Part 20

The 2^d Silver mine is in _Luhla-Lapmark_ named _Kiedlkievasi_ found by _Jonan Petri_ living in _Torpenjaur_ about the 60. year of this age. It is in the middle of the Village _Torpenjaur_, on an high mountain 2. miles from the top, 6. miles from _Rædstad_ a village of _Norway_, between _Rædstad_ and _Keidlkievasi_; there is a famous high hill called _Daorfiæl_ in the road that leads from the mine to _Norway_: the foul weather in the winter stops all passage over this mountain. The mine is rich enough and very broad, continuing the same all over, lodged in a hard Marcasite. It has this inconvenience that there are no woods near it, but they are forced to fetch their fuel a mile and a half off: they use powder instead of digging it, (as before) the melting-house stands 5. miles off in a pleasant place near the concourse of several Rivers, especially _Darijock_ and _Quickjock_, which last gives the house its name. Here is a very spacious wood and great plenty of shrubs, especially currans, and all sorts of herbs. The river affords abundance of the best sort of fish as Salmon, Trout, Perch, &c. distant 27. miles from _Taorne_ discovered in 1655. by an inhabitant who was showing the ore to _Ericus Ericsonius_ who first discovered it. It is very rich and not drossy, only necessary’s are conveyed thither with some difficulty. There is another 3. miles northward called _Wittange_, found by a _Laplander_ in 1668. The vein is not so good because mixt with Iron, wherefore they do not dig it so willingly as the Other; from these mines the ore is shipt away to the melting-house at _Koenge_ to be melted and thence brought to _Torna_. There are Iron mines too, one in _Torne-Lapmark_ joyning to the Copper mine, another in the same _Lapmark_ called _Junesuando_ found in 1640. by _Laurence_ an inhabitant there, about 22. miles distant from _Torna_, whether it is carried to be beaten into bars and rods at the forge at _Koenge_. A 3^d vein of the same mettal is found in _Pelziwachin_ at _Lulha_, but of these the two first only are digged. I heard in 1671. of a Golden mine: but because there was no certainty, I will not insist upon it. I mention it because there are some that affirm that it was found in _Swedeland_ in the time of _Gustavus_ the first, but this was divulged by an uncertain Author, as appears by the event, for to this day nothing more has bin heard of it.

CHAP. XXXIII.

_Of their Stones, Jewels, and Pearls._

I come now to their stones, which are very large and many, of an ash colour but rough hard and intractable, not to be reduced by any instrument to shape for use. Besides these there are others often found on the shores which represent the shape of an animal. These the inhabitants esteem much and adore them for Gods, under the name of _Stoorjuncare_. In _Torne-Lapmark_, near the mine _Junesuando_, on the banks of _Torno_, there are found yellow plain stones of a circular figure like mony, about the bigness of a half crown, which look like dirt, but are as hard as flints. _Dn. Grape_ in his papers makes mention of them. I will set down a draught of them marked with the letter B. In the mine it self there are found stones in the perfect shape of _Octaedra_, polished and worked by nature herself, but very small not exceeding the bigness of a nut, and somtimes less, I have put down their figure with the letter C. It is not certain whether the loadstone be found in this Country, tho _Olaus Mag._ speaks of mountains under the pole which some have thought do breed the stone: his words seem to intimate loadstones as big as mountains, but ’tis certain he cannot mean _Lapland_, for that has none such, yet there are those who affirm that the loadstone is found there. As for pretious stones they have them frequently, _Buræus_ mentions jewels, and afterwards he adds _Diamond_, _Amethyst_, and _Topaz_. By diamonds he means transparent stones or Chrystal, they are found big and little sticking up and down upon the rocks and craggs: some are as big as Childrens heads, such as I saw the _Illustrious Gabriel de la Gardie_ Chancellour of this kingdom have; they have six sides ending like a pyramid, tho some of them are imperfect; the colour in some is bright and clear not inferior to Chrystal, in other dull and spoiled with flaws, some are pure, others have veins like cracks branching out every way, they serve the inhabitants for flints when they have occasion to light a candle, and yield more fire if striken with a steel than the flints themselves. I have now in a _Lapland pouch_ some Chrystal which they made use of for flints. The Jewellers polish and cut their Chrystals with such art that somtimes they are taken for true Diamonds by those that have skill. I have drawn the greater sort of Chrystal in the native bigness & shape, marked with the letter _A_. _Buræus_ mentions _Amethysts_ next, some of which I saw brought out of _Lapland_, but so pale and spotted that they were scarce comparable to those that come out of _Bohemia_ tho I hear since that there are much better found, cut rarely. The same thing is to be said of the _Topaz_, one of which I have in my study, in every thing like a Chrystal, only the colour inclines to a yellow. I am told that none of the rest doe shine so much as those that come from other places, which is the fault of almost all the jewels of this Nation, not being so apt to bare lively brisk colours as the eastern jewels doe. To this head I reduce all Pearls and Margarites, tho they be not stones. Some rivers in _Lapland_ produce these, therefore there are certain inhabitants appointed to dive and search for them, such as was _John Peterson_, mentioned by _S. Rheen_, who first found the Silver mine at _Nasafiæl_, he is called _een diamontzbrycare sampi partefoekiare_ _i. e._ one that finds and cuts pearls. Which (tho out of this Country) are not contemptible, it cannot be denied but that most of them want that liveliness which the oriental Pearls have, tho some are found as good, and in bigness and shape exceeding them. There are found some not come to perfection, half round and half flat, the round part being bright the other yellow and dull. I saw one a few years agoe brought out of _Bothnia_, so exactly round with such fresh colours, that a certain woman offered an 120. crowns for it, a Jeweller assured me that if he had another as good, he would not sell both for 500. They are bred not of such shells as are in the east broad, plane, and almost circular like Oister, but longer and hollower like Muscle shels, and not in the Sea but in Rivers, as may be gathered from _Olaus Magnus_. Those that are not come to perfection stick within the shells, but those that are perfect, are loose and drop out when the shell is opened.

CHAP. XXXIV.

_Of their Rivers._

Lapland if any Country is well watered with springs and rivers: the most noted are those from whence the particular marches and regions have their names, as _Umeao_, _Pitheao_, _Luhleao_, _Torneao_, and _Kimeao_, these spring from the _Norway_ mountains, and are encreased by several less rivers, unburdening themselves at last into the _Bothnick_ Sea. _Vindela_ fills _Umeao_ and _Skiellefle_ _Pitheao_, _Luhleao_ swallows a less river of the same name, and _Kimeao_ is encreased by _Avilaiocki_, which it self is no small river, for there are numberless rivulets which run into it. So _Luhleao_ which has a double stream, the lesser receives _Pyrrijaus Kardijoch_, and it is the same case with the greater called _Stoor-Luhleao_, and _Tornæo_ which is filled with the river _Kæungemæ Tængeleao_ and others. And so it is with all the great rivers, which upon that account are so impetuous and big, that they yield to few in the world: and because they run through hilly and uneven Countrys, and are stopt by several dams & weares, they force their way over precipices, with a great noise, and in those places are not navigable. Such is the sluce at _Lughlens_, called _Muskaumokke_, and another named _Sao_, likewise _Niometsaski_ i. e. an Hares leap, so called because the river _Lughla_ runs between two mountains so near that an Hare may leap over.

The like _Cataracts_ are found at _Torna_, the most remarkable is called _terrafors_ near the _Norway_ mountains. Next _Cængerbrooks-fors_ then _Lappia-fors_, then three more meeting in an head called by one name _Pælloforser_, next _Kettille-fors_ and lastly _Kukula-fors_ near _Torna_. Although these _Cataracts_ are a great hindrance to sailers, yet they are advantagious to the mettal-melters, and afford an incredible plenty of Fish. Besides these rivers there are abundance of pooles, so numerous that but few can be named, one is _Lulafræsk_ by _Lughla_, by which _Lughleao_ the greater runs. Next _Lugga_ and _Sabbaig_ all abounding with Salmons. By the lesser _Lughleao_ are _Saggatt_, _Ritfack_, _Pirrijaur_, _Skalka_, _Sittijock_, _waykijaur_, and _Karra-green_ which exceeds them all, each affording plenty of Fish. _Pitha_ has these remarkable ones near it, _Hornafvandijaur_, _Arfussierf_, _Pieskejaur_, but especially _Stoorafuan_ in which there are as many Ilands as daies in the year; but above all _Enarefræsk_ near _Kimus_. _Wexionius_ saith the Hills and Ilands in it are innumerable, and without an hyperbole, for _Tornæus_ affirmes that never any inhabitant lived long enough to survey them all.

There be some Marshes, little but full of Fish, in that language called _Suino_ i. e. holy, and they account it a sin to foul them. These marches have two Channels one above the Other: somtimes it happens that the fish leave the upper and retreat into the lower, upon which account the superstitious natives bring sacrifice to appease the _Dæmon_ of that marsh whom they suppose to be angry.

CHAP. XXXV.

_Of their Mountains._

Their land which I treat of last, is not in the same condition all over, for that which is near _Bothnia_ is wholsomer and more fertile for all sort of pot-herbs, as those can witness who have made gardens in both soils. They found that some places would bear coleworts, raperoots, parsnips, radishes and the like. In other places by reason of the abundance of rocks and rivers, the ground is too moist and stony, and sandy in many places, which being scattered by the wind covers the ground like snow, such are those places near the mountains of _Norway_. These sands make a very dangerous passage for travellors, especially when they are covered with snow, because then they cannot tell what they are to avoid, somtimes falling in and being overwhelmed. Towards _Norway_, are very high mountains which the _Swedes_ call _Fiæl_ the _Laplanders_ _Tudderi_. _Cluverius_ calleth the top of the mountains _Sevo_ which he took from _Pliny_ l. 4. c. 13. By _Adamus_ they are called _Riphæi_, but he was to careless in looking over _Pliny_, _Solinus_, and _Orosius_. But whatever the name is, what _Pliny_ saith is true of the mountain, that it is no less than the _Riphæan;_ the top is perpetually covered with snow. Moreover the ascent and rise of this mount is thus described by _Pet. Nevren_: the mountain which separates _Norway_ from _Lappia_ begins to rise about _Zemptland_; thence with continued ascent towards the north it reaches a hundred miles, till it comes to _Titusfiord_, which is a bay of the frozen sea. By this mountain the provinces of _Swedeland_ are divided from _Norway_, as by a wall designed by nature herself. But altho these mountains are one continued tract, yet they swell higher in some places than others, called by these distinct names, which _Samuel Rheen_ mentions. _Waesawaari, Skipoive, Nasawari, Ceruioiue, Kioldawaari, Niottuswagg, Keidtkiwaari, Zeknawaari, Fierrowaari, Cardawaari, Steikawaari, Skalopacht, Darrawaari, Woggousaari, Niynnas, Kaskaoiue, Wallawaari, Skieldawaari, Harrawaari, Portawaari, Kafla, Seggock Ultivis._ In like manner there are many other of their names in the other parts of this Country, but because it is hard to meet with them all, and not so much to our purpose, wee’l end now.

THE

CONTENTS.

CHAP. I.

_Of the Name of_ Lapland. Pag. 1. _Of the Situation of_ Lapland. p. 3. _Of the Temperature of the Air, and soil of_ Lapland. p. 7. _Of the Division of_ Lapland. p. 9. _Of the_ Laplanders _in reference to the inclinations, temper and habit, of their minds and bodies_. p. 12. _Of the Original of the_ Laplanders. p. 15. _Of the Religion of the_ Laplanders. p. 21. _Of the second, or Christian Religion of the_ Laplanders. p. 24. _Of some remains of Paganism in_ Lapland _at this time_. p. 34. _Of the heathenish Gods of the_ Laplanders, _and their manner of worship at this day_. p. 37. _Of the magicall Ceremonies of the_ Laplanders. p. 45. _Of the Government of the_ Laplanders. p. 60. _Of the Judicatures and Tributes of the_ Laplanders. p. 65. _Of the_ Laplanders _Fairs, and Customs in Trading_. p. 67. _Of the Language of the_ Laplanders. p. 72. _Of the Houses of the_ Laplanders. p. 80. _Of the Garments of the_ Laplanders. p. 87. _Of the Diet of the_ Laplanders. p. 91. _Of the Hunting of the_ Laplanders. p. 94. _Of the_ Laplanders _Weapons, and other instruments of Hunting_. p. 98. _Of the_ Laplanders _Handy-craft-trades_. p. 100. _Of the Womens Emploiments_. p. 103. _Of the Emploiments common to both Sexes_. p. 105. _Of their Divertisements_. p. 107. _Of their Contracts and Marriages_. p. 110. _Of their Child-bearing, and the Education of their Children_. p. 120. _Of their Diseases, Death and Burial_. p. 124. _Of their Cattel_. p. 129. _Of the wild Beasts of the_ Laplanders. p. 133. _Of their Birds and Fish_. p. 137. _Of the_ Laplanders _Trees and Plants_. p. 141. _Of their Mettals_. p. 143. _Of their Stones, Jewels, and Pearls_. p. 144. _Of their Rivers_. p. 146. _Of their Mountains_. p. 147.

FINIS.

Transcriber's Note

Images have been moved to paragraph breaks, and may no longer match the locations mentioned in the text.

In the printed text, closing quotation marks were not used; these have been added and are included in the list of changes below.

The following changes have been made to the printed text:

p. iv "R A. BATHURST" changed to "R. A. BATHURST"

p. 4 footnote marker added to "language is from leaping,[4]"

p. 5 removed duplicated line "lities that usually commend Lands for Agriculture. Then as to his urging its"

p. 11 "are equivavalent" changed to "are equivalent"

p. 11 "L_ochteby_" changed to "_Lochteby_"

p. 19 "said of their second" changed to "have said of their second"

p. 26 "_Arwitfierfs_" changed to "_Arwitsierfs_"

p. 43 "1 daies" changed to "14 daies"

p. 44 "same wirh those" changed to "same with those"

p. 48 was numbered as page 50

p. 48 "Storjnnkare" changed to "Storjunkare"

p. 53 "saies that the" changed to "saies that “the"

p. 53 "Latine T." changed to "Latine T.”"

p. 53 "Lambskin, and and" changed to "Lambskin, and"

p. 57 "recover out" changed to "might recover out"

p. 60 "particular art?" changed to "particular art;"

p. 61 "shonld refuse" changed to "should refuse"

p. 63 "_Tavastia_,and" changed to "_Tavastia_, and"

p. 69 "case provided." changed to "case provided.”"

p. 69 "our Crown." changed to "our Crown.”"

p. 71 "convenient manner." changed to "convenient manner.”"

p. 72 "year 1641." changed to "year 1641.”"

p. 73 "_eorrasa_, _eet Lappatspaock_" changed to "_corrasa_, _eet Lappatspraock_"

p. 80 "used. From" changed to "used.” From"

p. 84 "fire or age." changed to "fire or age.”"

p. 88 "But he doth doth" changed to "But he doth"

p. 100 "must rugged" changed to "most rugged"

p. 111 "(that is the Wine" changed to "(that is) the Wine"

p. 124 "were burt by" changed to "were hurt by"

p. 125 "good fora cough" changed to "good for a cough"

p. 125 "themare still" changed to "them are still"

p. 126 "whole day in qnaffing" changed to "whole day in quaffing"

p. 126 "Aldophus" changed to "Adolphus"

p. 126 "Twe reason" changed to "The reason"

p. 127 "kindred. They" changed to "kindred.” They"

p. 135 "resembleacross" changed to "resemble a cross"

p. 141 "acccording to" changed to "according to"

p. 143 "_Scandivavia_" changed to "_Scandinavia_"

p. 143 "nhabitant" changed to "inhabitant"

p. 144 "CHAP XXXIII." changed to "CHAP. XXXIII."

p. 144 "Gaidie" changed to "Gardie"

p. 145 "for 500," changed to "for 500."

Errors, inconsistencies and archaic language have otherwise been kept as printed.