. 111, 113.)

~arras~: tapestry for hanging; so called from Arras, in the north of France, where it was made.

~refectory~: the hall where the monks or nuns took their meals.

38. JUSTICE AND PUNISHMENTS.

~executive officers~: those whose duty it is to enforce the law.

~contrition~: repentance.

~securities~: stocks and shares; papers which can be of no use to the ordinary thief.

~Bridewell~: the site of a prison, now demolished. It adjoined Whitefriars, and may be seen in the map to the west of Blackfriars.

~amende honorable~ (French): when one who has done wrong gives satisfaction without loss of honour.

~pillory~: a framework supported by an upright pillar. In it were holes through which the head and hands of offenders were thrust. In this uncomfortable position they had to stand exposed to the insults of the mob.

~cogged~: loaded so as always to fall in a certain way.

~title deeds~: writings drawn up in proper legal form to prove the possession of property.

39. THE POLITICAL POWER OF LONDON.

~Froissart~: an early French chronicler or historian who visited England in the reigns of Edward III. and Richard II., and died in 1401.

~besotted with~: stupidly and excessively fond of.

~commonalty~: the common people.

~Berkeley Castle~, in Gloucestershire, where Edward II. was murdered in 1327.

~a son was born~: Edward, Prince of Wales, born in 1453. After the Yorkist victory of Northampton in 1460 Edward's claim to the throne was set aside in favour of Richard, Duke of York, father of Edward IV. The Prince was slain at the battle of Tewkesbury, 1471.

~benevolences~: loans of money, supposed to be voluntary, really compulsory, made by merchants and other rich men to the king.

~charts~: papers; ~blank cheques~: orders on the bank for money with all except the amount required filled up and properly signed.

~factor~: if 2 x 3 makes six, 2 and 3 are each factors of 6; hence it is something which helps to bring about some result.

40. ELIZABETHAN LONDON. PART I.

~Stow~ (born 1525, died 1605): a famous writer in Queen Elizabeth's reign on the antiquities of London and other places.

~Whitechapel~ takes its name from a white chapel-of-ease built to relieve Stepney, in which parish this district was till 1763.

~tenters~: pegs for stretching cloth. Sometimes hooks were used, from which we get the phrase 'to be on tenter hooks'--to be on a stretch with anxiety.

~St. Katharine's~ has given its name to the great docks east of the Tower.

~bull-, bear-baiting~: the sport of setting dogs to worry bulls or bears.

~Alsatia~: for a vivid picture of this haunt of rogues in the reign of James I. the reader is referred to Sir W. Scott's 'Fortunes of Nigel.'

~Austin Friars~: the space known as Drapers' Gardens (because the hall of the Drapers' Company is adjoining) in Throgmorton Street is on the site of this monastery.

~Canwicke (now Cannon) Street~ was so called because the wax-chandlers and candle-makers lived in that part.

41. ELIZABETHAN LONDON. PART II.

~William Shakespeare~ (born 1564, died 1616): the prince of poets, who lived in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.

~ruins of the monasteries~ which had been suppressed by Henry VIII. in 1536-1540.

~Cold Harbour~: a merchant's mansion once standing on the bank of the Thames in Thames Street.

~Genevan bands~: a kind of collar worn by Protestant clergymen, so called because Geneva, the home of Calvin, was the centre of Protestantism.

~palaces along the Strand~: if you walk along the Strand you will notice that many of the short streets leading down to the river bear the names of noblemen, such as Arundel Street, Norfolk Street, Salisbury Street, &c. from the old palaces which once stood there.

~Staples Inn~: a picturesque group of old houses in Holborn was formerly a wool-market (_staple_ means a fixed market). ~Wych Street~ is near Holywell Street in the Strand.

~Cloth Fair~ is now a poor neighbourhood near Smithfield.

42. ELIZABETHAN LONDON. PART III.

~Impressment~: in the absence of some orderly arrangement, such as conscription (where all serve) or a voluntary system (like our own), the press-gang used to kidnap people and force them to serve.

~animosity~: anger, ill feeling against.

~The Steelyard~, on the site of which Cannon Street railway station now stands, was the house of the Hanse merchants (_see_ note on Chapter XXII.).

~John Colet~, Dean of St. Paul's (born 1466, died 1519), was one of the leaders of the revival of learning in England. St. Paul's School, which he founded in 1512, has been moved to Hammersmith.

43. TRADE. PART I.

~Forestall their market~: that is, to buy things before they arrived at the market, so as to sell them at a higher price.

~Luebeck~: a large port in north Germany in the Baltic.

~staples~, originally all kinds of raw produce, came to be applied only to wool. Staples Inn was once a wool-market.

~instead of selling our wool~: Edward III. brought Flemish weavers into England to encourage manufactures. Till then England produced and exported wool to Antwerp and other manufacturing centres, but did not make it into cloth.

~Hamburg~ was a member of the Hanseatic League.

~The screen~ was presented to the Church of All Hallows the Great, Thames Street, in 1710, by the Hanseatic merchants.

44. TRADE. PART II.

~Incubus~: something that weighs down and hinders.

~religious wars in the Netherlands~: between the Protestant Dutch and the Catholic Spaniards, who were oppressing the country through great part of the sixteenth century.

~Bourse~: the same as ~Exchange~, where merchants meet to transact their business.

~English wool~ in Bruges, because it was much exported thither from England before the growth of home manufactures.

~Flemings~: the natives of Flanders; who were the chief manufacturers of Europe long before England took the lead.

~14 per cent.~: the height of this rate may be seen by comparing it with the 21/2 per cent., which is all England now pays as interest upon her debt.

~Bethlehem Hospital~, corrupted into Bedlam, is still a hospital, but only for the insane.

45. TRADE. PART III.

~Bruges ... civil wars~: that is, the religious wars referred to in