Chapter XXVII.

The Battle of Chemulpo.... Russian survivors on neutral boats.... Blowing up of the Koryetz.... sinking of the Variak.... Russians leave Korea.... hospital in Chemulpo.... skirmish at Pyeng Yang.... Korean Japanese Protocol.... end of Peddlar’s Guild.... Marquis Ito.... Yi Yong Ik retires.... Japanese conservative policy in Korea.... skirmish at Chöng-ju.... suffering of Koreans in north.... apathy of Korean Government.... burning of palace in Seoul.... Korean currency.

It was a cloudless but hazy day and from the anchorage the Japanese fleet was all but invisible, for it lay at least eight miles out in the entrance of the harbor and partly concealed by Round Island which splits the offing into two channels. The two boats made straight for the more easterly of the channels, their course being a very little west of south. When they had proceeded about half the distance from the anchorage to the enemy’s fleet the latter threw a shot across the bows of each of the Russian boats as a command to stop and surrender, but the Russians took no notice of it. The only chance the Russians had to inflict any damage was to reduce the firing range as much as possible for the _Variak’s_ guns were only six inches and four-tenths in caliber and at long range they would have been useless. This was at five minutes before noon. The Japanese fleet was not deployed in a line facing the approaching boats and it was apparent that they did not intend to bring their whole force to bear upon the Russians simultaneously. We are informed that only two of the Japanese vessels, the _Asama_ and the _Chiyoda_, did the work. It was not long after the warning shots had been fired that the Japanese let loose and the roar that went up from those terrible machines of destruction tore the quiet of the windless bay to tatters and made the houses of the town tremble where they stood. As the _Variak_ advanced she swerved to the eastward and gave the Japanese her starboard broadside. All about her the sea was lashed into foam by striking shot and almost from the beginning of the fight her steering-gear was shot away so that she had to depend on her engines alone for steering. It became evident to her commander that the passage was impossible. He had pushed eastward until there was imminent danger of running aground. So he turned again toward the west and came around in a curve which brought the _Variak_ much nearer to the Japanese. It was at this time that the deadly work was done upon her. Ten of her twelve gun-captains were shot away. A shell struck her fo’castle, passed between the arm and body of a gunner who had his hand upon his hip and, bursting, killed every other man on the fo’castle. Both bridges were destroyed by bursting shell and the Captain was seriously wounded in the left arm. The watchers on shore and on the shipping in the harbor saw flames bursting out from her quarter-deck and one witness plainly saw shells drop just beside her and burst beneath the water line. It was these shots that did the real damage for when, after three quarters of an hour of steady fighting, she turned her prow back toward the anchorage it was seen that she had a heavy list to port which could have been caused only by serious damage below the water-line. As the two boats came slowly back to port, the _Variak_ so crippled by the destruction of one of her engines that she could make only ten knots an hour, the Japanese boats followed, pouring in a galling fire, until the Russians had almost reached the anchorage. Then the pursuers drew back and the battle was over. The _Koryetz_ was intact. The Japanese had reserved all their fire for the larger vessel. The _Variak_ was useless as a fighting machine, for her heavy list to port would probably have made it impossible to train the guns on the enemy, but all knew that the end had not yet come. The Russians had neither sunk nor surrendered. The threat of the Japanese to come in at four o’clock was still active. As soon as the _Variak_ dropped anchor the British sent off four hospital boats to her with a surgeon and a nurse. Other vessels also sent offers of aid. But it was found that the Russians had decided to lie at anchor and fight to the bitter end and at the last moment blow up their vessels with all on board. What else was there for them to do? They would not surrender and they could not leave their ships and go ashore only to be captured by the enemy. They would play out the tragedy to a finish and go down fighting. Upon learning of this determination the commanders of the various neutral vessels held another conference at which it was decided that the Russians had done all that was necessary to vindicate the honor of their flag and that, as it was a neutral port, the survivors should be invited to seek asylum on the neutral vessels. The invitation was accepted and the sixty-four wounded on board the _Variak_ were at once transferred to the British cruiser _Talbot_ and the French cruiser _Pascal_. As the commanders of the neutral vessels knew that the _Variak_ and _Koryetz_ were to be sunk by the Russians they paid no particular attention to the reiterated statement of the Japanese that they would enter the harbor at four and finish the work already begun. The passengers, crew and mails on board the steamship _Sungari_ had already been transferred to the _Pascal_ and an attempt had been made to scuttle her but she was filling very slowly indeed. It was about half-past three in the afternoon that the officers and crew of the _Koryetz_ went over the side and on board the _Pascal_. A train had been laid by which she would be blown up and it is supposed that she was entirely abandoned, but some spectators assert that they saw several men on the forward deck an instant before the explosion took place.

It was generally known throughout the town that the _Koryetz_ would be blown up before four o’clock and everyone sought some point of vantage from which to witness the spectacle. Scores of people went out to the little island on which the light-house stands, for this was nearest to the doomed ship. It was thirty-seven minutes past three when the waiting multitude saw two blinding flashes of light one following the other in quick succession. A terrific report followed which dwarfed the roar of cannon to a whisper and shook every house in the town as if it had been struck by a solid rock. The window-fastenings of one house at least were torn off, so great was the concussion. An enormous cloud of smoke and debris shot toward the sky and at the same time enveloped the spot where the vessel had lain. A moment later there began a veritable shower of splintered wood, torn and twisted railing, books, clothes, rope, utensils and a hundred other belongings of the ship. The cloud of smoke expanded in the upper air and blotted out the sun like an eclipse. The startled gulls flew hither and thither as if dazed by this unheard of phenomenon and men instinctively raised their hands to protect themselves from the falling debris, pieces of which were drifted by the upper currents of air for a distance of three miles landward where they fell by the hundreds in peoples’ yards.

When the smoke was dissipated it was discovered that the _Koryetz_ had sunk, only her funnel and some torn rigging appearing above the surface, if we except her forward steel deck which the force of the explosion had bent up from the prow so that the point of it, like the share of a huge plow, stood several feet out of water. The surface of the bay all about the spot was covered thickly with smoking debris and several of the ship’s boats were floating about intact upon the water.

The _Variak_ was left to sink where she lay. The forty-one dead on board were placed together in a cabin and went down with her. She burned on till evening and then inclining more and more to port her funnels finally touched the water and with a surging, choking groan as of some great animal in pain she sank. As the water reached the fires a cloud of steam went up which illuminated by the last flash of the fire formed her signal of farewell.

It was arranged that the British and the French boats should carry the Russians to a neutral port and guarantee their parole until the end of the war.

This wholly unexpected annihilation of the Russian boats naturally caused consternation among the Russians of Chemulpo and Seoul. The Russian Consulate was surrounded by the Japanese troops and the Consul was held practically a prisoner. The Japanese Minister in Seoul suggested to the Russian Minister through the French Legation the advisability of his removing from Seoul with his nationals, and every facility was given him for doing this with expedition and with comfort. A few days later all the Russians were taken by special train to Chemulpo, and there, being joined by the Russian subjects in Chemulpo, they all went on board the _Pascal_. This vessel must have been crowded, for it is said that when she sailed she had on board six hundred Russians, both civilians and military men.

Twenty-four of the most desperately wounded men on board the neutral ships were sent ashore and placed in the Provisional Red Cross Hospital. For this purpose the English Church Mission kindly put at the disposal of the Japanese their hospital at Chemulpo. Several of these wounded men were suffering from gangrene when they came off the _Pascal_ but with the most sedulous care the Japanese physicians and nurses pulled them through.

After this battle at Chemulpo there was no more question about landing Korean troops further down the coast; in fact as soon as the ice was out of the Tadong River, Chinnampo became the point of disembarkation. But meanwhile the troops which had landed at Chemulpo were pushing north by land as rapidly as circumstances would permit and within a few weeks of the beginning of the war Pyeng-yang was held by a strong force of Japanese. At the same time work was pushed rapidly on the Seoul-Fusan Railway and also begun on the projected railway line between Seoul and Wiju.

As for the Russians they never seriously invaded Korean territory. Bands of Cossacks crossed the Yalu and scoured the country right and left but their only serious purpose was to keep in touch with the enemy and report as to their movements. On February 28 a small band of Cossacks approached the north gate of Pyeng Yang and after exchanging a few shots with the Japanese guard withdrew. This was the first point at which the two belligerents came in touch with each other.

It was on the night of February 23rd that Korea signed with Japan a protocol by the terms of which Korea practically allied herself with Japan and became, as it were, a silent partner in the war. Korea granted the Japanese the right to use Korea as a road to Manchuria and engaged to give them every possible facility for prosecuting the war. On the other hand Japan guaranteed the independence of Korea and the safety of the Imperial Family. It is needless to discuss the degree of spontaneity with which Korea did this. It was a case of necessity, but if rightly used it might have proved of immense benefit to Korea, as it surely did to Japan. It formally did away with the empty husk of neutrality which had been proclaimed, and made every seaport of the peninsula belligerent territory, even as it did the land itself.

March saw the end of the Peddlars Guild. They had been organized in Russian interests but now they had no longer any _raison d’etre_. As a final flurry, one of their number entered the house of the Foreign Minister with the intent to murder him, but did not find his victim. Other similar attempts were made but did not succeed.

The Japanese handled the situation in Seoul with great circumspection. The notion that they would attack the pro-Russian officials proved false. Everything was kept quiet and the perturbation into which the court and the government were thrown by these startling events was soon soothed.

Marquis Ito was sent from Japan with a friendly message to the Emperor of Korea and this did much to quiet the unsettled state of things in Korea. At about the same time the northern ports of Wiju and Yongampo were opened to foreign trade. This was a natural result of the withdrawal of Russian influence. It was not long before Yi Yong-ik who had played such a leading rôle in Korea was invited to go to Japan and thus an element of unrest was removed from the field of action. It was believed that the Japanese would immediately introduce much needed reforms, but it seemed to be their policy to go very slowly, so slowly in fact that the better element among the Koreans was disappointed, and got the impression that Japan was not particularly interested in the matter of reform. It is probable that the energies of the Japanese were too much engaged in other directions to divert any to Korea at the time. They had been complaining bitterly about the monetary conditions, but when they suddenly stepped into power in Seoul on February 9th they seemed to forget all about this, for up to the end of 1904 they failed to do anything to correct the vagaries of Korean finance. But instead of this the Japanese merchants in Korea and other Japanese who were here for other reasons than their health immediately began to make requests and demands for all sorts of privileges. The Board of Trade in Fusan asked the Japanese government to secure the Maritime Customs service, permission for extra territorial privileges, the establishment of Japanese agricultural stations and other impossible things.

Meanwhile the Japanese were steadily pushing north. At Anju a slight skirmish occurred but there was nothing that could be called a fight until the Japanese reached the town of Chöng ju where a small body of Russians took a stand on a hill northwest of the town and held it for three hours, but even here the casualties were only about fifteen on either side. The Russians evidently had no notion of making a determined stand this side the Yalu. Already, a week before, the Russian troops had withdrawn from Yongampo and had crossed to Antung. This fight at Chöng-ju occurred on March 28th and a week later practically all the Russian forces had crossed the Yalu and Korea ceased to be belligerent territory. It is not the province of this history to follow the Japanese across that historic river and relate the events which occurred at the beginning of May when the first great land battle of the war was fought.

The whole north had been thrown into the greatest confusion by the presence of these two belligerents. Cossack bands had scurried about the country, making demands for food and fodder a part of which they were willing to pay for with Russian currency quite unknown to the Korean. From scores of villages and towns the women had fled to the mountain recesses at a most inclement season, and untold suffering had been entailed. But these are things that always come in the track of war and the Koreans bore them as uncomplainingly as they could. Throughout the whole country the absorption of the attention of the government in the events of the war was taken advantage of by robbers, and their raids were frequent and destructive. As soon as the government found that the Japanese did not intend to rule with a high hand it sank back into the former state of selfcomplacent lethargy, and things went along in the old ruts. It was perfectly plain that Korean officialdom had no enthusiasm for the Japanese cause. It is probable that a large majority of the people preferred to see Japan win rather than the Russians, but it was the fond wish of ninety-nine out of every hundred to see Korea rid of them both. Whichever one held exclusive power here was certain to become an object of hatred to the Korean people. Had the Russians driven out the Japanese the Koreans would have hated them as heartily. Whichever horn of the dilemma Korea became impaled upon she was sure to think the other would have been less sharp. Few Koreans looked at the matter from any large standpoint or tried to get from the situation anything but personal advantage. This is doubtless the reason why it was so difficult to gain an opinion from Korean officials. They did not want to go on record as having any decided sympathies either way. The people of no other land were so nearly neutral as were those of Korea.

The month of April was comparatively quiet. The Japanese were struggling north through frost and mud combined to rendezvous on the banks of the Yalu. On the 14th occurred the great fire in Seoul which in a few hours swept away almost the whole of the Kyöng-un Palace, the one recently completed and the one occupied by the Emperor at the time. He was forced to vacate it in haste and take up his abode for the time being in the detached Imperial Library building. A strong effort was made by the Japanese to induce him to return to the Chöng-dŭk Palace, which was his place of residence at the time of the _emeutes_ of 1882 and 1884, but this was combatted with all the means available, and the burned palace was rebuilt as quickly as possible.

The temporary effect of the war upon the Korean currency was to enhance its value. Imports suddenly came to a standstill because of the lack of steamships and the possible dangers of navigation. This stopped the demand for yen. The Japanese army had to spend large sums in Korea and this required the purchase of Korean money. The result was that the yen, instead of holding its ratio of something like one to two and a half of the Korean dollar fell to the ratio of one to only one and four tenths. When, however, the sea was cleared of the Russians and import trade was resumed and the bulk of the Japanese crossed the Yalu the Korean dollar fell again to a ratio of about two to one, which it has preserved up to the present time, i.e. December, 1904.

From the time when the Russians retired beyond the Yalu warlike operations between the two belligerents were confined to northeast Korea though even there very little was doing. The Vladivostock squadron was still in being and on April 25 it appeared at the mouth of Wonsan harbor. Only one small Japanese boat was at anchor there, the _Goyo Maru_, and this was destroyed by a torpedo boat which came in for the express purpose. Of course this created intense excitement in the town and there was a hurried exodus of women and children, but the Russians had no intention of bombarding the place and soon took their departure. Only a few hours before, the _Kinshiu_, a Japanese transport with upwards of 150 troops on board, had sailed for Sŭng-ju to the north of Wonsan but meeting bad weather in the night the torpedo-boats that accompanied her were obliged to run for shelter and the _Kinshiu_ turned back for Wonsan. By so doing she soon ran into the arms of the Russian fleet and refusing to surrender she was sunk, but forty-five of the troops on board effected their escape to the mainland.

It was only a few days before this that a force of Cossacks had made a dash down the eastern coast as far as Ham-heung which they entered after a two hours’ skirmish with Korean troops. They burned about 300 houses in the suburbs of the town and also fourteen _kan_ of the celebrated “Ten Thousand Year Bridge,” the longest in Korea. After this they retired to the north. But from that time on the whole northeast has been scoured by parties of Russians and the Japanese have paid no attention to them except to place troops at Wonsan and Ham-heung to hold these places. On August 8th a small Russian force penetrated south to the very suburbs of Wonsan but were speedily repulsed by the Japanese who had thrown up intrenchments and were quite ready to meet any assault. The Russians worked with great energy in repairing the road from the Tuman River down to Sung-su, and even south of that place. They even built good graded roads across two of the high passes south of Sung-jin until they came in contact with the Japanese outposts twenty miles above Ham-heung. Neither side seemed to desire to assume the offensive and so matters stood until the end of the year, and the coming of the northern winter put a stop to active operations. The only other incident worthy of mention in this connection was the wanton attack upon the town of Wonsan by the Russian fleet on the last day of June. On that morning seven Russian torpedo-boats entered the harbor and after inquiring where the Japanese barracks and other public buildings were situated began shelling the town. In a panic the peaceful denizens of the place fled to the shelter of the hills. The Russians gave no warning of the attack even though many foreigners of various nationalities resided there and might easily have been injured. After firing over 200 shells without doing any considerable damage the torpedo boats withdrew.

We must now go back and inquire into important civil matters. We have seen that no strong attempt was made by the Japanese to secure reforms in the administration of the Korean Government and for this reason many of the best Koreans were dissatisfied with the way things were going. Therefore it was doubly unfortunate that on the seventeenth of June the Japanese authorities should make the startling suggestion that all uncultivated land in the Peninsula as well as other national resources should be thrown open to the Japanese. This appears to have been a scheme evolved by one Nagamori and broached by him so speciously to the powers in Tokyo that they backed him in it; but there can be no question that it was a grave mistake. There is no other point on which the Korean is so sensitive as upon that of his land. He is a son of the soil, and agriculture is the basis of all his institutions. The mere proposal raised an instant storm of protest from one end of Korea to the other. The Koreans saw in this move the entering wedge which would rive the country. It was the beginning of the end. This excessive show of feeling was not expected by the Japanese and it is probable that their intentions were by no means so black as the Koreans pictured them. The very general terms in which the proposal was worded and the almost entire lack of limiting particulars gave occasion for all sorts of wild conjectures and, it must be confessed, left the door open to very wide constructions. The time was unpropitious, the method was unfortunate and the subject-matter of the proposal itself was questionable. The all-important matter of water supply and control, the difficulties of jurisdiction on account of the extraterritorial rights implied in the proposal and other allied questions immediately presented themselves to the minds of Koreans and they recognized the fact that the carrying out of this plan would necessarily result in a Japanese protectorate if not absolute absorption into the Empire of Japan. The Japanese do not seem to have followed the logic of the matter to this point or else had not believed the Koreans capable of doing so. But when the storm of protest broke it carried everything before it. The Japanese were not prepared to carry the thing to extremes and after repeated attempts at a compromise the matter was dropped, though the Japanese neither withdrew their request nor accepted the refusal of the Korean Government. It is a matter of great regret that the Japanese did not quietly and steadily press the question of internal reforms, and by so doing hasten the time when the Korean people as a whole would repose such confidence in the good intentions of the neighbor country that even such plans as this of the waste lands could be carried through without serious opposition; for it is quite sure that there is a large area of fallow land in Korea which might well be put under the plow.

During the weeks when the Japanese were pressing for a favorable answer to the waste land proposition the Koreans adopted a characteristic method of opposition. A society called the _Po-an-whe_ was formed. The name means “Society for the Promotion of Peace and Safety.” It had among its membership some of the leading Korean officials. It held meetings at the cotton guild in the center of Seoul and a good deal of excited discussion took place as to ways and means for defeating the purpose of the Japanese. At the same time memorials by the some poured in upon the Emperor, beseeching him not to give way to the demands. The Japanese determined that these forms of opposition must be put down, so on July the 16th the meeting of the society was broken in upon by the Japanese police and some of the leading members were forcibly carried away to the Japanese police station. Other raids were made upon the society and more of its members were arrested and its papers confiscated. The Japanese warned the government that these attempts to stir up a riot must be put down with a stern hand and demanded that those who persisted in sending in memorials against the Japanese be arrested and punished. If the Korean government would not do it the Japanese threatened to take the law into their own hands. The Japanese troops in Seoul were augmented until the number was fully 6,000.

The agitation was not confined to Seoul, for leading Koreans sent out circular letters to all the country districts urging the people to come up to Seoul and make a monster demonstration which should convince the Japanese that they were in dead earnest. Many of these letters were suppressed by the prefects but in spite of this the news spread far and wide and the society enrolled thousands of members in every province.

The effect of this was seen when, early in August, the Japanese military authorities asked for the services of 6,000 Korean coolies in the north at handsome wages. The number was apportioned among different provinces, but the results were meager. Disaffected persons spread the report that these coolies would be put on the fighting line, and it was with the greatest difficulty that two thousand were secured. There were sanguinary fights in many towns where attempts were made to force coolies to go against their will. It was perfectly right for the Japanese to wish to secure such labor, but the tide of public sentiment was flowing strong in the other direction because of the attempt to secure the waste land and because of the suspension of the right of free speech.

The cessation of Japanese efforts to push the waste land measure did not put an end to agitation throughout the country, and the Il-chin society continued to carry on its propaganda until on August 22nd a new society took the field, named the Il-chin Society. This was protected by the Japanese police who allowed only properly accredited members to enter its doors. This looked as if it were intended as a counter-move to the Il-chin Society, and as the latter was having very little success a third society took up the gauntlet under the name of the Kuk-min or “National People’s” Society. The platforms promulgated by all these societies were quite faultless but the institutions had no power whatever to carry out their laudable plans and so received only the smiles of the public.

During the summer the Japanese suggested that it would be well for Korea to recall her foreign representatives. The idea was to have Korean diplomatic business abroad transacted through Japanese legations. Whether this was a serious attempt or only a feeler put out to get the sense of the Korean government we are unable to say, but up to the end of the year the matter was not pushed, and the nomination by the Japanese of Mr. Stevens, an American subject as adviser to the Foreign Office would seem to indicate that the existing diplomatic arrangements will be continued for the time being.

The various societies which had been formed as protests against existing conditions stated some things that ought to be accomplished but suggested no means by which they could be done. The difficulty which besets the country is the lack of general education, and no genuine improvement can be looked for until the people be educated up to it. For this reason a number of foreigners joined themselves into the Educational Association of Korea, their aim being to provide suitable text books for Korean schools and to help in other ways toward the solution of the great question. About the same time the Minister of Education presented the government with a recommendation that the graduates of the Government schools be given the preference in the distribution of public offices. This had no apparent effect upon the Government at the time, but this is what must come before students will flock to the Government schools with any enthusiasm. Later in the year a large number of Koreans also founded an Educational Society. It made no pretensions to political significance but went quietly to work gathering together those who are convinced that the education of the masses is the one thing needed to put Korea upon her feet, in the best sense.

In September there was celebrated the twentieth anniversary of the founding of Protestant Christian missions in Korea. A great convention had been arranged for and leading men were to attend it but the war interfered with the plan and the convention was postponed till 1909, when the quarter-centennial will be celebrated. In spite of this a memorable meeting was held and the results of Christian work in Korea were set forth and discussed. We need say no more here than that this field is rightly considered as being one of the most successful in the world and as giving promise of great things in the future.

In the middle of October the Japanese military authorities sent Marshal Hasegawa to take charge of military affairs in Korea. He arrived on the thirteenth and shortly after went to Wonsan to inspect matters in that vicinity. The news of considerable Russian activity in northeast Korea seemed to need careful watching and the presence of a general competent to do whatever was necessary to keep them in check.

The laying of the last rail of the Seoul Fusan-Railway was an event of great importance to Korea. It adds materially to the wealth of the country both by forming a means of rapid communication and by enhancing the value of all the territory through which it runs. It also gives Japan such a large vested interest here that it becomes, in a sense, her guarantee to prevent the country from falling into the hands of other Powers. But like all good things it has its dangers as well.

Mr. Megata, the new adviser to the Finance Department arrived in the Autumn and began a close study of Korean monetary and financial conditions. This was an augury of good, for Korean finance has always been in a more or less chaotic condition since the time when the late Regent flooded the country with discarded Chinese cash and a spurious Korean coinage whose lack of intrinsic value gave the lie to its face.

Late in the year Mr. Stevens, the newly appointed adviser of the Foreign Department, took up his duties which, though less important than those of Mr. Megata, nevertheless gave assurance that the foreign relations of the government would be carefully handled.

As the year came to a close there were evidences that the Japanese were about to begin what should have been begun before, namely a gradual reform in the administration of the government. Useless offices are to be abolished, the army is to be brought down to its proper proportions, retrenchment is to be effected in various other lines and education is to be encouraged. On the whole the year closed with brighter prospects in Korea than any former portion of the year had shown.

The termination of an historical survey covering four thousand years of time naturally suggests some general remarks upon that history as a whole. And in the first place it is worth noting that the Korean people became a homogeneous nation at a very early date. Before the opening of the tenth century they were so firmly welded together that no sectional difference has ever seriously threatened their disruption.

Since the year 700 A. D. there have been two bloodless changes of dynasty but there has not been a single successful revolution, in the ordinary sense of the word. There have been three great and several small invasions but none of these left any serious marks upon the country either in the line of inter-mixture of blood or of linguistic modification. They served simply to weld the people more closely together and make the commonwealth more homogeneous than ever.

In the second place the power has always been in the hands of the men of greatest average wit, and it has uniformly been used to further personal aims. The idea of any altruistic service has been conspicuously lacking, though there have been brilliant exceptions. The concept of individuality or personality is strangely lacking in all Turanian peoples and this it is which has kept them so far in the rear of the Indo-European peoples in the matter of civilization. The essential feature of true progress, namely the recognition of the present time as on the whole the best time, the present institutions as being the best institution, the present opportunities as being the best opportunities, the present people as being the best people that history has to show—this feature is sadly lacking in the Far East. Japan has grafted this into her life and it already bears fruit, but Korea stands with China as yet.

Individual people cannot be sure of getting their just deserts in this life whether they be good or evil, but this is hardly true of nations. They generally get about what they have deserved. If men lived as long as empires they too might be served the same. It is poor philosophy to mourn the fate of a decadent empire or a moribund civilization. They have served their purposes and are ready to pass away. Upon their ruins there are sure to arise edifices that are worthier of habitation than were those of the past. In Korea the old is passing away, is crumbling about our ears. The new wine is bursting the old bottles. The question for the future to answer is whether the Korean people will allow their ship of state to drift upon the Sargasso Sea until the seaweed “rising strake on strake” shall make her utterly derilict, or whether they will awake from their lethargy, clear away the barnacles and jam the helm down hard a-port until the wind fills the sails and she can forge ahead toward some desired haven.

It is not the province of the historian to play the prophet nor shall we try to forecast what the future may bring forth, but it is permissible to express the hope that Korea will make herself increasingly worthy of a continued and distinguished history.

THE END.

INDEX.

Abdication of last King of Koryu, I 293 of King of Tan-jong, I 311

Aborigines, I 2

Adulteration of food, I 171

Advisers, Foreign, II 271, 372

Adviser, Judge O. N. Denny, II 245

A-gol-t’a, I 171

Agriculture encouraged, I 149

Aid from China, I 400

Allen, Dr H. N., II 237, 241

Alexeieff arrives, Kir, II 313

Alexeieff supersedes Dr. Brown, 313 withdraws, II 316

Alliance, Anglo-Japanese, II 335 between Korea and Japan, II 275 of Silla and China, I 104

Alphabet invented, I 307

Altar repaired, Tan-gun, II 136

Altar of Tan-gun, I 3

American expedition, II 212

American farm, II 232

American fleet retires, II 214

American fight on Kang-wha, II 214

American Minister, First, II 232

Anarchy in Koryu, I 109 in Song do, I 195

Anju Skirmish, II 365

An Kyung-su murdered, II 328

Annals of Three Kingdoms, I 177 of Koryu, I 149 of Early Korea, I 35

Annani rice, II 332

Arab traders, I 118

Arch demolished, Chinese, II 281

Arms, Hideyoshi’s, I 350

Army cared for, I 143 of Chinese, II 14

Army, Hideyoshi’s, I 350 of 1000, B. C., I 11 counter-invasion, Chinese, II 2 reform, II 19 to invade Japan, Mongol, I 219 to meet Manchus, Korean, II 97

Asan, Battle of, II 254 Naval battle of, II 252

Assassination of seven ministers, II 237 of king of Koryu, I 181

Assault on Nam-han, II 109

Astronomical instrument, I 334 work, II 169

Astronomy, I 154, 303, 315

Asylum in Korea, Wiman’s, I 14

Attack of Japanese war vessels, II 219

Authenticity of annals of early Korea, I 35

“Baby War”, The, II 247

Banishment of king, I 179, 237

Bank Notes, Dai Ichi Giuko, II 337

Bank, Run on Japanese, II 345

Barter, I 222

Battle with Americans, II 214 ” of Ab-sung, II 168 ” A-san, II 254 ” off A-san, Naval, II 252 ” of Chemulpo, II 357 ” Chik-san, II 34 ” Chin-do, Naval, II 33 ” Chin-ju, I 406 ” Cho-gye, I 394 ” at Chng-duk Monastery, French, II 210 ” of Chöng-ju, II 365 ” on Ch’ung-ju, I 404 ” off Han-san, Naval, I 399 ” of Hang-ju, II 10 ” of He-on pass, II 8 ” of I-ch’i, I 399 ” of Ka-do Island, II 129 ” of Keum-nyung, I 396 ” of Kil-ju, I 409 ” of Köm-san, I 394 ” of Kwang-gyo Mt., I 374 ” of Kye Pass, I 372 ” of Kyöng-ju, I 408 ” of Nam-wun, II 32 ” of Ok-pŏ Island, Naval, I 375 ” of Pu-go, II 65 ” of Pom-nout Island, II 46 ” of Puk-du-man, I 374 ” of Pyeng-yang, I 401, II 257 ” off Pyuk-hang Harbor, Naval, I 377 ” near Sun-ch’un, Naval, II 48 ” of Sung-ju, II 14 ” of Tang-hang Harbor, Naval, I 377 ” of Tong-na, I 352 ” of Yalu, Naval, II 258 ” of Yö-san, I 404 ” of Yöng-jung, II 219 ” at Yung-wun Fortress, I 378

Bear in Korean legend, The, I 1

Beginning of feud between Korea and Japan, I 59 ” of government loans, I 56 ” of historical writing, I 81 ” of Japanese raids, I 190 ” of Koguryu hostility to China, I 45 ” of the Mongols, I 186 ” of political parties, I 339 ” of present reign, II 202

Bell cast for Seoul, I 314 ” of Silla, I 121

Berneux, Bishop, II 200

“Big Bell” hung, The, I 318

Bishopric of Korea, The, II 196

Bismark of Korea, The, II 152

Blood-bridge fenced in, The, II 172

Blood stained bridge, I 292

Body-guard of Emperor, II 318

Bomb and Mortar, I 407

Bombardment of Nam-han, I 121

Books, Buddhist, I 169, 232 ” Christian, II 183 ” Edict against Christian, II 167 ” of history, I 177 ” on Japan, Korean, II 52 ” published, I 338, II 188 ” published by King In-jong, II 182

Books of sorceresses &c. burned, I 302 ” on various sciences, I 315

Border warfare, I 321, 338, 340, 341, 344

Botany, I 171

Boundaries of Eum-nu, I 24 ” of Kia-rak, I 50 ” of Kija’s kingdom, I 8, 10 ” of Koguryŭ, I 39 ” of Ma-han, I 28 ” of Mal-gal, I 25 ” of Ok-jŭ, I 22 ” of Sŭ-Ya-bŭl, I 34 ” of Wi-man’s kingdom, I 16 ” of Yŏ-mak, I 20

Branding forbidden, II 172

Bribed, Chinese, II 13

Bribery, Japanese, II 48

Bridge, First suspension, II 8 ” of fish, I 38 ” Kitan, I 161

British Gov’t upholds Mr. Brown, II 313 ” occupy Port Hamilton, II 241 ” treaty, II 233

Brown, C. M. G., J. McLeavy, Adviser, II 307

Bruguiere, First Bishop, II 196

Buddha, A standing, I 316

Buddhism under ban, I 298 ” checked, I 145 ” versus Confucianism, I 164 ” Eight laws of, I 82 ” Enormous increase, I 165 ” to the fore, II 333 ” Introduction of, I 65 ” of Japan, I 123 ” of Kung-ye, I 131 ” obligatory in Coguryŭ, I 67 ” in Pak-je, Introduction of, I 66 ” rampant, I 145 ” set back, I 301 ” in Silla, I 76 ” state religion, I 143 ” of Wang-gön, I 134

Buddhist books, I 83, 150, 169, 232 ” convents broken up, I 319 ” excesses in Silla, I 83 ” examination, I 169 ” festival, I 134 ” imposition, I 183 ” monastery, Great, 167 ” monastery, II 147 ” monks forbidden to enter Seoul, I 319 ” monk from China, 142

Buddhist militant, I 402 ” relic, I 163 ” superstition, II 149 ” trickery, I 176

Burial alive, I 77

Burning of bad books, I 382

Burning of palace, II 366

Cabinet, Liberal, II 238 ” A new, II 266 ” Pro-Japanese, II 296

Calendar, New, II 143

Camps, Mongol permanent, I 198 ” Manchu, II 102

Cannibals, I 227, 249

Capital, First, I 2 ” at Han-yang, I 243 ” Kija’s, I 7 ” of Koryu burned, I 158 ” moved to Seoul, I 296 ” plundered, I 249

Captives exchanged, II 129 ” in Japan, Korean, II 37 ” to Manchus, II 127

Cash, Copper, I 171

Catapult, Korean, I 193

Census of 1767, II 180 ” II 153 ” law, II 251

Centralization of Power, II 334

Ceramics, II 55

Cespedes, Gregoris de, II 37

Chariots, War, II 170

Charges against King Sun-jo, False, II 41 ” against Queen of Sun-jo, False, II 62

Chemulpo, Battle of, II 359

Che-ju (Quelpart), I 74 See Quelpart

Ch’i Dynasty in China, I 75

Chil-lin, Admiral, II 39

Chin-bun, I 18

Chin-han, I 30 ” Origin of, I 30 ” Customs of, I 31

China aids Korea, I 400 ” appealed to, I 397, II 250 ” breaks treaty with Japan, II 250 ” disavows responsibility for Korea, I 220 ” informed of Japanese invasion, I 385 ” sides with Silla, I 97

Chinese army, II 14 ” army arrives, II 230 ” army of counter-invasion, II 2 ” bribed, II 12 ” demand removal of Japanese, II 238

Chinese disaster, I 91 ” evacuate Pyeng-yang, II 257 ” generals, II 2 ” immigration, I 146 ” influence, I 78 ” innovations, I 78 ” intervention, I 45 ” official grades, I 148 ” refuges, I 30, 36, 57 ” refugees from Manchuria, II 68 ” retire from Korea, II 21 ” suzerainty denied, II 220 ” take over Customs, II 242 ” treachery, II 3 ” victory over Koguryu, I 58

Ch‘ing Empire founded, II 94

Ch‘oe Ch‘i-wun, I 124, 128 ” Literary work of, I 128

Cho Pyung-sik obstructs trade, II 248

Cho-ryung (Pass), II 354 ” ” deserted, I 356

Cholera scourge, I 322, 330, II 85, 194, 285

Chong Kong-ju, I 288, 292

Cho-sun, Founding of, I 295 ” ” Origin of word, I 19

Christian persecution of 1839, II 196 ” persecutions, II 185, 186, 191

Christians at Nagasaki, Korean, II 37

Christianity, Causes of opposition to, II 191 ” Spreads, II 200 ” Studied, II 183

Chu, Emperor, I 4

Chu-mong, I 37

Chŭk Tribe, I 19

Chul-bun Pu yu, I 38

Civilization under Kija, I 8

Clepsydra, I 303

Clocks introduced, II 163

Club, The Independent, II 306, 307, 316, 324

Coaling station, Russia demands, II 313

Codification of laws, I 315

Coffee conspiracy, II 318

Coiffure, Mongol, I 224

Coinage, I 152, 242, II 211, 270

Colonization of the North, I 306 ” Plan, II 335

Color of garments, I 222, 330

Compass, First, I 330

Concubines’ sons, I 340, II 81

Confucianism in Silla, I 121 ” revived, I 148 ” _versus_ Buddhism, I 164

Confucius, Image of, I 233

Consanguineous marriage, I 144, 145

Conscription, I 290

Conquest of Dagelet Island, I 78 ” of Koguryu, I 40 ” of Ma-han, I 45 ” of Ok-ju, I 52 ” of Pu-yu, I 47

Conquests of the Manchus, II 68 ” of Su-ya-bul, I 34

Conspiracies, II 90

Conspiracy against Gen. Yi, I 90 ” of Kim Cha-jum, II 142 ” against King Sun-jo, I 346 ” of Kim Yung ha, II 167 ” of Regent’s son, II 282

Contrast between Korea and Japan, I 341 ” between North and South, I 29

Convents broken up, I 319 ” destroyed, II 164

Coolies demanded, II 370

Copper Buddha, A, I 301 ” cash, I 171

Cossacks in Korea, II 363

Costume, Mourning, I 78

Cotton growing, II 149

Counterfeiting, I 171, II 336

Cremation, I 117, 122

Currency, I 175, 233, 242 ” reform II 270, 366

Customs of aborigines, I 2 ” of Chin-han, I 31 ” of Cremation, I 117 ” of Eum-nu, I 24 ” of King plowing, I 77 ” of Koguryŭ, I 39 ” of Koryu, Mongol, I 221 ” of Ku-ran, I 26 ” of Ma-han, I 28 ” of Mal-gal, I 26 ” of memorialising the throne, I 121 ” Mourning, I 148 ” of Ok-ju, I 28 ” of Pal-hă, I 26 ” of Ye-mak, I 20

Customs Service, II 242

Dagelet Island, I 73, 138, 178

Dallet’s historical work, II 203

Dancing-girls banned, I 320

Dancing-girl, A brave, II 15

Decadence of Koryu, I 177, 242, 324 ” in Korea, II 69

Decadence of Wi-man Chosun, I 16 ” of Pak-je, I 94 ” of Sil-la, I 121, 131

Defense of Nam-han, II 102 ” of Christian persecution, Korean, II 199

Delimitation of Korea, I 31

Denny, Judge O. N., II 245

Detectives, II 170

Dictionary of Korean, I 309 ” Korean-Chinese, I 331

Disaffection, II 248

Disaster at Kang-wha, II 117 ” Japanese naval, I 399 ” to Chinese, I 91 ” Kitan, I 163

Dismemberment of Koguryŭ, I 113

Divination, I 243

Dog in Korean tradition, I 265

Dream, King’s, I 255

Dress (see garments)

Duel, I 278

Ears and noses, Korean, II 38

Earthquakes, I 329

Eclipses recorded, I 11, 35, 154

Education, Western, II 246 ” encouraged, I 304 ” in Sil-la, I 120

Egg in Korean tradition, I 34, 44, 57

Electric light, II 333

Elixir of youth, I 12

Emancipation of serfs, II 181

Embalming, I 50

Embargo on export of grain, II 332

Embassy to Europe, II 247

Emeute of 1884, II 236

Emperor, King declared, II 314

Envoy to Hideyoshi, I 346 ” insulted, Korean, II 57 ” Manchu, II 96 ” to Japan, Păk-je, I 67 ” from Japan, First, I 59 Japan, I 166, 260 ” to Japan, Chinese, II 23 ” Mongol, I 214 ” Third Mongol, I 217 ” killed, Mongol, I 224 ” killed, Ming, I 268 ” to King Sŭn-jo, Japanese, I 344, 345 ” from Ktau, I 154 ” from Liu Kin, II 188 ” to Manchus, II 85 ” Mongols Prince, I 209 ” from Mings, First, I 261 ” to Mongols, First, I 189 ” to present dynasty, First Japanese, I 302 ” from Quelpart, I 136 ” to The United States, II 232

Eum-nu Tribe, I 24

Equestrian feat, I 250

Evacuation of Seoul, 1592, I 362 ” of Nam-han, II 124 ” of Korea by Japanese, 1596, II 26 ” of Seoul by Japanese 1592, II 11 ” of Pyeng yang, Japanese, 1596, II 7

Examinations begun, I 146 ” Buddhist, I 169 ” Decennial, I 329 ” I 164, 237, 319

Examiners punished, II 174

Exposure of infants, II 151

Extortion, II 334

Factions, I 146, 161

Faction massacred, Civil, I 178 ” ” Military, I 162

Factional quarrels, I 333, II 52, 92, 153, 162, 163

Factions forbidden, II 165

Faith Cure, I 183

Fall of Ka-rak, I 80 ” of Wija dynasty, I 15 ” of Kitan, I 188 ” of Koguryu, II 112 ” of Kung-ye, I 132 ” of Kyŭn-whŭn, I 140 ” of Ma-han, I 33, 44 ” of Mongol Empire, I 260 ” of Ming Empire, II 139 ” of Păk-je, I 106 ” of Silla, I 140 ” of Sin-don, I 265 ” of Wiman dynasty, I 18 ” of Yi-Kwal, II 78

Family names, I 49

Famine relief, I 149

Famine, flood, plague, 1814, II 194 ” in Seoul, II 11

Farm, American, II 232

Feudal retainers, I 300

Feudalism stopped, I 300

Fire-arms, First, I 345

First bomb and mortar, I 407 ” capital, I 2 ” eclipse, I 11 ” envoy from Japan, I 59 ” fire-arms, I 345 ” Japanese Minister, II 222 ” Korean flag, II 225 ” iron-clad, I 376 ” Minister to Japan, II 225 ” Mongol Invasion, I 192 ” Printing-type, I 301 ” suspension bridge, II 8 ” tobacco, II 134 ” woman ruler, I 93

Fish bridge, I 38

Fishery troubles in South, II 247

Flag, Korean, II 225 ” of Kija dynasty, I 11

Flight of Japanese from Pyeng-yang, 1593 II 7 ” of King in 1592, I 362, 363, 364 ” of Koryŭ King, I 15 ” to Kang-wha, I 195 ” of Yuan-shei-kei, II 265

Flowers Artificial, I 240

“Flying General”, II 18

Foote arrives, Gen. L., II 232

Foreign Advisers, II 271

Foreign Office established, II 231

Foreign relations, Book on, I 315

Foreign visitor, II 195

Foreigners threatened, II 248

Forestry, II 149

Fort at Ul-san, II 35

Forts, Japanese, II 13

Fortresses of Koryŭ, I 165

Fortress of Nam-han built, II 82 ” of Puk-han built 161

Foulk in American Legation, Geo. C., II 94

Founding of Chosŭn, I 295 ” of Kin Power, I 172 ” of Koguryŭ, I 36 ” of _Koryu_, I 134 ” of Su-ya-bul, I 34 ” of South Pu-yu, I 41 ” of Yuan Empire, I 218

Foundling asylum, II 151

Four Political parties, I 339 ” provinces, The, I 18

Fowls, Long-tailed, I 29

Fox in Korean lore, The, I 5

French defeat on Kang-wha, I 210 ” expedition, First, II 197 ” ” under Adm. Roze, II 208, 209 ” on Kang-wha, II 209 ” priests enter Quelpart, II 197 ” priests executed, II 196 ” priests executed, Nine, II 206 ” and Russian employees of Gov’t, II 332 ” war-vessels wrecked, II 197

Funeral of Queen, II 314

Fusan trading port, II 50

Gaoler Cabinet, II 301

Garments of Parties, II 146 ” Color of, I 222, 242, 330 ” Ming, I 263 ” Official, I 146 ” Style of, I 79

Gates roofed over, II 273 ” of Seoul, I 297

Gayuk Khan, I 200

“General Sherman” wrecked, II 207

Genghis Khan, I 185

Gensho, I 345

Geology, I 315

German treaty, II 233

Geurilla warfare, I 409, II 18

Ginseng, Tax on, I 236

_Gloire, La_, II 197

God of War, Temples to, II 53

Gold mining, I 169, II 284

Governor-general, Mongol, I 204

Goyo maru, II 367

Guilds in Seoul, II 172

Guluk Khan, I 230

Gun-powder first seen, I 272

Gutzleff, II 195

Ha-bu-ru, I 37

Hamel, Heinrich, II 143

Hair, False, II 186

Hair-cutting, I 204

Hall, Capt. Basil, II 195

Hanabusa in Seoul, II 217

Han Dynasty, I 14

Hans, The Three, I 28

Han-yang Capital, I 170

Hasegawa, II 372

Hats, Korean, I 9

Hen in tradition, The, I 52

Hideyi in Seoul, I 367

Hideyoshi, Answer to, I 348 ” Envoy to, I 346

Hideyoshi’s ambition, I 344 ” arms, I 350 ” army, I 350 ” character, II 51 ” end, Story of, II 50 ” invasion of Korea, I 349 ” Letter, I 347 ” Second plan of invasion, II 28

Hiroshima Court of the Queen’s murder, II 289

History begun in Silla, I 81 ” of Koguryŭ written, I 87 ” published, I 177

Historical work, I 149, 321

Hol-pil-ryul, I 210, 211

Hong-t’a-si, Manchu leader, II 82

Horse relay, Origin of, I 76

Horses sent to China, I 278

Horses of Ye-mak, I 21

Horse-breeding on Quelpart, I 252

Hospital founded, I 314, II 241

Hostage, Crown Prince as, II 128

Hostages to the Mongols, I 214

Hun, Last of Kija line, I 33

Hunting parks, I 302

Hyun Tribe, I 19

Hyuk ku-se, I 34

Hyun-do, I 18

Imbert Bishop, II 196

Im-dun, I 18

Im-jin River, I 368 ” ” forced, I 381 ” ” guarded, I 370

Immigration of Chinese, I 146

Incarnation of Tan-gun, I 1

Incense, Mongol, I 240

Indemnity to Japanese, II 230, 240

Independence Club, The, II 306, 307 ” Club disbands, II 324 ” ” weakens, II 316 ” Day, II 222 ” declared, II 273 ” of Korea, I 7

Independent, The, II 308

Infernal machine, II 218

Innovations, Chinese, I 78 ” in Pak-je, I 81 ” from China, I 110

Inouye as Minister, Count, II 277 ” as special envoy, Count, II 230

Insurrection (see rebellion)

Interest, Legal rate of, I 148

Invasion of 107 B. C., I 17 ” Japanese, I 349 ” of China planned, I 292 ” Fears of Western, II 200 ” Hideyoshi’s, I 349 ” of Japan, plans of Mongol, I 214 ” of Japan, Mongol, I 213, 225 ” of Japan, I 214, 304 ” by Kitan, I 150, 155 ” of Koguryŭ, I 87 ” of Korea by Sui Emperor, I 87 ” by Manchus, II 69, 82 ” First Mongol, I 192 ” of Liao Tung 240 A. D., I 57 ” Second Mongol, I 201 ” ” Japanese, II 30 ” planned, Second Japanese, II 29 ” by Red-heads, I 244 ” by Tap-dan, I 227 ” by Wiman, I 15 ” by Yŭ-jin, I 171

Invention of alphabet, I 307 ” of new weapons, I 330 ” in Silla,I 75

Iron building, I 236, 237

Iron-clad, The first, I 376

Iron money, I 152

Irrigation, II 169

Ito, Marquis, II 364

I-tu, The, I 119

Jaisohn as adviser, Dr. P., II 277

Japan disavows acts of pirates, I 270 ” helps against pirates, II 274 ” invaded, I 214, 304 ” Korean alliance, I 275 ” Korean policy, II 219 ” A Korean Queen for, I 61 ” Mongolian invasion of, II 213, 225 ” Mongol message to, I 213 ” Mongol disaster in, I 220 ” Third Mongol envoy to, I 217 ” Second Mongol army to, I 223 ” Under Hideyoshi, I 343

Japanese allies of Pak-je, I 109 ” army lands, II 255, 256 ” ask for books, I 320 ” bribery, II 48 ” Buddhism, I 166 ” Captives to Mongols, I 215 ” declaration of war against China, II 252 ” defeated by Yi T‘a-jo, I 271 ” enter Seoul, 1592, I 367 ” envoy, I 260 ” ” to present dynasty, First, I 302 ” ” to King Sŭn-jo, I 344 ” evacuate Seoul, II 77 ” ” Pyeng-yang, II 7 ” fort at Ul-san, II 35 ” fortifications, II 13 ” freebooters, I 218 ” guard at palace, II 238 ” incursions, I 35 ” invasion, Omens of, I 334 ” ” second, II 30 ” land of Kunsan, II 354 ” land at Chemulpo, II 356 ” leave Korea 1596, II 26 ” legation burned, II 227 ” losses 1592, II 15 ” marry Koreans, II 45 ” masks, II 52 ” military teacher, II 225 ” minister First, II 222 ” mobbed, II 240 ” naval disaster, I 399 ” in North-east 1592, I 390 ” offer of aid against Manchus, II 91 ” Japanese policy, II 352 ” pirates, I 46 ” pursued, II 12

Japanese take Pyeng-yang, 1592, 380 ” before Pyeng-yang, I 386 ” raids, I 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 246, 254, 255, 258, 264, 266, 267, 269, 279 ” ravages begin, I 190 ” relations, I 35 ” retire from Seoul, II 240 ” revolt, I 327 ” robbers defeated, I 336 ” routes, 1592, I 365 ” settlements, I 26, II 38 ” ” Shogun friendly, I 272 ” take palace, II 252 ” trade, I 307 ” ” resumed, I 333 ” ” suspended, I 328 ” trade at Fusan, II 216 ” trading station enlarged, II 136 ” trading station, II 59, 153 ” trading ports, I 298 ” treatment of Mongol envoys, I 214 ” treaty, II 221 ” war vessel fired upon, II 219 ” wish to colonise, II 335

Jealousy of Kato and Konishi, I 351 ” of Min faction, II 234

Jesuit priests in Peking, II 143

Ka-do Island, Battle of, II 129

Ka-ma tribe, I 48

Kang-wha attacked by French, II 209 ” disaster at, II 117 ” French defeat on, II 210 ” King ordered from, I 206, 207 ” King on, I 195 ” Manchus take, II 118 ” Palaces destroyed, I 209

Ka-rak, I 50 ” boundaries, I 50 ” fall of, I 80

Kato, General, I 351

Kaya, I 50

Keum-ma-gol, I 27

Keum-su-ro, I 50

Keum-wha, I 37

Kim Cha-jŭm’s blunder, II 99

Kim Hong-jip, Prime Minister, II 266 ” murdered, II 303

Kim Hong-nyuk killed, II 318

Kim Ok-kyun’s body dismembered, II 250 ” murdered, II 249 ” II 223

Kidnapping the Regent, II 231

Kija’s Capital, I 7 ” civilization, I 8 ” coming of, I 4 ” dynasty, I 11 ” dynasty, End of, I 15 ” laws, I 8 ” loyalty, I 6 ” origin of, I 4 ” reforms, I 8 ” route, I 6 ” tomb, I 10

Kijun, Migration of, I 27

Kin Empire, I 172 ” Good will of, I 173 ” dynasty extinct, I 198 ” letter, I 173

King deposed, Koryŭ, I 216, 287

King of Koryŭ abdicates, Last, I 292

Ki-tan bridge the Yalu, I 161 ” calendar, I 151 ” disaster, I 163 ” driven back, I 160 ” envoys, I 154 ” falls, I 188 ” refugees, I 187 ” invasion, I 150, 155 ” power, I 142 ” suzerainty, I 152

“Knife Gang”, II 156

Koguryŭ, I 36 ” Customs, I 39 ” boundaries, I 39 ” religion, I 39 ” dismemberment of, I 113 ” conquests, I 40 ” expansion, I 40 ” falls, I 112 ” hostility to China, I 45 ” Introduction of Buddhism, I 65 ” Origin of word, I 38

Konishi, General, I 351

Korean captives returned, II 55

Koryetz, II 355, 361

Koryŭ dynasty founded, I 134 ” King deposed, I 216 ” king goes to China, I 212 ” refugees, I 200 ” revolts from Mings, I 283 ” turns against Mongols, I 242 ” vassal of China, I 135 ” vassal to Mings, I 261 ” woman, Empress of China, I 237

Ko-ŭlla, I 74

Kow-shing sunk, II 253

Kublai Khan, I 210, 211

Kublai Khan kindness, I 228

Kuk-cho Po-gam, I 314

Kung-ye, I 127 ” a Buddhist, I 131 ” capital, I 130 ” fall, I 132 ” proclaimed king, I 130 ” rescue, I 127

Kŭ-ran tribe, I 26

Kŭ-sŭ-gan, I 34

Ku-wŭl Mountain, I 2

Kwaga, I 146, 237, 317

Kwang-ha becomes king, II 58 ” deposed, II 70 ” excesses, II 59 ” Prince, II 55

Kye-rim, I 52

Kyöng-bok Palace rebuilt, II 211 ” ” built, I 298

Kyöng-ju made Eastern Capital, I 149

Kyŭn Tribe, I 19

Kyŭn-whun, I 128 ”defeated, I 136 ”sacks Silla capital, I 136 ”war with Wang gon, I 137

Land measurement, I 142, 232

Law against adulteration of food, I 171 ” against counterfeiting, I 171 ” codification of, I 315 ” for detectives, II 170 ” of Kija, I 8 ” against Monasteries, II 148 ” against Murder, II 145 ” penal, I 111 ” of primogeniture, I 165 ” published, I 318

Legal reform, I 167

Legation guards, II 349

Legend of Tangun, I 1

Legends (see Tradition)

Letter from Hideyoshi, I 347 ” to French Gov’t, II 197

Li Hung-chang and the neutral territory, II 220

Liao Fortress taken, I 264

Liberal cabinet, II 238 ” party, II 223

Light-houses, II 338

Lindsay, II 195

Liu Kiu envoy, II 188 ” islands, I 313

Literary activity, I 120, 315, 329, 331, 333, II 188 ” work of Choé Ch’i-wŭn, I 128 ” of King In-jong, II 182 ” of King Sun-jo, I 340

Loans, Beginnings of Government, I 65

Lobanoff-Yamata Agreement, II 308

Long-tailed fowls, I 29

Mabuda, II 94

Mahan, I 28 ” Conquest of, I 45 ” Customs, I 29 ” Fall of, I 44 ” population, I 30 ” religion, I 30

Mal-gal Tribes, I 25 ” treaty, I 135

Manchu camp, II 102 ” ” captives, II 127 ” ceremony, II 125 ” charges, II 82 ” conquests, II 68 ” demands, II 84 ” ” for tribute, II 93 ” enter Korea, II 99 ” ” Seoul, II 101 ” envoys insulted, II 96 ” invasion, II 69, 82 ” invade China, II 135 ” invasion, Omen of, II 97 ” Japanese offer of aid against, II 91 ” leader Hongt’asi, II 82 ” leaders, II 94 ” letter to Korea, First, II 66 ” oath, II 86 ” power, II 63 ” suzerainty, II 125 ” tablet, II 130 ” take Kang-wha, II 118 ” vandalism, II 113

Man-hunting, II 154

Map of North, II 169

Mararanta, Buddhist Monk, I 66

Mari Mountain, I 3

Ma-rip-gan, Royal title, I 70

Markets, Beginning of, I 76

Marriage Consanguineous, I 144, 145 ” with sister, I 144, 145 ” of present Emperor, II 205 ” of Japanese and Koreans, II 45 ” of widows first forbidden, I 321

Masanpo Russian coaling station, II 334

Masks, Japanese, II 52

Massacre of crew of “General Sherman”, II 207 ” of military faction, I 162 ” of civil faction, I 178

Mathematics, I 168

Maubant enters Korea, Pierre, II 196

Measures equalised, II 172

Measurement of land, I 232

Medical books, I 314

Megata, II 372

Memorial, I 121

Military emeute of, 1882 II 226

Military and civil factions, I 161 ” instructors, Russian, II 313 ” reforms, II 89, 144

Min faction, II 224

Min Seung-ho murdered, II 218

Min Yong-ik Envoy to U.S., II 232 ” conservative, II 233 ” wounded, II 236

Min Yong-jun beaten, II 249

Mines in warfare, II 193 ” sulphur, II 149

Mings angry, II 273 ” commands, I 263 ” demand for tribute, I 275 ” ” houses from Quelpart, I 267 ” dress adopted, I 263 ” dress and coiffure discarded, I 283 ” dynasty falls, II 139 ” envoy murdered, I 268 ” First envoy from, I 261 ” formally recognise Korea, I 279 ” power appears, I 240 ” suspicious, I 246

Mining concession, II 284 ” forbidden, II 169 ” gold, I 169

Minister to U.S., II 246 ” to Japan, First, II 225 ” of state killed, II 237

Minting of money, First, I 152

Mirrors, Japanese gift of, I 329

Missions in Korea, II 325 ” Protestant, II 211

Miura arrives, Viscount, II 286

Mock Battle, I 330

Mollendorff dismissed, II 242 ” employed P. G. von, II 232

Monasteries deprived of land, I 301

Monastery, Great, I 167 ” in Koguryŭ, First, I 65 ” Law against, II 148 ” as poor-houses, II 147

Money, I 152, 171, 242 ” Silver, I 233

Mongols, Allies of, I 187 ” Appeal to, I 205 ” army, Composition of, I 220

Mongols to invade Japan, I 219 ” ” Japan, Second, I 224 ” Origin of, I 185 ” besiege Song-do, I 193 ” captives, I 204 ” charges, I 197 ” ” against Koryŭ, I 213 ” coiffure, I 223 ” customs in Koryŭ, I 221 ” demand for tribute, I 190, 194, 211 ” ” of surrender, I 203 ” disaster in Japan, I 220 ” disaster, I 226 ” dynasty decadent, I 240 ” Empire falls, I 260 ” envoy, First, I 189 ” ” in Japan, I 214 ” ” to Japan, Third, I 217 ” ” to Japan killed, I 224 ” fear of water, I 198 ” Governor-general, I 204 ” Hostages to, I 214 ” humble, I 243 ” incense, I 240 ” invasion, First, I 192 ” incursion, Last, I 254 ” invasion of Japan, I 213, 225 ” Korea surrenders to, I 194 ” Koryŭ turns against, I 242 ” message to Japan, I 213 ” monster, I 204 ” official names, I 222 ” permanent camps, I 198 ” Prince as envoy to, I 209 ” princess, I 216 ” Queen, I 223, 229 ” in Quelpart, I 259 ” ” ” destroyed, I 268 ” residency, I 194 ” resident dismissed, I 242 ” retire from Korea, I 211 ” ruthlessness, I 199 ” second invasion, I 201 ” siege of Ch‘un-ch‘un, I 203 ” spies, I 200, II 94 ” settle in Koryŭ, I 208 ” Treaty with, I 197

Monk soldier, I 402

Morals, Lax, I 150

Mortar, Bomb and, I 407

Mourning customs changed, I 148 ” for dead king begun, I 338 ” garb, I 78

Mudangs banned, II 174

Mu je’s conquests, Emperor, I 18

Mukden, S. S., II 356

“Mulberry Palace” built, II 182

Murder of An Kyung-su, II 328 ” of Chöng Mong-ju, I 292 ” of king of Koryŭ, I 181 ” of King Tan-jong, I 312 ” of Kim Ok-kyun, II 249 ” Law against, II 145 ” Punishment for, I 176

Music in Silla, I 82

Musical instruments, I 11, 330, II 173 ” reform, I 322

Myung-ye Palace, II 17

Nagamori’s Scheme, II 368

Names, Family, I 49

Nam-han, Assault on, II 109 ” Attempts to relieve, II 106, 109, 110, 111 ” Defense of, II 102 ” evacuated, II 124 ” Fortress built, II 82 ” King escapes to, II 100 ” Manchu fence about, II 105 ” offer of surrender, II 113 ” Sorties from, II 103, 105, 107 ” Starvation in, II 107

Nang-nang Tribe, I 18, 25

Nap-tap-chŭl defeated, I 252

National examinations, I 146, 237

Naval battle off A-san, II 252 ” ” off Chemulpo, II 359 ” ” of Chin-do, II 33 ” ” at Ok-po Island, I 375 ” ” at Pyuk-hang Harbor, I 377 ” ” near Sun-ch‘un, II 48 ” ” at Tang-hang Harbor, I 377 ” ” of Yalu, II 258 ” reform, II 172 ” stations, II 155 ” victory of Admiral Yi Sun-sin, I 399

Navy defeated, Korean, II 31 ” Korean, I 207

Nelson of Korea, The, II 49

Neutral territory across the Yalu, II 220 ” zone, II 350

Neutrality declared, Korean, II 351

Nickel coinage, II 270

Nine Tribes, The, I 2

Norach’i, Manchu Chief, II 63

Noron party in power, II 165

Northern Tribes, I 19

Noses and ears, II 38

Novel written, II 160

Oath, Form of, I 110 ” The King’s, II 278 ” to Mok Ho-ryŭng, King’s, II 163 ” to Manchus, II 86

Obeisance to Tsin Emperor, I 13

Obscene literature banned, I 321

Official garments, I 146 ” grades, I 148 ” names, Mongol, I 228

Ok-jŭ, Conquest of, I 52 ” tribe, I 22

Ok-pyŭn, The, I 331

Old maids consoled, II 150

Omens of fall of Koguryŭ, I 112 ” of fall of Koryŭ, I 239 ” of the Japanese Invasion, I 334 ” of fall of Păk-je, I 104 ” of fall of Sil-la, I 121 ” of Manchu invasion, II 97

Ondali, The, I 84

On-jo, I 41

Origin of A-gol-d’a, I 171 ” of alphabet, I 308 ” of Chin-han, I 30 ” of Chu-mong, I 37 ” of horse relay, I 76 ” of Keum-wa, I 37 ” of Kija, I 4 ” of markets, I 76 ” of Koguryŭ, I 36 ” of Korea, Legendary, I 1 ” of Korean hat, I 9 ” of Manchus, II 63 ” of mourning customs, I 78 ” of name Sil-la, I 77 ” of political parties, I 339 ” of posthumous titles, I 79 ” of Silla, I 34 ” of southern Koreans, I 32 ” of Sŭ-ya-bŭl, I 34 ” of stone fights, I 236 ” of T’am-nă, I 75 ” of Tonghak, II 203 ” of the word Chosun, I 19 ” of word Koguryŭ, I 38 ” of Yŭn Kingdom, I 52

Pagoda built, I 170

Pai Chai School, II 246

Pak Tribe, I 19

Pak Hyŭk-kŭ-se, I 34

Păk-je, I 41 ” falls, I 106 ” Introduction of Buddhism into, I 166 ” treachery, I 45

Păk-tu-san, Sacrifice to, II 179

Păk Yong-hyo pardoned, II 274 ” final departure, II 284 ” return from Japan, II 273 ” II 225

Palace built, Kyöng-bok, I 298 ” ” New, II 310 ” ” “Mulberry”, II 61 ” ” Burned 1592, I 363 ” ” 1904, II 366 ” guard, Russian, II 311 ” of Kang-wha, I 198, 200 ” on Kang-wha destroyed, I 209 ” rebuilt, Kyöng-bok, II 211 ” stormed, II 227 ” taken by Japanese, 1894 II 252

Pal-hă Tribe, I 26

Pander to Mongol Court, I 232

Panic because of fall of Peking, II 200 ” in Seoul, I 361 ” in Seoul 1592, I 354 ” ” ”, II 230 ” Strange, II 184

Parties formed, Political, I 339, II 52, 92, 146

Party strife forbidden, II 165

Peace proposals 1598, I 48

Peddlars Guild, II 320, 364

Penal laws, I 11

Persecution of Christians, II 185, 186, 191, 196, 208, 209, 211 ” of Kija, I 5

Philological argument, I 32

Pirates, Japanese, I 45 ” Japan disavows acts of, I 270

Plague, A peculiar, II 189

Plants imported, I 171

Plebiscite, II 174

Plot against Queen’s life, II 286 ” against Yi Sun-sin, II 29

Plowing by King begun, I 77

Poisoning, II 164

Political parties, II 52, 149 ” ” formed, I 339

Polygamy, I 144

Poor-house, Monasteries as, II 147

Popular assembly, II 319

Population of Korea, II 153 ” of Ma-han, I 30

Port Hamilton, British occupy, II 241 ” Nicholas, II 348

Postal system, II 284

Posthumous titles, I 79

Post-office built, II 236

Pottery works, II 55

Primogeniture, Law of, I 165

Printing-type cast, II 188 ” ” First, I 301 ” ” restored, II 151

Prisoner, King a virtual, II 299

Progressive vs. Conservative, II 233

Prohibition platform, II 166

Prophecy, I 133, 297, II 347 ” of the factions, I 338

Prostitutes made slaves, II 150

Protestant Missionaries, II 241, 325, 371

Protocol Korean Japanese, II 363

Provinces of Korea, I 152

Puk-han built, II 161 ” Pak-je capital at, I 65

P’ung Tribe, I 19

Punishment of relatives forbidden, II 148

Puritanism, I 329

Pu-ŭlla, I 74

Pu-yŭ, I 36

Pu-yŭ, Position of, I 38 ” Conquest of, I 47

Pyeng-yang besieged 1593, II 4 ” captured by “Red-heads”, I 245 ” invested, II 256 ” Japanese before, 1592 I 386 ” King Sŭn-jo at, I 369 ” Schools in, I 138 ” Siege of, I 48, 157

Pyon-han Tribe, I 31

Queen’s body burned, II 295 ” dies, II 294 ” divorced, II 158 ” False charges against King Sun-jo’s, II 62 ” funeral, II 314 ” for Japan, a Korean, I 61 ” of Korea, A Mongol, I 216 ” murder, Hiroshima Court on, II 289 ” murder, Miura plots, II 288 ” and Regent hostile, II 217 ” return to Seoul 1882, II 231

Quelpart, I 74 ” allegiance transferred, I 109 ” copper Buddha, I 301 ” disturbed, I 178 ” Envoy from, I 75, 136 ” Hamil wrecked on, II 143 ” Mings demand horses from, I 267 ” Mongols on, I 259 ” destroyed, I 268 ” Mongol Emperor to find asylum on, I 260 ” Ravages on, I 210 ” Rebels on, I 217, 219 ” revolts, I 252 ” Schools on, I 150 ” Tradition of, I 47 ” Vassal of Koyru, I 142 ” Volcano on, I 152

Railway concession, Seoul Fusan, II 318 ” Seoul-Wiju, II 309 ” Seoul-Chemulpo, II 311 ” Seoul-Fusan, II 372

Rank, Chinese names of, I 148

Ravages, Japanese, I 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 246, 254, 255, 258, 264, 266, 267, 269, 279 ” of Yŭ-jin, I 191

Rebellion of a butcher, I 336 ” of 426 B. C., I 12 ” of Cho Wi-jŭng, I 182 ” of Hong Kyöng-nă, II 192 ” in Kong-ju, II 140 ” of Myo Chung, I 176 ” in Sil-la 645 A. D., I 101 ” in South,II 167 ” of Yi Kwal, II 74 ” of Yi Si-ă, I 316

Rebels off Quelpart, I 217, 219

Reconstruction, II 267

“Red-head” cannibals, I 249

“Red-head” defeated, I 244, 250

“Red-head” invasion, Second, I 248

Reforms of 1834, II 196 ” of 1883, II 232 ” demanded by Japan, II 261 ” in Koryŭ, I 148 ” of Kija, I 8 ” of King Chŭl jong, II 200 ” of King Chung-jong, I 327 ” of King In-jo, II 72 ” of King Se-jong, I 305 ” of King Sŭn-jo, I 337 ” of King T’ă-jo, I 295 ” Military, II 89 ” proposed, I 239, II 267 ” under Song Si-ryŭl, II 147, 148, 149 ” under Yi T’a-jo, I 288 ” Superficial, II 280

Refugees, Chinese, I 36, 57

Regency of Tă-wŭn-gun, II 204

Regent retires, II 218 ” returns from China, II 241 ” returns to power, II 229

Relic, Buddhist, I 163 ” of Kija, I 10 ” of Tan-gun, I 3

Religion, Buddhism, I 76 ” Buddhist a Government, I 66 ” of Koguryŭ, I 39 ” of Ma-han, I 30 ” Shintoism, I 92 ” of Ye-mak, I 21

Repository, The Korean, II 326

Resident dismissed, Mongol, I 242

Residency, Mongol, I 194

Retrogression, II 310

Revenue, I 168 ” in Koryŭ, I 222 ” of Korea, II 55 ” laws revised, II 149 ” reforms, II 270

Revolt in Koryŭ, I 197 ” of Ajnus, II 350 ” Nam-nyŭ, I 20 ” of slaves, I 185, 195

Ricci, P., II 39, 148

Ridel, Bishop, II 208

Roads built, I 54

Robbers in Koryŭ, I 183 ” Rodgers, Admiral, II 212

Roman Catholic Bishopric, II 196 ” ” disturbance, II 345 ” ” priest in Nanking, II 92 ” ” priests on Quelpart, II 197

Roman Catholicism, spread of, II 184, 209 ” ” Entrance of, II 37, 156 ” ” First edict against, II 175

Roze appealed to, Admiral, II 206 ” Expedition of Adm., II 208, 209 ” Island sold, II 330

Russians ask for trading rights, II 205 ” coaling station, II 334

Russia not favorable to reforms, II 309

Russian Church, II 331 ” Aggression on Yalu, II 348 ” Legation, King goes to, II 302 ” Military instructors, II 313 ” Palace guard, II 311 ” pressure withdrawn, II 316 ” tactics in the East, II 342 ” timber concession, II 346 ” treaty, II 346 ” Variak, II 357, 367

Sacrifice, Animal, II 179 ” to the ch’ăk-ch’ăk, II 134 ” by Tan-gun, I 3

Sa do the Martyr, II 179

Salt making, II 34 ” monopoly, I 226, 231 ” tax remitted, II 148 ” works, II 15

Sam-guk-sa, I 177

Sanscrit in Korea, I 308 ” books, I 232

Satsuma ware, II 55

Satsuma rebellion, II 220

Schaal, P., II 143

School founded, Western, II 246 ” of letters, I 304 ” Pai Chai, II 246 ” in Pyeng-yang 932 A. D., I 138

Seal sent to Tsushima, II 165 ” unearthed, I 20

Se-jo usurped power, I 311

Seoul becomes capital, I 296

Seoul-Chemulpo Railway, II 311

Seoul, Description of, I 297 ” evacuated, 1592 I 362 ” by Japanese, II 11

Seoul-Fusan Railway concession, II 318, 372

Seoul, Manchus enter, II 101 ” panic-stricken, I 361 ” reoccupied, II 16 ” secondary capital, I 170 ” taken by Japanese 1592, I 367 ” taken by Yi Kwal, II 77 ” Wall of, I 297

Seoul-Wiju railway, II 309

Serfs, Emancipation of, II 181

Sericulture, I 311, 314

Settlements, Japanese, I 261, II 38 ” in South Korea, I 32

Sewer in Seoul built, II 175

Shang dynasty, I 4

Shintoism, I 92

Shogun, A Korean, I 145, 186

Shrine to Korean Trinity, I 4

Siege of Ch‘un-ch‘ŭn, I 203 ” of Ku-ju, I 193 ” by Mongols, I 202 ” of Nam-han, II 102 ” of Pyeng-yang, I 17, 48, 74, 64, 157 ” of Song-do, Mongol, I 193 ” of Ul-san, II 35 ” of Yŭn-an, I 392

Sil-la absorbs most of Korea, I 118 ” Buddhism in, I 76, 80 ” capital sacked by Kyŭn-whŭn, I 136 ” decadent, I 131 ” decline, I 121 ” falls, I 140 ” opposes China, I 115 ” Origin of, I 34 ” Origin of name, I 77 ” ravaged, I 130 ” treasures, I 135

Silver money, I 232

Sil-yip defeated, Gen., I 358

Sim Yu-gyŭng, Envoy, II 26

Sin-don’s fall, I 265

Sin-don’s power, I 256 ” rise, I 255

Sin-gak executed, Gen., I 372

Sister, Marriage with, I 144, 145

Slaves freed, Gov’t, II 190 ” revolt, I 185, 196

Slavery, I 146, 149 ” in Koryŭ, I 230

“Smoke-house Soldiers”, I 247

Social grades, II 181

Society, II 155, 369, 370, 371

Sodomy, I 265

Song-do becomes capital, I 134 ” taken by Gen. Yi, I 285 ” wall built, I 129

Song Si-ryŭl killed, II 157 ” ” reforms, II 147, 148, 149

South Korea settlements, I 32 ” Pu-yŭ, I 41

Southern Korea, Tribes of, I 28

Sparwehr, The, II 143

Speyer, de, II 315 ” recalled, II 313

Spies, Mongol, I 200, II 94

Spoils system, II 54

Starvation in Nam-han, II 107

Stevens, Adviser, II 372

Stone-fight, Origin of, I 276

Stork as official emblem, II 144

Store-houses, Gov’t, I 149

Su Cha-pil’s return from Japan, II 234

Sui Emperor invades Korea, I 87

Suk T‘al-ha, I 44

Sul Ch‘ong, I 120

Sulphur mines, II 149

Sungari River, I 38

Sun-jo, False charges against King, II 41 ” King, I 337 ” in Wi-ju, I 392 ” vindication of, II 41

Superstition, II 134 ” Buddhist, II 149

“Surprise” wrecked, II 203

Surrender of Nam-han offered, II 113

Suspension bridge, First, II 8

Su-ya-bul, I 34

Suzerainty cast off, Chinese, II 273 ” Chinese claims to, II 245 ” Manchu, II 125 ” Mongol, I 194

Ta-bak Mt., I 1

Tablet of Regent, II 215 ” of the Manchus, II 130

Tă-bong Kingdom, I 131

Tairano, I 345

Ta-jong active, I 292, 299 ” becomes king, I 300

Tal-geui, I 5

T‘am-na Kingdom, I 75 ” envoy to Koryŭ, I 136 ” prefect, I 178 ” a vassal of Koryŭ, I 142

Ta-nă well, I 184

Tang dynasty, I 92

Tan-gun, I 1 ” altar repaired, II 136 ” grave found, II 185

Tan-jong abdicates, I 311 ” murdered, I 312

Ta-p‘a-ra, I 44

T‘ap-dan invasion, I 227 ” Tribe, I 227

Tattooing, I 30

Tă-wŭn-gun becomes regent, II 204 ” born, II 195 ” career, II 315 ” dies, II 315 ” retires, II 218 ” return from China, II 241 ” taken to China, II 231

Tax on ginseng, I 236

Taxation under Kija, I 9

Taxes in Koryŭ, I 222 ” lowered, II 146

Telegraph line built, II 242

Temples to God of War, II 52

Tests of endurance, I 30 ” of Royal power, I 48

Thibetan books, I 232

Three Hans, The, I 28

Tien-tsin convention, II 241

Timber concession, II 346

Tiger as official emblem, II 144

Timur Khan, I 228

Timber on the Yalu, I 231

Title of Ma-rip-gan, I 70 ” posthumous, I 79

Tobacco introduced, II 134

Tombs desecrate, Royal, II 12

Tomb, Kija’s, I 10

Tong-guk T‘ong-gam published, I 321

Tonghak founder killed, II 204 ” Origin of, II 203 ” rising, II 248 ” resume operations, II 276

Tong-man, I 93 ” Tortoise boat, I 376 ” ” successful, I 399

Total abstinence, II 166

Trade relations with Japan, I 338, II 54 ” with Japan, I 306 ” ” ”resumed, I 333

Trading port at Fusan, II 59, 153 ” stations enlarged, Japanese, II 136

Tradition of Hyŭk-kŭ-se, I 34 ” of Kye-rim, I 52 ” of Pu-yŭ, I 37 ” of Quelpart, I 74 ” of Sŭk-t’al-hă, I 44 ” of Wang-gön, I 129 ” ” escape, I 132 ” of Yu-ri, I 41

Treachery Chinese, II 3 ” of Păk-je, I 45

Treasures of Sil-la, I 135

Treaty with U. S., II 232 ” with Germany, II 233 ” with Great Britain, II 233 ” with Japan, II 221 ” with Manchus, II 86 ” with Mongols, I 187 ” with Russia, II 241

Tribe of Chin-han, I 30 ” of Eum-nu, I 24 ” of Hol-cha-on, II 55 ” of Karak, I 50 ” of Kŭ-ran, I 26 ” of Mal-gal, I 25 ” of Nang-nang, I 25 ” of Ok-jŭ, I 22 ” of Pal-hă, I 26 ” of Pyön-han, I 31 ” of T’ap-dan, I 227 ” of Ye-măk, I 19

Tribute horses, I 278 ” to Manchus, II 87, 93, 124 ” Ming demand for, I 275 ” Mongol demand for, I 190, 194

Trial of Koreans for murder of Queen, II 300, 305 ” Laws of, I 167 ” of Miura, II 298

Trinity, A Korean, I 1 ” Shrine to, I 4

Truce with Japanese, I 405

Tsin dynasty, I 13

Tsuginobu, I 345

Tsushima daimyos, II 165 ” a dependency, I 35

Type cast, II 188 ” First, I 301 ” restored, Copper, II 151

U, Wild tribe, I 19

Ul-lan Kingdom, I 238

Ul-leung-do (Dagelet Id.), I 138

Ul san Fort, II 35 ” ” relieved, II 36

Usurpation of King Se-jo, I 311 ” Kyŭn-whŭn, I 128

Vandalism of Manchus, II 113

Variak, II 357, 362

Vassalage to China, Koguryŭ’s, I 70 ” ” ” Păk-je’s, I 70 ” ” Manchus, II 132

Vessels, Silla war, I 72

Veterinary surgery, I 315

Victorieuse, La, II 197

Volcanic eruption, I 152

Waste lands, II 368

Waeber-Komura Agreement, II 308

Wall across Korea, I 93, 165 ” ” the North, I 135 ” built against the Mongols, I 190

Wall of China, Great, I 13 ” of Silla capital, I 36 ” capital offence, Scaling of, II 157 ” of Seoul, I 297

Wang, Introduction of word, I 77

Wang-gön’s advice, I 143 ” becomes king, I 133 ” military prowess, I 130

War chariots, I 170, II 170 ” between China and Koguryŭ, I 86, 98 ” declared by Japan against China, II 273 ” with Kitan, I 162 ” between Koguryŭ and Păk-je, I 64, 67, 73 ” between Koguryŭ and Yŭn, I 62, 67 ” between Kyŭn-whŭn and Wang-gön, I 137 ” between Silla and China, I 116 ” between Silla and Japan, I 64 ” between Silla and Păk-je, I 56, 83, 102 ” terminated, Chino Japanese, II 282 ” The Triangular, I 72 ” Vessels, Silla, I 72

Water-clock, I 121, 303

Weapons made, New, I 330

Weaving encouraged, I 315

Wei Kingdom in China, I 73

Weights and measures, I 166

Well, Ta-nă, I 184

Whan-in, I 1

Whan-ung, I 1

Whan Son-gil’s insurrection, I 133

Whang Tribe, I 19

Wheel invented, I 75

Widows first forbidden to re-marry, I 321

Willow capital, I 9

Wild tribes of North, I 19

Wiman, I 14 ” Invasion, I 16

Wina Cliff, I 43

Wine-drinker executed, II 175

Wine-making prohibited, I 301 ” and spirits prohibited, II 166

Witchcraft, I 330, II 161

Woman ruler, First, I 93

Women’s rights, I 221

Wreck of “Surprise”, II 207 ” of French war vessels, II 197 ” of “Gen. Sherman”, II 207 ” of Sparwehr, II 143

Wu-ti’s Conquest, Emperor, I 18

Wu-yi, Emperor, I 4

Wŭn-gyun defeated, II 31

Xylographic art, I 316

Ya-gol-da, I 201

Yalu, Battle of, Naval, II 258 ” Russian aggression on, II 348

Yamagata arrives, Marshall, II 258

Yang-ŭlla, I 74

Yang Tribe, I 19

Yasuhiro, I 344

Ye-măk horses, I 21 ” religion, I 21 ” tribe, I 19

Yi Kwal’s rebellion, II 74 ” takes Seoul, II 77

Yi T’a-jo becomes King, I 295 ” defeats Japanese, I 271 ” deposes king, I 287 ” honored, I 254 ” reforms, I 288 ” retires, I 299 ” revolts, I 283 ” rise, I 248 ” successes, I 262 ” takes Liao Fortress, I 264

Yi Yong-ik’s methods, II 330 ” narrow escape, II 339 ” return, II 344 ” Rise of, II 329

Yi Sun-sin, I 375 ” degraded, II 30 ” fame, I 378 ” genius, II 40 ” great naval victory, I 399 ” Plot against, II 29 ” reinstated, II 32 ” tactics, Admiral, I 276 ” victorious, II 33, 48

Yin dynasty, I 4

Yongampo, II 347

Yong gol da, II 94

Yoshitoshi, I 345

Yŭ-jin attacked, I 161

Yŭ-jin invade, I 171 ” ravages, I 191

Yuan Empire named, I 218

Yuan Shih-kei aids conservatives, II 234 ” flight, II 265

Yŭn-u’s usurpation, I 56

Yun Chi-ho and independence, II 216

Yun Kingdom, I 13 ” origin of, I 62

Yŭn-san’s evil rule, I 323 ” deposed, I 326

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.[A]

Footnote A:

If the volume is not indicated, Vol. II is understood.

Adogan, I 43 Agolda, I 18 Ajin, I 43 Amogan, I 195 An, I 43 An Gugol, I 18 An Golp‘o, I 396 An Hyoje, 246 An Chungsu, 229 An Tojok, I 247 An Pak, 159 An Kuksin, 61 An P‘yunghyön, I 51 An U, I 234 An Yu, I 322 An Si, I 85 An U-Gyŭng, I 247 Au Yul, I 195 An Kyungsu, 263 Ap Sulyung, I 61 Ara Kaya, I 43 Ason Keupri, I 51 A-silla, I 127

C‘ha Ch‘aung, I 43 Ch‘arada, I 195 Chasa, I 35 Chasau Chinji, I 35 Chakwŭn, I 349 Ch‘alja, I 181 Ch‘amsung, I 43 Chamdu, I 295 Chang, I 15, 43 Ch‘angam, I 101 Chang Ch‘unli, I 349 Chang Dan, I 59 Chang Euimun, I 295 Chang Eungjung, 1 Chang Keun, I 85 Ch‘ang Kyung, I 309 Chang Hagun, I 18 Chang Heung, I 309 Chang Hön Seja, 173 Chang Cham, I 85 Ch’ang Chori, I 51 Chang Man, I 177, 61 Chang Sasung, I 234 Chang Sejuk, 1 Chang Seungyun, 61 Chang Sin, 116 Ch‘angsung, I 153 Ch‘angwha, I 153 Ch‘angwun, I 221 Chang Yewun, I 359 Chang Yu, 61, 130 Che, I 4 Cheha, I 81 Chep‘o, I 295 Chewang Myunggan, I 309 Cheungi, I 85 Chi Ch‘wa mun, I 153 Chi Talwun, I 383 Chinansan, I 337 Chire, I 359 Chirisan, I 35 Chi Yun, I 259 Ch‘il Chungsung, I 35 Chilga, 130 Ch‘iljung, I 101 Chinbun, I 4 Chin Tadrok, I 85 Chinhan, I 27 Chinjong, I 153 Cho, I 4 Cho Pyungjik, 303 Chong Keuiwun, 28 Cho Pyungho, 229 Cho Pyungsik, 246 Cho Tukkong, I 296 Cho Ku, I 337 Chong Inji, I 309 Cho Keukkwan, I 309 Cho Kwang, I 177 Cho Kwangjo, I 332 Cho Il-kyung, 16 Chong Mongju, I 259 Cho Heniyun, 263 Chong Munbu, I 383 Cho Hoik, I 195, 396 Cho Hon, I 337 Cho Hyoja, I 85 Cho Hyunham, I 359 Cho Il-in, I 61 Cho Im, I 195 Cho Chisu, I 322 Cho Chin, I 295 Cho Chuk, I 234 Cho Chunyung, I 215 Cho mun, I 61 Cho ryung, I 249 Chong Soun, I 247 Cho Ryungha, 215, 229 Cho Seunghun, I 396 Cho Sinheui, 246 Cho Sosang, I 74 Cho Sukmun, I 309 Cho T’ago, 159 Cho Ung, I 296 Cho Whi, I 274 Ch’wa Ihang, 130 Ch’oe, I 43 Ch’oebi, I 61 Ch’oe Poksul, I 202 Ch’oe Ch’iwun, I 113 Ch’oe Ch’ukkyung, I 177 Ch’oe Eungil, 73 Ch’oe Kyungwhe, 130 Ch’oe Kyusu, 159 Ch’oe Heul, I 295 Ch’oe Heungwun, I 283 Ch’oe Hyoil, 130 Ch’oe Ikhyun, 215 Ch’oe Chang, I 195 Ch’oe Myunggil, 61 Ch’oe Suk hang, 159 Ch’oe U, I 247 Ch’oe Yunduk, I 295 Ch’oe Yung, I 396 Chuk, I 43 Chukkeum, 1 Ch’uk Kyegwang, 16 Chon Kegun, I 189 Chon Namsan, I 101 Chon Saung, I 85 Chon Sujong, I 1 Chong, I 43 Chonga Kakbak, 189 Chong Ch’ungsin, 73 Chong Tuwun, 88 Chong Eungt’a, 28 Chong Keuiwun, 28 Chong Konsu, I 396 Chong Heuiryang, I 159 Chong Inhong, I 383 Chong Inji, I 309 Chongji, I 270 Chongjong, I 295 Chong Chungju, I 177 Chong Mongju, I 259 Chong Munbu, I 383 Chong Myungjin, I 101 Chong Nambu, I 396 Chong Namsu, 61 Chong Nogyung, 130 Chong Okwun, I 309 Chong On, 101 Chong Pakhyung, 116 Chongbangsan, 88 Chong Pangsu, 73 Chong Poeun, I 281 Chong Pyungha, 288 Chong Seun, I 247 Chong Sugyu, 101 Chong Sukha, I 396 Chong Sung, I 153 Chong Sung hong, I 309 Chongt’ong, I 4 Chong Wundo, I 85 Chong Wungun, 61 Chong Yorip, I 396 Chou, I 4 Chu Keun, I 43 Chu Cha, 215 Chu Mangin, I 270 Chumong, I 35 Chu Munmo, I 189 Ch’u P’ungyung, I 359 Chu Sebung, I 322 Chusu, I 4 Chukju, I 195 Chukyung, I 349 Chuksan, I 359 Chulgang, I 337 C’hulli, I 153 Ch’ulmokchin, I 181 Chulyung, 28 Chulyungdo, I 127 Chumsun, I 85 Ch’unch’uk, I 141 Ch’unjuhak, 173 Chunsu, I 18 Chunghogwun, 45 Ch’ungmok, I 61 Chungseung, I 295 Ch’ungsun, I 221 Chungwun, I 141 Ch’ungyang, I 127

Euijong, I 177 Euiwha (Prince), 246 Eulbul, I 51 Eulji Munduk, I 85 Eulneum, I 153 Eumho, I 35 Eumnu, I 18 Eupch’a, I 18

Haburu, I 4 Hadogam, 215 Hakongjin, I 153 Hanam, I 101 Haryuk, I 101 Hasaju, I 113 Ha Sang, 28 Ha Sung, I 337 Hau, I 51 Hausi, I 1 Hawang, I 18 Ha Wiji, I 309 Ha Yang, I 141 Hakeui, 159 Hamja, I 85 Hamjung, I 234 Hamma, I 18 Hamp’yungno, I 4 Han, I 15 Han Eungin, I 359 Hangang, I 4 Han Keuksung, I 388 Han Kyujik, 229 Han Hyosun, 61 Han Hyun, 16 Hanju, I 113 Han Myungwhe, I 309 Han Roe, I 177 Hansan, I 127 Hansanju, I 113 Han-sando, I 113 Han Seungu, I 159 Han Sun, I 181 Han Usang, 116 Hanyang, I 61 Han Yun, 73 Hanggu, 1 Hang Chang, I 349 Happ’o, I 221 Hap Somun, I 85 Heuk-su, I 18 Heungch’ung, 130 Heum-mu, I 153 Heung Euiyuk, I 153 Heungguk, I 181 Heungin, 215 Heung In Mun, I 295 Heung Wha, I 153 Heung Yo, I 153 Hodo, I 259 Hodobal, I 270 Hodokkobulwha, I 247 Ho Kong, 61 Hobaldo, I 270 Ho Sung, I 337 Ho Yup, I 337 Holdon, I 208 Holjaon, I 295 Holp’ilyul, I 208 Honjang, I 127 Hongbum, I 4 Hong Chongu, 246 Hong Ponghan, 173 Hong Chinu, 229 Hong Tujuk, I 234 Hongeui Tajang, I 383 Hong Kukyung, 173 Hong Kyeheui, I 173 Hong Kyenam, I 396 Hong Kyungna, 189 Hong Ikhan, 130 Hong Inhan, 173 Hong Chahak, 215 Hong Chaheui, 215 Hong Mu, I 259 Hongmun, I 259 Hong Myungil, I 116 Hongsan, I 259 Hong Sobong, 101 Hong T’asi, 61 Hongwun, I 177 Hong Yungsik, 229 Hsia, I 18 Hsuanti, I 27 Hu Kukch’ung, 1 Hu Honggang, 16 Hu Chuk, 88 Hu Chin, I 359 Hu Chung, I 309 Hu Wan, I 101 Hukyung, I 74 Hujik, I 74 Husung, I 85 Hullyun Togam, 215 Hullyunwun, I 322 Hunmin Chong-eum, I 295 Hyanggyo, I 322 Hye, I 247 Hyejong, I 141 Hyewhamun, I 295 Hyojang Seja, 159 Hyoribal, I 177 Hyukkuse, I 35 Hyon Tuksu, I 181 Hyonjong, I 141 Hyong Ka, 28 Hyupju, I 127 Hyuppu, I 35 Hyu Chung, I 396 Hyun, I 4 Hyundo, I 15 Hyunmong, 16 Hyun Yanggwa, I 322 Hyung Wunhang, I 74

Ibullan, I 61 Ich’ukson, I 43 Itu, I 113 Ibulson, I 43 Isabu, I 74 Isageum, I 43 Ison, I 43 Ikjo, I 234 Ilbon, I 113 Ilt’ongji, I 4 Imdun, I 15 Im Kang-u, I 113 Im Kukchung, I 177 Im Kyongup, 116 Imba, 45 Im Hyun, 28 Im In-gu, I 6 Im Chagang, 1 Imjon, I 101 Im Sunmu, I 270 Im Un, I 309 Inpukwun, I 270 Ingyung, 61 Inju, I 177 In San, 61 Insung, 61

Kaduk, I 371 Ka Kang, 45 Kahap, 61 Karak, I 43 Kari, I 43 Ka yung, I 345 Kaso, I 51 Kasung, I 141 Kaya, I 43 Kaksan, I 234 Kal Pongha, 1 Kalsa, I 43 Kalsuk, I 85 Kang Kamch’an, I 153 Kang Hongrip, 61 Kang Chinsuk, 116 Kangmok, I 4 Kangmok Chunp’yun, I 322 Kang Munhyung, 215 Kangnam, I 141 Kangwang, I 43 Kangwhe, I 113 Kang Wibing, 116 Kangwherok, 45 Kao, I 35 Kap Whan, I 141 Ke Pak, I 101 Ke Yang, I 234 Keni, I 234 Keui Chahon, 61 Keuirin, 73 Keumjun, I 177 Keumsuro, I 43 Keumchuwi, 130 Kibi, I 4 Kichung, I 43 Kija, I 4 Kijun, I 4 Kit’ak, I 43 Kiwhun, I 208 Kim, I 43 Pin, I 322 Podang, I 177 Pohyun, I 229 Pongchung, I 229 Chonghan, 263 Ch’wiryo, I 181 Ch’unil, I 383 Ch’unt’ak, 159 Teukpa, I 247 Tukyang, 16 Tongyong, I 337 Eungsu, 16 Keon, 189 Kimgu Ch’ilbu, I 74 Kim Kongyang, I 259 Kuhyung, I 74 Kwiyung, I 359 Kyungjeung, 88 Kyung-no, 28 Kyungsu, 61 Hayung, 263 Hong-jip, 215 Hongmin, I 396 Hongnyuk, 303 Hyowun, I 359 Hyuk, 130 Ik-kyum, 130 Ilsung, I 159 Ilt’a, I 101 Inmun, I 113 Chajum, 61 Chegap, I 371 Chijong, I 113 Chunggeui, I 159 Chwageun, I 202 Majin, 263 Munhyun, 246 Myon, I 383 Myungwun, I 383 Nyu, 61 Yung, I 113 Okch’u, I 396 Okkyun, 215 Onyun, 101 P’yunggu, I 202 P’yungsi, 312 Sanggun, 1 Sangno, 173 Sangwi, I 153 Sangyong, 88 Segeui, 246 Simin, I 396 Sik, 130 Singuk, 101 Su, I 337 Sunam, 116 Suk heung, I 153 Sungil, I 337 T’a-suk, 61 T’ak, I 396 Yangun, 73 Yiso, 173 Yongan, I 247 Yu, I 270 Yusin, I 101 Yunjung, I 113 Yunsik, 215 Yungha, 159 Yungjun, 327 Kin, I 4 Ko, I 85 Ko Pokjang, I 51 Ko ch’ung, I 85 Koeul, I 177 Kogan, I 259 Kogan, I 101 Kogu, I 61 Kojang, I 181 Koguryu, I 15 Ko Kungna, I 153 Ko Kyungmin, I 396 Ko Kyungmyung, I 383 Kohu, I 85 Koje, I 74 Kojomo, I 322 Ko Chonghu, 1 Ko Onbak, 1 Kuran, I 18 Koryung Kaya, I 43 Kusugan, I 35 Ko Sujang, I 322 Kosung, I 43 Koulla, I 74 Ko Unjip, I 113 Ko Yanggyum, 16 Ko Yongheui, 303 Ko Yungch’ang, I 177 Kolbu, I 153 Kulgul Chungsung, I 113 Kollu, I 61 Kum Modam, I 113 Kon Yongjin, 303 Kong Sonsu, I 15 Kongsong Wanghu, 45 Kong Yuduk, 101 Kuda, I 45 Kugweng, 101 Ku Kano, I 270 Ku Hyoyun, I 359 Ku Inhu, 45 Kujusiso, 45 Ku Wulsan, I 1 Kukcho Pogam, I 309 Kuk Kyungin, I 383 Kungye, I 127 Kwak, I 43 Kwak Il, I 383 Kwak Chau, I 383 Kwak Chun, I 383 Kwanbak, I 337 Kwanna, I 127 Kwannobu, I 35 Kwanso, I 309 Kwan Sunsang, I 234 Kwan U, 45 Kwan Yungjin, 327 Kwangha (Prince), 45 Kwang Heuimun, I 295 Kwangmu, I 18 Kweyu, I 43 Kwisun, I 153 Kwi Yungga, 61 Kwun, I 43 Kwun Ilsin, 173 Kwun Chulsin, 173 Kwun Chonggil, I 349 Kwunnam, I 309 Kwun Yungjin, 263 Kwun Sunjang, 116 Kwun Ryul, I 396 Kyego, I 74 Kye P’il, I 101 Kyep’il Haryuk, I 101 Kyerim, I 51 Kyerobu, I 35 Kyeryung, I 295 Kyo Ilgeui, 61 Kyun Naryang, I 399 Kyongbokkung, 16 Kyong U, 229 Kyungguk Tajun, I 309

Mach’un, I 295 Ma Kunsang, 229 Ma Kwi, 28 Mahan, I 27 Ma Heuich’un, 101 Ma Pou, I 153 Mabuda, 88 Mararanta, I 61 Mari, I 27 Marisan, I 1 Ma Susung, I 27 Mak Chuljang, I 74 Malgal, I 18 Man, I 113 Manbu, I 141 Manduk, I 74 Man Seduk, 45 Mang Keumch’a, I 85 Manggoda, 61 Mangso, I 51 Mang Udang, I 383 Mija, I 4 Misaheun, I 61 Mil Chiksa, I 247 Milu, I 51 Min, I 48 Min Ch’angsik, 215 Min Chirok, 202 Min Chongmuk, 215 Min Eungsik, 215 Min Kyumho, 215 Min Seungho, 215 Min Si, I 309 Min T’aho, 215 Min Tuho, 215 Min Yungik, 229 Min Yungju, 327 Min Yungjun, 263 Min Yungmok, 229 Min Yungso, 215 Min Yungwhan, 279 Mo Kogyung, I 284 Mo Ku-geum, I 51 Mo Munnyung, 61 Morino, I 259 Mo Tungok, I 35 Mo Whagwan, 73 Mo Yong, I 61 Mo Yonghan, I 61 Mo Yongwe, I 61 Mo Yongp’a, I 61 Mo Yongp’ung, I 61 Mo Yongwhang, I 61 Mok Horyung, 144 Mok Jo, I 101 Mok Siryong, 144 Mok Yakju, I 113 Mogo Hyun, I 4 Mong Nyuk, I 295 Mu Gol, I 35 Mu Gyung, I 322 Mu Hak, I 295 Mu Hyul, I 43 Mu Je, I 15 Mu Jinju, I 113 Mu Ju, I 127 Muroda, I 153 Mu Sandasu, I 35 Mu Song, I 18 Mu Wang, I 4 Muk Hoja, I 74 Muk Ko, I 35 Mulgil, I 18 Mun Keukkyum, I 177 Mun Hon T’onggo, I 295 Mun Jong, I 322 Mun Mu, I 113 Mun Wang, I 4 Mun Whe, I 73 Myo Chung, I 177 Myon Kuha, I 181 Myungbol, 202 Myungha, I 85 Myung Sung, I 181 Myungwhalsankoya, I 35 Myungwul, I 259 Myung-yegung, 16

Na Kwak, I 85 Na Heungyu, I 259 Na Hoa, I 85 Na Se, I 270 Nak Sangji, I 1 Nak Wha am, I 101 Nam Angap, 101 Nam-pyulgung, I 1 Namgun, I 101 Namha, I 35 Nam Yiheung, 73 Nam Myungsun, 295 Namnyu, I 18 Nam Ongyung, I 396 Nam Onjung, 189 Namsang, I 101 Namso, I 85 Nam T’ajung, 159 Nangnang, I 15 Napt’apchul, I 247 Neung Ch’anggun, 61 Neung Pongsu, 101 Ni Mun, I 74 No, I 43 Nogwan, I 4 No Chik, I 383 Norach’i, 61 Nu Bang, I 85

O Ch’ungan, I 43 O Talch’e, 166 Odogan, I 43 Odong, I 127 O Eungjung, 28 Oi, I 35 O Changgyung, I 229 O Maknam, I 51 Omokdo, 130 O Myunghang, 154 Oran, I 322 O Siun, I 4 O Yeeui, I 309 O Yungsu, 73 O Yuch’ung, I 1 O Yunjung, 229 Okchu, I 18 Okju, I 18 Ok Kang, 61 Okpyun, I 322 Olja, I 259 Ol Chokheup, I 309 Ol Yanghap, I 295 Om (Lady), 337 Omu, I 43 Onjo, I 35

P‘agada, I 270 Pa Keukyum, I 270 Pai Chai, 229 P’asa, 28 P asu, I 141 P asu, I 4 Pak Chöngyang, 215 Pak Eungsu, 45 Pak Chesun, 246 Pak Hong, I 349 Pak Chunyang, 263 Pak Hyorip, 73 Pak Ingye, I 259 Pak Ingul, I 337 Pakje, I 18 Pak Chesang, I 61 Pak Chin, I 27 Pak Keuip‘ung, 189 Pak Kusa, I 51 Pak Kwanon, I 371 Pak Kakkwan, 215 Pak P’angyun, I 309 Pak P’ilgeun, 159 Pak Po, I 295 Pak Sa, I 4 Pak Sun, I 337 Pak T’abo, 144 Paktol, I 18 Pak Un, 229 Pak Whan, 101 Pak Wunjong, I 322 Pak Yanggo, 61 Pak Yong, I 322 Pak Yonghyo, 271 Pak Yonggyo, 229 Pak Yongso, 215 Pal, I 4 Palgi, I 51 Palha, I 113 Palmyung Kangi, I 322 Pan Kujun, 28 Panyak, I 259 Pang, I 1 Pang Kukchin, I 61 P’ango, I 1 Pang Si-ch’an, 1 Pang Suk, I 295 P’ang Uduk, 28 Pangwun, I 337 Pang Yup, 61 P’idogan, I 43 Pigan, I 4 Piin, I 295 Pip’a, I 383 Piryu, I 35 Pingsan, I 127 Piun, I 10 Posuk, I 127 Posul, I 35 Pou, I 322 Pokam, I 51 Pokho, I 61 Poksin, I 101 Pom Sehyung, 189 Pumneut, 45 Punho, I 337 Pong Ch’unbu, I 4 Pukheungsa, I 396 Pupji, I 74 Pugyun, I 61 Puru, I 1 Puryu, I 35 Puulla, I 74 Puyang, I 121 Puyu, I 1 Puyup’ung, I 101 Puksingu, 130 Pukwun, I 113 Pulgyung, I 61 Pulhamsan, I 18 Pulla, I 18 Pulnal, I 18 P’ungi, I 1 P’unghong, I 61 P’ungju, I 15 Pyul-gwan, 130 Pyulha, 144 Pyung Eungsung, I 349 Pyungeui, I 349 Pyunhan, I 27 P’yungjang, I 349 P’yungsuga, I 349 P’yungsugil, I 349

Sahak, I 101 Sa Whadong, I 337 Saryang, I 113 Sa Susin, 130 Sa Tasu, 1 Sayu, I 396 Sakpang, I 309 Salma, I 177 Salsu, I 74 Sal Yet’ap, I 195 Sam-gang Hangsil, I 322 Samguksa, I 177 Sam Ka, I 247 Samnyang, I 208 Samseun, I 247 Samyangju, I 113 Sanch’uk, I 281 San Kilda, I 195 Sannam, I 141 San Sagyul, I 221 Sansu, I 18 Sangata, I 35 Sanggeui, I 141 Sanguhyun, I 4 Sanggye, I 127 Sangmyung, I 130 Sang Sihyung, I 4 Sangsung, I 234 Sejong, I 4 Seo, I 51 Seung Ch’unbu, I 195 Shin, I 4 Si, 173 Si Honyuk, 130 Sijun, I 4 Si Osa, 16 Siwun, 45 Siljik, I 51 Silla, I 18 Sil Yip, I 337 Sil Yung, I 359 Sim Chip, 116 Sim Euigyung, I 337 Sim Keuiwun, 61 Sim Kwangsu, 101 Sim Ha, 161 Sim Hyun, 116 Sim Keuiwun, 161 Sim Kyongjin, 61 Sim Sajun, I 208 Sim Sanghak, 215 Sim Ta, I 396 Sim Tukpu, I 270 Simyang, I 4 Sim Yugyung, I 396 Sim Yul, 101 Sim Yun, 101 Sin Chang, I 181 Sin Chang, I 281 Sin Chisun, 215 Sin Chi, I 18 Sin Chipp’yung, I 195 Sin Ch’ugyun, I 215 Sindo, I 247 Singeum, I 127 Sin Keuisun, 263 Sin Sin Kili, I 359 Sin Kwigan, I 43 Sin Kyungjin, I 116 Sin Kyungwan, 101 Sin Yheungsa, 215 Sin Ho, 28 Sin Hon, 215 Sin Hong, I 270 Sin Ik, I 371 Sin Mi, I 309 Sin Iksung, 101 Sin Seung, I 74 Sin Sejun, I 383 Sin Sukchu, I 295 Sinsung, I 61 Sin U, I 259 Sin Yuge, I 349 Sip je, I 35 So Euimun, I 259 So Eunggung, I 28 So Hakmyung, 16 So Keumbe, 189 So Kogan, I 309 Sohakchi, 173 So Ijou, I 322 Soje, I 35 So Chungbang, I 101 Sokaya, I 34 So P‘il, I 141 Sorobu, I 34 So Subi, 16 So Sonryung, I 141 Soyu, 11 I 4 Sok Kang Mok, I 322 Sokmun Heun t’ongno, I 4 Solchi, I 43 Songi Okhyung, I 322 Son Kunbi, I 208 Sou Kwang, 16 Sou Insu, I 101 Son Ingap, I 383 Sou Chuk, I 281 Son Munju, I 195 Sonsu, I 61 Son Suryum, 1 Song Chemin, I 383 Songdo, I 127 Song Eungch’ang, 1 Song Hanhong, I 127 Song Heuian, I 322 Song Kil, I 208 Songmal, I 18 Songp’a, 116 Song Sanghyun, I 349 Song Sihyung, 166 Song Siryul, I 141 Song Ugil, 45 Song Wunsin, I 359 Song Yujin, 16 Song Yummun, 28 Subulju, I 113 Subuk, 144 Su Kyul, I 309 Su Kwangbum, 229 Su Chach’ang, 229 Su Chap’il, 229 Sujari, 215 Sujun, I 4 Sumyungsan, 173 Su Sangu, 229 Su Sangjip, 263 Surabul, I 35 Su Saga, I 309 Su Sangjo, 229 Su Sangu, 229 Susil, I 51 Su Usin, 73 Suyabul, I 35 Suyak, I 113 Suyang, I 309 Su Yewun, I 349 Suyuk, I 141 Suksin, I 18 Suktari, I 359 Sukt’alha, I 43 Suk Uro, I 51 Suk Yida, I 208 Sul Ch’ong, I 113 Sulhan, 144 Sul Ingwi, I 101 Sul Seung, I 74 Sunbi, I 51 Sundo, I 61 Sunjong, I 127 Sunnobu, I 35 Sungch’ung, I 101 Sungbong, I 43 Sungduk, I 113 Sung Teup, I 383 Sup ha, I 15

Tabaksan, I 1 Tabang, I 85 Tabong, I 127 Tabulsa, 28 T’adaro, I 74 Tahang, I 101 Ta-heung, I 101 Ta-in, I 85 Ta-jang-gyung, I 141 Ta-ja-bu, I 208 Ta-ji, I 181 T’a-jo, I 4 T’a-jung, I 4 Ta-ka-ya, I 43 Ta-myung, I 231 Ta-na, I 177 Ta-p’a-ra, I 43 Ta-sik, I 153 Ta-so, I 43 Ta-wun-gun, I 215 Ta-Yun-in, I 153 T’ai-k’ang, I 18 Tak-soe, I 221 Tal-geui, I 4 Tal-yang, I 322 Tam-dok, I 61 Tam-jin, I 74 T’am-na, I 61 Tan, I 61 Tan-dan, I 18 T’an-geum-da, I 349 Tan gun, I 1 Tang, I 4 Tang-jin, 116 T’ang Yak-mang, 130 T’ap-chin, I 181 Tap-don, I 85 T’ap chi, I 259 Teung-na, 130 Teung Wun-jung, I 300 To-ak, I 295 T’o-bun, I 221 To-bong, I 153 To-ja-do, I 221 To-rim, I 61 To-ryung-ko-do-wha, I 177 To-san, I 295 To-sun, I 127 Tok-po, 130 Tol-gwal, I 85 Tol-san-ko-ho, I 35 Tong-bu, I 157 Tong Eul-ji, I 309 Tong-guk T’ong-gam, I 309 Tong Han-yu, 28 Tong-i, I 18 Tong Il-wun, 45 Tong-in, I 337 Tong-jak, 28 Tong-ju, I 153 Tong-myung, I 43 Tong-nam, I 101 Tong’sa Po-p’yun, 130 Tong-whang, I 85 Tsin, I 4 Tsiou, 173 Tu-hul, I 177 Tu-no, I 51 Tukjung, I 153 Tungp’ayuk, I 359 T’ung Yangjong, 61

Ubalsu, I 35 U Che, I 247 U Chungmun, I 85 Udubul, I 1 Ugu, I 15 Ui, I 18 Umun, I 61 U Munsul, I 85 U Okku, I 51 U Pakyung, 28 U Pokyung, I 349 U Pomsun, 303 Usan, 74 Usi, I 51 Usuju, I 1 Uwigu, I 51 Uk, I 141 Uknyi, I 61 Ullam, I 234 Ulo, I 127 Um Seyung, 271 Unbong, I 270 Ungch’i, I 396 Ungpo, I 159

Wagyo, 45 Wananjayun, I 181 Wansanju, I 181 Wanggeui, I 51 Wanggom, I 1 Wanggon, I 127 Wanggyu, I 141 Wangja, I 85 Wangmang, I 43 Wangok, I 396 Wang Pangyun, I 309 Wang P’iljuk, 1 Wang Sukch’ang, 229 Wangu, I 61 Wang Yujung, 1 Wei, I 4 Whabang Euijil, 215 Whaha Manmak, I 18 Wharye, I 18 Whawun Ongju, 173 Whalla, I 177 Whalyi Kilsa, I 221 Whanin, I 1 Whan Ugeui Whanung, I 1 Whangbak, I 396 Whang Chisun, I 234 Whang Chungye, 130 Whang Poin, I 309 Whang Sayung, 189 Whang Yungil, I 337 Whang Yunhun, I 322 Whei, I 18 Whewungun, 116 Wiha, I 281 Wiman, I 4 Wi Munseung, I 85 Wina, I 43 Wirye Wuyi, I 4 Wun, I 18 Wun Ch’angyung, 73 Wun Ch’unggap, I 221 Wun Chongsuk, I 153 Wun Ho, I 359 Wunhyo, I 113 Wun Kyun, I 371 Wun Mangyung, I 101 Wun Sega, 229 Wun Tojin, I 295 Wun Sungwha, I 173 Wunwang, I 27 Wun Whang, I 1

Yagolda, I 195 Yasokha, I 181 Yayul Kageum, I 177 Yayul Sejang, I 153 Ya Yulyung, I 177 Yangbok, I 15 Yang Ho, 28 Yang Honsu, II 210 Yang Hyungam, I 85 Yang Kil, I 113 Yang Kyu, I 153 Yangmak, I 43 Yang nyunggun, I 295 Yango, I 51 Yang Pakyun, I 270 Yang Panghyun, 16 Yang Puha, 45 Yang Saheun, I 396 Yang Sim, I 43 Yang So, 1 Yangulla, I 74 Yang Wun, 61 Yang Yu, I 259 Yao, I 1 Yeh Chichao, 246 Yemak, I 4 Yewiguk, I 18 Yi Ansa, I 234 Yi Chach’un, I 259 Yi Chagyum, I 177 Yi Chamyun, 215 Yi Chasun, 215 Yi Chasung, 130 Yi Chawan, 229 Yi Changgyu, 229 Yi Changson, I 396 Yi Chewan, 229 Yi Chuiwan, 45 Yi Chiyun, I 189 Yi Chil, I 396 Yi Chinho, 303 Yi Chunyong, 279 Yi Ch’un, I 259 Yi Choyun, 226 Yi Chongin, 1 Yi Chongmu, I 295 Yi Chongsung, 16 Yi Chuk, I 101 Yi Chun, I 309 Yi Chungyung, I 337 Yi Chungha, 229 Yi Chungnam, 61 Yi Euibang, I 177 Yi Eungik, 263 Yi Euimun, I 181 Yi Eung, I 195 Yi Hang, I 270 Yi Hangi, I 234 Yi Heungip, 61 Yi Ho, I 322 Yi Honguk, I 359 Yi Hyon, I 259 Yi Hyonun, I 153 Yi Hyung, 116 Yii Asi, I 43 Yi I-ch’um, 45 Yi I-myung, 159 Yi Il, I 337 Yi Inbok, I 259 Yi Inim, I 270 Yi Injwa, 159 Yi Ka, I 309 Yi Kasang, 116 Yi Kak, I 349 Yi Keuiha, 159 Yi Ko, I 177 Yi Keunt’ak, 337 Yi Kongsu, I 247 Yi Kwal, 61 Yi Kwang, 61 Yi Kwi, 61 Yi Kyongha, 202 Yi Kyongjeung, 101 Yi Kyongsuk, 130 Yi Kyongyo, 130 Yi Kyu, 130 Yi Kyungjik, 288 Yi Manson, 215 Yi Mingu, 88 Yi Monghak, 16 Yi Mongjun, I 141 Yi Myunghan, 130 Yi Myungsang, 246 Yi Neungsu, 16 Yi Ok, I 371 Yi Okkeui, I 396 Yi Pangch’un, 28 Yi Pangjin, 1 Yi Pangsil, I 259 Yi Pong, 1 Yi Pongeui, 215 Yi Pongnam, I 396 Yi Pumjin, 229 Yi Puja, 73 Yi Pyuk, I 309 Yiro, I 396 Yi Ryung, 1 Yi Sasung, 159 Yi Sak, I 234 Yi Sangyum, I 396 Yi Sanha, I 359 Yi Shanggil, 116 Yi Seunggyung, I 234 Yi Sia, I 309 Yi Sibak, 116 Yi Sibal, 73 Yi Sijik, 116 Yi Songgye, I 234 Yi Su, 73 Yi Su, 173 Yi Suil, 73 Yi Suktal, 101 Yi Sun, 322 Yi Sunsin, I 271 Yi Sunghun, 45 Yi Sunghun, 173 Yi Toja, 263 Yi T’ong, I 195 Yi Tuwhang, 303 Yi Yang, I 309 Yi Yohon, 189 Yi Yongbang, 61 Yi Yubak, 1 Yi Yugeui, 28 Yi Yuma, 1 Yi Yuo, 1 Yi Yungyung, I 322 Yi Yunsu, 73 Yi Yunyong, 263 Yi Yungbang, 61 Yi Yunggeui, 73 Yi Wan, 45 Yi Wanyong, 313 Yi Whanjo, I 234 Yi Wunch’un, 28 Yi Wunheui, 202 Yi Wunik, I 383 Yin, I 4 Yodogan, I 48 Yosira, 16 Yongch’ang, 61 Yonggolda, 88 Yonggung, I 349 Yong Ho, 101 Yongin, I 349 Yong P’abu, 28 Yuan, I 4 Yu Chahyun, I 229 Yu Cheung, I 113 Yu Chong, I 153 Yu Chungyang, 116 Yugeui, I 259 Yu Ha, 73 Yu Hong, I 371 Yu Hyo-gul, 73 Yu Hyo-rip, 88 Yu Hyo-wun, 189 Yu In-wun, I 101 Yu Ingwe, I 101 Yu jung, I 396 Yu Keuk-nyang, I 249 Yu Kom-p’il, I 127 Yu Kil-jun, 263 Yu Pak-jung, 101 Yu Pang, I 141 Yu P’ang-no, I 394 Yu rim, I 101 Yu ryul, I 153 Yu Sin, I 101 Yu su-gan, I 43 Yu sun-jong, I 309 Yu Sung-jung, 116 Yu Sung-wun, I 309 Yu Sung-yong, I 383 Yu U-gil, 45 Yu wha, I 35 Yu Wan-ga, I 396 Yu Whang-sang, 1 Yu Yong-gyung, 45 Yul-su, I 18 Yun, I 4 Yun Cha-sung, 215 Yun Ch’ang-yun, 173 Yun Ch’i-ho, 279 Yun Cheung, 144 Yun Chi-wan, 101 Yun Chip, 116 Yun Cho-gong, I 309 Yun-jun, 116 Yun Pang, 88 Yun-san, I 322 Yun-san-ju, I 322 Yun Sin-ji, 116 Yun So-jong, I 281 Yun Sung-gak, I 337 Yun Sun-gu, 116 Yun T’a-jun, 229 Yun Tu-su, I 383 Yun Whang, 116 Yun Wun-hyung, I 309 Yun Wun-no, I 309 Yun Yung-gu, 303 Yun-jong, 159 Yun-jun, I 359 Yung-gyu, I 396 Yung-p’a, I 322

CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX OF THE KINGS OF KOREA.

NOTE. The names in the right hand columns are the posthumous titles of the various sovereigns. In the left hand columns are the ordinary names.

2332 B.C. Tan-gun [Korean] or Wang-gom [Korean]

ANCIENT CHOSUN [Korean]

1122 B.C. Ki-ja [Korean] Mun-song-wang [Korean]

1082 “ Ki-song “ [Korean] Chang-hye-wang [Korean]

1057 “ Ki-sun “ [Korean] Kyong-hyo-wang [Korean]

1030 “ Ki-bak “ [Korean] Kong-jung-wang [Korean]

1000 “ Ki-ch’un “ [Korean] Mun-mu-wang [Korean]

972 “ Ki-gong “ [Korean] T’a-wun-wang [Korean]

968 “ Ki-chang “ [Korean] Kyong-ch’ang-wang [Korean]

957 “ Ki-ch’ak “ [Korean] Heung-p’yung-wang [Korean]

943 “ Ki-jo “ [Korean] Ch’ul-wi-wang [Korean]

925 “ Ki-sak “ [Korean] Sun-hye-wang [Korean]

896 “ Ki-sa “ [Korean] Eui-yang-wang [Korean]

843 “ Ki-ryum “ [Korean] Mun-hye-wang [Korean]

793 “ Ki-wul “ [Korean] Song-duk-wang [Korean]

778 “ Ki-jik “ [Korean] To-whe-wang [Korean]

776 “ Ki-u “ [Korean] Mun-yul-wang [Korean]

761 “ Ki-mok “ [Korean] Ch’ang-guk-wang [Korean]

748 “ Ki-p’yung “ [Korean] Mu-sung-wang [Korean]

722 “ Ki-gwul “ [Korean] Chung-gyong-wang [Korean]

703 “ Ki-whe “ [Korean] Nak-sung-wang [Korean]

675 “ Ki-jon “ [Korean] Hyo-jong-wang [Korean]

658 “ Ki-hyo “ [Korean] Ch’ul-lo-wang [Korean]

634 “ Ki-yang “ [Korean] Su-do-wang [Korean]

615 “ Ki-i “ [Korean] Whi-yang-wang [Korean]

594 “ Ki-ch’am “ [Korean] Pong-il-wang [Korean]

578 “ Ki-gon “ [Korean] Tuk-ch’ang-wang [Korean]

560 “ Ki-sak “ [Korean] Su-song-wang [Korean]

519 “ Ki-yo “ [Korean] Yung-gul-wang [Korean]

503 “ Ki-gang “ [Korean] Il-song-wang [Korean]

486 “ Ki-hon “ [Korean] Che-se-wang [Korean]

465 “ Ki-pyuk “ [Korean] Chung-guk-wang [Korean]

432 “ Ki-jeung “ [Korean] To-guk-wang [Korean]

413 “ Ki-jil “ [Korean] Hyuk-song-wang [Korean]

385 “ Ki-seup “ [Korean] Wha-ra-wang [Korean]

369 “ Ki-ha “ [Korean] Yul-mun-wang [Korean]

361 “ Ki-wha “ [Korean] Kyong-sun-wang [Korean]

342 “ Ki-ho “ [Korean] Ka-duk-wang [Korean]

315 “ Ki-uk “ [Korean] Sam-no-wang [Korean]

290 “ Ki-suk “ [Korean] Hyon-mun-wang [Korean]

251 “ Ki-yun “ [Korean] Chang-p’yung-wang [Korean]

232 “ Ki-bu “ [Korean] Chong-t’ong-wang [Korean]

221 “ Ki-jun “ [Korean] A-wang [Korean]

Ended in 193 B.C.

KINGDOM OF MAHAN. [Korean]

193 B.C. Ki-t’ak [Korean] Mu-gang-wang [Korean]

189 “ Ki-kam “ [Korean] An-wang [Korean]

157 “ Ki-sik “ [Korean] Hye-wang [Korean]

144 “ Ki-mu “ [Korean] Myung-wang [Korean]

113 “ Ki-hyung “ [Korean] Hyo-wang [Korean]

73 “ Ki-sup “ [Korean] Yang-wang [Korean]

58 “ Ki-hun “ [Korean] Wun-wang [Korean]

32 “ Ki-jung “ [Korean] Kye-wang [Korean]

16 “ Ki-hak “ [Korean] (wanting)

Ended in 9 B.C.

KINGDOM OF SILLA. [Korean]

57 B.C. Hyuk-ku-se [Korean]

4 A.D. Nam-ha [Korean]

25 “ Yu-ri [Korean]

58 “ Tal-ha [Korean]

81 “ P’a-sa [Korean]

113 “ Chi-ma [Korean]

135 “ Il-sung [Korean]

154 “ A-dal-la [Korean]

185 “ Pul-hyu [Korean]

196 “ Na-ha [Korean]

231 “ Cho-bun [Korean]

248 “ Ch’um-ha [Korean]

262 “ Mi-ch’u [Korean]

285 “ Yu-rye [Korean]

299 “ Keui-rim [Korean]

310 “ Heul-ha [Korean]

356 “ Na-mul [Korean]

402 “ Sil-sung [Korean]

417 “ Nul-ji [Korean]

458 “ Cha-bi [Korean]

479 “ So-ji [Korean]

500 “ Chi-da-ro [Korean] Chi-jeung-wang [Korean]

514 “ Wun-jong [Korean] Pup-heung-wang [Korean]

541 “ Mak-chong [Korean] Chin-heung-wang [Korean]

576 “ Keum-yun [Korean] Chin-ji-wang [Korean]

579 “ Pak-chung [Korean] Chin-p’yung-wang [Korean]

632 “ Tong-man [Korean] Son-duk-yu-ju [Korean]

647 “ Seung-man [Korean] Chin-duk-yu-ju [Korean]

654 “ Ch’un-ch’u [Korean] Mu-ryul-wang [Korean]

661 “ Pup-min [Korean] Mun-mu-wang [Korean]

681 “ Chung-myung [Korean] Sin-mun-wang [Korean]

692 “ Yi-hong [Korean] Hyo-so-wang [Korean]

702 “ Heung gwang [Korean] Song-duk-wang [Korean]

738 “ Seung-gyung [Korean] Hyo-sung-wang [Korean]

742 “ Hon-yung [Korean] Kyong-duk-wang [Korean]

765 “ Kun-un [Korean] Hye-gong-wang [Korean]

780 “ Yang-sung [Korean] Sun-duk-wang [Korean]

785 “ Kyong-sin [Korean] Wun-sung-wang [Korean]

799 “ Chun-ong [Korean] So-song-wang [Korean]

800 “ Chung-heui [Korean] A-jang-wang [Korean] “

809 “ On-seung [Korean] Hon-duk-wang [Korean] “

826 “ So-jong [Korean] Heung-duk-wang [Korean] “

836 “ Che-yung [Korean] Heui-gang-wang [Korean] “

839 “ U-jing [Korean] Sin-mu-wang [Korean] “

840 “ Kyong-ong [Korean] Mun-sung-wang [Korean] “

858 “ Eui-jung [Korean] Hon-an-wang [Korean] “

862 “ Ong-yum [Korean] Kyong-mun-wang [Korean] “

876 “ Chung [Korean] Hon-gang-wang [Korean] “

887 “ Whang [Korean] Chong-gang-wang [Korean] “

888 “ Man [Korean] Chin-song-yu-ju [Korean]

898 “ Yo [Korean] Hyo-gong-wang [Korean]

913 “ Kyong whi [Korean] Sin-duk-wang [Korean] “

918 “ Seung-yung [Korean] Kyong-myung-wang [Korean] “

925 “ Wi-ong [Korean] Kyong-a-wang [Korean] “

928 “ Pu [Korean] Kyong-sun-wang [Korean] “

Ended in 935 A.D.

THE KINGDOM OF PAKCHE. [Korean]

17 B.C. On-jo [Korean]

29 A.D. Ta-ru [Korean]

78 “ Keui-ru [Korean]

128 “ Ka-ru [Korean]

168 “ Ch’o-go [Korean]

215 “ Ku-su [Korean]

235 “ Ko-i [Korean]

287 “ Ch’ak-kye [Korean]

299 “ Pun-su [Korean]

305 “ Pi-ryu [Korean]

344 “ Sul [Korean]

347 “ Kon-ch’o-go [Korean]

376 “ Kon-gu-su [Korean]

385 “ Ch’im-yu [Korean]

385 “ Chin-sa [Korean]

392 “ A-sin [Korean]

406 “ Chon-ji [Korean]

421 “ Ku-i-sin [Korean]

427 “ Pi-yu [Korean]

432 “ Ka-ro [Korean]

476 “ Mun-ju [Korean]

478 “ Sam-geun [Korean]

480 “ Mo-da [Korean] Tong-sung-wang [Korean]

501 “ Sa-ma [Korean] Mu-ryung-wang [Korean] “

524 “ Myung-nong [Korean] Song-wang [Korean] “

555 “ Ch’ang [Korean] Wi-duk-wang [Korean] “

599 “ Kye-myung [Korean] Hye-wang [Korean] “

600 “ Sun [Korean] Pup-wang [Korean] “

601 “ Chang [Korean] Mu-wang [Korean] “

642 “ —— Eui-ja-wang [Korean] “

Dynasty ended 660 A.D.

KINGDOM OF KOGURYU. [Korean]

37 B.C. Chu-mong [Korean] Tong-myung-wang [Korean]

18 “ Yu-ri [Korean] Yu-ri-wang [Korean] “

19 A.D. Mu-hyul [Korean] Ta-mu-sin-wang [Korean] “

45 “ Ha-eup-chu [Korean] Min-jung-wang [Korean] “

49 “ Ha-u [Korean] Mo-bon-wang [Korean] “

54 “ Kung [Korean] T’a-jo-wang [Korean] “

147 “ Su-sung [Korean] C’ha-da-wang [Korean] “

166 “ Pak-ko [Korean] Sin-da-wang [Korean] “

180 “ Nam-mo [Korean] Ko-guk-ch’un-wang [Korean] “

197 “ Yun-u [Korean] San-sang-wang [Korean] “

228 “ U-wi-ku [Korean] Tong-ch’un-wang [Korean] “

250 “ Yun-bul [Korean] Chung-ch’un-wang [Korean] “

271 “ Yang-no [Korean] Su-ch’un-wang [Korean] “

292 “ Sang-bu [Korean] Pong-sang-wang [Korean] “

300 “ Eul-bul [Korean] Mi-ch’un-wang [Korean] “

331 “ Soé [Korean] Ko-guk-wun-wang [Korean] “

372 “ Ku-bu [Korean] So-su-rim-wang [Korean] “

384 “ Yi-yun [Korean] Ko-guk-yang-wang [Korean] “

392 “ Tam-duk [Korean] Kwang-ga-to-wang [Korean] “

414 “ Ko-yun [Korean] Chang-su-wang [Korean] “

491 “ Na-on [Korean] Mun-ja-wang [Korean] “

520 “ Heung-an [Korean] An-jang-wang [Korean] “

532 “ Po-yun [Korean] An-wun-wang [Korean] “

546 “ Pyung-sung [Korean] Yang-wun-wang [Korean] “

560 “ Yang-sung [Korean] P’yung-wun-wang [Korean] “

591 “ Wun [Korean] Yung-yang-wang [Korean] “

619 “ Kon-mu [Korean] Yung-yu-wang [Korean] “

643 “ Chang [Korean] Po-jang-wang [Korean] “

Dynasty ended 668 A.D.

KINGDOM OF KORYU. [Korean]

918 A.D. Wang-gon [Korean] T’a-jo [Korean]

944 “ Wang-mu “ [Korean] Hye-jong [Korean]

946 “ Wang-yo “ [Korean] Chong-jong [Korean]

950 “ Wang-so “ [Korean] Kwang-jong [Korean]

976 “ Wang-ju “ [Korean] Kyong-jong [Korean]

982 “ Wang-ch’i “ [Korean] Sung-jong [Korean]

998 “ Wang-song “ [Korean] Mok-jong [Korean]

1010 “ Wang-sun “ [Korean] Hyon-jong [Korean]

1032 “ Wang-heum “ [Korean] Tuk-jong [Korean]

1035 “ Wang-hyung “ [Korean] Chung-jong [Korean]

1047 “ Wang-whi “ [Korean] Mun-jong [Korean]

1083 “ Wang-hun “ [Korean] Sun-jong [Korean]

1084 “ Wang-un “ [Korean] Sun-jong [Korean]

1095 “ Wang-uk “ [Korean] Hon-jong [Korean]

1096 “ Wang-ong “ [Korean] Suk-jong [Korean]

1106 “ Wang-o “ [Korean] Ye-jong [Korean]

1123 “ Wang-ha “ [Korean] In-jong [Korean]

1147 “ Wang-hyon “ [Korean] Eui-jong [Korean]

1171 “ Wang-ho [Korean] Myung-jong [Korean]

1198 “ Wang-tak “ Sin-jong [Korean] [Korean]

1205 “ Wang-yung “ [Korean] Heui-jong [Korean]

1212 “ Wang-o “ [Korean] Kang-jong [Korean]

1214 “ Wang-ch’ul “ [Korean] Ko-jong [Korean]

1260 “ Wang-sik “ [Korean] Wun-jong [Korean]

1275 “ Wang-ji “ [Korean] Ch’ung-yul-wang [Korean]

1309 “ Wang-jang “ [Korean] Ch’ung-sun-wang [Korean] “

1314 “ Wang-do “ [Korean] Ch’ung-suk-wang [Korean] “

1331 “ Wang-jung “ [Korean] Ch’ung-hye-wang [Korean] “

1345 “ Wang-heun “ [Korean] Ch’ung-mok-wang [Korean] “

1349 “ Wang-ji “ [Korean] Ch’ung-jong-wang [Korean] “

1352 “ Wang-uk “ [Korean] Kong-min-wang [Korean] “

1375 “ Sin-u [Korean] Wi-ju [Korean]

1389 “ Wang-yo [Korean] Kong-yang-wang [Korean]

Dynasty ended 1392.

Transcriber’s Note

The use of digital editions is greatly enhanced through the use of text search features. That usefulness can be stymied by variations, intentional or not, in spelling. The decision was taken here to attempt to regularize spelling where printer or editorial errors were made, or where there seemed to be gratuitous variations. Unfortunately, there were many such errors, both in this volume and in the first.

For errors in the English text, corrections were made where they could be reasonably attributed to the printer or editor, or where the same English word appears as expected elsewhere.

One cannot determine a ‘correct’ printing of Korean, Chinese or Japanese proper or place names. The romanization of Korean words was changing even as this text was being prepared in the early 20th century. The author notes (Vol I, p. iv) that a system of his own was adopted during the preparation of this text, but a more official system issued by the Royal Asiatic Society was employed later. The result, as he says, is that there are inconsistencies in the spelling of proper names. Sometimes variations can appear on a single page or paragraph. Since it is impossible to distinquish between printer lapses and this variability, proper names are generally given here as they appeared in the text.

Exceptions are made where frequently used names (e.g., ‘Ko-gu-ryŭ’) very occasionally appear in other forms.

Where the quality of the source text is suspect, the most common version of a given name is used. Hyphenation can be very difficult to discern, with the inking sometimes being vestigial.

The system in use in this volume for Korean seems to solely employ ‘ŭ’ and ‘ă’, except for the occasional ‘oé’ or ‘ö’. On rare occasions, ‘ŭ’ will appear to be printed with the diaeresis ‘ü’, which is most likely a poorly inked breve. There are also transliterations for Japanese and Manchu which may include ‘ŏ’ and ‘ă’. Many names appear in the text with or without diacritical marks, with alternate transliterations, e.g. ‘gwi’, ‘kwi’ or ‘guei’, and with or without hyphenation. A good example appears on pp. 252 and 259, where the name of a Chinese war-ship appears as ‘Kwang-chia’, ‘Kwan-chia’, ‘Kwang-yi’, ‘Kwang-ki’.

Another exception is made for the (presumable) misprinting of proper names, which, according to the author’s Preface to Volume I, have no hyphen between the patronymic and the following given names, which are hyphenated. Where this rule is violated, the hyphen is removed. Where a hyphen occurs at the end of a line, it is retained or removed depending on the preponderance of other instances of the same word.

There is no mention by the author regarding the use of the special characters ‘ and ’ within Korean names. More modern romanization schemes simply utilize the apostrophe (’) to indicate aspirated consonants (p’, t’, k’, and Ch’). In this text, however, though the place-name ‘P‘yŭng-yang’ can be found much more frequently than ‘P’yŭng-yang’, there seems to be no rhyme nor reason to the variations. Both will occasionally appear in different words on the same page. Every attempt was made to follow the text.

The second chapter of this volume was inadvertently headed as Chapter XI, and is referred to here as Chapter I-A. Also, the heading of Chapter X was misprinted as XX.

The author consistently uses the word ‘geurilla’, where modern usage would have us using ‘guerrilla’ or ‘guerilla’, and that has been honored here. Other words which are consistently spelled oddly (e.g. ‘preceeding’, ‘peddlar’, ‘interferance’) are retained.

There are three indexes: a General Index, a Biographical Index, and a Chronological Index, which features (with one exception) the only Korean characters in the volume.

In the Indexes, particularly the biographical index, a different style of Romanization was employed, which almost entirely dispenses with hyphenation and diacritical marks.

The Korean characters are given in this table simply as '[Korean]'.

The page references to both volumes are unreliable, sometimes indicating the precise page where the subject is first mentioned, and sometimes indicating the first page of the chapter where that mention occurs.

A number of page references were missing or obviously corrupt, and have been added or replaced, where the reference is warranted by the text. Those which simply reference the wrong locations have been retained. On several occasions, dates were misinterpretted as volume and page references, e.g., ‘1420’ became ‘I 420’ and ‘1592’ become ‘I 592’. These have been corrected. The following table mentions these corrections:

Decadence of Koryu, I 177, 242, [432/324] ? Invalid page.

Education in Sil-la, I 120[4] Removed.

Fortress of Puk-han built, [II 161] Added.

Gutzleff, [561 I/II 195] Corrected. Corrupt inversion?

Horse-breeding on Quelpart, [I 252] Added.

Invasion, Hideyoshi’s, I [5/3]49 Replaced.

Invasion of Japan, [I 1420/1420, I] 304 Replaced

Japanese declaration of war against China, I Replaced. [473/252]

Japanese take Pyeng-yang [I 592/1592], I 380 Replaced.

Timber on the Yalu, I [231] Added.

Solchi, I [745/43] Sŭl-chi? Invalid page.

Song Kil, I 208 Duplicate entry removed.

Song Siryul, [I 141] Added.

Teung Wun-jung, I [3 2/330] Replaced.

Waeber-Komura Agreement, II [3]08 Added.

Whan Ugeui ? No page reference.

Wirye ? No page reference.

Yang Honsu, [II 210] Added. Yang Hön-su

Yu P’ang-no, I [883/394] Replaced.

The following table summarizes the substantive changes that were made. It is a lengthy list, so most punctuation errors, such as missing full stops or comma/full stop errors, have been corrected with no further notice.

2.18 Sa T[a/ă]-su, Replaced.

4.6 could yet [harrass] and cut _sic_

5.12 the fire-arrows flashed through[t] the air, Removed.

9.19 So when he heard that [N/K]ato Replaced.

10.13 K[y/w]ŭn Ryŭl took the bodies Replaced.

16.5 in the hands of the Korean ge[r/n]erals Replaced.

19.26 to the pleasures of peace tha[t/n] was for Replaced. his own good

21.13 It is said that [e/o]ver 10,000 Replaced.

21.25 [waved] the main question _sic_

31.7 Admiral Ma Gwi _sic_

31.31 kept at Gen. [iK/Ki]m Transposed.

32.10a that [valliant] man _sic_

32.10b first filled h[e/i]mself with wine Replaced.

34.29 move southward to Ch‘ung-ch[‘]ŭng Province Added.

36.4 right division the [T /P‘]a-wha-gang. Replaced.

37.2a far stronger tha[t/n] Replaced.

37.2b the beleagured Japanese _sic_

37.35 this had no little to [t/d]o with the return Replaced. of Gen. Konishi

38.2 but with the departure of Cesp[i/e]des Replaced.

41.3 tablet was raised there in his hon[o]ur Added.

42.16 to ravage a cer[t]ain part Added.

44.25 demand for condemnation or public [acquital] _sic_

44.30 he instantly acknowle[d]ged his error. Added.

45.4 When Chung Eung-t’a arrived in Na[n]king Added.

45.27 the west was Sun-ch‘ŭn [ni/in] Chŭl-la Transposed. Province

47.10 two handsome swords[.] Added.

50.34 he soon became on famil[i]ar Added.

51.6 it proved a deadly pois[i]on Removed.

54.36 being forwarded to [s/S]eoul to be beheaded. Replaced.

55.11 In the[y] year 1605 Removed.

57.19 as to n[m/u]mber of ships Replaced.

60.33 It will be n[ce/ec]essary Transposed.

64.10 the great Manchu leader[.] Added.

67.16 Norach’i has tak[a/e]n Puk-kwan Replaced.

67.22 I am sure they are intendin[d/g] Replaced.

69.24 drive back this Manchu horde.[”] Added.

70.6 the downfall of this wret[e/c]hed parody of a Added. king.

72.36 with his headqua[r]ters Added.

76.16 from the r[o/e]bel ranks Replaced.

78.25 he s[m/h]all receive a reward. Replaced.

78.39 their leaders had to st[r]ike down Added.

82.18 p[er/re]fect was at that moment sleeping off Transposed. the effects

83.3 had been confiscated by the Manc[h]us Added.

85.14 he also said[ said] the king must Removed.

87.11 The Manchu army then moved northward Replaced. beyon[g/d]

89.4 When they had been thor[r]oughly Removed.

91.27 though it i[n/s] said, Replaced.

93.40 the king had [s/c]ome to his senses Replaced.

94.18 he despat[e/c]hed two envoys Replaced.

94.34 and learn the roads[.] Added.

95.26 The people of the no[r]thern provinces Added.

95.39 but it is a little p[er/re]mature for us Transposed.

96.27 wiping out this disgrace[.] Added.

97.14 Such are some of the popular Removed. supers[i]titions.

101.3 approach to Kang-wha so careful[l]y Added.

102.1 help from the outside.... uns[e/u]ccessful Replaced.

103.36 provis[i]oning of Nam-han Added.

104.8 [beleagured] fortress. _sic_

107.5 the surrounding line of bes[ei/ie]gers. Transposed.

112.13 spite has alway[s] been the rock Added.

113.17 principle of righteousness[ss] is broken, Removed.

113.32 and we surrender ou[r]selves to the clemency Added.

120.11 the Ma[m/n]chu Emperor, but shortly afterward Replaced.

121.30 The kingdo[n/m] will in that way be Replaced. preserved.

122.13 plunged i[n/t] into his bowels, Replaced.

122.24 Thi[s] was the greatest honor Added.

125.14 at a con[d]siderable distance, Removed.

131.3 Genera[a]ls Yonggoldă and Mabudă Removed.

135.1 to inte[r]dict its use. Added.

136.1 doing what he could to mitigate[d] Removed.

136.23 these m[a/e]n , and held a proper court Replaced.

136.31 [plead] for them before the emperor, _sic_

137.18 eleven men in Eui-ju and elsew[h]ere Added.

137.37 Ch[‘]oé Myŭng-gil the Prime Minister. Added.

138.3 In it he [exhonerates] Korea from all blame _sic_

138.15 for the persons of Ch[‘]oé Myŭng-gil, Added.

138.26 to Puk-kwan [goal]. _sic_

139.8 Then, terrified at his own de[a/e]d, he fled Replaced.

139.10 sa[v/y]ing “I am the greatest of rulers. Replaced.

143.35 Hamel afterwards wrote an account of his Transposed. cap[it/ti]vity

145.3 an ab[s]cess broke out on his temple Added.

145.21 to avoid bei[o/n]g Replaced.

147.20 of his great p[re/er]sonality upon it. Transposed.

147.22 over his rival H[ŏ/ŭ] Mok Replaced.

148.1 the king sent forth an[d] edict that no more Removed.

148.12 much of their [illgotten] gains, _sic_

148.32 such a large mil[l]itary retinue Removed.

149.28 169[,]771 _kyul_, Added.

158.22 stripped her of all her[e] titles, Added.

160.31 the father of the con[b/c]ubine Replaced.

164.6 The fourth year of this unfortunate king, Replaced. 1[6/7]24, opened

168.1 Ch[ŭ/ö]ng-ju. Here was stored Replaced.

168.3 [strategem]. _sic_

171.18 from the gove[r]nment granaries. Added.

172.4 and had forgotten all other [custom]. _sic_

176.19 ascendency of the Noron par[t]y, Added.

176.31 The Noron [r/p]arty wanted to save Replaced. themselves;

182.35 The ev[e]il evil deeds of the Soron party, Removed.

185.21 work of interment[.] Added.

188.28 there were 400 beli[e]vers in Korea, Added.

189.31 In 1799 a peculiar plague broke out in Replaced. P’y[e/ŭ]ng-yang

196.15 Yu who had [preceeded] _sic_

196.21 By 1[7/8]37 two other French priests had Replaced. arrived,

197.1 by still severer p[re/er]secutions Transposed.

200.19 the very rapid spread of Roman Cathol[i]cism Added.

200.30 mere debauche. _sic_

200.32 which foretold the dis[s]olution of the Added. dynasty.

203.9 The Minister Kim [Choa-geun], _sic_

212.19 [soubriquet] of “The Free-will Offering.” _sic_

213.37 reply to this u[n]expected assault Added.

213.38 and spe[e]dily drove its garrison out. Added.

216.2a [h]undred Japanese female hides Added.

216.2b an amusing fiction which is[h] Removed.

219.24 inflicted for this perfectly u[n]provoked Added. assault.

220.3 a strip of n[a/e]utral territory Replaced.

220.6 became the hiding pl[e/a]ce of refugees Replaced.

220.10 the [wellfare] of both countries _sic_

220.16 waters of the Yalu[,/.] Replaced.

221.10 The Japanese th[a/e]n asked why they had been Replaced. fired upon

221.26 on Feb[r]uary 27th 1876, Added.

225.27 While the two hund[er/re]d men who were being Transposed. drilled

227.21 Min Yŭng-ju[,] Added.

233.17 and opposit[i]on of Added.

234.9 succeed[ed] in putting through a law Added.

234.33 on the conservative party in their Added. oppos[i]tion to reforms.

235.5 and banish or ex[e]cute the leaders Added.

235.31 talked about it in a very excited manner [of] _sic_ the Naval Attache

235.35 a strong con[v/s]ervative Replaced.

235.38 the relatives of one of the Replaced. pr[e/o]gressionists

238.3 Then the summo[n]s was sent Added.

238.7 Who[w]ever wielded the brutal sword, Removed.

239.35a Pak Y[ŭ]ng-hyo, _sic_

239.35b Kwang-bom[,] Added.

239.40 Meanwhile Hong Yŭng-sik, Pak Y[ŭ]ng-kyo, _sic_

240.4 Y[ŭ]ng-kyo and hacked them to pieces _sic_

240.20 and killed them all, men[,] women and Added.

241.7 the trouble of the [preceeding] month, _sic_

243.20 Yuan the Chinese commissio[ne]r had taken up Added.

245.16 and be seized with an [uncontrolable] _sic_

247.33 of the people[’]s endurance Added.

252.15 the former by way of Asan a[a/n]d the latter Replaced.

252.35 The Kwang-[y/k]i was speedily disabled Replaced.

254.36 It i[t/s] still a puzzle to many Replaced.

256.12 of the Sak Divis[i]on. Added.

257.8 took by ass[a]ult Added.

257.36 about the Korean [archipelego]. _sic_

258.5 During the P’yŭng-yang e[n]gagement Added.

258.23 At nine o[’]clock the smoke of the Added.

261.9 deemed it wise to with[d]raw. Added.

261.22 the battle of A[n]san had proved nothing Removed.

262.11 proved that the Jap[a]nese could stand up Added.

263.16 a radical and [ineffacable] difference _sic_

266.13 of the “R[e]ighteous Army” in the country Removed.

267.11 and partly of other d[e/i]stinguished men. Replaced.

267.19 [Yi-jo] or Ceremonial Department, _sic_

268.15 at liberty to address the thro[ n/ne] Replaced.

268.37 (17) Even eunuc[k/h]s, if they are men of Replaced. ability,

270.27 How absu[r]d this was Added.

270.37 hundred other commodi[ti]es , Added.

283.10 under the i[n/m]pression Replaced.

286.8 Viscount was an ent[uh/hu]siastic Buddhist Transposed

286.18 between these two powerf[n/u]l personages Replaced.

286.38 his arrival on the sce[u/n]e. Replaced.

286.39 was assis[s]ted by the Japanese Minister Removed.

288.26 from the Decis[i]on of the Japanese Added.

291.22 ba[tall/ttal/ion in Seoul, Replaced.

291.26 Adachi Ken[s]zo and Kunitomo Shigeakira, Removed.

293.13 Sakai [Marataro] and a few others, _sic_: Masataro?

293.16 the party met the Japanese [drilled] Korean _sic_: troops drilling?

293.39 and his acts, th[r]ough unforeseen by his Removed. superiors

294.10 as given by the Hirosh[i]ma Added.

296.38 foreign representatives were received Removed. lat[t]er later in the day.

298.20 man as Miura ca[n] be called complicity. Added.

300.16 Japanese in Seoul were now entirely Added. qu[i]escent

301.33 through the G[oa]/ao]ler Cabinet Transposed.

303.17 of Dr. Brown as ad[i]viser to Finance Added. Department

305.11 enjoyed the respite too thoroug[h]ly Added.

306.16 a [negligeable] quantity. _sic_

307.35 Indepen[d]ence and to this Added.

313.9 Russian admirals, including[,] Admiral Removed. Alexeieff

315.13 the father of the Emper[p]or Removed.

315.15 connected with the stir[r]ing events Added.

318.5 attempt was made to po[si/is]on the Emperor Transposed.

318.26a this should not be[ be] done, Removed.

318.26b and so una[min/nim]ous was the sentiment Transposed.

318.34 an event of great importance [ ] every _sic_: in?

319.6 In a sense they were just[i]fied in so Added. thinking,

321.12 it embarrassed the admin[i]stration, Added.

323.40 of the Indepe[n]dence Added.

324.1 to the contr[a]ry they Added.

326.38 [negligeable] stage; _sic_

327.7 the names of Mr. Legend[er/re] and Mr. Transposed. Greathouse,

327.31 to [harrass] and injure Japanese interests _sic_

329.30 even when rolling in op[p]ulence Removed.

329.37 thousand[-]fold Added.

330.25 of the outrage were d[e/i]smissed as Replaced.

331.37 but it is cert[ia/ai]n Transposed.

335.3 and through minister[i]al influence Added.

335.32 it caused the rashly enthusia[a/s]tic to stop Replaced. and think.

337.2 T[a/h]e Japanese Bank issu[e]s Replaced, added.

339.20 many elements of g[uin/enui]une humor, Replaced.

340.13 27th of Nove[n/m]ber fourteen Replaced.

340.26 The tension was t[w/o]o great Replaced.

342.2 power through servile adher[a/e]nce to Replaced. Russian interests.

342.26 and exp[r]essed no desire Added.

344.8 Foreigner[s] threatened. Added.

345.27 Hă-ju, the capital [ ] the province, _sic_: missing ‘of’?

348.6 she had doubtless[s] already assumed. Removed.

348.17 territory encro[a]ched upon Added.

349.21 inflicted the grea[s]test possible harm Removed.

350.39 removing the[re/ir] families and [re/ir] Replaced. valuables

352.3 Four days l[e/a]ter this general made a final Replaced. appeal

352.18 that seve[r]al thousand Russian troops Added.

355.4 be at least enough rap[p]ort between the Added. civil and military

356.7 that [“]if it is necessary Added.

356.26 the Russians would not fire upon the Added. t[r]ansports.

357.17 Japan had never recognized the Transposed. n[ue/eu]trality of Korea,

358.35 we are t[w/o]o near it to see it Replaced.

361.10 the British cruiser _Talbot_ and the French Transposed. c[ur/ru]iser _Pascal_.

364.9 but did not succe[e]d. Added.

364.29 in other directi[a/o]ns Replaced.

366.39 warlike operations between the two Replaced. belligerents [was/were]

367.9 and soon took their depa[r]ture Added.

368.15 Koreans we[a/r]e dissatisfied Replaced.

370.22 It was perfect[l]y right for the Japanese Added.

370.31 named the Il-chin [s/S]ociety. Replaced.

371.8 an Ameri[c]an Added.

371.37 but the war interfer[r]ed with the Removed.

371.40 and the results of Chris[i]tian Removed.

374.2 They have served their purpose[d/s] and are Replaced. ready

374.8 to drift upon the Sar[g]asso Sea Added.

General Index i1.2.24 “Baby [“]War”, The, Removed.

i1.2.44 ” of Hang-[jnI/ju], II 10 Replaced.

i2.1.3 ” of Ka[Y]-do Island, II 129 Removed.

i4.2.39 Ma[u/n]chu, II 96 Replaced.

i4.2.41 ” ” [Japan], I 166, 260 Added.

i4.2.54 to present d[a/y]nasty, First Japanese, I 302 Replaced.

i6.1.12 _Gloir[e], La_, II 197 Added.

i6.2.37 ” of Japan, plans of Mongol, I[I] 214 Removed.

i6.1.20 Gutzleff, [561 I/II 195] Replaced.

i8.1.12 Kijun, [K/M]igration of, I I27 Replaced.

i10.1.22 ” Govern[a/o]r-general, I 204 Replaced.

i10.2.22 ” Sorti[e]s from, II 103, 105, 107 Added.

i10.1.59 “Mul[l]berry Palace” built, II 182 Removed.

i11.2.21 Party strife forbidd[d]en, II 165 Removed.

i12.2.1 Railway concess[s/i]on, Seoul Fusan, II 318 Replaced.

i13.1.6 ” laws re[c]vised, II 149 Removed.

i13.1.39 ” Aggressi[o]n on Yalu, II 348 Added.

i14.1.51 Suzerainty c[o/a]st off, Chinese, II 273 Replaced.

i15.2.28 ” between China and Kogur[y]ŭ, I 86, 98 Added.

Biographical Index bi1.2.24 Chi [ /Y]un, I 259 Replaced.

bi4.2.37 Nak Wh[a] am, I 101 Added.

bi5.1.11 [Y/O] Yeeui, I 309 Replaced.

bi5.1.17 Ok K[ /a]ng, 61 Replaced.

bi6.1.7 Sin Kil[l/i], I 359 Replaced.

bi6.1.55 S[a/o]ng Hanhong, I 127 Replaced.

bi6.1.56 S[a/o]ang Heuian, I 322 Replaced.

bi6.1.35 So P‘il[l], I 141 Removed.

bi6.1.40 Sok Kang [Y]mok, I 322 Removed.

bi6.3.26 Tap-[ /d]on, I 85 Added.

bi7.2.51 [ /Y]i Chamyun, 215 Restored.

Chronological Index ci2.2.17 Ka-duk[./-]wang Replaced.

ci4.2.35 Pong[ /-]sang-wang Replaced.