CHAPTER XI.

_History of Java, from the Establishment of Mahomedanism_ (A.J. 1400), _till the Arrival of the British Forces in A.D. 1811._ (A.J. 1738).

About a year after the establishment of the chief authority at _Demák_, the Sultan, accompanied by the different heads of the Mahomedan worship, visited _Sheik Mulána Ibrahim_ at _Chéribon_. On this occasion, the chiefs were distributed over different quarters appropriated for them, in the vicinity of _Palimánan_, and the places where they resided still bear their respective names.

_Kábu Kanigára_, the chief of _Pájang_, second son of _Andáya Níngrat_ by one of the daughters of _Browijáya_ and the princess of _Chámpa_, was put to death, although he had embraced the Mahomedan religion, for refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of Sultan _Demák_, by presenting himself at court when required. The following is the account of this transaction, as given by the native writers.

"The _Pangéran Kúdus_ then departed alone, and having entered the _dálam_ was observed by a female attendant of the chief, who demanded his name and errand; to which he replied, that he should have the honour to make himself known to her master. The female observed that the prince was ill, and in mourning for the death of one of his best friends, _Kiái Gédé Tingkir_. _Pangéran Kúdus_ then desired her to tell her master that he was a messenger from the Almighty, who brought good tidings. Having thus obtained admittance to the chief, he informed him that he was commissioned to require his immediate attendance at _Demák_, and in case of refusal to put him to death. But _Kábu Kanigára_ still persisted in his refusal, and delivered his _kris_ into the hands of the _Pangéran_, who immediately wounded him in the arm, of which he shortly expired. He had however previously stipulated, that as his wife was pregnant, the circumstances of his death should be kept secret from her, and that her life should be preserved. The widow shortly after quitted the _dálam_, and found an asylum with the widow of _Kiái Gédé Tingkir_, where she was delivered of a son, destined to perform a conspicuous part in the transactions of those days."

_Panambáhan Jimbua_ reigned according to some twelve, and according to others nine years after the fall of _Majapáhit_. He had several children, one of whom, named _Pangéran Sábrang Lor_, succeeded him as sultan of _Demák_: another, named _Niái Bintára_, was married to _Mulána Ibrahim_ of _Chéribon_, who was in consequence honoured with the title of _Panambáhan Makdum Játi_.

_Panambáhan Jimbun_ is represented as having resided in a small unadorned dwelling, while the principal buildings at _Demák_ were constructed by _Pangéran Kúdus_, who had married the daughter of _Húsen_, and being entrusted with the highest offices, was considered as the second person in the state.

_Pangéran Sábrang Lor_, who succeeded his father in 1409, after a reign of less than two years, died of an inflammation of the lungs, and was succeeded, in 1412, by his brother, named _Pangéran Tranggána_, the third sultan of _Demák_.

On the inauguration of _Pangéran Tranggána_, he received the benediction of _Panambáhan Mákdum Játi_, and _Pangéran Kúdus_ was appointed high priest. Two _krises_ and a _bádi bádi_ were made by the celebrated smith named _Súra_, from the iron wand which was supposed to have wrought miracles in the _Majapáhit_ war. One of them was presented to the new sultan, and became a royal _pusáka_; the other was delivered to the _Pangéran_ of _Kúdus_, with the appointment of _Susúnan Pangúhu_, or high priest. The _bádi bádi_ was sent to _Súnan Bónang_.

Before the year 1421, the whole island of Java had submitted to the authority of _Pangéran Tranggána_, the chiefs of the several provinces, from _Bantam_ to _Balambángan_, presenting themselves at his court, and universal tranquillity was restored. The Mahomedan religion was now firmly established throughout the island: the mosque was completed, and treaties of amity and peace were concluded with the princes of Borneo, _Palémbang_, _Báli_, _Singapúra_, _Indragírí_, and other states of the Archipelago, which had become independent of Javan authority after the fall of _Majapáhit_.

This prince is represented to have been an intelligent, good, and virtuous man, and to have enforced the strictest obedience to the laws. Under his superintendence was composed a work, entitled _Jáya Langkára_, in which the principles of the Mahomedan law and precepts were blended with the ancient instructions of the country, and thus rendered agreeable to the people.

It is related, that on the occasion of the assemblage of the different chiefs at the funeral of the deceased Sultan, and the inauguration of _Bangéran Tranggánaa_, a dreadful storm arose, with much thunder and lightning, when a youth, named _Jáka Siséla_ (the son of _Browijáya_ by _Búdan Kajáwan_, who had been delivered over to the superintendent of his _sáwah_ or rice fields) going out of the mosque to observe the weather, saw a meteoric stone fall on the ground beside him, without doing him harm. This stone he carried to the _Súnan Kali Jága_, who declared it to be an omen prophetic of much good to the youth. After thanks were returned to the Almighty for having averted the danger from the mosque, a sketch was made of the stone, which is still exhibited on the door facing the north. This youth _Siséla_ failing in an endeavour to become chief of the sultan's guards, and afterwards in an attempt upon the prince's life, was obliged to fly from the capital.

It is necessary here to advert to _Jáka Tingkír_, the offspring of _Kábu Kanigára_, a chief who had been put to death by order of the first sultan of _Demák_. It having been foretold that he would one day become sovereign of Java, he was taken by his mother to _Demák_ in his eleventh year, where he soon found means to ingratiate himself with the Sultan, who gave him the name of _Pánji Mas_, and caused him to be instructed in the Mahomedan religion and in the precepts of _Jáya Langkára_, appointed him to the command of the body guard consisting of eight hundred men, and afterwards, in the year 1449, gave him his daughter in marriage, with the administration of the province of _Pájang_, where, with the permission of the Sultan, he built a _kráton_; but afterwards having put to death a person who had arrived from the _Kedú_, applying for an appointment in the body guard, he was banished to the forests. During his exile he visited a village named _Bányu-bíru_, near the _Solo_ river, where he was instructed by a _Pandíta_ how to conduct himself for the future, the holy man predicting, at the same time, that he would become sovereign of Java and hold his court at _Pájang_.

Several exploits against alligators are recorded of him; and the opinion that no descendant of the princes of _Pájang_ need fear injury from these animals is so prevalent, that it is not unusual for a Javan of the present day, seeing himself in danger from one of them, to exclaim aloud that he belongs to that family.

Not long after the return of _Pánji Mas_, the island of Java was again formed into two separate and independent governments, corresponding with the former limits of _Majapáhit_ and _Pajajaran_. The eastern provinces remained subject to the Sultan of _Demák_, and the western were ceded in perpetuity to _Mulána Ibrahim_, with the title of Sultan. To both sultans was reserved the right of dividing their lands on their demise among their children, as they might think proper. The _Súnan Káli Jága_ obtained as an hereditary property, free from all kinds of requisitions, the small district of _Adilángu_, in the province of _Demák_, where he was afterwards buried.

From this period until the death of the Sultan of _Demák_, the eastern provinces enjoyed the most undisturbed tranquillity; but the Sultan of _Chéribon_ found some difficulty in establishing his authority over the western people, and in converting them, particularly those of Bantam, to the Mahomedan faith.

The Sultan of _Demák_, besides several natural children, had two sons and four daughters. Of these daughters one was married to a Madurese prince, who resided at _Lampung_; another, _Balíga_, to a son of the Sultan of _Chéribon_, who was the chief of _Bantám_; a third to _Ráden Pánji_, who after the return of the Sultan from _Chéribon_ was appointed chief of _Pájang péng'ging_; and the fourth to the son of _Pángéran Kedíri_, who was chief of _Japára_.

_Pangéran Tranggána_, the third Sultan of _Demák_, died in the year 1461, having previously made a division of his dominions among his children.

His eldest son, _Aria Ráng'ga_, was appointed Sultan of _Prawáta_, to which was annexed all the land to the eastward along the Solo river, as far as _Surabáya_, together with _Demák_ and _Semárang_. His son-in-law, _Pangéran Hadíri_, was made _Súnan_ of the _Kali Niámat_, and possessed all the districts of _Japári_, _Páti_, _Rémbang_, and _Jawána_. The _Adipáti_ of _Pájang Péng'ging_ (_Ráden Pánji_) received the title of _Brébo Páti_ of _Pajang_ and of _Matárem_, with the lands attached to it. His son, _Mas Timor_, was appointed _Adipátí_, with the lands of _Kedú_ and _Bágalen_. His son-in-law, the prince of _Madúra_, was made chief of _Madúra_, _Suménap_, _Sedáyu_, _Grésik_, _Surabáya_, and _Pasúruan_. His youngest son, _Ráden Panángsang_, was appointed chief of _Jípang_.

The Sultan of _Chéribon_, better known by the name of _Súnan Gúnung Játi_, died in 1428, at an advanced age, leaving three sons by his wife, the princess of _Demák_, and one son and a daughter by a concubine. His eldest son, _Hásen_, succeeded him as Sultan of _Chéribon_ and of the provinces lying between the _Chi-tárum_ river and _Túgu_, and stretching in a southern direction to the _Kéndang_ hills, so as to include all the _Priáng'en_ districts and lands lying to the east of the _Chi-tárum_. From this prince are descended the present Sultans of _Chéribon_. To his second son, _Baradin_, he left the kingdom of _Bantam_, which extended westward from the river of _Táng'ran_, to the south-east part of Sumátra, including all the islands in the straits of _Súnda_. From him are descended the present kings of _Bantam_. His third son, named _Chenámpui_, died when young, and was buried at _Mándu_ in _Chéribon_. To his natural son, _Káli Játan_, he assigned the lands lying between the _Chitárem_ and _Tang'ran_ rivers, which had formerly formed part of _Chéribon_ and _Bantam_. This prince assumed the title of _Raja_ of _Jokárta_ or _Jákatra_, fixing his capital near the _kámpung_ of that name, where he and his descendants continued to reign, until they were expelled, in the year 1619 of the Christian era, by the Dutch, who established on its ruins the modern Batavia, the capital of their possessions in the East Indies.

The tomb of the _Susúnan Gúnung Játi_, situated on the mount so called, at a short distance from the present town of _Chéribon_, is still an object of the highest veneration and respect.

Thus was the ancient empire of Java divided under no less than eight separate and independent governments. _Bantam_, _Jokárta_, _Chéribon_, _Prawáta_, _Kaliniámat_, _Pajang Kedú_, and _Madúra_; the several chiefs of which, in general, either assumed the title of _Kiái Gédé_ or Sultan, or the more religious distinction of _Súnan_.

In about a year after the death of the Sultan _Tranggána_, the country of _Pájang_ rose to considerable importance; its chief, on account of his possessing the regalia of state, being considered as the first in rank of the several princes in the eastern districts. Hatred, envy, and ambition, however, soon inflamed the breasts of the different princes of Java. The most ambitious among them, and the first who disturbed the peace of the country, was the _Adipáti_ of _Jípang, Ráden Panángang_. The history proceeds thus:

"The _Adipáti_ of _Jípang_, by the advice of _Súnan Kúdus_, dispatched one of his body guard, named _Rákut_, to Sultan _Prawáta_, with orders to watch an opportunity and assassinate him. On the arrival of _Rákut_, it happened that the Sultan was labouring under an indisposition; but when he was sufficiently recovered, he went one evening after prayers, and sat down at the second gate of the _dálam_, his wife standing behind and holding his head, accompanied only by some female attendants. At that moment, _Rákut_ went up to him, and declared his commission; to which the Sultan replied, 'I am aware that my time is come; execute your orders, but do not hurt any one but me.' Upon this, _Rákut_ drew his _kris_ and stabbed him; after which, retreating a few steps, it occurred to him that the chief might not be actually dead; and returning with an intention of completing his purpose, he missed his aim, and struck the wife. The prince observing this, immediately threw his _kris_ at the assassin, which, striking him in the leg, threw him on the ground, where he was soon dispatched by the people, who were assembled by the cries of the women."

The prince and his wife soon after died of their wounds, and left their dominions and property to their brother, the _Súnan Káli Niámat_, with authority to administer the same until their son, _Aria Pangíri_, should come of age. Both the prince and his wife were interred in the burial place of their ancestors at _Demák_; and the provinces of _Prawáta_ thus became incorporated with those of _Káli Niámat_.

The _Súnan Káli Niámat_ immediately went to _Kúdus_, and demanded that justice and condign punishment should be inflicted on the persons concerned in this murder; and the _Súnan Kúdus_, expressing great indignation at the act, promised compliance; but the _Sunan_, while returning to _Káli Niámat_, was murdered on the road by persons in the pay of the _Adipáti_ of _Jípang_. This prince, having thus far succeeded in his designs, then plotted the death of the chief of _Pájang_, hoping by that means to remove the only obstacle to his obtaining the supreme authority in the eastern districts of Java. The assassins, however, whom he employed for this latter purpose were not equally successful. They found the prince at midnight in an inner apartment, sleeping among his wives: but while approaching him to execute their design, one of them happened to tread upon a woman, whose shriek awoke the prince. He demanded the reason of their visit, and promised them pardon, on their confessing by whom they were employed: they disclosed the whole, and obtained pardon with their dismissal. Thus disappointed in his scheme, the _Súnan Kúdus_ invited the chief _Patéh_ of _Pájang_ to visit _Kúdus_, and assembled as many religious people as possible, in the hope that an opportunity might be afforded of assassinating him when off his guard; but a letter arriving at this period from the Sultan of _Chéribon_, upon whose protection the widow of the _Súnan Káli Niámat_ had thrown herself, in which the Sultan declared that he should hold the _Súnan Kúdus_ responsible for the discovery of the murderers, the intended assassination was deferred.

The chief of _Pájang_ having communicated with his sister, the widow of _Súnan Káli Niámat_, who had made a vow never to rest or to leave her home until the death of her husband, brother, and sister, should be avenged, informed his _Panambáhan_, that if they could find a suitable opportunity to take revenge on _Ráden Penánsang_, they had his full consent. The meeting which took place between the parties is thus described.

"After having laid the troops in ambush, the chiefs of _Pájang_ crossed the river, and seizing one of the grass-cutters belonging to _Ráden Penánsang_ they cut off a piece of his right ear, and told him to go to his master with a letter, which they hung about his neck, containing a challenge from the prince of _Pájang_; they then returned to their own camp. In the meanwhile the grass-cutter running with a great noise to the quarters of _Ráden Penánsang_, who happened to be at dinner, delivered the message.

"At this summons the _Ráden_ came forth in a great rage, and ordering his horse and spear, galloped down to the river side, and called upon the prince to come over to him; but the chief of _Pájang_ answered, that if he was the man of courage he pretended to be, he would himself cross to the side he occupied. The _Ráden_, accompanied by two _Panakawans_ only, then crossed the river, and inquiring for his opponent, was informed that he remained in his _póndok_, and had sent his son to fight in his room, and would only appear in the event of his being conquered. _Ráden Penánsang_ then said with a contemptuous smile, 'Is the _Brébo Patéh_ afraid, that he sends me a child with whom he knows I will not fight? I will teach him something. Go, child, and call your father.' He then amused himself galloping about, until one of the chiefs of _Pájang_ let loose a number of mares, on which his horse became unmanageable, and he was thrown, and killed on the spot. _Túmung'gung Matáok_, his principal chief, now crossed the river with all his followers; but they were soon overpowered, and the _Tumúng'gung_ being slain, his head was stuck upon a pole by the river side."

From this period the provinces of _Jípang_ became subject to the chief of _Pájang_; and his sister at _Kali Niamat_, being informed of this success by _Panambáhan_ expressed her readiness to fulfil a promise which she had made, of conferring upon him all her lands and property, _Panambáhan_ declined accepting this offer, alleging that he had only obeyed the orders of his sovereign. He however received from her, on this occasion, two _pusáka_ rings, in one of which was set a large diamond, in the other a ruby, which had formerly belonged to the house of _Majapáhit_.

The spoil taken in the war was then divided according to usage, and to _Panambáhan_ was assigned a population of eighteen hundred working men in the district of _Mentáuk_, afterwards called _Matárem_. The lands of _Káli Niámat_ were left in the possession of his sister, and those of _Demák_ restored to his nephew. _Aria Pangiri_ received the title of Sultan of _Demák_.

The province of _Mentáuk_ or _Matárem_, at that period did not contain more than three hundred villages, scattered in different parts of the country. On the arrival of _Panambáhan_ near _Brambánan_, he was received by the _Súnan Adi Jága_, who would not allow him to perform the usual ceremony of kissing his feet, thus by implication predicting the future greatness of his descendants. At _Páser Gédé_, then a wilderness, _Panambáhan_ was duly installed, under the title of _Kiái Gédé Matárem_.

When the government of _Kiái Gédé Matárem_ was fully established, he was desirous of obtaining his son from the prince _Pájang_, who had retained him as an adopted child, and feared to part with him, in consequence of the prophecy of which he was aware, predicting the future greatness of the descendants of _Jáka Sisíla_; but on the entreaties of the _Súnan Káli Jaga_, he consented to part with him, under a stipulation, upon oath, from _Panambáhan_, that he would not undertake any thing prejudicial to him during his lifetime.

In the year 1490, the chief of _Pájang_, from religious motives, paid a visit to _Súnan Gíri_, accompanied by _Kiái Gédé Matárem_, and a numerous retinue of chiefs and priests. He was mounted on an elephant, and assumed all the pomp which had been customary with the sultans of _Bintára_. On this occasion he was formally installed as sultan, in the presence of the chiefs of the eastern provinces. The _Súnan Gíri_, at the same time, noticing _Kiái Gédé Matárem_, and being informed of his descent, declared that his family would one day rule all Java, and urged the Sultan of _Pájang_ to protect and befriend him. It was during this visit that the Sultan of _Pájang_ gave orders for digging the extensive fish-ponds which are now preserved at _Grésik_ for the _Ikan Bándang_.

On the return of _Kiái Gédé Matárem_ to his capital, he called together his relations, and recommended to their kindness the forty friends who had accompanied him on his first coming to _Matárem_, and their descendants, enjoining them, on no account whatever, to shed their blood, whatever crime they might commit, but if necessary, to punish them in some other way. To this they most solemnly bound themselves; and from this period, strangling is said to have been introduced as a capital punishment among the Javans.

His son, now called _Mas Anghebái Súta Wijáya_, had an amour with the grand-daughter of _Sheik Wáli ben Húsen_, who was intended to become one of the concubines of Sultan _Pájang_. Upon her becoming pregnant, he fled first to _Chéribon_, where he implored protection from the Sultan, but to no purpose, and afterwards towards _Luánu_, where collecting the rabble of the country, he commenced hostilities against the chief. The Sultan of _Pájang_, however, at length offering him a pardon, on condition of his marrying the girl, he returned, and was again received into favour; but not before he had reduced the chief of _Luánu_ to submission, and rendered that province tributary to _Matárem_.

The chiefs of _Surabáya_, _Grésik_, _Sidáyu_, _Túban_, _Wirasába_, _Pranarága_, _Kedíri_, _Mádion_, _Blóra_, _Jípang_, and _Pasurúan_, declared themselves independent of the prince of _Madúra_, and elected _Pánji Wíría Kráma_, the _Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_, who acted as _Widána_ to Sultan _Pájang_, to be their chief. About the same time, _Sánta Gúná_, the chief of east _Balambángan_, with the assistance of auxiliaries from _Báli_ and Celebes, again reduced the western districts of that province under his authority, subduing the principality of _Panarúkan_ and expelling the prince and his followers.

_Kiái Gédé Matárem_ died in the year 1497, after having, by his mild and equitable administration, converted the province of _Matárem_, from a wilderness into a fertile and populous country, and induced many of the surrounding districts voluntarily to submit to his authority.

The relations of the deceased appearing at the court of the Sultan of _Pájang_, he appointed his son, _Anghebái Súta Wijáya_, to succeed him as chief of _Matárem_, conferring upon him, at the same time, the command of all the troops of the empire, under the title of _Kiái Gédé Agung Senapáti Ingalága_, commonly distinguished by the single title of _Senapáti_, enjoining him annually to present himself at his court on the feast of _Múlut_.

It is noticed, that at this period the island was frequented by Portuguese and other European navigators, who had established factories at Bantam.

The ambition of the court of _Matárem_ being kept alive by various predictions, dreams, and enchantments, by which _Senapàti_ was promised the assistance of _Kiái Gédé Laut Kidúl_ the goddess of the great South Sea, who declared herself wedded to him, he was instigated to build an extensive _kráton_ on the spot where his _dálam_ then stood.

He now placed guards at the limits of his territories, burnt some of the adjacent villages, and assumed an attitude of complete independence, subjecting by degrees many of the neighbouring districts. Ambassadors were immediately sent from _Pájang_ to demand an explanation. They were in the first instance duped by the flattering manner in which they were received; but afterwards discovering the real state of affairs, and reporting it to the Sultan their master, he is represented as having called his son before him, and having said, "the will of Providence rules all events. _Senapáti_ will not, during my life, commence hostilities against me, but after my death he will render you subject to him. Yield to his power, on which depends your happiness and that of your descendants." At length, however, the chiefs of _Túban_ and _Demák_, apprehensive of the growing power of _Matárem_, prevailed upon him first to banish the _Tumung'gung Pájang_, as the instigator of this feud, and afterwards to send a considerable force against _Matárem_. The _Tumung'gung_, however, was rescued by forty chosen men dispatched by _Senapáti_, and a stratagem induced the forces of _Pájang_ to retreat. The _Pájang_ forces consisted of five thousand men, commanded by the Sultan's son: those of _Senapáti_ did not exceed eight hundred. The latter seeing that it was rash to risk an engagement against such a superiority of numbers, particularly as the few troops he had raised on the emergency were altogether unexperienced and undisciplined, while those of _Pajáng_ were in the highest order, halted at a short distance from _Brambánan_, where the enemy's forces were encamped. During the night he burned all the villages in the vicinity, and set fire to the reeds and long grass at some distance from _Brambánan_, and to the rear of the enemy's camp, by which means he persuaded them that the _Matárem_ forces had taken their departure, in order to obtain _Pájang_ by surprize.

During the succeeding night there was a heavy thunder storm, and on the following morning the mountain _Merbábu_ burst with a dreadful explosion, throwing out ashes and large stones; the rivers overflowed their banks and inundated the low country, occasioning great confusion and destruction in the _Pájang_ camp, and inducing the commander to retreat with his army forthwith to _Pájang_. Halting at the village _Tumpáit_, situated near _Kárbu Súru_, he visited the tomb of the _Pangéran_ of that name, who was descended from _Abdálah_, the eldest son of _Ráden Pátah_. Here the sultan is said to have been informed of a prophecy which foretold the immediate downfall of _Pájang_, and to have fainted and fallen from his elephant in consequence.

_Senapáti_ immediately bent his course to _Pájang_, where the sultan was again willing to receive him as his adopted son, and to pardon his past conduct; but a youth in the retinue of _Senapáti_, after first proposing to assassinate the sultan, a proposition to which _Senapáti_ refused to listen, at last of his own accord succeeded in administering poison to him, of which he died. This happened, however, after the return of _Senapáti_ to _Matárem_.

Being summoned by _Ráden Benáwa_, son of the deceased, _Senapáti_ immediately repaired to _Pájang_, where he found already assembled _Pangéran Kúdus_ and the principal chiefs of the country, who after the funeral proceeded to the election of a new sultan. _Senapáti_ was for investing the son of the deceased with the authority enjoyed by his father, but the _Súnan Kúdus_, who though he had been the cause of his son's death, still breathed vengeance against the _Pájang_ family, for the ignominious manner in which the punishment was carried into effect, opposed this nomination, and favouring the pretensions of Sultan _Démak_, that chief was duly proclaimed Sultan of _Pájang, Ráden Benáwa_ being appointed chief of _Jípang_. From this period the different states which had acknowledged the supremacy of _Pájang_ successively broke off from their allegiance.

The new Sultan of _Pájang_ commenced his career by removing from office most of the _Pájang_ chiefs, and replacing them by his adherents from _Demák_, which occasioned a general discontent. At last _Ráden Benáwa_, who was not inclined quietly to submit to the loss of his kingdom, succeeded in inducing _Senapáti_ openly to adopt his cause, and join the forces which he could himself send from _Jípang_ and the discontents of _Pájang_.

_Senapáti_ accordingly marched against _Pájang_, and an engagement taking place, most of the troops deserted the sultan's cause, and the remainder, who continued faithful, were soon put to flight. _Ráden Benáwa_, alarmed at a dream, in which he heard a voice saying, "Every thing in life has a beginning and an end, all worldly greatness is vanity, and no man can call himself happy until his death; do you always bear this in mind:" withdrew, and having followed the course of the _Sólo_ river down to _Grésik_, proceeded thence to _Kendál_, where he attracted many followers by his irreproachable conduct. At last he settled on the mountain _Parákan_, where he was buried.

_Senapáti_, after this success, proceeded to carry the _kráton_ by assault, and having entered the front gateway, the wife of the sultan came forth, entreating that her husband's life might be spared; but _Senapáti_ reminding her that he was the friend of her father, and had nothing to fear, desired her instantly to produce her husband, which being complied with, he informed the sultan that the people of _Pájang_ being displeased with him he could no longer remain sovereign, but that he and his followers might return to _Demák_ as soon as they pleased, the sovereignty being now conferred on _Ráden Benáwa_.

Search was made for _Ráden Benáwa_ without effect, but that chief was duly proclaimed as sultan, and the brother of _Senapáti_ appointed to administer the country until his arrival.

The retreat of _Ráden Benáwa_ being at length discovered, and that chief declining to accept the government of _Pájang_, his brother, _Pangéran Gája Búmi_, was appointed sultan in his room. The latter shortly after died, and was succeeded by the son of _Benáwa, Ráden Sidawíni_, on whom the title of _Pangéran Pájang_ was conferred.

As soon as order was again restored, _Senapáti_ returned to _Matárem_, carrying with him the saddle called _gatáya_, the head-dress called _máchang gúguh_, and a set of _gámelan_ called _sekar dalíma_, which he had taken at the assault of _Pájang_, as trophies of his victory, together with the cannon called _niái stómi_, and all the insignia and ornaments of royalty, which had descended for the most part from the princes of _Pajajáran_ and _Majapáhit_, and which are still preserved in the regalia of the princes of Java.

_Senapáti_, in consequence of these arrangements and the possession of the regalia, transferred the seat of empire to _Matárem_, and lost no time in raising his family to the highest dignities. Assuming himself the title of sultan, he elevated his nephews to the rank of _Pangérans_.

His ambitious views being now so far realized, he consulted the _Súnan Gíri_, wishing to obtain his opinion, whether the time for the complete fulfilment of the prophecy was not arrived. The _Súnan_ replied, that if the Sultan of _Matárem_ wished to be sovereign of the whole island of Java, it was essential that he should, in the first instance, bring the eastern provinces under subjection. In consequence of this reply, the sultan immediately collected his troops, trained them to the use of arms and regular discipline, and in the month of _mohárem_ marched eastward.

The _Adipáti of Surabáya_, who had held the supreme authority over all the eastern districts, as _Widána_ to the sultan of _Pájang_, no sooner heard of these preparations, than he directed all the subordinate chiefs with their forces to assemble at _Jípang_, there to await the arrival of the army from _Matárem_; but at the moment when a general engagement was about to take place between the two armies, an open letter was delivered to both chiefs from the _Súnan Gíri_, requesting them to desist, and proposing an arrangement, by which the eastern provinces were to become subject to _Matárem_, but to continue under the immediate administration of the _Adipáti_. This arrangement was agreed to by both parties, but the _Adipati_ soon repented of it, who in consequence was preparing for hostilities, when an open rapture was again averted by the interference of the _Súnan Gíri_; but soon after being joined by the forces of _Pranarága_ and _Madion_, the _Adipáti_ assembled his troops and marched to invade _Matárem_.

_Senapáti_ no sooner heard of these hostile preparations, and that the _Adipáti_ was levying the revenue of _Pájang_, than accompanied by his uncle, _Kiái Gédé Páti_, he marched towards _Madion_, and obtained possession of the _dálam_, the chief having previously fled with his son to _Surabáya_, leaving behind him a daughter whom _Senapáti_ married. His uncle, displeased at his conduct, returned to _Páti_; but _Senapáti_ prosecuted his march towards _Pasúruan_, with an intention to render himself master of that province.

The chief of _Pasúruan_ was inclined to surrender at discretion, but was dissuaded from doing so by his _Páteh_. One day when _Senapáti_ accompanied by only forty men of his body-guard, was reconnoitering the enemy's camp, he met the _Páteh_, who had come out with a similar intention, when a skirmish taking place, the _Páteh_ was wounded by a lance and fell to the ground. The sultan lifting him up and placing him on a mare, sent him back to the chief, with a letter tied round his neck. The chief no sooner saw him in this disgraceful predicament, than he repented of having taken his advice, and ordering his head to be immediately severed from his body, sent it to _Senapáti_ in token of submission.

After this _Senapáti_ returned to _Matárem_, where he married one of his daughters to the son of the late chief of _Madion_, and appointed him chief of _Jipang_.

_Súra Manggála_, a chief of _Kedíri_, was now willing to submit to the authority of _Matárem_, but _Senapáti_ returned no other answer to his messenger, than that it was his intention to march at the next _mohárem_, when it would be the duty of _Súra Manggála_ to surrender that province. Accordingly, in the month of _mohárem_, an army proceeded against _Kedíri_: the _Matárem_ forces were successful, and the chief and his three brothers submitted. _Senapáti_ was so pleased with the conduct of _Súra Mang'gála_ on this occasion, that he appointed him to the command of the _Matárem_ troops.

This chief, better known by the name of _Senapáti Bálek_, served the sultan of _Matárem_ with great ability and fidelity. He gained numerous victories, brought all the western provinces, as far as _Chéribon_, to acknowledge the supremacy of _Matárem_, limiting the authority of that chief within the rivers of _Losári_ and _Indramáyu_. He is said to have removed the mud wall which surrounded the _kráton_ of _Matárem_, and built in its stead a strong wall of stone. He was at last killed in a desperate engagement with the eastern people, which took place in _Pájang_, in which however the _Matárem_ troops were successful.

Shortly after the death of this chief, _Senapáti_ received intelligence of hostile preparations against _Matárem_ being made by his uncle, _Kiái Gédé Páti_. He accordingly proceeded to meet him, accompanied by all his sons and a numerous army. After a long and a desperate action, the _Matárem_ forces were again successful, and the sultan returned to _Matárem_, with the wives, children, and all the valuables of his uncle.

His son, _Pangéran Séda Krápiak_, being wounded on this occasion, the sultan published a proclamation, declaring that prince to be his successor after his death, by the title of _Panambahan Senapáti_.

The continued opposition of the eastern people, however, and the revolt of _Kedíri_ and _Pasúruan_, obliged him again to take the field, when finding the numbers and strength of the enemy far superior to his own, he conducted an able but slow retreat to his capital, and during the whole course of his reign found it impracticable to subject these provinces to his authority. To the provinces, however, of _Matárem_, _Bágelen_, _Bányumas_, _Pájang_ and _Jípang_, which descended to him from his father, he added those of _Páti_, _Kúdus_, _Semáráng_, _Kendál_, and _Kaliwúng'u_.

The days of _Sénapati_, the founder of the _Matárem_ empire, and of the dynasty which still retains a nominal rule on Java, were now brought to a close, after a reign of continued warfare. As the founder of the last native empire on Java, his memory is naturally held in high estimation; but he is also respected for the discipline he introduced into his army, and the valour, ability, and noble-mindedness which he displayed throughout. With the Javans he is considered as another Alexander, and he is the first in their modern history who is considered to have understood the art of war.

He was succeeded, in the year 1524, by his son, since called _Séda Krápiak_, from the place of his interment, but who during his reign, bore the title of _Panambáhan Senapáti_. The succession was, however, opposed by his elder brother, _Pangéran Púger_, who did not attend to kiss the sovereign's feet, as customary, on the day following his installation. This chief proceeding to hostilities, was soon taken prisoner near _Ungárang_. He was banished to _Kúdus_, and his minister was put to death, which offended one of his younger brothers, _Jajarága_, so much, that he instantly quitted _Matárem_ and proceeded to _Pranarága_, of which province he had formerly been appointed chief, with an intention of stirring up a rebellion in the distant provinces; but the sultan obtaining information of it, secured his person and banished him also. He was shortly afterwards pardoned and permitted to return.

It was during this reign that the Dutch and English first visited Java.

This prince reduced the provinces of _Madion_ and _Pranarága_, and built a palace, the walls of which are still standing at _Krapiak_, a place at the foot of a range of hills lying along the South Sea, a short distance from _Matárem_. He died after a reign of twelve years, esteemed on account of the general tranquillity which prevailed after the firm establishment of his government.

He was succeeded by his eldest son, named _Panambáhan Merta Púra_, in the year 1540; but this prince not being able to conduct the government, on account of his infirm state of health, or more probably removed by the intrigues of his family, who declared him to be insane, made way for his younger brother, who was raised to the throne in the following year.

This prince, distinguished by the title of _Agung_, or the great, commenced a flourishing reign by a signal victory over the _Surabáyan_ and _Madurese_ forces, by which he brought the eastern provinces of _Málang_, _Untung_, _Jápan_, _Wirasába_, _Pasúruan_ and _Surabáya_, under subjection; and following up his success, subdued all the eastern provinces, as far as _Balambángan_. Dissensions arising at this period between the people of Bantam and those of the _Súnda_ districts, the chief of _Súmedang_ applied to _Matárem_ for assistance; and being invested by the sultan with the chief authority over those districts, soon brought the whole of the western chiefs, alarmed at the approach of _Matárem_ arms, to acknowledge his supremacy. A force was now sent to _Madúra_, and that island being conquered was united to his dominion, which then extended through all Java and Madúra. An enemy, more powerful than any with whom he had been accustomed to contend, and destined to strip his posterity of all but the semblance of sovereignty, now appeared. The Dutch, availing themselves of the divisions and convulsions by which the empire had been previously distracted, had established themselves at _Jákatra_.

On their first arrival at Bantam, the prince of that country was absent on an expedition against _Palémbang_, which country, as well as a great part of the north and west coast of Sumatra, was then subject to his sway. They found the influence of the Portuguese, who had previously established a factory there, on the decline, and with little difficulty entered into a treaty with the chief, on whom the administration of the country was provisionally conferred during the absence of the prince. By this treaty, the contracting parties agreed to trade honestly and fairly with each other, and to afford mutual assistance in case of being attacked by an enemy.

Complaints, however, were soon made of the high tone which the Dutch assumed, and of the insolence of their menaces. Hostilities ensued, and according to the Dutch account, upwards of a hundred of the natives were killed or wounded. The consequence was, that they were obliged to quit Bantam. Touching at _Jákatra_, _Japára_, _Túban_, and _Sidáyu_, they had an affair with the Madurese, but ill calculated to make an impression in their favour. The prince of that country, anxious to pay his respects to the Europeans, requested, through his interpreter, to be permitted to visit the principal person among them, and an arrangement was accordingly made that he should be received on board a particular ship. As the prince left the shore with his suite, accompanied by their women and children, the Hollanders became alarmed at the appearance of so numerous an assemblage, and observing that they did not appear to be proceeding direct to the ship pointed out for their reception, discharged three guns. The terror occasioned by the report threw the procession into the utmost confusion, all the people in the boats falling as if killed. The crews of the other European vessels taking these guns as a signal for action, threw themselves with such impetuosity upon the native boats, that out of this numerous assemblage only twenty-one are said to have escaped. Among the slain was the prince, and his interpreter or high priest, and their bodies, as soon as discovered, were thrown with indignity into the sea.

It is remarkable, that the leading traits which distinguish the subsequent administration of the Dutch on Java (a haughty assumption of superiority, for the purpose of overawing the credulous simplicity of the natives, and a most extraordinary timidity, which led them to suspect treachery and danger, in quarters where they were least to be apprehended) were manifested in their earliest transactions in this quarter. On their first arrival at Bantam, we find the clerks of their trading vessels styling themselves captains; and such was the state and consequence assumed by Houtman, the chief of the expedition, who took the title of Captain Major, that a Portuguese, who had known him before, asked him significantly if he had been created _a duke_ since he last saw him. The murder of the unfortunate prince of _Madúra_ and his followers (for it can be called by no other term) was as detestable and unjustifiable as the subsequent massacre of the unfortunate and unoffending Chinese in the streets of Batavia. In neither case was there a plea to palliate the crying guilt, but such a degree of danger, as the basest cowardice could alone be sensible of.

This aggression did not pass unpunished, for the Dutch Admiral having allowed some of his men to land near _Arosbáya_, then the capital of the island, they were seized by the Madurese, and their enlargement was not effected without the loss of many lives and the payment of a liberal ransom.

Bantam was already a place of considerable trade: Chinese, Arabs, Persians, Moors, Turks, Malabars, Peguans, and in a word, merchants from all nations were established there. The principal produce for the European market was pepper. With this province the Dutch renewed their commerce in the year 1598 A.D., and four years afterwards they obtained permission to establish a factory there. In the following year, accordingly, they erected a permanent building, and formed a commercial establishment. At this time they had granted passes to the vessels belonging to the chief of _Túban_; and, in 1609, they left an agent at _Grésik_. A second treaty was now entered into with the king of Bantam, in which the States General stipulated to assist him against foreign invaders, particularly Spaniards and Portuguese; and the king on his side agreed to make over to the Dutch a good and strong fort, a free trade, and security for their persons and property, _without paying any duties or taxes_, and to allow no other European nation to trade or reside in his territories. The Dutch observing the serious differences which occurred among the chiefs of Bantam during the minority of the sovereign, made overtures, in the same year, to the prince of _Jákatra_, and removed to that province soon after.

In 1612, a convention was entered into between them and the prince of _Jákatra_, by which a free trade was allowed to them, together with an eligible place to reside at; both parties contracting to assist each other in war on the territory of _Jákatra_. It was moreover stipulated, that all goods should pay duty, except such as were imported in Dutch ships, or Chinese junks; and that the prince should prohibit the Spaniards and Portuguese from trading with his dominions.

On the 19th January, 1619, a further treaty was made with the same prince, confirming the former contracts, and stipulating that the fort should remain in its present state until the arrival of the Governor General, and that the English should be obliged to build their factory, and the other nations their houses, at a certain distance from the fort; but on the 1st of February following, in consequence of the success of the English, who had espoused the cause of the native chiefs, we find a convention entered into by the prince of _Jákatra_, the commanding officer of the English, and the commandant of the Dutch fort, by which the latter promised to deliver over the fort to the English, and the treasure, merchandize, &c. to the prince: the English agreeing to furnish the Dutch garrison with a ship and a safe conduct for six months.

On the 11th March, a contract was entered into between the king of Bantam and the commissioners of the Dutch Company, still in the fort of _Jákatra_, whereby the former promised to protect the Dutch against all hostile attempts, and to permit the re-establishment of a free trade on its former footing. The Dutch, on their part, agreed to keep the fort in good order, and to abandon the same on the arrival of their ships, when they would also deliver to the king (in return for the protection he afforded them) one-fourth of the Company's property, and one-half of the ordnance, &c.

In consequence, however, of the arrival of reinforcements from Europe, under Koen, and of the political understanding which then existed between the English and Dutch nations, the Dutch still maintained their ground, and in the month of August following laid the foundation of their establishment at _Jákatra_ on an extensive scale. They had previously, in the years 1618 and 1619, plundered and laid in ashes the town of _Japára_, because the chief of that province had, in the former year, taken possession of the factory, made prisoners of the Dutch, and sent them into the interior.

The Javan historians considering the Dutch in the light of other foreign nations, who were in the habit of trading to the sea coasts, do not furnish us with any information concerning the disputes which took place at Bantam, or in the first instance at _Jákatra_. Even in their accounts of the occasion of the first hostilities which took place with the sultan of _Matárem_, they convey rather a notion of what is the general impression regarding the first establishment of the Dutch, than any particulars calculated to throw light on the history of that period. "The Dutch," say they, "before they arrived at _Jákatra_, had formed an alliance with the sultan of Bantam. They subsequently treated with the English, and with _Pangéran Jokárta_; but in a short time they found the way to play off a foul stratagem on the latter. In the first place, when they wished to ascertain the strength and resources of _Jákatra_, they landed like _máta-mátas_ (peons or messengers), the captain of the ship disguising himself with a turban, and accompanying several _Khójas_ (a term by which the natives of the Coromandel coast are distinguished). When he had made his observations, he entered upon trade, offering however much better terms than were just, and making more presents than were necessary. A friendship thus took place between him and the prince: when this friendship was established, the captain informed the prince that his ship wanted repair; and the prince, at his request, allowed the vessel to be brought up the river. There the captain knocked out the planks of the bottom and sunk the vessel, to obtain a pretence for farther delay, and then requested a very small piece of ground, on which he might build a shed, to store the sails and other property, while endeavours should be made to raise the vessel. This request was also complied with. The captain then made a wall or mound of mud, so that nobody could know what he was doing, and in the mean time courted the friendship of the prince. He afterwards waited on the prince, and requested as much more land as could be covered by a buffalo's hide, on which he might build a small _póndok_. This being complied with, he cut the hide into strips, and claimed all the land he could enclose with them. To this also the prince, after some hesitation, consented. The captain then went on with his buildings, engaging that he would pay all expenses. When the fort was finished, the mud wall was removed; batteries were unexpectedly displayed, and under their protection the Dutch refused to pay a _doit_. War then commenced, in which the Dutch were reduced to such an extremity, as to be obliged to use stones in lieu of balls, which were expended. Even this resource failed; and, as a last expedient, bags of the filthiest ordure were fired upon the Javans, whence the fort has ever since borne the name of _Kóta tái_."

Such is the aversion of the Javans for the _Khójas_, as well on account of their general character as of their conduct on this occasion, that it is a proverb among them, "If you meet a snake and a _Khoja_ in the same road, kill the _Khoja_ first, and afterwards the snake."

Another account is as follows. "The Dutch having obtained the desired spot built on it a storehouse, and formed a garden for vegetables. When _Pangéran Jokárta_ inquired why they did this, they replied, they must have their conveniences, and that it was not the custom of the Dutch to live and eat like the Javans. The _Pangéran_ was satisfied with the reason given, and allowed the work to proceed; but they had no sooner completed several buildings, by means of the people landed from their ships, than they began to surround them with a battery. The _Pangéran_ again was roused, and inquired the reason of this, to which they replied, that there were a great many traders about to arrive, and that it was necessary to protect their property from thieves. When the batteries were completed they planted cannon in them: the _Pangéran_ inquired the reason of this preparation, to which they only replied, it was to keep off bad people.

"In a short time, however, when the Dutch had increased in numbers, they fired one of the guns, and the ball discharged from it fell in front of the _Pangéran's_ palace. The _Pangéran_ inquired why they did so, to which they replied, they were only trying how far the gun would carry, in order that they might be able to assist the _Pangéran_, should he be attacked by an enemy. The _Pangéran_, however, was not satisfied with this reason, and demanded a fine of two thousand dollars for the insult, which the Dutch immediately paid. But it was not long before they fired another gun, the ball of which went over the palace, on which the _Pangéran_ became highly incensed, and demanded a fine of four thousand dollars, threatening if it was not paid forthwith, to write to the sultan of _Matárem_, who would order them immediately to be driven from the island. To this menace the Dutch said nothing, but paid the money, which the _Pangéran_ received with delight. The Dutch, at last, fired a gun, the ball of which fell within the palace, on which the _Pangéran_ conceiving it to be their intention to attack him, immediately considered them as enemies, and collected his people, in order to fall upon them and destroy them without delay. As soon as the Dutch saw the people thus assembled, they fired from their batteries, dealing slaughter all around, and obliged the _Pangéran_ and his people to retreat out of the reach of the shot."

While these events were in progress in the western provinces, a serious revolt took place in the central and eastern districts, in consequence of the intrigues of _Aria Mandúra_, the favourite and chief minister of the sultan, who by means of his treacherous conduct to the chief of _Pájang_, had obtained the administration of that province for himself. The chiefs of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_ availing themselves of the disturbance thus occasioned at _Pájang_, declared their independence of _Matárem_, and were not reduced to subjection till two armies had been sent to the eastward against them.

Not long afterwards, the chief of _Surabáya, Tumúnggung Sapánjang_, having refused to give up two beautiful horses which the sultan demanded of him, an army was sent to compel his obedience; but the chief being reinforced from _Madúra_, repulsed the _Matárem_ forces, obliging them to return to their capital.

The sultan, who had hitherto shown himself anxious to maintain a good understanding with the Dutch, and consented to their enjoying a free trade to the different parts of Java, with permission to establish a factory at _Japára_, is represented as having acted upon their advice in the present juncture, in marching to the eastward in person with his whole forces; but they no sooner saw him undertake the expedition, than availing themselves of the opportunity, they took possession of _Jákatra_.

He immediately sent two armies against them, under the command of _Tumúnggung Wíra Kusúma_, and a battle ensued, in which the Javan chief, with about ten thousand of his followers, were either slain or drowned in the river _Chilúang_. _Tumúnggung Náta Jawána_ coming up afterwards, collected the fugitives, and joining them with his forces surrounded the town. He posted troops on all the roads towards the south and west, at the distance of cannon-shot from the town, at the same time cutting channels to lead off the streams by which the Dutch were supplied. After an unsuccessful attack made by the chiefs _Mandúra Réja_ and _Wíla Tíkta_, for which they were put to death by their commander, a sally was made on the part of the besieged with so much success, that _Tumúnggung Jawána_ determined to break up with his army, and no further attempt against the Dutch was made until the year 1629, A.D.

"In this year a second army from _Matárem_, composed of Javans and Madurese, appeared before Batavia. The siege lasted for a considerable time, and the assaults on the town and fort, as well as the sallies of the besieged, were very bloody. Anxious to know the fate of his army, the sultan dispatched his uncle, _Pangéran Purbáya_, to Batavia, to obtain information. This chief having destroyed the Dutch factory at _Japára_, embarked in a swift sailing _práhu_ of the size of the trunk of the largest teak tree, which when seen at a distance looked like a serpent on the sea. On reaching the bay of Batavia, _Purbáya_ perceived three ships at anchor. Two of them, after firing upon him, were sunk, and notwithstanding the fire from the third he brought his _práhu_ safe up to _Jákatra_, when he was fired upon from the fort. On this _Purbáya_ with three followers landed from the _práhu_, and passing like a shadow to the Dutch fort, which he touched with his hands, proceeded on to the Javan lines, where he informed them that he had come by order of the sultan, to give them a proof how near they might approach the Dutch fort. He then hastened back to _Matárem_ and reported the disastrous state of the war, on which the sultan withdrew his forces to _Kaliwúngu_."

The Dutch sent an ambassador with rich presents, and the war ended in the Javan year 1551.

During the latter part of this prince's reign the country appears to have enjoyed tranquillity, the only two occasions in which it was disturbed being the revolt of the chiefs of _Balambángan_ and _Súmedang_, which may be considered as the extreme points of the _Matárem_ dominion, _Jákatra_ and _Bántam_ having been effectually separated from them.

Sultan _Agung_ is represented, even by the Dutch, as a well informed and enlightened prince. He extended his dominion not only over all Java and _Madúra_, but carried his conquests to _Lándak_ and other states on Borneo. He died in the Javan year 1568, and was succeeded by his son, _Pangéran Aria Prábu_, or _Aria Matárem_, then twenty-six years of age.

This prince, on account of his mother being a princess of _Chéribon_, succeeded, to the prejudice of his elder brother: he held his court at _Pléret_, and is represented as the most severe and tyrannical of Javan sovereigns. During a visit made by the chief of _Chéribon_ to _Matárem_, he received the distinction of _Abdul Ráchman Sakiden_, in addition to the title of _Susúnan Amangkúrat Senapáti Ingalága_, which he had assumed on his accession. On this occasion it is stated, that he again conferred on the sultan of _Chéribon_ all the eastern districts of the island to the westward of _Túgu_, the supposed limit of the _Majapáhit_ empire, that is to say the districts of _Brébes_, _Tegál_, _Pamálang_, _Ulujámi_, _Wiradésa_, _Pakalóng'an_, _Bátang_, _Kendál_, and _Kaliwúngu_. The Dutch had already firmly established their capital at Batavia, and secured an influence in many of the former dependencies of Java, particularly at _Sukadána_ on Borneo and _Palembang_ on Sumatra.

During the troubled reign of this prince, the Dutch appear first to have entered into a written agreement with the acknowledged sovereigns of Java. A treaty was ratified at Batavia in the second year after his accession, on the 24th September 1646, the conditions of which were that the _Susuhúnan_ should be informed annually, by an ambassador, of the nature of the curiosities which had arrived from Europe; that all priests, or other persons, whom he might be desirous of sending to foreign countries, should be conveyed thither in the Company's ships; that all persons who should desert to either country, for the purpose of evading their debts, should be given up; that the Company and the _Susuhúnan_ should assist each other against their common enemies; that the vessels of the _Susuhúnan's_ subjects should be allowed to trade to all places under the Company's authority, except _Ambon_, _Banda_, and _Ternáté_, and that those bound to _Malácca_, or places situated to the northward of that settlement, should be obliged to touch at Batavia and to apply for passes.

A treaty was also entered into on the 10th July 1659, between the Dutch and the sultan of Bantam, through the mediation of the ambassadors of the _Pangéran_ of _Jámbi_, in which it was stipulated, that all prisoners of war and deserters should be mutually restored, with the exception, on the part of the sultan, of those who had embraced the Mahomedan faith more than three months previous to that date, those who had submitted to circumcision since that date to be sent back, or if slaves and unwilling to return, the sultan to pay the value of them to their masters: that the Dutch should, as heretofore, have a permanent residence at Bantam, for which purpose the same building was to be given which they had occupied before the war, free of rent, and this building to be secured, at the sultan's expense, against any hostile attempts: that the river of _Untung Jáwa_ should form the boundary of the Bantam territory.

Certain provisions were made also to prevent illicit trading.

Shortly after his accession, the chief of _Balambángan_, aided by forces from _Báli_, again revolted, and an army was sent against him. The troops, however, were no sooner set in motion, than a plot was concerted against the prince's life, with the knowledge of his younger brother, _Alit_; but intelligence of it being communicated to the prince, _Aria Salíngsing_, who had been the instigator of the plot, was with his son beheaded, on the spot where a new _kráton_ was erecting. On the intercession of _Pangerán Purbáya_, the prince was disposed to be lenient to his brother, as well on account of his age as a strong affection which he bore towards him. Ascending the royal eminence, the prince ordered the heads of the parties to be brought, and summoning his brother _Alit_ into his presence, placed the heads before him, saying, "behold the reward of those who have attempted to overthrow my authority. Bring before me without delay all your followers." The _Pangéran_ immediately retired, and not knowing what was to be the result, immediately assembled all his adherents and attendants, and informed them of what had passed, when they unanimously agreed to _amók_ the _Susúnan's_ party, urging that, as soon as the _Matárem_ people saw them commence to _amók_, they would join them. The _Pangéran_, who was quite a youth, gave into the plan, and they forthwith proceeded to the _alun alun_, where they were not joined by a single man of the _Matárem_ people. They however commenced _amók_, and the people fled in every direction, until _Pangéran Chákra Níngrat_ of _Madúra_ approached _Alit_, kissed his feet, telling him it was the order of the prince, who was aware of this proceeding, that his person should be seized, but on no account wounded or hurt, and implored him to surrender; but _Alit_, disregarding his proposal, drew his _kris_ and stabbed the _Pangéran_, who died on the spot. The Madurese, who witnessed this scene, immediately fell upon _Alit_, who was soon dispatched. The _Susúnan_ was deeply affected at the loss of his brother, and in the violence of his agitation, on receiving the account of what had passed, wounded himself in the left arm; and from this period, the Javan historians state, "that he never forgave an offence however trifling. When he was unhappy, he always put to death those who were the cause of his unhappiness, and on the slightest occasions was subject to the most violent gusts of anger."

It is related that the prince evinced great sorrow for the loss of his brother, and that when the time of mourning had expired, he wreaked his vengeance on the supposed authors of this calamity, by a massacre unparalleled in the annals of the country. A rigorous investigation was instituted to ascertain the abettors and accomplices in this attack against the prince's life, and for this purpose a commission was appointed under the direction of his favourites. The chiefs of the four quarters of the capital were directed to inscribe the names of all the priests within their respective divisions, under pretext that the prince intended to confer certain marks of distinction upon those who resided at _Matárem_, but in fact to prevent their escape; for no sooner were the registers made than a cannon was fired from the palace, as a signal to commence the slaughter, and within less than half an hour all the priests, whether guilty or innocent, with their wives and children, amounting to upwards of six thousand souls, were inhumanly and indiscriminately butchered.

On the following morning when the _Susúnan_ appeared in public, he seemed much agitated, and remained without saluting his courtiers or uttering a word for the space of an hour. He then addressed himself to his uncle _Purbáya_, saying that the priests, who ought to have set an example to others, had conspired against his life; and to cover the atrocity of the massacre, he brought forward three or four priests, who had been purposely saved from the general slaughter, and from whom it was easy to obtain whatever evidence best suited his purpose.

In the war against _Balambángan_, although the _Matárem_ forces were successful in obtaining possession of the capital, the chief and his principal adherents fled to _Báli_. _Wíra Gúna_ was anxious to follow them; but a serious illness breaking out among the troops, he was obliged to withdraw them, and retreat with the few who had survived, in number not exceeding a thousand. On reaching _Kedíri_, intelligence was sent to _Matárem_ of the failure of the expedition, when the _Susúnan_ immediately ordered the chief, _Wíra Gúna_, with all his family, to be put to death, under the pretext of punishing his want of success, but in reality to satisfy a revenge, which he had long been anxious to gratify against this chief, on account of his having, during the lifetime of his father, preferred a complaint against him for carrying off one of his concubines.

It is said that the father of his first _rátu_ (queen) having a pet fowl, which had been produced from a jungle hen and a domestic cock, brought it as a curiosity into the _kráton_ and gave it to the _Susúnan_. The _Susúnan_ conceiving it to be an omen, that as soon as the _Pangéran Adipáti_ became of age he would quickly obtain the throne, assembled his _pengáwa_ and informed them of his apprehensions. The _Pangéran_ on hearing of it, immediately called all his family together, to the number of sixty persons, who, on the first day that the _Susúnan_ appeared in public, sat themselves down in tears under the _waríngen_ tree. The _Susúnan_ inquiring their object, they called God and the Prophet to witness, that they were innocent of the bare thought of any thing which should alarm the mind of the _Susúnan_, and intreated that, if he anticipated sorrow or misfortune from them, he would put them to death immediately, and avert the apprehended calamity. The _Susúnan_ desired them not to listen to people who told them such stories, and retired. Some time afterwards, the _Pangéran Adipáti_ fell desperately in love with a young woman, who from her infancy had been brought up under an aged _mántri_ for the royal embrace. Becoming dangerously ill on her account, he at length communicated the cause to his grandfather, _Pangéran Pákik_, who prevailed on the _mántri_ to part with her for two thousand rings, one thousand dollars, and a _káti_ of gold. The young pair were immediately married. As soon, however, as the _Susúnan_ became apprized of the transaction, he caused his son, the _Pangéran Adipáti_, to appear before him with his young bride, and then directed him, in his presence, to stab her to death. He afterwards banished his son, and sentenced the _Pangéran Pákik_, with all his family, to capital punishment; and this aged chief, with his wife, _Rátu Pándan_, and his relations, to the number of forty, were accordingly put to death on the _alun alun_.

It is even related, among the atrocities committed by this prince, that he violated his own daughter, _Rátu Bráwa_, who was affianced to the son of _Panambáhan Gíri Láya_ of _Chéribon_, and that on the death of one of his wives, _Rátu Pamálang_, he confined sixty of her attendants in a dark room, and deprived them of food until they all died.

The injustice and severity of the _Susúnan_ became still greater as he advanced in years. His fits of anger became more frequent, and the day and night were employed in barbarous executions. Life enjoyed no security: every one was upon his guard, and fears and apprehensions wrought among people of the highest and the lowest rank. At length the attention of the chiefs having been directed to the _Pangéran Adipáti_, who had evinced a kind disposition in the presents he was continually making to the poor, they implored him to assume the government; and the young prince, entering into their views, formed an agreement with the celebrated chief, _Trúna Jáya_, who was the nephew of the _Bopáti_ of _Madúra_, _Chákra Níngrat_. It was by these means arranged, that while _Chákra Níngrat_ was at _Matárem_, _Trúna Jáya_ should forthwith proceed to _Madúra_, and there heading the Madurese and the people of the eastern provinces, first rear the standard of rebellion, while the young prince himself, to preserve appearances, should remain at the court of his father, in seeming ignorance of what was going on. No sooner had _Trúna Jáya_, in prosecution of this plan, declared the independence of _Madúra_, than there arrived at _Pasúruan_ a considerable force from _Makásar_, headed by _Dáin Galéngsong_ and _Dáin Manápok_. An army sent against them from _Matárem_ was repulsed, and the provinces of _Pásúruan_, _Probolíngo_, _Wirasába_, and _Jápan_, submitted to their arms.

The first establishment of the Makásars in Java, appears to have taken place A.D. 1675, when a chief from _Celebes_, named _Kráin Monte-maráni_, with numerous followers, left his country in discontent and settled in Java, to the eastward of _Surabáya_, near _Besúki_, where he collected all the vagabonds of the country, and committed great depredations by sea and land.

In this dilemma, and finding himself unequal either to dislodge the Makásar establishment or to reduce the Madurese to submission, the _Susúnan_ dispatched his son, _Pangérán Púgar_, to the Dutch, A.D. 1676, with various presents, soliciting their aid.

A second army was immediately assembled, and directed to proceed by the route of _Japára_, where, according to the Javan accounts, the chiefs had instructions to ask the assistance of all the white people who had factories there, Dutch, French, and Portuguese, and in case of refusal, to drive them from the country. On this occasion the Dutch commandant at _Japára_ is represented as having said, "that this application on the part of the _Susúnan_, was what the Dutch had been long anxious for, and that he was ready to obey his orders and sacrifice his life in his service."

This army was not more successful than the former in reducing the revolted provinces to submission; but by the aid of the Dutch, who had embarked a considerable force from _Japára_, the Makásar chief was driven from his post: all the wounded were brought to _Japára_. They also saved the body of their chief, _Pra Wira Trúna_, who was killed on the occasion, and sent it to _Matárem_.

It appears that the assistance sent by the Dutch on this occasion, consisted of four ships and several smaller vessels with troops, which were reinforced at _Japára_ by the _Susúnan's_ troops and vessels. "Having arrived to the northward of _Madúra_, they landed the troops, during the night, in the forest, and in the morning sent a present to the Makásar chief, requesting his permission to take in fresh water, of which they stood in need, alleging it to be their intention to depart immediately. This request being granted, the guns were landed, and batteries thrown up behind the water-casks. An attack was then made upon the enemy's works, and in a few days the whole were demolished, the chief, _Krain Monte-maráni_ killed, and numerous prisoners taken."

On this intelligence reaching _Matárem_, the _Susúnan_ assembled all his family and chiefs, and directed another attack to be made upon the hostile forces. A third army was soon assembled at _Japára_, where the Dutch were ready to join them: in the mean time, however, _Trúna Jáya_ formed an alliance with the Makásars.

The _Pangéran Adipáti_, who was appointed to a command in this army, had charge of the rear division, which he had so arranged as to be able to act as emergency might require: but he was soon released from his doubts, for _Trúna Jáya_ forgetting the agreement which he had entered into with this prince, no sooner saw himself thus successful in the eastern provinces, than he assumed the sovereignty himself, and caused himself to be installed, under the title of _Prábu Máduréta Senapáti Ingalága_, and confirmed his alliance with the Makásars by giving his daughter in marriage to their chief, _Dáin Galéngsong_.

The conditions of this alliance are said to have been, that _Trúna Jáya_ should be placed on the throne of _Matárem_, _Dain Galéngsong_ appointed chief of _Surabáya_ and _Pasúruan_, _Dain Manápok_, chief of the eastern and western districts of _Balambángan_, and _Sheik Kajúran_, a crafty Arab chief of _Madúra_.

After a desperate engagement, the forces of _Trúna Jáya_ were again successful. As a last effort, therefore, the venerable _Pangéran Purbáyá_, uncle of the _Susúnan_ and nearly eighty years of age, summoned all the chiefs to follow him, and going himself into the field of battle, performed extraordinary feats of valour, till his horse having been shot under him, and having himself for some time fought on foot, he was overpowered, and his scattered forces compelled to retreat towards _Matárem_.

_Trúna Jáya_ being now in full possession of _Surabáya_ and the eastern districts, pursued his success as far as _Japára_. Here, however, he was effectually resisted by the chief, _Angébái Wángsa-dípa_ and the Dutch, and obliged to retreat.

As another division of his army, under _Ráden Dánang Wichána_, rapidly approached _Matárem_, the _Susúnan_ again applied to the Dutch, who sent one of the members of government, Admiral Speelman, to assist him with a considerable force by land and sea. The admiral left Batavia in December, 1676, A.D., and shortly appeared before _Chéribon_, reducing to submission the coast districts from thence to _Japára_. The fruit of this success, on the part of the Dutch, was the contract of February 1677, of which the chief stipulations were:--that the _Susúnan_ and Dutch should assist each other against their common enemies, on condition that the expenses of the war should be repaid by the party assisted: that the Dutch jurisdiction at Batavia should extend to the _Kráwang_ river, and the Javans living to the westward of a line drawn from that river to the southern shore, should be considered on the Dutch territory: that the Dutch should be allowed to export and import all species of goods and merchandize duty free, and to establish a factory on any spot which they might deem convenient: that Makásars, Maláyus, and Moormen, who had not Dutch passes, should not be permitted to trade or settle in the states of the _Susúnan_: that the _Susúnan_ should engage to reimburse the Dutch for the expense incurred in assisting him against the Makásars and Madurese, amounting to two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and three thousand lasts of rice, deliverable at Batavia: that in the event of a peace being concluded between his highness and his enemies, through the mediation of the Dutch, his highness should abide by their decision; but, that if no accommodation was effected by the 30th July following, he should pay to the Dutch monthly the sum of twenty thousand reals, for the expenses of the war: that the Dutch should station an adequate force on _Japára_ hill, in order to preserve that place for the _Susúnan_, which force was also to be maintained at the expense of his highness.

Admiral Speelman was invested by the _Susúnan_ with full powers to act against the Madurese and Makásars, and to conclude such treaties with them as he should deem proper, without any restriction whatsoever, and all the _Susúnan's_ subjects were commanded to join the standard of the admiral wherever he might arrive.

In May following the allied forces of the Dutch and the _Susúnan_ gained a victory over _Trúna Jáya_, who was obliged to fly to _Kedíri_, leaving behind him upwards of a hundred pieces of cannon.

At length, the enemy being still in possession of all the central provinces, and the trifling force which it was in the power of the _Susúnan_ to raise being defeated in every skirmish, fear and dismay struck the remnant of the _Matárem_ forces; and the invading army having subdued _Pájang_, were entering _Matárem_, when the _Susúnan_, seeing no hope for safety except in flight, assembled his family in the dead of the night, and collecting the regalia, quitted his capital with his four sons, and mounted on an elephant, took a westerly direction. This was in the Javan year 1600.

On the next day June 1677 the hostile troops entered _Matárem_, when a force was immediately detached in pursuit of the fugitive prince, who had pushed on to the _Kéndang_ hills, and halted at _Kájinar_, with an intention of making a stand. Hearing of the strength of the pursuing force, however, he left his family at that place, and proceeded with only his son, the _Pangéran Adípáti_, to the village _Pasiráman_, where being seized with a mortal complaint he soon died. On his death-bed, informing his son that he felt his end approaching, he thus addressed him: "You must assume the sovereignty of Java, which has descended to you from your forefathers. Make friends with the Dutch, and by their assistance you may be enabled to reduce the eastern provinces to submission. I deliver over to you part of the sacred _pusáka_ and regalia of the country; and now let my body be carried to a spot where the earth is fragrant, and there let it be buried."

In conformity with the wish of the deceased his body was carried across the country towards _Tegál_, in search of a spot where the earth was sweet-scented, and deposited a few miles inland from the town. The tomb is still held in high veneration; and it is from this circumstance that this prince is distinguished by the appellation of _Susúnan Tegál-wáng'i_, or _Tegál-árum_; _árum_ and _wáng'i_ signifying fragrant.

The rebel forces had, in the mean time, taken possession of _Matárem_, and found among the articles of plunder the crown of _Majapáhit_, with several other parts of the regalia, which had been left behind in the hasty departure of the prince, together with two of his daughters, named _Keletíng Wúng'u_ and _Keletíng Kúning_. The plunder was immediately dispatched to _Kedíri_, where the rebel chiefs had established their head quarters, and equally divided between _Trúng Jáya_ and _Dain Galéngsong_, with the exception of the regalia and of the daughters of the _Susúnan_, whom _Trúna Jáya_ espoused.

The loss on the side of the _Matárem_ people is estimated at fifteen thousand killed, and on the side of the eastern people at somewhat less.

It is said in some accounts that the late _Susúnan_ having failed to persuade his son, _Pangéran Adipáti_, to assume the government, gave to another of his sons, _Pangéran Púgar_, the _pusáka kris_, _máisa núlar_, and the spear _kiái paléret_, in consequence of which _Pangéran Púgar_, with his brothers, returned to _Bágelen_, where, assuming the title of _Susúnan Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchmen Sahídin Panatagáma_, he assembled a considerable force, and proceeding to _Matárem_ regained possession of it.

After the interment of the deceased _Susúnan_ at _Tegál_, _Márta Láya_, the chief of that province, urged the _Pangéran Adipáti_ to assume the government, and first to establish himself at _Tegál_, until he had collected a sufficient force to attack the eastern people, offering his services to collect for him as many people as would be required; but the prince still declined, not having the courage to attempt the recovery of the authority that belonged to his family, and requested _Márta Láya_ to procure for him a vessel, in which he might proceed to _Mecca_, being resolved to relinquish for ever the cares of government, and to become a _Háji_. _Márta Láya_, although he had vessels at his disposal, evaded a compliance with the prince's request, in the hope that he might alter his resolution, and still be induced to assume the government. The prince retired to _Bányumas_, and performed a penance in one of the mosques. He is said on the seventh day to have fallen asleep, and to have dreamt, "that the roof of the mosque opened, as if it were carried up in the air, when a full and bright moon appeared, which diffused its lustre over all Java, after which it approached and entered his breast." Encouraged by this omen, the prince changed his determination, and recollecting the words of his father, bethought himself of obtaining the assistance of the Dutch. He in consequence dispatched two messengers to Batavia for aid.

The prince then sent orders to _Márta Láya_ at _Tegál_ to collect as many forces as possible; he likewise dispatched trusty people to the _Désa Dúnan_, in search of the flower called _wijáya mála_, there being a superstitious notion among the Javans that if in their distress they are able to obtain this flower, whatever they undertake will prosper.

_Márta Láya_ immediately exerted himself with great zeal and effect to assemble his adherents, in the hope that by shewing a large force he might induce the prince to relinquish his idea of receiving succour from the Dutch. On the arrival of this succour at _Tegál_ he addressed him publicly as follows:--"Sire, I have felt excessive shame in hearing that your highness is desirous of soliciting aid from the Hollanders, as if you were yourself in want of men. I am now ready, with numerous followers, to perform whatever you please, if you will only confer upon me the necessary authority. Give me but your orders and I will myself extirpate your enemies." The prince replied, "What signifies your shame, _Márta Láya_? I have requested assistance from the Dutch, because it is always agreeable to rely on one's friends; and it was foretold by my great grandfather, _Sultan Agung_, that the Dutch would assist his descendants." _Márta Láya_ was silent. The messengers now returned with the _wíjaya_ flowers, on which the prince assumed the title of _Susúnan Amangkúrat Senapáti Ingalága_, &c.; and soon afterwards the Dutch agreed to give him the assistance required.

When the Dutch force was landed, the _Susúnan_ received the visit of the admiral and officers in state. The Dutch officers being introduced, stood in a row with their hats in their hands; but _Márta Láya_, considering it disrespectful that any one should stand in the presence of the sovereign, ordered them immediately to sit down in the manner of the Javans, and was proceeding to compel the admiral to do so, when the _Susúnan_, seeing the confusion in which all were thrown, applied to his late ambassador to the Dutch for an explanation. When he learnt that they shewed respect by bowing their heads only, he was satisfied, and desired _Márta Láya_ not to interfere with them.

"The _Susúnan_ then inquired the name of the commander, who after informing him that he had the rank of admiral, approached him, saying, that he was ordered by the government of Batavia to proceed to _Tegál_, with a force of Europeans, Makásars, &c., and to afford him every assistance he might require in the establishment of his authority. There were landed valuable presents for the prince, among which was very splendid apparel as worn by the Hollanders, to which the prince took such a liking that he immediately clothed himself in it. The Dutch force was then divided, and the admiral embarked with one division for _Japára_, while the other accompanied the prince, who proceded by land to _Pakalóngan_, and afterwards with his followers by sea to _Japára_."

"On the arrival of the admiral at _Japára_, he inquired of _Wángsa Dípa_, the chief of that place, who had rendered assistance in repelling the rebels, at the time they attacked _Japára_? To which the latter replied, 'The successful resistance was principally owing to the conduct of the French, English, and Dutch factories.' The admiral then consulted with his officers, and observing that the English and French seemed to be preferred to the Dutch, or at any rate considered on the same footing, he called the chiefs of the French and English factories, and presenting them with twenty thousand dollars, said it was the gift of the _Susúnan_, who directed that they would quit _Japára_. The chiefs of the two factories took the money, but did not wish to depart, alleging that there were no vessels to convey them away; to which the admiral replied, that in that case he had the further orders of the _Susúnan_ to provide them with a vessel. The people belonging to the two factories were then, with all their property, public and private, embarked on board a Dutch transport. The vessel sailed, but nothing more was ever heard of the English and French who were embarked in her. The Dutch then repaired their instruments of war."

Another account is as follows: "When the admiral arrived at _Japára_, he found there two foreign vessels, an English and a French ship, the officers of which said they had put in there in distress, and could not proceed further on account of the bad state of their ships. They also represented that they had assisted the Dutch when the rebels attacked _Japára_. The admiral thanked them for the service they had rendered, and presented them with ten thousand dollars, and ordered them to proceed to their own country in one of his vessels."

"On the arrival of the _Susúnan_ at _Japára_, he was joined by a considerable force from _Tegál_ and _Demák_; and among those who were most active in the support of the _Susúnan's_ authority was _Márta Láya_, whose aversion to the Dutch still continued. The admiral, apprized of his sentiments, applied to the _Susúnan_ for his destruction, supporting his application by a written request to the same effect from the government of the capital, and threatening an immediate departure to Batavia in case of non-compliance.

"To accomplish this end, the _Susúnan_ first attempted to send him to _Kedíri_ against _Trúna Jáya_; but _Márta Láya_ obtaining information of the demand made by the Dutch for his life, refused to attend the summons, on the pretence of sickness. His disobedience so enraged the _Susúnan_, that he ordered his instant death, which was effected in the following manner. _Márta Púra_ having received the orders of the prince to put _Márta Láya_ to death, went to his house, accompanied by two hundred followers. _Márta Láya_ having been apprized of the _Susúnan's_ anger, he collected an equal number of men.

"When _Márta Púra_ approached him he was seated on a yellow carpet with a drawn _kris_ in his hand, and being informed that he was to be put to death by order of the _Susúnan_, _Márta Láya_ replied, 'If it is the wish of the prince that it should be so, do your duty, I am prepared.' _Márta Púra_ then drew his _kris_ and stabbed _Márta Láya_ in the belly; but while he did so his neck received in return the _kris_ of _Márta Láya_, which separating the throat in two, killed him on the spot. The two chiefs were no sooner wounded than the followers of both parties rushed on each other, and a most bloody and obstinate engagement ensued, which lasted till the bodies of nearly the whole lay weltering round those of the chiefs."

Measures had already been taken for the dispersion of the rebel forces in _Kedíri_. A Makásar chief, named _Kráin Kadádrang_, in the service of the Dutch, discovered his relationship to the Makásar chief _Galéngsong_, and offered to bring him to terms. He was in consequence dispatched secretly to _Kedíri_, where he had an interview with the _Makásar_ chief, who was his brother. On the part of the Dutch, he promised that they would assist him on Celebes. He hesitated to come over immediately, lest he should betray _Trúna Jáya_, but promised to join the allied forces when they should arrive and attack _Trúna Jáya_.

Having thus secured an interest with the Makásars, one division of the Dutch forces, under the admiral, embarked for _Surabáya_, and the other, with the _Susúnan_, commenced their march by land. A decisive battle took place at _Kedíri_; on the evening previous to which, it is asserted the Dutch had a communication with _Dain Galéngsong_, to know his intentions, when the latter told them, "Attack me to-morrow, and I will make arrangements for the flight of my forces." Accordingly the next morning, before the daylight, the Dutch troops marched to the hostile camp, where they found no preparations for resistance. _Dain Galéngsong_ immediately ordered a retreat, and fled himself the first, leaving behind him all the plunder that had been taken at _Matárem_, and among other things the crown of _Majapáhit_.

The siege of _Kedíri_, according to the Dutch accounts, lasted fifty days, and it was at last taken by assault, _Trúna Jáya_ making his escape. Great riches were found in the interior of the palace, and many chests of Spanish dollars, besides ingots of gold and the most valuable part of the regalia. The _Susúnan_ claimed nothing but the crown of _Majapáhit_, leaving the remainder to be distributed among the troops.

When the crown was delivered to him, it appeared that its most splendid ornament, the large centre diamond, was missing. This the _Susúnan_ immediately noticed, and inquiries were set on foot; but to the great affliction of the _Susúnan_ and all the Javan chiefs, the jewel was never recovered.[272]

Nine Makásar chiefs afterwards surrendered to the Dutch on the 9th December, when they received pardon, and a promise that they should be sent to Makásar.

After this _Trúna Jáya_ collected all his forces, and marshalled them upon the plain, as if to receive the enemy; but on the approach of the Dutch troops from the left and the Javans from the right, his army was panic struck and fled in various directions, he himself with his two wives escaping to Antang. The _Susúnan_ allowed the Dutch soldiers to plunder and possess themselves of every thing left by the rebels.

_Chákra Níngrat_ having quitted his place of banishment and joined the _Susúnan_, was sent to urge the submission of his half-brother, _Trúna Jáya_. _Chákra Níngrat_ accordingly went in search of _Trúna Jáya_, accompanied by a very few followers, and having found him at _Antang_ he addressed him as follows. "Brother! what are you doing and whither would you fly? Depend upon it, if you persist in your resistance to the will of the _Susúnan_, he will disappoint your expectations, and if you compel him to send people to arrest you, you will excite his implacable displeasure. I have come to you as quickly as possible, for my heart yearns towards you, and I dread lest you should come to any misfortune. If you wish it, I will go and meet the _Susúnan_. Bring your two wives, who are both the sisters of the _Susúnan_, throw yourselves together at his feet, ask forgiveness for any offence you have committed, and perhaps he will be merciful towards you and grant you pardon. If you come alone in that way, the _Susúnan_ cannot act against you, for are you not married to his sisters?" _Trúna Jáya_ reflected upon what _Chákra Níngrat_ said, and was inclined to follow his advice, saying, "I return abundant thanks to you for your kindness towards me. Your advice is good and I will follow it: I will follow you, accompanied by my wives." _Trúna Jáya_ with his wives afterwards accompanied _Chákra Níngrat_ to _Kedíri_.

_Chákra Níngrat_ then led _Trúna Jáya_ with his wives to the hall of audience, where the _Susúnan_ was seated with the admiral and numerous Dutch officers. _Trúna Jáya_ on this occasion did not wear his _kris_, but rolled a _chíndi_ cloth round his body, as if he were a prisoner.

They fell at the feet of the _Susúnan_, imploring forgiveness for the offence of _Trúna Jáya_, on which the _Susúnan_ said, 'It is well! _Trúna Jáya_, for this time I forgive you. Go without and clothe yourself in becoming apparel, and then return to me, when I will present you with a _kris_, and instal you as my minister, in the presence of all assembled.' The _Susúnan_ then gave orders that he should be served with apparel. The heart of _Trúna Jáya_ became highly elated: he went out and received the apparel from the _Susúnan's_ people, and then returned into the presence, but without wearing a _kris_, as the _Susúnan_ had intimated his intention to present him with one.

"As he approached, the _Susúnan_ desired his women to bring him the _kris_ named _Kiái belábar_, which was still unsheathed. As soon as it was delivered into the hands of the _Susúnan_, he said to _Trúna Jáya_, 'Know, _Trúna Jáya_, that I have given my word that I would never sheathe this _kris_ except in your body: receive now your death from it in punishment of your offence.' _Trúna Jáya_ was silent, while the _Susúnan_ standing up approached and stabbed him with his _kris_ in the breast. Returning then to his throne he seated himself, and ordered his people who were assembled to finish the work which he had begun, whereupon they all fell upon _Trúna Jáya_, the unfortunate wretch, stabbing him in a thousand places and cutting his body to pieces. They then severed the head from the trunk, rolled it in the mud, made a mat of it, and at last cast it into a ditch by the express order of the _Susúnan_. The admiral and all the Dutch officers and party were present at this execution; but though they appeared astonished at the conduct of the _Susúnan_, they remained quiet spectators of it."

Such is the account given by the Javans, without reference to the share which the Dutch had in the transaction; but from the Dutch accounts it appears that _Trúna Jáya_ delivered himself up under a stipulation with the Dutch that his life should be spared. A young officer of the name of _Jengker_, who had been placed by the General (Cooper) in charge of the _Susúnan's_ guard, was sent by the _Susúnan_ to treat with _Trúna Jáya_, without any communication with or authority from his commanding officer. Valentyn says positively, that _Jengkér_ promised him pardon, and assured him of his life; but Cooper, annoyed that the credit of taking this chief should thus have been wrested from him by a junior officer acting without authority, exasperated the _Susúnan_ against _Trúna Jáya_, and threw that unfortunate chief in his way at a moment when his passion was at its height. This catastrophe, says Valentyn, is to be ascribed to no one but the jealous Cooper, who brought it about, in order that his bad conduct, oppressions, and extortions, which were well known to _Trúna Jáya_, and which he had intended to complain of, should remain concealed.

_Trúna Jáya_, at the time of his surrender, was dressed in a Portuguese jacket, and wore on his head a black turban edged with lace. He gave short and pertinent answers to the questions put to him. On his coming before _Jengker_ he fell at his feet, saying, that in his youth it had been predicted that, however great his fortune might be, still he should, at one time of his life, be taken prisoner, and that since this was his destiny, he rejoiced in having fallen into the hands of a person so well known for his humanity. He then presented to him his _krís_ with a golden bow, requesting _Jengker_ to keep them in token of his esteem. _Jengker_ lifted him up, promised that his life should be spared, and further, that all his influence with the Dutch government and the _Susúnan_ should be used in his behalf. It is alleged in the Dutch accounts, that the immediate cause of the _Susúnan's_ conduct on this occasion, was the irreconcilable hatred which _Trúna Jáya_ still evinced towards that prince, who, he said, had in his youth encouraged him to the steps he had taken, and afterwards abandoned him.

_Trúna Jáya_ surrendered on the 25th December, 1679, A.D., and general tranquillity ensued, which however was not of long duration. The _Panambáhan Gíri_ having in his possession the _kris_ deposited in the tomb of the first _Súnan_, it was demanded of him by the _Susúnan_ as royal property; but the _Panambáhan_ not being inclined to part with it, and disapproving of the conduct of the _Susúnan_, who was guided by Dutch councils, and had even adopted their dress, replied, that he did not wish to know any thing of the _Susúnan_, or to be acquainted with him; that he wished to wear the _kris_, _kálam múning_, himself, and that he preferred his own dignity to that of such a chief. The _Susúnan_, enraged at this answer, proceeded to _Gíri_ with his Dutch allies, where an engagement took place and the _Gíri_ people were obliged to fly: the _Panambáhan_ was taken and put to death. In this affair, a cousin of the _Súnan Káli Jága_ of _Adilángo_, who had followed the _Susúnan_, distinguished himself in destroying the brother of the _Punambáhan Pangéran Sínga Sári_, who was running _amók_, and doing much mischief; as a reward for which service the _Súnan_, in the presence of the Dutch commander, declared that, for ever after that, the descendants of that chief should be permitted to reside at _Adiláng'o_, and not be called upon to perform any duties of the state.

The whole of the eastern provinces having now submitted, the _Susúnan_ returned to _Semárang_, where when he had made acknowledgments to the Dutch for the assistance they had rendered him, the commander requested that he would give them a small piece of ground at _Semárang_ to build a fort upon, which would not only be convenient for the protection of their trade, but would enable them to come to the assistance of the _Susúnan_, if necessary, at a shorter notice.

The admiral having promised that he would station a suitable force at _Semárang_, which the _Susúnan_ might at any time employ as he thought proper, obtained the permission he applied for.

The Javans have a superstitious belief, that when once misfortune has fallen on a place so generally as to extend to the common people (which was the case at _Matárem_), it will never afterwards prosper; it was therefore determined by the _Susúnan_ to change the seat of empire, and some were for fixing it at _Semárang_, but at last it was determined to erect it in the wood _Wána Kérta_, in the district of _Pájang_, which was good land but uninhabited.

The new capital was called _Kérta-súra_, the walls of which are still to be seen on the road to _Súra-kérta_, the present capital of the _Susúnan_.

During all these transactions _Pangéran Pugar_ remained at _Matárem_. The _Susúnan_ now, for the first time, sent him information of his establishment, and required his attendance at court. The _Pangéran_, who having heard that the _Susúnan_ was in the constant habit of dressing after the Dutch fashion, had been strengthening himself as much as possible, under an impression, that the _Susúnan_ supported by the Dutch was not his brother, but a foreigner, whom they had raised to answer their own purposes, received this intimation with great surprise, and sent two of his family to ascertain the truth. The messengers, who were interested in upholding the separate authority of their master, determined to encourage his mistake, and they represented the _Susúnan_ as a foreigner from _Sábrang_, elevated by the Dutch. Upon this report the _Pangéran_ informed the _Susúnan_ that he could not proceed to _Kérta Súra_, as he preferred remaining at _Matárem_, where he was established as the legal sovereign. A force, consisting of Dutch and Javan troops, was in consequence marched against _Matárem_; at first the troops of _Kérta-súra_ were defeated, but in a second attack they were more successful, and the _Pangéran_ was obliged to take to flight.

By means of the _Adipáti_, the _Pangéran_ was afterwards assured of the _Susúnan_ being his brother, when he agreed to go to _Kérta-súra_, provided the _Susúnan_ would throw off his Dutch dress and appear in his native costume. To this the sovereign consented, and publicly received his brother with the greatest demonstrations of joy and affection.

The authority of the _Susúnan_ was now firmly established, and general tranquillity prevailed for some years.

A new character now appears on the stage, under the title of _Surapáti_. This man, whose name was _Sí Untung_, had been the slave boy of a Dutchman at Batavia, of the name of Mor, who is represented to have been of low origin, but to have been advanced to the highest dignities, even a seat in the high regency, by means of the riches and influence he had acquired through the services of this slave, to whom he became, in consequence, much attached. Mor, however, discovering an improper intimacy between _Untung_ and his natural daughter, chastised him severely, and afterwards had him confined in the public block or stocks. _Untung_ contrived to effect his escape from them during the night, and to release his fellow prisoners. They then fell upon the guard which came to mount at daylight, and taking them unawares massacred the whole. Being thus committed, _Untung_ bent his course to the high lands, and afterwards to _Chéribon_. While in the high lands he formed a connection with a formidable party from Bantam, where a civil war had been excited, in consequence of the Dutch having elevated to the throne a son of the deceased king, contrary to the express directions of the father. One of the brothers, _Pangéran Purbáya_, was prevailed upon to join a certain _Abidin_, a fanatic rebel, who had raised about two thousand followers, and with him passed through _Jasíngá_ and the _Jákatra_ and _Preángan_ highlands, increasing their numbers as they went.

_Abidin_ having proposed to proceed by that route to _Matárem_, there to stir up the _Susúnan_ against the Dutch, the _Pangéran_ being tired of the journey surrendered to the Dutch force sent against them; but _Abidin_ stood a severe engagement, and was only induced to surrender by means of an artifice practiced upon him. An European officer belonging to the Dutch troops disguised himself as an Arab, and being well versed in the Arabic and Malayu languages, obtained an interview with _Abidin_, to whom he represented, that having himself been once taken prisoner by the Dutch he had been so well treated that he would advise him to go and surrender himself. The unfortunate man took his advice, and was conveyed to the commanding officer, then at _Chikálong_, who immediately forwarded him to Batavia, whence he was sent to the Cape of Good Hope for the rest of his life.

The party of runaway slaves under _Untung_, who had now assumed the name of _Santána_ being surprized by the Dutch force, were by special orders from Batavia allowed to remain undisturbed for the present. The chief appears to have been useful to the Dutch, and to have been employed, in order the better to secure the surrender of _Pangéran Purbáya_. When the Dutch officer went with a small party to receive the submission of this chief, he found that he had already tied his spears together (the sign of surrender) and kept no arms but his _kris_. Ignorant of the customs of the country, the officer demanded that the _Pangéran_ should also deliver this weapon and his personal ornaments. The demand created the utmost astonishment in the _Pangéran_, who instantly asked if it was not sufficient humiliation to a prince of the royal blood that he and his people had given up their arms. _Santána_ entreated of the Dutch officer not to urge the delivery of the _kris_, and to consider "that the bird, although caught, was not yet in the cage," but to no purpose: the officer persisted in his demand, and insulted _Santána_ in presence of all who were there assembled. The _Pangéran_ seeing that resistance was now vain, promised compliance next morning; but during the night, to the inexpressible mortification of the officer, he effected his escape. The rage of the officer now fell so violently upon _Santána_, that a quarrel ensued. _Santána_ and his followers fell upon the Dutch party and killed many of them; the officer however escaped. _Santána_ then moved towards _Chéribon_, where he had an affair with a chief, named _Ráden Surapáti_, which being reported to the sultan, that chief was put to death, and his title of _Surapáti_ conferred upon _Untung_. _Surapáti_ then proceeded towards _Kérta-súra_ to beg assistance against the Dutch, leaving several of his followers in _Bányumas_, under the direction of two chiefs, who soon became dreaded as noted _kramans_ or rebels. At _Kérta-súra_ he found protection from the prime minister, to whom he related all the particulars of the story, with the exception of that part which related to the establishment he had formed in _Bányumas_. This district being now declared in a state of revolt, he offered to bring it to submission, and was employed by the _Susúnan_ for that purpose; he accordingly proceeded secretly to _Bányumas_, where, aided by the plan he had before laid, he caused the heads of the two _krámans_ to be secretly cut off in the night, and the rebels to disperse; when returning to _Kérta-súra_ and producing the heads, he was received into the highest favour by the _Susúnan_.

The Dutch hearing of his fortune, demanded from the _Susúnan_ that his person should be given up; but the reply of the _Susúnan_ was, "that _Surapáti_ having thrown himself on his protection and performed a signal service to the empire, he could not give him up; but that if the Dutch wished that he should be arrested, they were at perfect liberty to arrest him in any part of his dominions."

The Dutch, accordingly sent a force, consisting of four hundred Europeans and six hundred islanders, under the orders of one Tak, an officer who had incurred the suspicion of having purloined the centre diamond from the _Majapáhit_ crown, and on whom, according to the impression which pervades the Dutch accounts, the _Susúnan_ had determined to be revenged.

On the approach of the Dutch troops, the _Susúnan_, alarmed lest they should succeed in arresting _Surapáti_, determined to afford him every assistance, and for that purpose directed, that when they arrived, the _Ráden Adipáti_ (prime minister), who had given his daughter in marriage to _Surapáti_, should openly espouse his cause, and proceed, in the first instance, to attack the lines of the _Adipátis_ of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_, who after a skirmish should retreat to the _alun alun_ in confusion, exhibiting all the appearance of a defeat, while the united party of the _Ráden Adipáti_, and _Sarapáti_ should appear to threaten the _kráton_. The _Pangéran Púgar_ being strongly attached to _Surapáti_, received orders, that if, in the affair with the Dutch, the party of _Surapáti_ and the minister should be worsted, he should render them assistance, by sending his people to them clothed in white, the distinction adopted by _Surapáti_.

When the Dutch arrived, to cover appearances, a new prime minister was appointed. The commander requested assistance from the _Susúnan_, who pointed out to him the apparent state of affairs, and induced him to believe that he was himself in danger from the attack of _Surapáti_. Under this impression, Tak made his arrangements; and the Dutch troops appeared on the front _alun alun_ at eight o'clock in the morning, when they were immediately attacked by _Surapáti_. After four hours of hard fighting, _Surapáti_ was repulsed; but reinforcements being sent by _Pangéran Púgar_, and by the whole population of the city, the Dutch were completely destroyed. Tak, at his last extremity, ordered out from the fort two hundred soldiers remaining there; but as they could not join their companions, they were immediately surrounded and cut up. Of the two thousand men, eleven hundred and eighty-three lost their lives; and among them Tak, who was mortally wounded in the neck by the celebrated _pusáka_ spear of _Pangéran Púgar_. The weapon was found blunted at the point by the chain jacket which Tak is said to have worn on the occasion.

The _Susúnan_ now directed the _Ráden Adipáti_ and _Surapáti_ to take refuge in the province of _Pasúruan_, and assume the habit of devotees; while to the _Adipátis_ of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_ orders were given to follow them at a certain distance, burning the villages and laying waste the country, as if in pursuit of an enemy. When _Surapáti_ reached _Pasúruan_, he took the name of _Adipáti Wíra Nagára_.

The few Dutch who had survived made their escape to the fort of _Japára_, which was then more extensive than that at _Semárang_.

After this the _Susúnan_ wrote to the commanding officer at _Japára_, informing him that Tak, with all the party, had been killed by the _Ráden Adipáti_ and _Surapáti_, who had also attacked him, but that they had at last driven them to the eastward, by the force he had collected under the _Adipátis_ of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_. He also informed him that he had elected a new prime minister, in lieu of the one who had espoused the cause of _Surapáti_. The _Susúnan_, fearing lest this story might not be believed, and that he might be suspected of having assisted _Surapáti_, sent with this letter five _píkuls_ of birds' nests, forty oxen, and other articles of value, which he entrusted to the care of a _priái gándok_ (a messenger of distinction) named _Jága Rága_, with instructions to mark well the thoughts of the commander or officer who was the chief of _Japára_, and if he shewed the least suspicion of the part the _Susúnan_ had taken, mainly to deny it, and firmly to insist that the _Susúnan_ was true-hearted to the Hollanders. He moreover promised to his ambassador, that if he succeeded in averting the anger of the Dutch, he would reward him on his return.

This messenger accordingly proceeded to _Japára_, when the chief officer, after reading the letter, said he had heard the _Susúnan_ was of one heart with _Surapáti_; to which _Jága Rága_ replied, that what he had heard was false, and that perhaps the story might have originated in the part taken by the _Ráden Adipáti_, whose attachment to _Surapáti_ was well known. He then referred to the circumstance of the country's being laid waste by _Surapáti_ on his flight to the eastward, in proof of his enmity. The commander heard this explanation with patience, and after receiving the presents, with which he was much pleased, returned for answer to the _Susúnan_, that he had first heard that he was favourable to _Surapáti_, but was now convinced, from the explanation afforded, that these reports were unfounded, and that he was satisfied of the lasting attachment of his highness to the Dutch. He then thanked him for his present, and in return sent one thousand ducatoons, with an assortment of velvets and cloth. The messenger having thus succeeded, was raised to the rank and station of _Tumúng'gung_ of _Japára_, by the name and title of _Kiái Tumúng'gung Márta Púra_.

The next indignity offered to the Dutch was by this man, who laid hold of a half cast Dutch soldier at _Japára_, and insisted upon his sitting on the ground on his hams and dancing the _tandák_, after the fashion of the Javans, for his amusement. The Dutch, highly incensed, demanded the immediate release of the man; but the _Tumúng'gung_ refusing, an application was sent to the _Susúnan_, requesting that _Márta Púra_ might be put to death. The _Susúnan_ immediately sent for _Pangéran Púgar_ and his minister, and desired them to communicate with _Márta Púra_, and if they found he had the courage to oppose the Dutch to give him assistance under hand, or to promote his success by some stratagem, in the same manner as he had done to _Surapáti_; but if not, to let him be sacrificed, as a punishment for his cowardice. He then replied to the commodore, saying, that he had sent his own people to arrest _Márta Púra_, and to deliver him to the commander, who might act with his person as he thought proper. When the minister arrived at _Japára_ it was agreed that _Márta Púra_ should be invited into the Dutch fort, and there apprehended early next morning; but in the meantime the agents of the _Susúnan_ had a secret interview with the chief, who declared himself ready to oppose the Dutch, and it was determined that their pretending to seize him should be a signal for all to join and _amók_ the Hollanders: but in the morning the heart of _Márta Púra_ failed him. He twice refused to quit his retreat, and when at last he came into the presence of the party, he appeared trembling and pale, and his knees tottered under him, so that he was scarcely able to stand. They then gave him a chair to sit down upon, and plied him with wine. An officer having taken his _kris_ from behind him, he rose from his chair and attempted to escape, but was bayoneted by a soldier on his way. The agents of the _Susúnan_, enraged to see him so thoroughly frightened, gave him no assistance, but ordered the dogs to devour his carcase. When the _Susúnan_ heard of the cowardly conduct of _Márta Púra_ he ordered that it should be publicly prohibited, on pain of his severest punishment, to harbour or afford assistance to his relations or children.

Afterwards the former _Tumúng'gung_ of _Japára_, _Sécha Nagára_, was replaced, and a communication was, through him, made to the Dutch, intimating the willingness of the _Susúnan_ to co-operate against the _Surapáti_, in consequence of which orders were given for the Dutch troops to proceed from Batavia. When the _Susúnan_ had thus drawn the Dutch into a second attack upon this chieftain, he is represented "as being most delighted at the prospect which it afforded, that on the present occasion more of the Dutch troops might be sacrificed, in the same manner as in the recent affair at _Kérta Súra_."

The _Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_ and _Madúra_ were immediately dispatched to _Pasúruan_ to meet the Dutch, but having waited some time in vain for the arrival, a mock battle took place with _Surapáti_, when it was arranged that the _Kérta Súra_ troops should take to flight, burning and laying waste the country as they retreated. A regular communication appears to have been kept up during the whole time between _Surapáti_ and the _Susúnan_, who allowed him quietly to possess himself of the adjoining districts of _Málang_ and _Mádion_. The _Ráden Adipáti Aúrang Kasúma_ died about this time.

The Dutch troops now arrived in the eastern districts, and the commandant of _Japára_ applied for the assistance of the _Susúnan_; but the latter, alleging that his chiefs had been recently beaten and obliged to retreat from _Pasúruan_, urged delay, on the plea of waiting a more favourable opportunity of attack.

In the meantime family feuds disturbed the peace of the _kráton_. The hereditary prince, _Pangéran Adipáti Amángku Nagára_, had married the daughter of his cousin, _Pangéran Púgar_, but after the expiration of the forty days he disregarded her, and she returned to her father's protection. One of the most distinguished characters at the court was the son of the prime minister. The hereditary prince, jealous of the universal admiration which he enjoyed, determined to lower him by the infliction of the greatest disgrace which could be endured. Naturally of a fiery disposition, he became excessively enraged at an accident which occurred to him while hunting in the forest of _Ránda Wahána_, and which occasioned a lameness in his legs. As soon as he returned home he sent for this youth, whom he immediately ordered to be bound and severely flogged with a rattan: he then directed him to be tied to a tree abounding with ants, which soon covered his body; a favourite mode of inflicting cruel punishment. There the young man suffered dreadfully, but his tortures were not at an end: he was afterwards flogged till he nearly expired, and then sent to the house of his father, the prime minister, who, although much enraged, was obliged to suppress his resentment. Determined afterwards to revenge himself, he seduced the wife of the _Pangéran Adipáti_, who had returned to her father's house, as above stated. The connection was discovered, and all parties were put to death.

The _Susúnan_ becoming now dangerously ill, from an affection of the spleen which he had contracted at the time of the massacre of the Dutch under Tak, called into his presence his eldest son, the _Pangéran Adipáti_, his brother, _Pangéran Púgar_, and his two firm adherents, the _Adipátis_ of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_, and thus addressed them: "The time which is allotted to me in this world has nearly expired; but before I depart let me impress upon you all the necessity and advantage of your mutually supporting each other. If you hold together, then will the sovereignty of Java become pure and strong. The _Adipátis_ of _Madúra_ and _Surabáya_ will be as the surface of the _támpa_ (or sifter) on which rice is cleansed from the husk; the _Pangéran Púgar_ as the _wángku_ (or rim of the sifter); and the _Pangéran Adipáti_ will be as the one who sifts or fans the rice. When the _Pangéran Adipáti_ ascends the throne, let him attach himself to the other three, by which means he will cleanse and strengthen his government, even as the rice is cleansed from the husk in the _támpa_. Let him study the writings _Níti Prája_, _Níti Sastrá_, _Srúti_, _Asta Bráta_ and _Jáya Lángkara_; to abandon his vicious habits, never to ill use his wives, and to be kind and constant to his present wife (another daughter of the _Pangéran Púgar_.)"

In a short time the _Susúnan_ died. The _Pangéran Adipáti_, who was destined to succeed him, excited much disapprobation and disgust by his ungrateful neglect of the customary rites due to the body of the deceased, and his indecent eagerness to ascend the throne before it was even vacated. The practice of the country required him to wash and purify the corpse with his own hands; but he left the task to the women, while he shut all the gates of the _kráton_ and seated himself in front on the _setíngel_. The deceased was buried at _Megíri_, and his widow, _Rátu Kanchána_, attended the procession, distributing money as she past along, to the amount of one thousand dollars and more.

As soon as the body was removed the _Pangéran Adipáti_ assembled all his chiefs, and addressed them to the following effect: "All ye who are present bear witness, that the _Pangéran Adipáti Amángku Nagára_ has succeeded to the sovereignty of his late father, _Susúnan Mangkúrat_, and as ye acknowledged and respected the father, now do the same to the son;" to which they all ejaculated assent. To this _Ráden Subráta_, who wished to shew his attachment to the young prince by raising him in the eyes of the people, added, "the sovereignty descends to you by the will of the Almighty; it has not been assumed by yourself;" but no one answered. All the chiefs present, however, approached the prince and kissed his feet, in proof of their acknowledgment of his authority. The new _Susúnan_ then declared _Rátu Kanchána_ his queen, and nominated the principal officers of state: and as soon as he returned to the _dálam_ addressed three letters, one to the Governor General of Batavia, one to the commandant at _Japára_, and one to the commandant at _Semárang_, informing them of his having assumed the sovereignty in succession to his ancestors. He likewise entrusted a letter for Batavia, and another for the Governor General, to the care of Captain Knol at _Semárang_.

On first granting their support to the deceased prince, the Dutch required that he should enter into a bond, dated 10th October 1677, confirming the treaty of the 25th February preceding, and acknowledging a debt to the Dutch of thirty thousand dollars, together with three thousand _kóyans_ of rice, as a security for which he was required to mortgage to the Dutch all the sea-ports from the river _Kráwang_ to the eastern extremity of the island. The whole revenues of these places, including in particular all the rice deliverable to the state, were also to be received by the Dutch in diminution of this debt.

At the same time, also, the _Susúnan_ was called upon to execute a deed of cession, confirming the act of the 28th February preceding, and setting forth that his father, having already verbally expressed an intention to make over to the Dutch his rights on the kingdom of _Jákatra_ (or land lying between the river of _Untúng Jáwa_ and _Kráwang_ and the northern and southern sea-coasts), the said grant was further confirmed, and the whole of the province of _Jákatra_ ceded accordingly, the inhabitants who wished to remain being ordered to acknowledge the Dutch as their lawful sovereign, but all being at liberty to place themselves under the _Susúnan_ and to leave the Dutch territory, till the expiration of twelve months after the publication of this act.

By this deed of cession, the _Susúnan_ also ceded to the Dutch, in acknowledgment of the services rendered by Admiral Speelman against the rebels, the country between the _Kráwang_ and _Pamanúkan_ rivers, in a straight line to the South Sea, with all the immunities and privileges attached to it.

This document further prohibited the importation of cloths and opium by any one except the Dutch, and contained the appointment of _Adipáti Mandaráka_ to be chief of _Tegal_ and the western, and _Aria Urawán_ to be chief of _Jápara_ and the eastern sea coast.

On the 15th January 1678, a charter was procured from the _Susúnan_, placing the sugar trade of _Japára_ entirely in the hands of the Dutch. A grant was made them of the management of the town and jurisdiction of _Sámrang_ and the village of _Kaligwái_, that is to say, the right of appointing governors of their own at those places, without the least interference on the part of the _Susúnan_; on condition, however, that the revenues should be duly accounted for and paid to his highness's officers by those of the Dutch. But as his highness was still in debt to the Dutch, those revenues were provisionally taken in diminution of the debt.

In Bantam the Dutch had made various treaties with the princes.

On the 17th April 1684 a contract was signed with the sultan of Bantam, by which it was stipulated, among other articles, that the contract of the 10th July 1659 should be renewed and confirmed; that the sultan should give no kind of assistance to the enemies of the Dutch, and undertake nothing hostile against their allies, particularly the _Susúnan_ and the prince of _Chéribon_; that the _Táng'ran_ river, from its mouth to its origin, and from thence a line drawn from south until it meets the South Sea, should be the boundaries fixed upon between the Dutch jurisdiction and the Bantam country, it being understood that the whole of the _Táng'ran_ or _Untong Jáwa_ river, with its mouths, should be the property of the Dutch, together with six hundred rods of land to the northward from fort _Bábakan_ to the sea, with liberty to erect such _pággars_, or forts, on the western banks of the river, as should be deemed necessary for purposes of safety; the inhabitants of the Bantam side to be permitted to fish in the river, and to appropriate its waters to the purposes of cultivation, but no vessels to be allowed to enter the river from the sea without Company's passes; that the claims of the Dutch on the government of Bantam should be reduced to twelve thousand rix dollars, or one-eighth of its original amount; that his highness should give up all claims to the principality of _Chéribon_; that the fourth article of the contract of 1659 should remain in force, and consequently that no ground or factory rent should be paid by the Dutch, but that the sultan should give as much ground gratis, as the purposes of the factory might require; that his highness should conclude no contracts with other powers contrary to the present treaty.

On the same day, however, a bond was executed by the Sultan, in favor of the Dutch, for the payment of the expenses incurred in assisting his highness against the rebel sultan, and his friend the British resident, who it is stated in this document would have received the punishment due to his conduct but for the interference of the Dutch, to whose protection he was indebted for the moderation with which his highness had restricted his punishment to a final removal from Bantam. This obligation states the sultan's debt to be six hundred thousand rix-dollars, which he promises to pay either in specie or pepper, or by remission of duties; and he also grants therein to the Dutch the sole trade in pepper and cloths, in the countries of _Bantam_, _Lampung_, and _Silebar_.

On the 28th April 1684, a deed was executed, by which the sultan of Bantam's debt of six hundred thousand rix-dollars was remitted, on condition that the Company should enjoy the privileges mentioned in the bond of the 17th instant; but whenever the above privileges were violated on the sultan's part, the Dutch held themselves justified in requiring payment of the debt in question.

On the 15th February 1686, an agreement was entered into with the sultan of Bantam, by which, among other stipulations, the Dutch engaged to assist the sultan against his rebellious subjects, with men, ammunition, and vessels, on condition that he would pay the expense; it being stipulated that they should not leave their factory during the night; that they should not be permitted to walk outside the town without the sultan's and the Resident's permission; that they should not enter the houses of the natives, much less stay there during the night; that they should not take away any articles in the bazars without duly paying for the same; that they should not enter any gardens or premises without permission from the proprietors; that they should not enter any temples without previous leave; that they should not detain any females in their houses, nor stop them in the streets; on meeting the sultan in the streets, that they should shew his highness the accustomed honours; that they should not stop whenever the sultan or sultana bathed in the river, but pass without looking at their highnesses; that they should not interfere with the disputes and judicial proceedings of the natives. By the eighteenth article it was mutually agreed, that offenders, of either party, should be punished according to their respective laws, and each by his own nation; and that the whole of the black and white pepper produced at Bantam should be sold to the Dutch at a fixed price.

On the 4th December 1687, on the occasion of the accession to the throne of a new sultan of Bantam, an act of renovation of all former treaties was passed, together with a renewal of the bond for six hundred thousand dollars, and of the deed remitting the same, on condition that the privileges heretofore specified were granted to the Dutch at Bantam.

On the 3d March 1691, on occasion of the elevation to the throne of another sultan, an act of renewal was passed of the contracts concluded at different periods between the Dutch and the sultans of Bantam.

On the 6th January 1681 an agreement was signed with the three chiefs of _Chéribon_, setting forth the gratitude of those princes for the signal services rendered them by the Dutch, and their determination to follow the Dutch Company's advice under all circumstances, and to assist the Dutch government whenever their aid might be required, on condition that they should, in like manner, be assisted by the Dutch in cases of emergency, each party bearing the expense of all armaments undertaken for his benefit. The three princes promised to live upon good terms with the _Susúnan_.

In the event of one of the three princes, or other persons, committing any acts prohibited by the present articles, or derogatory to his highness the _Susúnan_, it was agreed, that such conduct should be punished with the utmost severity.

The other stipulations of importance were, that no fortifications should be erected by the princes without the consent of the Governor-General, who should have leave to build a factory at _Chéribon_, and to cause all species of merchandize to be imported _duty free_. That all pepper growing in the kingdom of _Chéribon_ should be disposed of to the Dutch at the bazaar price; that the trade in sugar and rice should be free to all, upon payment of an export duty of two per cent. to the princes; that vessels belonging to powers at war with the Dutch should not be permitted to enter the ports of _Chéribon_, but be dealt with as enemies.

On the 7th September 1680, another contract was entered into with the princes of _Chéribon_, by which all former differences were declared to be forgotten, and _Panambáhan_, _Chéribon_, and sultan _Anom_, promised to respect and honour their elder brother, sultan _Sépu_, as the first-born of their _Panambáhan Kiái Gíri Láyah_. Sultan _Sépu_ promised, on the other hand, not to slight his brothers in any way, but on the contrary to treat them, on every occasion, with the deference due to their rank. It was agreed, that there shall be one place only for holding tournaments, where the royal brothers would appear every Saturday in their state dresses, attended by their _mántris_, and that, to prevent disputes, they should be seated to the right and left of sultan _Sépu_, and all the _mántris_ below; but that, should indisposition prevent one of them from attending the tournament, they should send due notice thereof on the Saturday morning. At the tournament the sultan only had the right to speak; but sultan _Sépú_ not being present, that right was to devolve on the second, and in his absence on the third chief. In the event of all the princes being prevented from attending, the eldest sons of sultan _Sepu_ and _Anom_ should make their appearance, and the command devolve on the _Pangéran_. That in consequence of frequent disputes having arisen among the princes, with reference to the appointment and super-cession of prime minister, the right of nominating to that office was vested exclusively in the governor-general of Batavia. That in the event of any difference occurring between the princes, which they could not adjust themselves, the resident of _Chéribon_ should be requested to act as arbitrator on the part of the Dutch. That should one of the princes refuse to comply with this article, the other brothers should on no account molest him, but simply report the matter to the Batavian government, through their ambassadors. The dissenting prince should, however, in that case, voluntarily place himself in the resident's custody, who should not be permitted to convey him out of _Chéribon_.

Mr. Middlekoop mentions, that during the reign of this prince, the principality of _Madúra_ was conferred by the _Susúnan_ on _Chákra Diníngrat_; but the inhabitants of _Súmenap_ being discontented with this choice, they informed the _Susúnan_ that they would rather die than submit to that authority; upon which the _Susúnan_ thought proper to divide that country into two parts, giving to _Chákra Diníngrat_ the western district, and the eastern, or _Súmenap_ district, to _Mas Yáng Wúlan_, who took the name of _Yúdha Nagára_. In the year 1683, the whole island of _Madúra_ revolted, and became subject to the Dutch government.

But to return to _Pangéran Adipáti Amángku Nagára_, usually called _Mangkúrat Más_. The authority of this prince seems to have been attacked almost immediately after his accession to the throne; for _Ráden Súria Kasúma_, a son of the _Pangéran Púgar_, having accompanied the procession which attended the body of the late _Susúnan_ to the grave, persuaded many of the party to declare him sovereign of Java, under the title of _Súnun Panatagáma_. The _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_ no sooner heard of this, than he became highly enraged with his uncle, the _Pangéran Púgar_, and sent back to him his daughter, the queen _Ratu Kanchána_. He afterwards ordered the _Pangéran_ with his wives and children into his presence, and commanding them to be seized, publicly exposed them on the _alun alun_, in a pen or railing made for that purpose, which the Javans call _betek_. _Ráden Suria_ was apprehended.

On the one hundredth day after the death of the late _Susúnan_, the wives of the chiefs being assembled to prepare a customary feast, intended "to give a blessing to the journey of the deceased," the _Susúnan_ conceived a passion for _Ayu Pakúwati_, the wife of the _Adipáti_ of _Madúra_, and availed himself of his power over her to gratify it. She, however, soon made her escape, and reported the particulars to her husband, who in revenge concurred with the _Adipáti_ of _Semárang_, in urging the _Pangeran Púgar_ to assume the sovereignty. "So large a party," said these chiefs, "being in favour of your pretensions, you can never be condemned for assuming the government; for as with men who drink a bottle of wine, if there are few of them they must necessarily become intoxicated, but if there are many, truly it is nothing at all."

Being assured by the _Adipáti_ of _Semárang_, that the Dutch were not cordial friends of the present _Susúnan_, the _Pangéran_ was at last prevailed upon to escape with his family and a chosen band to _Semárang_, where the Dutch received him, and conditionally proclaimed him sovereign of Java.

As soon as the _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_ was informed of the departure of the _Pangéran_, he applied to the commissioners at _Semárang_ to have him delivered up; but received for reply an intimation, that he was under the protection of the Dutch, and that if the _Susúnan_ wanted him he must come for him himself. Enraged at this evasion, he ordered that _Ráden Súria Kasúma_, the son of the _Pangéran_, should immediately be put to death. The young prince was accordingly brought into his presence for the purpose, when a great eruption suddenly took place from _Merápi_, the mountain emitting a sound louder than thunder, and flame which enlightened all _Kérta Súra_. The _Susúnan_, thinking that his end was approaching, sent the young king back into confinement, when the sounds immediately ceased, and the mountain emitted no more flame. The _Susúnan_ conceiving all danger at an end, once more ordered the execution of the prince, but a more violent eruption than the first instantly rent the mountain asunder. The alarm of the _Susúnan_ was increased, and considering this was a _gáro-gáro_, or sign, that the prince was favoured by the Almighty, he altered his intentions, received his intended victim into favour, and appointed him a _Pangéran_, under the title of _Pangéran Ang'ebái Saléring Péken_, with an assignment of one thousand _cháchas_ of land.

He appointed the _Adipáti_ of _Madúra_, under the name of _Panambáhan Chakra Níngrat_, chief over all the coast districts, from _Brébes_ to _Banyuwángi_, and the _Tumúng'gung_ of _Surábaya_, under the name of _Adipáti Jaeng Rána_, to be his _Páteh_. To the _Tumúng'gung_ of _Semárang_ he also gave the title of _Adipáti Súra Adimang'gála_.

Immediately after his accession he had written to the Dutch government; but it appears that the letter was not forwarded from _Semárang_ to Batavia until after the _Pangérang Púgar_ had taken part against him. According to the Dutch accounts, the ambassadors of both parties arrived nearly at the same time at Batavia, were admitted to audience the next day, and were received, not like ambassadors, but rather as messengers.

The objections urged by the Dutch to the acknowledgment of the _Susúnan_ were the following:--1st. Because he was a great tyrant, and well known to have instigated his father to a rupture with the Dutch, and to have himself menaced hostilities against them, as soon as he should have mounted the throne. 2d. Because his embassy did not consist of princes of his family, and the prime minister, as usual, but of two common regents only. 3d. Because the letter which communicated his father's death, and announced his own accession, although it contained a request for protection against his enemies, did not apply for their sanction or confirmation, nor declare his readiness to renew the contracts, to acknowledge the debts, and to fulfil the engagements formerly stipulated, though he ought to have known that this was the basis upon which alone the Dutch could have recognized his title as sovereign of Java. 4th. Because letters had been intercepted, in which he invited the prince of _Madúra_ to join him against the Dutch, calling them his mortal enemies, whom he intended to expel from the island of Java.

These combined circumstances induced the Dutch government not to acknowledge him as successor to his father, although they, with a view to gain time until the arrival of a fleet expected from Holland with a reinforcement of troops, wrote to him, merely declining to receive his ambassadors as such, and requiring him to send others, whose family connections and rank might entitle them to more consideration, and with whom they might treat.

After it was arranged that _Pangéran Púgar_ should become sovereign, the three chief Dutch authorities then at _Semárang_ waited upon him, to inform him thereof, at the same time requiring that, in return for the assistance intended to be afforded him, he should, on assuming the authority, cede to the Dutch the provinces of _Demák_, _Japára_, and _Tégal_, in compensation for the expenses they might incur on his account. _Pangéran Púgar_ feeling no inclination to comply with these conditions, though anxious to avoid a rupture with the Dutch, proposed, instead of a cession of territory, that he should become generally responsible for all the expenses of the war; "for," said he, "if it is through the assistance of the Dutch that I am placed upon the throne, of course it would not be becoming in me to refuse them any thing they require: but with respect to this request, is it not better that, at present, we attend to what is necessary to secure the throne, and afterwards talk of minor matters? I am willing to pay all the expenses which it may occasion to the Dutch." With this the commissioners were satisfied; and the troops having arrived from Europe, it was resolved, on the 18th of March, 1704, to place _Pangéran Púgar_ upon the throne, and to maintain him on it.

The Dutch ships and troops having reached _Semárang_ in April, and the part they intended to take being now for the first time manifest to _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_, he dispatched three messengers to the Dutch representative at _Semárang_, with the sum of seventy thousand dollars in specie, and authority to renew former contracts, and comply with every requisition which the Dutch might make, provided they would acknowledge his succession to the throne; but these messengers had only reached _Tínker_ when they fell in with the Dutch troops, and were obliged to secure their safety by flight, leaving the money behind.

The _Pangéran Púgar_ was publicly installed by the Dutch at _Semárang_[273] on the 19th of June.

The districts of _Demák_, _Grobógan_, _Siséla_, and all the lands beyond _Semárang_ as far as _Un'gárang_, were immediately taken possession of by the Dutch, and the troops of the _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_, which had moved towards _Semárang_, were forced to retreat on _Kerta Súra_.

Before the departure of the _Pangéran_, the Dutch had again pressed him to cede the provinces of _Semárang_, _Tégal_, and _Japára_, but by the advice of the _Panumbáhan_ of _Madúra_ and his principal chiefs, he still refused compliance, and they were not able to obtain any decided promise from him, beyond reimbursement for the expenses of the war. When they were arrived, however, at _Ung'árang_, the prince happening to be alone, unattended by any of the _Bopáti_, the Dutch commander seized the opportunity which he had been so long watching for, to assure him how truly and sincerely the Dutch were inclined to assist him, not only on the present occasion, but hereafter, whenever he might require their aid. "The Dutch," added he, "are in great want of rice, and request your highness will have the kindness to grant them a thousand _koyans_ (two thousand tons) a year without payment."

The _Pangéran_ made no reply: he wished for time to think upon it; but the chiefs of the Dutch came up to him, and returned him many thanks and compliments for his having thus, as they said, agreed to their request. The prince, though he wished to say he had not given his promise, yet felt ashamed, after the thanks and compliments he had received, to express what he thought. He therefore bowed his head and was silent. They then entreated him to draw out his assent in writing, and to affix his seal to it, as a proof of his voluntary surrender of the present. With this he complied.

The paper was no sooner obtained, than the Dutch officers again returned their thanks. They then withdrew, and the troops being under arms, a salute was fired on the occasion. When this circumstance came to the ears of the _Adipáti_ of _Semárang_, he hastened to the _Pangéran_, and thus addressed him, "Be not offended, my prince, if I presume to open your eyes to the proceedings of these Hollanders, who are so rapacious in their demands. They had already consulted with me on the subject of this rice, and they knew the opinion of your advisers to be against it, they therefore watched for their opportunity to find you alone. I little thought you would have taken upon yourself to act thus, without consulting your chiefs. I imagined the Dutch were satisfied with the answer I had given them, and would not have thought of going to you about it." The _Susúnan_ gave him in return the history of the grant, and promised faithfully that, if ever they made another request of the kind, he would send for his advisers immediately.

Before the Dutch moved towards the interior, they contrived to bribe _Jága Diníngrat_, the chief who commanded the _Kérta-súra_ troops, and with his assistance possessed themselves without difficulty of the fortified stations of _Pedak-páyang_, _Ung'árang_, and _Selatíga_. The main force of the _Kérta-súra_ troops, consisting of about forty thousand men, was encamped in a strong position, not far from the latter place. After making considerable resistance, they were obliged to retreat in confusion, and the combined army prosecuting its march towards the capital, carried _Asem_ by assault, and reached _Kérta-súra_ shortly after _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_ had quitted it. All the chiefs who remained submitted to the new authority, and were received under its protection, with the exception of the son of _Pangéran Púgar_, who was strangled. _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_, called also _Susúnan Pínchang_, on account of his lameness, was at this time about thirty-four years of age. His reign was short, but remarkable for severity and cruelty.

_Pangéran Púgar_ was fifty-six years of age when he ascended the throne. He had seven legitimate children, _Pangéran Matáran_, _Ang'ebái Léreng Páser_ (who had remained with the deposed _Susúnan_), _Jága Rága_, _Mángku Nagára_, _Mángku Búmi_ (who was declared hereditary prince, and succeeded his father), _Blítar_, and _Tepa Séna_.

The title assumed by _Pangéran Púgar_, with the concurrence of the Dutch, was _Susuhúnan Pakabúana Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchman Panatagáma_, which may be rendered "The saint who is the nail of the empire, the chief commander in war, the slave of God, and propagator of the true faith."

An occurrence which took place shortly after the assumption of the government by this prince is noticed by the Javan writers, and argued highly in favour of the justice and impartiality of this prince.

The wife of _Mérta Yúdha_, writer to the _Susúnan_, and nephew of the _Adipáti_ of _Semárang_, presented herself before him, alleging that her life was endangered by the cruel treatment of her husband, and imploring that she might be divorced from him, or protected against his ill usage. The _Susúnan_ inquiring into the particulars, ascertained from the testimony of the woman herself, that she was attached to _Pangéran Adipáti_, the son of the _Susúnan_, who had frequently visited at her house in the absence of her husband, and that the severities she had suffered were the consequence of the rage which a discovery of that fact had occasioned. He called upon the _Pangéran Adipáti_ to say if it was correct; and the prince, being ashamed to tell a falsehood, acknowledged the fact: wherefore his father reproved him in the strongest terms, and cautioned him not to be guilty of a like transgression a second time. Then calling for _Mérta Yúdha_, he thus addressed him: "_Mérta Yúdha_, your wife has come to me requesting my interference to procure her a divorce from you, or that I should prohibit you from again ill-treating her in the same severe manner you have before done, on account of her attachment to my son, the _Pangéran Adipáti_." To which _Mérta Yúdha_ replied, "Respecting this affair, allow me to explain. She committed an offence towards me, and she now comes to you to complain of me, saying I had beaten her until she was nearly dead. That I did beat her is true, but that I did so until she was nearly dead is utterly false. I beat her when I was enraged; but, as my anger subsided, I quickly became kind to her again; and yet she has the audacity to request a divorce. This completes three offences; in the first place, she committed the fault; in the second, she has told a falsehood; and in the third, she has requested a divorce. These points I submit to the justice of your majesty." The _Susúnan_ then reflected that as the _Pangéran Adipáti's_ conduct had been the cause of this woman's offence, it would not be just to punish her, without also punishing his son; and being disinclined to be severe with him on account of his youth, he felt at a loss how to decide with justice. At length, seeing but one way to get rid of the difficulty, he thus addressed _Mérta Yúdha_: "Enough, _Mérta Yúdha_; the fault rests with my son the _Pangéran Adipáti_, and your wife cannot be condemned to punishment, unless my son be also condemned. Now I have not the power to condemn my son, on account of his youth; therefore, I publicly request your pardon for my son's offence. If you wish to be divorced, the permission is granted, and I will provide you with another wife. You want her immediately--it is well;--but I have no women at present except my own, none but the _Rátu_ and my own daughters. Make your choice, and whichever you prefer of them, I will present to you in marriage. Place your confidence in what I say, and believe that I say no more than what I will do."

_Mérta Yúdha_, struck with astonishment, knew not how to reply. At last, after bowing his head several times to the ground, he declared that he was overcome by this act of magnanimity; that he forgave the young prince from his heart, and would willingly receive his wife back again, and treat her with kindness. The _Susúnan_ then dismissed the parties, giving them advice as to their future conduct, and presenting them with a sum of money and several rich presents. _Mérta Yúdha_ and his wife, say the Javan writers, afterwards lived most happily together, and never ceased to praise the justice and magnanimity of the prince.

In the spring of 1705, the Dutch government again sent a force to _Semárang_, which was joined by seven thousand Madurese, under the command of _Panambáhan Chákra Diníngrat_.

At this time _Surapáti_, who, after his first arrival at _Matárem_, had offered to surrender, again made an application to the Dutch for protection, and offered to send six thousand auxiliaries, promising at the same time to conduct himself as a faithful subject; but his offer was rejected.

On the 5th October, 1705, a contract was entered into by the new sovereign with the Dutch, by which, 1st, the contracts of the 24th September, 1640, and 20th October, 1677, and all privileges and immunities granted by _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_ to Messrs. Speelman and Cooper, were confirmed. 2d. His highness ceded to the Dutch the district of _Gebáng_ as situated within the following boundaries; viz. "From the mouth of the _Dónan_, on the southern shore, in a westerly direction along its banks as far as _Pasúruan_, where there is an inland lake; thence along the north-eastern sea-shore to the mouth of the river _Che-brom_, and further on along the north-eastern side of an accessible swamp to _Che-satia_, near the village _Madúra_, thence in a north-easterly direction over the mountains of _Dáyu-luhur_ to mount _Sumána_ or _Subáng_, and then south-east over the mountains of _Bonkok_, where a northerly direction is taken, and continued to the river _Losári_, and further on along the banks of that river to its mouth on the northern coast of the island." 3d. The _Susúnan_ acknowledged _Chéribon_ as an independent state, in consequence of that country having, in 1680, been saved by the Dutch from the ravages of a banditti. 4th. The _Susúnan_ resigned to the protection of the Dutch the countries of _Súmenap_ and _Pamakásan_, stated to have been forced on them during the reign of _Susúnan Tegál-arom_, by the chief _Yúdha Nagára_. 5th. The _Susúnan_ renewed and confirmed the cession of _Semárang_ and _Kaligawé_, as stated in the transfer of 15th January, 1678. He further ceded to the Dutch the ports of _Torbáyá_ and _Gumúlak_, on condition that the tolls continued to be collected for his own benefit, as at _Sámárang_. The Dutch, on the other hand, agreed to restore about fifty villages which belonged to _Demák_ and _Kaligáwe_.

It was agreed that the tolls on goods imported into, or exported from, the _Susúnan's_ dominions by the Dutch, should be levied according to the above-mentioned contract of 25th February, 1677, and that the _Susúnan_ should in future require a duty of three instead of two per cent. from individuals trading with Dutch passes, it being left to his highness to fix the duties to be levied on goods belonging to persons who were not furnished with licences from the Dutch. 7th. The Dutch obtained liberty to establish factories in every part of the _Susúnan's_ dominions, for which sufficient lots of vacant ground were to be given them, to answer every purpose of safety and convenience, and also to establish yards for building vessels. The Javan chiefs were bound to supply the Dutch at all times, payment being made for the same, with timber, labourers, &c. but they were to pay no capitation, and only to be considered as Company's subjects, as long as they should be employed by the Company. 8th. His highness promised to supply the Dutch with as much rice as should be required, at the market price, the Dutch being also at liberty to purchase that article from his highness's subjects, who were also allowed to export rice to Batavia, and all countries at peace with the Dutch. 9th. Pursuant to the contract of 1677, the _Susúnan_ agreed to continue to shut his ports against _Makásars_, _Búgis_, _Maláyus_, _Bálians_, and other foreigners, except such as should obtain the permission of the Dutch. 10th. It was agreed that the Dutch, and all persons authorized by them, should continue to enjoy the exclusive privilege of importing and selling opium and clothes, as granted to them by _Susúnan Mangkúrat_, on the 20th October, 1677: that the native chiefs should carefully prevent all encroachments on this monopoly, and that all seizures of prohibited goods made by them and by the Company's servants, should be for the profit of his highness, to whose discretion it was left to remunerate the officers making the seizure. 11th. That all seizures made at sea by the Company's cruizers should be for the sole benefit of the captors, although afterwards brought into his highness's ports. 12th. The _Susúnan's_ subjects were to be prohibited from trading otherwise than with Company's passes, and their trade eastward was restricted to _Bálí_ and _Lómbok_, northward to Borneo and _Banjarmásin_, and westward to _Bantám_, _Lámpung_, _Jámbi_, _Indragíri_, _Johór_ and _Malácca_. They were prohibited from visiting the eastern governments, or _Búton_, _Tímor_, _Bíma_, &c., on pain of confiscation of vessels, cargo, &c. It was declared, that whenever his highness should be desirous of sending vessels to these quarters on his own account, the Dutch should attend to his wishes, as far as might be consistent with their regulations. 13th. The balance remaining due to the Dutch of the debts of his highness, adverted to in the contracts of 25th February and 15th October, 1677, was remitted, together with the sum to be paid to Captain Jonker for the delivery of the rebel _Trúna Jáya_, and all other claims of the Dutch on his highness, for expenses incurred in re-establishing him on the throne, &c. on the express condition that this contract should be faithfully observed; otherwise the said claims and pretensions to retain their former validity. In consideration of this important remission, his highness promised to supply the Company during twenty-five years, commencing in 1706, with eight hundred lasts of good rice annually, deliverable at Batavia by his highness's own vessels. An article was afterwards added to this treaty, by which it was stipulated, that no other European nation than the Dutch should ever be permitted to trade or build factories on Java.

On the 11th October, 1705[274], a further agreement was entered into by his highness, by which he promised to bear the expense of keeping a detachment of two hundred men of the Dutch troops at _Kérta-súra_, for his highness's protection and security, amounting to thirteen hundred Spanish dollars per month.

On the 12th July, 1706, a treaty for determining the boundaries between the territories of the _Susúnan_ and those of the Dutch was entered into.

The deposed prince, _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_, after flying from his capital, proceeded to the eastern districts, and joining _Surapáti_, reduced the eastern provinces under their authority, and appeared confident of success, being possessed of immense treasures in specie and jewels, which he had carried off with him.

In 1706, however, the army of _Surapáti_ was defeated by the allied Dutch and Javan forces, and _Kedíri_ was taken. Subsequently, the large combined army of _Mangkúrat Mas_ and _Surapáti_ was put to the rout and dispersed. _Surapáti_ shortly after died in the mountains of _Bángil_, according to some accounts, of the effect of his wounds. He was succeeded in office by his son, _Pangáting_, who took the name of _Adipáti Wíra Nagára_, and being allied by marriage to the chiefs of _Kedíri_, _Balambáng'an_, and _Grésik_, brought many of the eastern districts again to acknowledge the authority of _Mangkúrat Mas_. Additional forces were, in consequence, sent from Batavia by the Dutch, which arrived at _Semárang_ in 1707, and immediately proceeded, first to _Kérta-súra_, and then to the eastward. Falling in with the enemy of _Mádion_, they put him to flight, and continued their march to _Surabáya_, where the disturbances which had broken out on the island of _Madúra_ obliged them to halt.

On the death of the native chief of _Madúra_ his eldest natural son, _Sástra Nagára_, had declared himself his successor, and placed troops round the island to oppose the landing of his uncle, _Ráden Súria Nagára_, who had been appointed to the succession by the Dutch. The Dutch, however, found means to satisfy both parties, by conferring the separate charge of _Sámpang_ on _Sástra Nagára_.

At _Súmenap_ they met with greater difficulty. The native chief, _Nága Sidérma_, had been stabbed by his secretary: the secretary was afterwards killed by the slave of the chief. A tumult was thus excited, and the Dutch commanding officer having given offence to the principal inhabitants they proceeded with a large proportion of the population to the northern part of the island. The Dutch at length succeeded in establishing the infant son of the deceased as chief of _Súmenap_, with the title of _Ráden Tumúng'gung Príng'ga Kasúma_, under the guardianship of his mother, _Rátu Sidáyu_. With these proceedings the campaign closed for that year[275].

In the following year, 1708, the Dutch sent further reinforcements to the eastward, and preparations were making for opening the campaign, when the fugitive _Susúnan_, hearing of the arrival of the Dutch at _Surabáya_, sent ambassadors to their representative (Knol,) soliciting his pardon, and an assignment of some lands, independent of any other authority than that of the Dutch government. No sooner had he been promised this than he came to _Surabáya_, where he was received on the 17th July by Knol, who delivered to him a letter of pardon written in the Dutch and Javan languages, promising to him the independent possession of a district as a principality, subordinate only to the Dutch government. But, alas! these concessions were soon found to be nothing more than a stratagem to get possession of the prince's person. The unfortunate _Susúnan_, unsuspicious of the treachery, was quietly embarked at _Surabáya_ on the 24th August, and with his three sons, his wife, concubines, and attendants, conveyed to Batavia.

The Dutch accounts relate, that as soon as the prince arrived at Batavia, the commissioners, who had received him on board and accompanied him to the castle, demanded that he should deliver up his _kris_ before being admitted to an audience, which he refused to do. When, however, introduced to the high regency, who had been especially assembled for his reception, he prostrated himself at the feet of the governor-general, surrendered his _kris_, and implored the fulfilment of the conditions on which he surrendered. The governor-general replied, that Mr. Knol had not been authorized either to grant him a pardon or to make promises, yet that government would take the matter into consideration: his _krís_ was then returned to him. He was lodged in the castle as a prisoner of war, and soon afterwards transported to Ceylon.

The account of this transaction by the Javan writers is as follows:

"The _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_ and the _Adipáti Wíra Nagára_ (son of _Surapáti_) had not been long at _Málang_ before they were attacked by _Pangéran Blítar_, and forced to seek safety in the forests with only a few followers. There they suffered severely from disease; and most of them dying, the rest removed to the land of _Blítar_, whence the _Susúnan_ sent a letter to the chief Dutch authority at _Surabáya_, asking him why the Dutch had thus assisted the _Pangéran Púgar_ against him, and deprived him of the sceptre which had descended to him from his ancestors, adding that he was himself equally the friend of the Dutch, that he had never harboured a thought injurious to them, and that if they still believed that he had been guilty of a fault against them, it would be well if they would point it out that he might exert his utmost to make amends: for this they might fully depend on him; 'therefore,' said he, 'let the Dutch place confidence in me, let them consider my youth, and that it is yet but a short time that I have been a sovereign.' To this the Dutch authority replied, 'If the _Susúnan_ wishes to act thus, and his intentions are good, let him come to _Surabáya_.' _Susúnan Mangkúrat_ then requested, that if the Dutch would not again place him on the throne, they would assign him a province, in which he and his family might reside in peace. A promise being given to that effect he immediately proceeded to _Surabáya_, where he was received with all honours and the customary salutes, and afterwards entertained with the Dutch officers in the _Passangráhan_ of the _Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_. The Dutch authority at last said to him, with the utmost kindness and softness of speech, 'If the _Susúnan_ has no objection, I am anxious that we should go to _Semárang_ to see the commissary; from thence the _Susúnan_ can at once proceed to _Kérta-súra_, and request the Dutch again to acknowledge him as sovereign of Java.' The _Susúnan_ immediately assented to this arrangement. He was then, with his family and followers, embarked on board a ship; but instead of being conveyed to _Semárang_, he was taken to Batavia, and afterwards banished to Ceylon."

It appears, that after the arrival of _Mangkúrat Mas_ at Ceylon he found means to dispatch letters of complaint to the prince of Orange and the Court of Directors in Holland. Two Mahomedan priests were charged with the mission, but the letters being intercepted, the messengers were subjected to severe punishment.

With _Mangkúrat Mas_ was lost the celebrated _makóta_, or crown of _Majapáhit_. The regalia of the sovereigns of Java, with the exception of this important article, were duly delivered over, by order of the Dutch, to the acknowledged sovereign _Pakabúana_, but nothing more was ever heard of the crown, and since that time, the princes have worn a _cap_, as described in another place. As the Dutch were now become supreme on Java, a crown was perhaps but an empty pageant. It cannot, however, escape notice, that this proud ornament of state should first have been deprived of its brightest jewel, and afterwards, as there is too much room to suspect, filched by the Dutch, who probably stripped it of its remaining jewels, and melted down the gold for its value!

The removal of _Mangkúrat Mas_ did not, however, extinguish the flame of internal discord which still blazed forth in the eastern provinces of Java, and which increased till the year 1712-13. The _Susúnan_ sent several embassies to Batavia, requesting assistance against the chiefs of _Balambángan_ and of the island of _Madúra_, as well as against the sons of _Surapáti_, who had their hiding places in the mountains. On this occasion the Dutch sanctioned the nomination of the _Pangéran Mángku Nagára_ as the hereditary prince, and promised the required succours against the rebels, but took care to point out the value which they put upon their assistance: a piece of policy which, on no occasion, they seem to have forgotten. They adverted to the immense sums they had at different times advanced, and the extent of the obligations which the _Susúnan_ lay under to them, admonishing him to act with greater circumspection in future, and to adopt such measures as might put a stop to the civil wars and commotions which desolated the country.

It was not long, however, before various circumstances concurred to render the rebels still more formidable. The chiefs of _Surabáya_, _Probolíng'o_, and _Kédíri_, as well as those of _Madúra_ and _Balambáng'an_, united at the instigation of the chief of _Wináng'un_ (whose life had been unjustly attacked,) in a league to shake off the yoke of the _Susúnan_, and at the same time to rid themselves of the Dutch, whose aim they conceived to have been eventually to depose the _Susúnan_, and to render themselves sovereigns of the whole island.

A circumstance is related by the native writers, which is said to have contributed essentially to the distractions which at that time existed in the country.

"The Dutch requested that the _Susúnan_ would immediately put the _Adipáti Jaíng Rána_ of _Surabáya_ to death, alleging that he was attached to the cause of the rebels, and that if an example were made of this chief, it would strike fear into the others. On this the _Susúnan_ became excessively grieved at heart, for he was sincerely attached to the _Adipáti_; and now that the _Panambáhan_ of _Madúra_, who had been as his right hand, was dead, if he were to lose the _Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_ also, who had been as his left hand, he would in truth find that he had lost both hands. He wished, therefore, to refuse compliance with this request; but at the same time feared, that if he disappointed the Dutch, there would be an end of his friendship with them. On these two accounts he gave the subject his deepest consideration. At length he wrote a letter to the _Adipáti_, informing him of the request made by the Dutch; and to the Dutch at Batavia he wrote in reply, that he wished to reflect upon the affair, until the time appointed for the chief to pay his usual visit to the capital should arrive.

"As soon as the _Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_ received these tidings he assembled his brothers and his _Páteh_, named _Wíra Tantáha_, and showed them the letter. His brothers immediately advised that they should unite and oppose any one, whoever it might be, who should attempt the life of the _Adipáti_; for, said they, 'Is it not better to die nobly 'in war, and to let one's enemies know how dearly the death of our brother is to be purchased, than to be quietly killed in one's bed? will only know of the death and not of its value.' But the _Páteh_ replied to them, 'What you say is correct, and in the service of the state we are bound to act as you advise; but this is a request made by the general, that the _Adipáti_ should be put to death. Is it not better that he should deliver himself up? for if he does not there will be a rupture between the general and the _Susúnan_, and then (which God forbid) the land of _Jáwa_ will be destroyed, and universal misery will follow. You have now, for a long time, enjoyed happiness and a good name, and now that you have grown old in honour, it would not be fitting in you to do any thing that could bring sorrow or ruin on your sovereign, or that would disgrace your followers or descendants, which would be the case if you now got a bad name.' The _Adipáti_ was well pleased with the advice of his _Páteh_, and after considering for a short time, then addressed him, 'What you say is true, oh _Páteh_! I am old, and have not long to live. It is indeed right that I should deliver up my life for the benefit of my sovereign and the character of my family.'"

This resolution being taken, the _Adipáti_ shortly after set out for _Kértasúra_, accompanied by his brother and about two thousand followers. When he arrived, the _Susúnan_ inquired how he wished to act; to which he replied, that he preferred to die rather than to be the cause of misfortune to his sovereign or to the people of Java; that he was now old; that if his life was spared on this occasion he could not expect to live many years, and that he was already satisfied with this world. The _Susúnan_ then said, if such was his determination and wish, he must of course follow it, but urged him to speak his mind freely, adding that he would think of it, and do what would turn out best for him: but the _Adipáti_ replied, that he had no other wish than what he had already expressed; that it was much better that he should die, than become the cause of misfortune to others. All he requested was, that after his death the _Susúnan_ would not be forgetful of his family and children, and that until his son was of a proper age, his brother, _Ráden Jáya Puspíta_, might succeed him in his public administration. The _Susúnan_ then said, "It is well. If the Dutch again make the demand you must prepare for your fate; and I promise you that, in that case, your request shall be complied with." At the expiration of about a month, during which period the _Adipáti_ clothed himself in white and gave himself up entirely to his devotions, another letter arrived from the Governor General, making a peremptory demand that the _Adipáti_ should be immediately executed. The _Susúnan_ then sent for the _Adipáti_, and directed that he should be brought into the _dálam_. Dressed in white, he immediately attended the summons. When he reached the entrance _sri meng'ánti_, he quitted his followers, who were not allowed to come further but remained without; and the people who guarded the entrance of the _kráton_, having received the orders of the _Susúnan_ to that effect, seized him, and plunging their weapons into his body, immediately dispatched him. They then carried out the corpse and gave it to his followers, charging them to give it proper burial. They were all struck with deep grief at the sight, for the _Adipáti_ was much beloved. They interred the body at _Lawéan_, but immediately afterwards the brother, with about two thousand followers, assembled in the _alun alun_, determined upon vengeance, and the disturbance was not quelled until the _Susunán_ entered into an explanation. He then appointed _Jáya Puspíta_ to succeed provisionally to the administration of his deceased brother, and otherwise conciliated the parties, who were at last induced quietly to return to _Surabáya_; not, however, without a determination of one day being revenged on the authors of this calamity. On receiving the appointment from the _Susúnan_, while _Jáyá Puspíta_ returned their grateful acknowledgments for this mark of kindness, they as openly avowed that they would never rest in peace, until they had given a due return to whoever was the cause of their brother's death.

"In pursuance of this determination, _Jáya Puspíta_ took an early occasion to league with other discontented chiefs, and soon became the most formidable enemy to the tranquillity of the country.

"The forces of the _Susúnan_ were completely defeated in a pitched battle, and the rebels made themselves masters of several important provinces to the eastward of _Pasúruan_, which place they also besieged until the arrival of the Dutch auxiliaries. They were then driven beyond _Panarúkan_; but being reinforced from _Báli_, soon forced the combined Dutch and Javan troops to retreat again to _Pasúruan_."

The effect of this civil war was now severely felt at Batavia. The country was laid waste, cultivation was neglected, and a great scarcity of rice was felt at Batavia. This induced the Dutch to march a more considerable force in 1717, and again to take an active part in re-establishing the tranquillity of the country.

On the arrival of this force at _Madúra_, it was found that the chief of that island had made two unsuccessful attacks on the troops of _Pamakásan_ and _Súmenap_, and been forced at last to leave his capital with his son, brother, wives, and relations, and seek safety with the Dutch.

"When _Pangéran Chákra Deníngrat_," say the Javan authors, "saw that nothing more was to be done against his enemies," he resolved to throw himself on the protection of the Dutch; and a Dutch ship arriving at _Madúra_ he dispatched a letter, soliciting their assistance. This letter the captain forwarded to _Surabáya_, and received the instructions of the admiral to take the chief and his family on board, and convey them to that capital. The captain immediately sent a messenger on shore to the _Pangéran_, informing him of the wishes of the admiral, and inviting him to come on board with his family. _Pangéran Chákra Deníngrat_, who was unconscious of treachery or duplicity, and consequently void of suspicion, with a joyful heart accepted the invitation, and, accompanied by his family, immediately went off in a small fishing-boat. When arrived alongside of the ship, the followers who carried the _upachára_ (emblems of state) were ordered to go on board: after them the _Pangéran_ himself ascended, and then his wife, _Ráden Ayu Chákra Diníngrat_. When the _Pangéran_ came upon deck, Captain Curtis took him by the hand, and delivered him over to one of his officers, who immediately led him into the cabin. The captain remained till the _Ráden Ayu_ had ascended, and as soon as she came on deck he likewise took her by the hand, and after the European manner kissed her cheek. Not understanding the custom she became alarmed, and thinking that Captain Curtis was offering an insult to her, screamed out, and called aloud upon her husband, saying, "the Captain had evil intentions." The _Pangéran_ hearing the cries of his wife became furious, and drawing his _kris_ rushed out, and without further inquiry stabbed the Captain. The attendants of the chief, who had come on board with the state ornaments, following the example of their master, raised the cry of _amók_ and immediately fell on the crew of the vessel. The latter, however, were too powerful for them, and in a short time the whole of the Madurese party were killed, together with the chief and his wife.

When a question arises respecting the chastity of the Javan women, this story is usually referred to.

The rebels, both in the eastern provinces of Java and on _Madúra_, were joined by auxiliaries from _Báli_. Those, however, on _Madúra_ were soon overmatched by the Dutch troops, and obliged to fly again to _Báli_. _Jáya Puspíta_ was more successful. Moving from _Surabáya_ through the central districts towards _Kérta-súra_, he subjected the provinces of _Jápan_, _Wírasába_, _Kedíri_, _Mádion Sukawáti_ and the neighbouring districts. While his head quarters were at _Kedíri_, he was joined by _Pangéran Dípa Nagára_ one of the sons of the _Susúnan_, who setting himself up as sovereign of Java, under the title of _Panambáhan Héru Chákra Senapáti Panatagáma_ appointed _Jáya Púspita_ to be his _Páteh_, with the title of _Ráden Adipáti Panatagáma_, and commenced the establishment of a government at _Mádion_.

An army was sent from _Kérta-súra_ against _Mádion_, under the command of _Pangéran Blítar_, another son of the _Susúnan_; but before they reached that place the _Pangéran_ was summoned to return, in consequence of the severe indisposition of his father. This prince died in the Javan year 1648, and was buried at _Megíri_. He had previously written to the Dutch authorities, requesting them to select one of his three sons _Pangéran Adipáti Amángku-nagára_, _Pangéran Purbáyá_, or _Pangéran Blítar_, to succeed him in the government.

Thus ended the reign of a prince, which had been one constant scene of commotion and rebellion, directed perhaps not so much against the authority of the prince himself, as against the Dutch, who now took so active a part in the affairs of Java, that the power of the native sovereign was merely nominal.

The Javan writers, whether from a desire to exclude from the regal line a prince who thus became the mere puppet of the Europeans, or from a conviction of the truth of the circumstance, seem anxious to prove that he was not the real son of _Susúnan Tegál Arom_, as related, but a son of the _Pangéran Kajuran_, father-in-law of _Trúna Jáya_, and who afterwards, when he established himself in the southern hills, took the name of _Panambáhan Ráma_. The story runs, that the _Rátu_ of _Mangkúrat_ being delivered of a deformed and imperfect offspring, the _Susúnan_ secretly sent the child to _Kajúran_, who was supposed to deal in witchcraft, and that the _Pangéran_ took the opportunity of destroying it, and substituted his own child in its place. This child, however, was born of a daughter of _Pangéran Purbaya_, the younger brother of Sultan _Agong_; so that on the mother's side it was of royal extraction. "But," say the Javan writers, "as the present princes of Java are descendants from _Pakubuána_, this story is not talked of in public; although in private societies there are many who put faith in it."

On the 13th of December, 1705, articles were agreed upon with the Sultan of Bantam, to ensure the weight and quality of the pepper to be delivered.

On the 9th of October, 1708, a further contract was entered into with the sultan, with the view principally of renewing and confirming the contracts, bonds, deeds of remission, &c., entered into and concluded with his predecessors.

In August, 1731, another contract was entered into with the sultan, of which the following were the most interesting articles.

That all Búgis, Maláyus, Javans, and other native traders, shall be allowed freely to dispose of their wares at Bantam, without any interference on the part of the Dutch Resident, provided they do not trade in articles which constitute the Company's monopoly. The subjects of Bantam shall be permitted to trade to Java on condition that they do not abuse the confidence thus placed in them by engaging in illicit commerce. The sultan promised to adopt immediate measures for increasing the annual deliveries of pepper to the Company, and engaged to hold out every possible inducement to the _Lámpung_ people to extend the cultivation of the article, instead of depressing them by unnecessary acts of severity. A deed was also executed about this time ceding _Púlo Pánjang_ to the Dutch, for the purpose of keeping an establishment on it for assisting vessels in distress.

On the 9th December, 1733, a further contract was entered into with the sultan of Bantam, by which many regulations were made respecting the pepper monopoly.

Being called upon to renew the bond for the sum of six hundred thousand Spanish dollars in favour of the Dutch, the sultan, after previously stating whence this _lawful_ debt originated, bound his kingdom and revenues for the same, and at the same time conferred on the Dutch the exclusive trade in pepper and other privileges. The deed of remission, bearing date 28th April, 1684, was further renewed, by which a conditional remission of the above-mentioned bond was granted. An act of donation from the price of ground, called _kámpung báli_, was at the same time granted.

Of the three sons of the deceased _Susúnan_, the Dutch government made choice of the _Pangéran Adipáti Amángku Nagára_, as his successor; he was accordingly publicly installed, under the title of _Susûhunan Prábu Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchman Sahídin Panatagáma_.

The first and principal event in this reign was the rebellion of the younger brothers of the prince, _Pangéran Purbáya_ and _Blítar_, occasioned principally by their being deprived of the lands and honours which they had enjoyed during the lifetime of their father. They first raised a party in the capital, and made an attempt, during the night, to enter the _kráton_ and put the _Susúnan_ to death, but being repulsed, they fled to _Matárem_, and collecting their followers, the youngest (_Blítar_) assumed the title of _Súltan Ibni Mustápha Pakubúana Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchman Patagáma_. His brother, _Purbáya_, was satisfied with a secondary authority, under the title of _Panambáhan Senapáti Ingalága_.

In a short time the provinces of _Bányumas_, _Matárem_, and _Kedú_, submitted to these chiefs, and a union taking place with the party under _Panambáhan Héru Chákra_, the authority of the newly elected _Susúnan_ became endangered.

_Pangéran Aria Matárem_, uncle of the _Susúnan_, at the same time quitted _Kérta Súra_, and reared the standard of rebellion in _Grobógan_ and _Blóra_. This chief was, however, soon after decoyed into the hands of the Dutch in the following manner.

"The _Pangéran_ was induced to go to _Páti_, and afterwards to _Japára_, on an understanding that the Dutch would raise him to the throne, where troops were immediately assembled, apparently for that object, but in reality to secure his person. On his arrival at the fort with his family, he was received with salutes of cannon and small arms, and separated from his followers, who were excluded. After he had been seated a short time, the gates of the fort were shut, and the _Pangéran_ and his sons were disarmed, and placed in close confinement. He died in a few days. When the gates of the forts were closed, the followers of the _Pangéran_ suspecting the treachery, would not disperse, until many were destroyed and the rest fired upon."

The Dutch force uniting with those of the _Susúnan_, the rebels, who were now united under the sultan _Ibni Mustápha_, were defeated, and obliged to retreat to _Kedíri_. Here they were pursued, again beaten, and driven in disorder to _Málang_. The sultan fled to _Gúnung Dampúlan_ with only a few followers, while _Panambáhan Senapáti_ and _Panambáhan Héru Chákra_ rallied their remaining forces at _Lamájang_. The Dutch army now returned to _Kérta Súra_, and the tranquillity of the country was once more for a short time restored.

_Sultan Ibni Mustápha_ having returned to the village of _Káli Gángsa_, was seized with a violent illness and died, and his family and followers, worn out with fatigue, conveyed the body to _Kérta Súra_, and threw themselves on the mercy of the _Susúnan_. Notwithstanding this unconditional submission, their chief, _Jáya Bráta_, was immediately put to death, and his body thrown into the river: the body of the deceased sultan, however, received honourable interment.

The rebels established at _Lamájang_ still held out, and it was not until the arrival of a considerable Dutch force at _Surabáya_ that they were induced to submit. According to the native writers, "The Dutch commander wrote from _Surabáya_ to the rebel chiefs at _Lamájang_, informing them that he had been ordered to the eastward with a formidable force purposely to destroy them, and that if they did not quietly submit, he would force them to do so, in which case no quarter should be given, adding at the same time, that if they were willing to submit quietly, they should be received with favour, treated with kindness, and want for nothing during their lives. The chiefs seeing no prospect of success from further opposition, were induced to close with these terms. Accordingly _Panambákan Senápati_ and _Héru Chákra_, with _Adipáti Náta Púra_, attended by only a few followers, surrendered themselves at _Surabáya_, where they were received with great honour, the firing of cannon and musketry, and by the sound of the _gámelan_, which struck up on their approach. It was not long, however, before their persons were placed in confinement, and they were embarked on board a ship from Batavia, from whence _Panambáhan Héru Chákra_ and _Adipáti Náta Púra_ were afterwards banished to the Cape."

The only circumstance from which the peace of the country appears to have been subsequently disturbed during the reign of this prince, was by a kráman, or rebel, named _Ráden Ibráhim_, who gave himself out as a descendant of _Surapáti_; but this movement was instantly suppressed, and all that arose out of it appears to have been an attempt on the life of the _Susúnan_, made by a woman, who with a small party endeavoured to force her way into the _kráton_, but with several of her followers was killed in the attempt. The authority of the prince was now fully established; and in return for the services rendered by the Dutch in the late war, he was required to enter into a new treaty with the Dutch, containing the following, among other less interesting stipulations.

In acknowledgment of the services lately rendered, and also to his highness's forefathers, and in consideration of the considerable quantity of rice still owing by him to the Dutch, on the deliveries stipulated by the contract of 1705, his highness now promised to deliver to the Company annually at Batavia, with his own vessels, for a period of fifty years, to commence from the year 1734, a quantity of one thousand _koyans_ of good rice, or its equivalent in money, it being at the same time understood that the Dutch are not bound to take money for any proportion of the said annual delivery, except when it was sufficiently proved that a failure of the crop of rice rendered it impossible to supply the whole quantity.

That with the view to encourage the cultivation of pepper, the Dutch should, in future, pay five rix-dollars for each _píkul_ of that article; while, on the other hand, the _Susúnan_ engaged to issue an edict, directing the total annihilation of the coffee culture, with the exception of a few plantations near the houses of the regents, for their own amusement and consumption, but by no means for trade, on severe penalties. The _Susúnan_ moreover authorized the Dutch to cause all plantations, without distinction, in the low countries, on the coast, or in the mountains, to be destroyed, and to confiscate, for their joint profit, any quantity of coffee which might be found, for purposes of trade, in the hands of any of his highness's subjects, at the expiration of six months from the date thereof. That his highness should direct the coast regents to deliver, in the year 1734, the annual quantity of timber for repairing and extending the forts of _Semárang_ and _Japára_, the other materials being furnished by the Company. The seventh article stipulated for the delivering annually about ten thousand beams of teak timber (specified) at _Japára_, _Demák_, _Walíri_, and _Brébes_, the same to be duly paid for on delivery; and the Dutch engaged to assure themselves that the regulation should be complied with, by causing the residents of the timber places to transmit the receipts and other vouchers relative thereto, while, on the other hand, the _Susúnan_ promised to take care that the timber should be of good quality and of the stipulated dimensions.

The Dutch remitted to the _Susúnan_ the arrears on account of the quantity of rice (the delivery of which was stipulated by the contract of October, 1705), consisting of no less than 6,537 _koyans_; and also the sums advanced by them in the wars and during his minority, on condition that, on the part of the _Susúnan_, all previous treaties, deeds, and charters, contracted and granted by his highness's predecessors, should be fulfilled by him; in default whereof the above pretensions were to regain their full force and value. It was further agreed that the Dutch should remain in possession of their former commercial privileges at Java, his highness promising to render the Dutch trade still more flourishing and considerable, and to increase the deliveries of cotton thread. His highness further bound himself to supply every day two hundred and forty _báturs_, or Javan labourers, for the service of the fort, free of expense to the Dutch.

The act which closed the reign of this prince, and which affords good evidence of the undisturbed state of public affairs at the period, was a visit to the burial-place at _Bútah_, where _Kiái Agong Bútuh_, and sultan _Pájang_ had been interred. The Javans have such a superstitious veneration for this spot, that they declare it is never overflowed, notwithstanding the waters rise to a considerable height round it, and that it is lower than the adjoining ground. Here the prince was taken ill, and after a long confinement died, in the Javan year 1657.

He was succeeded by his son, under the title of _Susúnan Pakubuána Senapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchman Sáhedin Panatagáma_, who ascended the throne when he was only about fourteen years old, and was yet unmarried.

The young prince was entirely under the superintendance of _Dánu Réja_, his father's prime minister, until, as he attained maturity, he by repeated acts shewed a disposition to shake off the controul of that chief. He was desirous of appointing _Chákra Níngrat_ to be _Widána_ of the eastern districts of _Pasúruan_, _Bángil_, and _Probolíng'o_; but that chief being on bad terms with the minister _Dánu Réja_, the _Susúnan_ privately, and without the knowledge of the minister, wrote to the Governor-general at Batavia, requesting his sanction to the measure. Shortly after this the _Susúnan_ made a further application to the Dutch, that they would remove from Java the person of _Pangéran Ria Mángku Nagára_, on a plea that he had been discovered in an improper intimacy with one of his concubines. On this occasion the minister, _Dánu Réja_, was dispatched to Batavia; and the interview he had with the Governor-general is thus related by the native writers:--"The General was displeased with _Dánu Réja_, because he had not adjusted these two affairs; and afterwards, when he went to Batavia with presents from the _Susúnan_, the General asked him if he was willing that _Chákra Níngrat_ should be _Widána_ of the three districts? _Dánu Réja_, not aware of the application made by the _Susúnan_, replied, that if that chief was entrusted with so extensive an authority he should tremble, as the heart of _Chákra Níngrat_ would thereupon become great; for he had already been married to the _Susúnan's_ sister. The General observed, that it was easy to remove this uneasiness from his mind. 'Let,' said he,'this chief be under the authority of the Dutch only. Let him pay the money tribute to the _Susúnan_, but in other respects let not the _Susúnan_ trouble himself about him. Let him look to the Dutch only for keeping him under due restraint.' To this _Dánu Réja_ replied, 'If such is the wish of the General, I cannot follow it, because I fear that hereafter the _Susúnan_ would object to such an arrangement, and, repenting of having followed the General's advice, would be justly enraged against me and my successors, for having in any way consented that _Chákra Níngrat_, or these lands, should be placed under the immediate authority of the Dutch.' A pause then ensued. At length the General resumed, and in a peremptory and angry manner demanded of the minister, why he had not prevented the _Susúnan_ from applying for the banishment of his brother, _Ria Mángku Nagára_, observing that it had not yet been proved, that he was guilty of any offence against the _Susúnan_. _Dánu Réja_ replied, 'The offence of the _Pangéran_ is clear and decided; it is known to many that he had an attachment for the _Susúnan's_ concubine.' He therefore requested he might be banished the island, adding, that he would request the _Susúnan_ to make a proper provision for his maintenance. The General conceiving that _Dánu Réja_ was not inclined to follow his wishes, became enraged, and desired him not to trouble himself further about the _Pangéran_, saying that, whether he was banished or not, was not his business; it depended entirely on the government. He then dismissed him to his _póndok_, where the minister was allowed to remain upwards of a year, until the death of the General, when, on the elevation of his successor, he was directed to return to _Kérta-súra_. While thus detained at Batavia, he was repeatedly visited by some of the counsellors, urging him to accede to the wish of the General respecting the lands; but he continued to use to them the same arguments he had before used to the General."

After the return of _Dánu Réja_ to _Kérta-súra_, he is represented as having had an interview with _Wangsarána_, a celebrated devotee, who resided in the first _Kalángbrit_, and who foretold the misfortunes which were to ensue.

On demanding of this _tápa_ what would be the future fate of _Kérta-súra_, he replied, "that it was destined to misfortune, destruction, and sorrow: _Ráden Más Sujána_ and _Ráden Mas Sáyed_ will however profit by it." This _Ráden Sujána_ was a younger brother of the _Susúnan_ by a concubine, and afterwards took the name of _Pangéran Mangkubúmi_. _Ráden Mas Sáyed_ was a cousin to the _Susúnan_, son of his elder brother, _Pangéran Mangku-nagára_, who had been sent to Batavia with a request that he might be banished. They were both at this time youngest children (_timur_).

This prophecy made a deep impression on the mind of the minister; and his uneasiness became still greater, when one day a woman, named _Niái Súka Wáti_, came to him from her mistress, _Rátu Agong_, the mother of the _Susúnan_, saying that the _Rátu_ had just dreamt that she beheld the moon descend from the heavens and rest on the top of the large _dúku_ tree in the _kráton_; and that this had no sooner occurred, than that _Ráden Mas Sujána_ immediately came, and seizing hold of the moon swallowed one-half of it, the other half slipping from his grasp, and resuming its place on the top of the tree: the _Rátu_ then awoke and found it daylight. These were the first signs of what was soon to befal _Kérta-súra_.

The fate of the minister was, however, to be first decided; for on the occasion of the _Susúnan_ raising a chief, named _Súra-Diníngrat_, to be _Bopáti of Pakalúngan_, with a thousand _cháchas_, without the knowledge of the minister, the latter refused to acknowledge him in that capacity; in consequence of which the _Susúnan_ requested the Dutch to arrest him, and banish him from the island. As soon as the Dutch had consented to do so, the unfortunate minister was dispatched to _Semárang_ on a special embassy from his master, where he was decoyed into the Dutch fort and confined. He was soon after embarked for Ceylon, in the same vessel which conveyed _Pangéran Ria Mángku Nagára_, at whose feet he fell, acknowledging the justice of his own punishment, for having assisted in the banishment of that chief, who had in fact committed no fault. The _Susúnan_ then appointed _Nátu Kasúma_ to be his minister.

Accounts were now received from Ceylon of the death of the ex-_Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas_, and at the request of the _Susúnan_, the family of the deceased were permitted to return to _Kérta-súra_. On these were conferred distinguished titles and considerable assignments of land. To _Mángku Nagára_ the _Susúnan_ gave the name of _Wíra Mengála_, with one thousand _cháchas_ of land; to _Mángku Níngrat_ he gave the name of _Pangéran Tépa Sána_, with nine hundred _cháchas_; and to _Ráden Jáya Kasúma_ he gave the title of _Pangéran_, with three hundred _cháchas_. _Pangéran Purbáya_, who had assumed the title of _Panambáhan Senapáti Ingalága_, shortly after died at Batavia, and his body was conveyed to _Megíri_. The eldest son of this chief married a younger sister of the _Susúnan_, and received the title of _Pangéran Purbáya_, with an assignment of _sáwa_. The _Susúnan_ became much attached to him, and at length followed his counsel in all things. "What was right was declared wrong, and what was wrong, right, just as he pleased, and the _Susúnan_ believed it."

This increasing influence of the _Pangéran Purbáya_ alarmed the minister, who secretly acquainted the Dutch with it, and by their interference the _Pangéran Purbáya_ was removed from the councils of the prince, and obliged to fix his residence at a distance from the capital.

Various signs now foreboded approaching war and misfortune, and led the people to expect that _Pangéran Tépa Sána_ would attempt to regain the throne of his ancestors. The _Susúnan_ and his ministers entirely disregarded these signs; but _Pangéran Wíra Mengála_ sought the friendship of the Dutch commandant, in the hope of obtaining his assistance.

At this time occurred the rebellion of the Chinese at Batavia; and as the Dutch accounts of the transaction are far from complete or satisfactory, I shall quote two Javan records without variation. One of them is as follows:

"The city of Batavia was now in the highest state of prosperity: traders came from all quarters, merchandize was in abundance, and the slaves were numerous. The latter becoming arrogant, in consequence of the wealth and power of their masters, committed outrages on the Chinese, in the first instance by beating them, and afterwards by attempting their lives. At first there were but few who committed these outrages, but at last they formed themselves into parties and committed more public acts of hostility. The Chinese applied to the European officers in authority, to put a stop to these outrages, or to punish those who committed them: they could, however, obtain no redress, the slaves testifying with one accord that the Chinese were the aggressors. The Chinese finding they could not obtain justice from the great people, assembled near the sugar mills at _Gandária_[276], to the number of more than a thousand, and chose a chief, with the determination to oppose the Dutch and the slaves; but as yet they thought it advisable not to do so openly, and therefore committed their depredations in small parties during the night. The Dutch, as soon as they heard of this, empowered several natives from _Sábrany_ (of the opposite coasts and islands) to take up the Chinese who were at _Gandária_; these people succeeded in apprehending the Chinese one by one, and as soon as they gave them over to punishment they received a reward of six ducatoons for each. In this way they secured about two hundred. These were immediately embarked on a vessel to be banished to another country, but when they had got out to sea they were all thrown overboard. Many of them who could not swim perished; but a few having succeeded in reaching the shore, found their way to _Gandária_, and related to their companions how they had been treated. The Chinese, upon this, concluding that the Dutch had resolved to extirpate their race, now openly prepared their warlike instruments, gave notice to their countrymen at Batavia of the manner in which the Dutch had determined to destroy them, and requested that those who were willing to join them would immediately repair to _Gandária_. The Chinese in other quarters, equally harassed by the slaves, against whom they could gain no redress, became of one mind, when they received the intelligence of their countrymen having been thrown overboard by the Dutch, and when they reflected that the destruction of their race was determined; they therefore collected quietly at _Gandária_, until their numbers amounted to upwards of five thousand. Here the whole placed themselves under the orders of a chief, named _Sípanjang_."

The other account is as follows:

"It is related of Batavia, that General Valkenier was excessively liberal in his favours to the Chinese. The consequence of this was, that of all the races then resident at Batavia, with the exception of the Dutch, none were so wealthy as they. Whatever was profitable fell into their hands, while the other races, the natives of the country and the adjacent islands established there, found it difficult to discharge the duties and demands made upon them. On this account all these races became discontented with the Chinese; and as it is usual with the latter for their hearts to swell as they grow richer, quarrels ensued, and disputes continually took place between the parties. These increased, until complaints were carried before masters of slaves, where slaves were concerned, and before the regular courts, where free people were concerned. But the Chinese being always defeated in these suits, and fined for their conduct, they assembled in bands, for the purpose of revenging themselves, and began to plunder the villages in the neighbourhood of the town. This happened in the Javan year 1663 (_gúna-rása-móbah jalma_)[277].

"It is related that at this time there was at Batavia a certain _Edel Heer_, the Baron Van Imhoff, who had arrived from Ceylon. On his arrival at _Jokarta_, he learned from General Valkenier the particulars of the conduct of the Chinese, who were thus committing depredations in the villages; he said there were too many Chinese at Batavia, and proposed that a proportion should be sent to Ceylon. This was accordingly agreed to by the high council, and a search was in consequence made to take up the poorest of these, that they might be transported to Ceylon. The expences, in the first instance, were to be advanced by the Dutch, who were afterwards to be reimbursed when the Chinese should have acquired the means at Ceylon. The Chinese captain was accordingly directed to beat the _gong_, and give public notice of this order; but there was not one Chinese inclined to follow it: and in order to carry the proposition of Van Imhoff into effect, it was agreed to arrest all the Poor Chinese. This order was given to the captain of the Chinese, but he declined to arrest his countrymen. Van Imhoff then inquired by what distinction of dress he might know the rich from the poor? The captain replied, "the clothing of the Chinese which may be considered a proof of their being poor, is black (blue)." Upon this the governor directed the _Baillieu_ to arrest all Chinese so dressed; and the _Baillieu_ again entrusting the execution of this order to his _Máta Máta_, who belonged to the races inimical to the Chinese, the latter, to gratify particular enmities, arrested many who did not wear blue, some of them of the most respectable families. The Chinese, in general, were much offended, when shortly the whole of those who were arrested, were embarked on board ship apparently for Ceylon; but they had been only a few days at sea, when they were _amók'd_. Most of them were killed, and the rest were thrown overboard. Of these some escaped to land, and arriving secretly at Batavia, communicated to their countrymen the particulars of the cruel treatment of the Company towards them. On this all the chiefs of the Chinese entered into an agreement to raise the standard of rebellion against the Dutch, and to endeavour to carry the fort of Batavia. There were, however, one or two who did not chuse to become the enemies of the Dutch.

"A Chinese named _Liu Chu_, informed the government of what was going on among his countrymen, for which he received a reward of eighty ducats, and other valuable presents, with a promise of future patronage. This man went as a spy to the Chinese at _Gandária_, and endeavoured to persuade the chief to submit to the Dutch, promising him free pardon; but _Si-pánjang_ suspecting that, however fair might be the promises of the Dutch in the first instance, they would not fail to revenge themselves upon him, by seeking out some offence of which to accuse him, would not listen to these overtures. The Dutch then ordered, that of the Chinese who were at Batavia, such as wished to join their countrymen at _Gandária_ might do so, but that such as wished to follow the Dutch, must shave their mustaches as a sign, and deliver up all their sharp instruments of every description, even to the smallest knife, and neither burn a lamp nor make a fire at night. All the Chinese within the city were inclined rather to remain in their houses, and conform to the wish of the Dutch according to this order, than to quit their houses and join their companions at _Gandária_. The Dutch troops were now making preparations in the fort, and shut the gates of the city, hearing that the Chinese from _Gandária_ were approaching. These came towards Batavia in three parties, burning and laying waste every thing in their way, until they arrived close under the walls, in numbers not less than ten thousand. Some of the guns being inefficient, the Chinese became bolder, and made a furious attack in which they were repulsed with great slaughter. In this affair the Chinese are estimated to have lost one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine lives. They retreated in confusion, but assembled again at _Gáding Meláti_.

"The next morning the Dutch landed all the sailors from the shipping in the roads, and having confined the Chinese to their houses, according to the regulation, the Dutch government gave orders for their own people, the free black inhabitants, and the native Christians belonging to the fort, to slay all the male Chinese, old and young, who were within the city. Of these, amounting to nearly nine thousand souls, only one hundred and fifty escaped to join their countrymen at _Kámpung Meláti_. The property of all the Chinese was seized by those who committed the slaughter, not one of whom was killed, the Chinese having previously, as before related, delivered up their weapons to the Dutch.

"After this the Dutch troops, to the number of eight hundred Europeans and two thousand natives, under the orders of the Baron Van Imhoff, proceeded to _Kámpung Gáding Meláti_, where the Chinese under _Si-Panjang_ had entrenched themselves in considerable numbers, and soon drove them from this position. The Chinese then retreated to _Paning'-gáran_, where also they were defeated. The loss of the latter affair was on the part of the Dutch four hundred and fifty, on that of the Chinese eight hundred."

While these transactions were going on at Batavia, many of the _Bopátis_ of the coast provinces had arrived at _Kérta Súra_, to present themselves at court, according to custom, at the ensuing _múlud_. The _Bopáti_ of _Demák_ informed the minister, _Nála Kasúma_, that before he quitted his district, the Chinese, in considerable numbers, had assembled in arms and elected a chief of their own nation, named _Síngseh_. The _Bopáti_ of _Grobógan_ also reported, that the same thing had taken place in his district, in consequence of their having heard that the Dutch at Batavia were determined to destroy every Chinese on the island. On this the minister waited upon the _Susúnan_, and informed him of these commotions. The _Susúnan_ replied, that he had already heard of what was going on at Batavia, and was much surprized that the general had not sent him any intimation of the insurrection. The _Ráden Adipáti_ observed, that perhaps it would not come to any thing, and that very probably the disturbance would subside of itself. To this the _Susúnan_ replied: "if so, it was well; but if the war was brought into his country, what was he to do? He feared this was to be apprehended, or why should the Chinese on his lands be thus preparing to defend themselves against the Dutch. It is proper at any rate," added the _Susúnan_, "that we should agree with all the _Bopátis_ who were assembled, whether it would be most advisable to assist the Dutch or the Chinese, for if the war is to be brought into my country, it appears to me that this point must soon be determined. In the mean time should this event happen, let them fight between themselves, don't let us interfere or assist: don't drive the Chinese away." On this the _Ráden Adipáti_ observed, "that if the general requested their assistance, they were bound, according to treaty, to afford it." The _Susúnan_ replied, "if the general requests assistance from me in men, it is an easy matter, and we can readily chuse the right course, but he must not force me to render assistance." The _Ráden Adipáti_ then said, "as this was the wish of the prince, he would assemble the chiefs and be ready to give assistance to the Dutch, should they request it." The _Susúnan_ replied, "very well, let them agree how to act."

The _Ráden Adipáti_ then proceeded to his house, where, assembling the chiefs, the point was discussed as follows. The _Ráden Adipáti_ having informed them of the desire of the _Susúnan_, that they should agree how to act, in the event of the war between the Chinese and Dutch being brought into the _Susúnan's_ country, whether they should assist the Dutch or the Chinese. The _Adipáti_ of _Pakalóng'an_, _Jáya Níngrat_, first delivered his sentiments. "I think it is best," said he, "that the _Susúnan_ should assist the Dutch, but on condition they should release him from all the burthens which have been imposed upon his ancestors." The _Ráden Adipáti_ said, "That is good; but I must remain of opinion, that the Chinese who are on Java do not concern our affairs as to the Dutch: they are not under my orders; they are only engaged in trade; they have done good, and brought profit to Java: why must we assist the Dutch, and destroy the Chinese?" _Depáti Jáya Nígrat_ replied, "It is true the Chinese do not interfere with our business, and it is our own fault that we have any thing to do with the Dutch. Is it not better to take this opportunity of ridding the _Susúnan_ of the exactions he is under to the Dutch? Let us assist them; they are strongest. The Dutch are as iron, the Chinese as tin: therefore it is better to assist the party most likely to be victorious." The _Ráden Adipáti_ observed, "that it was on account of the Dutch being so strong that he thought it wrong to assist them; for," added he, "if we do they will only become more powerful and great, when perhaps we shall not be able to oppose them, and must remain entirely at their mercy. Is it not better, therefore, to destroy their strength while they are not too powerful for us?" The _Depáti Jáya Níngrat_ then said, "If on this account we do not like to assist the Dutch, let us not assist the Chinese, but remain neutral, and leave them to fight it out among themselves." The _Ráden Adipáti_ said, "That would not be according to the will of the _Susúnan_: he wishes to take part with one or the other, and he only asks which." The other _Bopátis_ inclined to the advice of _Jáya Níngrat_; but observing the desire of the _Ráden Adipáti_ to assist the Chinese, were silent, concluding that the part he took was in conformity with the wish of the _Susúnan_. The _Tumúng'gung_ of _Grobogán_, _Ráden Mérta Púra_, then said, "We are as the people who bear two burthens: the Dutch are on the right shoulder, the Chinese on the left; if we throw off one the other still remains. If we can accomplish it, why should we not get rid of both? In the first instance, let us assist the Chinese, and get rid of the Dutch; when that is done we can easily get rid of the Chinese also." _Depáti Jáya Ningrat_ replied, "It is very well for you to wish this, but perhaps you are not sufficiently strong to effect it. In an affair of this importance we should consider the consequences. If we succeed, it is well; but if we destroy one party we commit an offence against the Almighty: what then if we destroy both parties, who have done us no harm? You must have read in history what has happened in the land of Java, and what occurred to those who injured others who did not offend them. Recollect, for instance, the case of _Jaing Rána_ of _Surabáya_, who was put to death unjustly: was his death not avenged, and for this one innocent life was there not afterwards a retribution of sixteen lives?" _Mérta Púra_ was embarrassed, and knew not what answer to make. The _Ráden Adipáti_ laughed, and was followed by all the chiefs; he afterwards said, "This is the effect of experience. _Mérta Púra_ is a young man, and not able to contend in argument with _Adipáti Jáya Níngrat_, his elder." However, _Ráden Mérta Púra_, taking a cup of tea, recollected himself, and prepared to reply. After drinking the tea, and replacing the cup, he immediately addressed _Adipáti Jáya Níngrat_: "How can you talk thus? Is it not better to finish the business at once, and not by halves? Of what use is it to talk of precedents? What was the case formerly is one thing; the present affair is altogether different: they cannot be compared together. We have now our own master, whose wishes we must follow. We must make a new example, and leave others to act up to it." The _Ráden Adipáti_ then demanded of all the other _Bopátis_ their opinion in this affair, to which they replied, "Let us advise the _Susúnan_ to follow his own inclination, either to assist the Dutch according to treaty, on condition that they cancel all obligations, &c. on the part of the _Susúnan_ to the Dutch, or to assist the Chinese in destroying the Dutch, and after that to get rid of the Chinese altogether, or allow them to remain, as the _Susúnan_ may think proper."

This opinion was on the next day carried to the _Susúnan_ by the _Ráden Adipáti_, who further suggested, that it would be well to encourage the Chinese to act against the Dutch; that when the war took place it would be easy to perceive which was the best side to assist, and that the _Susúnan_ should appear to remain neutral for the present. The _Susúnan_ having listened to this advice approved of it. He in consequence directed that _Mérta Púra_ should quietly return to his province, and should encourage the Chinese to act against the Dutch, and promise them, that in the event of their success the _Susúnan_ would join them. He also directed that the other _Bopátis_ should make preparations for collecting their forces.

In pursuance of these orders _Mérta Púra_ secretly proceeded to _Grobógan_, and communicated with the chiefs who had been elected by the Chinese, named _Inchi Máchan_ and _Múda Tik_. The Chinese of _Grobógan_ immediately wrote to _Síngseh_, the chief at _Tánjung Welakan_, who was equally pleased with this promise of support. The Chinese from _Grobógan_ then went and joined those at _Tánjung Walákan_, it being arranged that _Mérta Púra_ should make a sham attack upon them, from which they should appear to fly.

_Mérta Púra_ then wrote to the Dutch commander at _Semárang_, telling him that he had orders from the minister to attack the Chinese, and requesting to be supplied with ammunition, which was immediately sent. The Dutch were completely deceived. They furnished _Mérta Púra_ with twenty muskets, eight carbines and eight pistols, and eight barrels of powder: they also sent thirty Dutch soldiers. _Mérta Púra_ commenced the attack before they came, and thus secured the retreat of the Chinese. On this occasion he shot three horses with ball, and shewed them to the Dutch as having been wounded under him.

In the mean time the commandant at _Semárang_, deceived by the assurances of _Mérta Púra_, requested the officers at _Kérta Súra_ to call upon the _Susúnan_ for assistance. He directed that _Mértu Púra_ should be reinforced, but that the chief who commanded the party should receive secret instructions not to annoy the Chinese in earnest, but to act as _Mérta Púra_ had done. With respect to the Chinese at _Kérta Púra_, he directed that they should be informed that on the next morning the Javans would make a sham attack upon them, when they must retreat and join a party of Chinese assembled at the _Désa Sarója_ in _Kedú_, to which place they would be pursued, and from whence the Javan chief was to return, saying, that on account of their numbers he could advance no further.

Secret orders to this effect were immediately given to all the chiefs. The _Adipátis_ of _Páti_, _Demák_, and _Kedú_ were at the same time directed to go and make a false attack upon the Chinese at _Tánjung Waláhan_, and afterwards to retreat to _Semárang_, as if beaten, in order that the commander might believe that the _Susúnan_ was determined to assist the Dutch.

The captain and lieutenant of the Chinese at _Semárang_ having been put in confinement by the commandant, all the Chinese at that place joined their countrymen at _Tánjung Waláhan_. The Chinese then moved to _Kárang Anyer_, where they were attacked. The Javans retreated to _Semárang_, and were assisted by the Dutch. The chief, _Síngseh_, in concert with _Mérta Púra_, now laid siege to _Semárang_.

The commander at _Kérta Súra_ requested assistance against the Chinese at _Ambaráwa_, which was granted, with the same instruction to the chiefs as in the former instances. These marched as far as _Salíatga_, where they held secret communication with the Chinese; but the chief, _Aria Pringaláya_, caused ten Chinese to be put to death while both parties were about to meet privately, and sent the ten heads to _Kérta Súra_, which were delivered to the commandant. This at first exasperated the Chinese leader at _Semárang_, but he was soon pacified.

At this time the _Susúnan_ discovered that one of the sons of _Mangkúrat Mas_, _Tépa Sána_, was carrying on an intrigue with the commandant of the fort at _Kérta Súra_, and caused him to be bow-stringed. _Wíra Méja_ and _Ráden Garendi_, the two sons of _Tépa Sána_, with his other relations, joined _Pangéran Wíra Meng'ala_, and quitted _Kérta Súra_: they were well received by the Chinese.

The Chinese, besides laying siege to _Semárang_, had also by this time taken and destroyed _Rémbang_. _Jawána_ and _Demák_ were abandoned by the Dutch troops, and a want of provisions was felt through the country.

Affairs had come to this pass, when the _Susúnan_ resolved to massacre the Dutch garrison at _Kérta Súra_. The Javans were collected under the fort, as by order from the _Susúnan_, in readiness to march against the Chinese, when one of them who had entered within the walls fired a shot. The cry of _amók_ was given, and many lives were lost on both sides; but the plan did not succeed, and it was not till after he was reinforced by the Chinese that he could effect his object. On the renewal of the attack, the garrison was compelled to surrender. The commanding officer and some others were barbarously murdered in cold blood; the rest of the troops, with their wives and children, made prisoners, and distributed among the Javans: the greatest part of the men being circumcised and forced to adopt the Mahomedan religion.

The Dutch authorities, in endeavouring to account for this act, incline to an opinion that the _Susúnan_ was (not without an appearance of probability) immediately impelled to it by many acts of oppression and injustice exercised against his subjects, by a total disregard of all his representations for redress, by an evident intention on the part of the Dutch to become masters of the whole island, and by the harsh and uncivil conduct of the Resident towards the first men of the court, which was the more obnoxious from his being the son of a Javan woman, and for that reason, and the illegitimacy of his birth, much despised by the natives.

When this intelligence reached _Semárang_, the Dutch began to open their eyes. The first step that was taken was to pass a decree, absolving the _Pangéran_ of _Madúra_ from his allegiance to the _Susúnan_. This decree was formally signed by the government of _Semárang_, and accepted by the _Pangéran_, who being married to a sister of the _Susúnan_, returned his wife back to her brother. No sooner had he declared himself the ally of the Dutch, than he ordered all the Chinese on the island of _Madúra_ to be put to death, and embarking his forces immediately, took possession of _Sidáyu_, _Tuban_, _Jípang_, and _Lamúng'an_. At _Grésik_ about four hundred Chinese were put to death.

The Chinese, in the meantime, finding themselves reinforced by the Javans, spread over the whole country without encountering opposition, and laid siege at the same time to nearly all the Company's settlements along the coast, from _Tégál_ to _Pasúruan_.

After many feeble and unskilful attacks on the fort of _Semárang_, and the loss of many lives, the united forces of the Javans and Chinese were compelled to raise the siege.

A negociation was now brought about by means of the _Pangéran_ of _Madúra_, who represented to the Dutch that the attack upon the fort, as well as the subsequent part taken by the Javans, was solely at the instigation of the minister, _Náta Kasúma_, and that the _Susúnan_ himself was personally averse to these measures. The _Susúnan_, according to the Dutch accounts, regretted the precipitate steps he had taken, either as beginning to fear that the Dutch might again, as in former wars, obtain the ascendancy, and make him pay dear for his temerity; or, which appeared to him most likely, apprehending that the Chinese, who, though comparatively few and unused to arms, had hitherto taken the lead in every affair of consequence, and evinced their superiority to the Javans in ability and courage, should become too powerful, and might, in concert with some discontented chiefs, think fit to depose him. From one or other, or both of these motives, the _Susúnan_ desired to renew his alliance with the Dutch.

The Dutch, on their part, considering the precarious state of the time and circumstances, found it advisable to enter into amicable relations, and accordingly concluded a peace, by which were ceded to them the island of _Madúra_, the sea-coast, and _Surabáya_, with all the districts to the eastward, as _Balambáng'an_, and _Rembáng_, _Japára_, and _Semárang_, with all their subordinate posts.

According to the Javan accounts, this treaty was concluded without the knowledge of the minister, _Náta Kasúma_, who with the Javan and Chinese forces still lay encamped not far from _Semárang_: and it was agreed upon by the _Susúnan_, at the request of the Dutch, that the Chinese should be kept in ignorance of what was passing, in order that they might be the more easily massacred by their supposed friends the Javans. _Náta Kasúma_, however, no sooner heard of the conditions on which the peace had been concluded, and of the intention to massacre the Chinese, than he took part with them, and revealed the whole plot. To preserve appearances, however, he made a sham attack on the Chinese, in which the sick alone were sacrificed. The rest moved off unmolested to the eastward, meditating vengeance against the _Susúnan_, by whom they had been thus deserted. Their principal force was now assembled in the districts of _Páti_ and _Jawána_, where they were joined by many of the chiefs who had hitherto been attached to their cause. Here they proclaimed as _Susúnan Ráden Mas Garéndi_, son of _Pangéran Tépa Sána_, who had recently been put to death by the _Susúnan_, and grandson of _Susúnan Mangkurat Mas_, who had died at Ceylon. He assumed the title of _Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas Prábu Kúning_, but is usually distinguished by the name of _Susúnan Kúning_. This prince was about ten years of age, and therefore the transactions which ensued are to be attributed to his ministers, _Mangunónang_ and _Mérta Púra_, and to the Chinese chiefs, _Síngsih_ and _Pánjang_.

_Náta Kasúma_, the minister, still feigning allegiance, returned to _Kérta Súra_; but the part he had taken being discovered, he was sent to _Semárang_ on a false mission, as was customary in such cases, and there entrapped by the Dutch and conveyed to Ceylon.

The Chinese, with their emperor, now marched with great expedition to _Kérta Súra_, in order to attack the _Susúnan_, and met with but little resistance. The troops of the _Susúnan_, under the command of _Ráden Prínga Láya_, were defeated, _Kérta Súra_ was surprised, and the _Susúnan_ was obliged to leave his court, and treasures to the enemy. His queen, sister, and children, on horseback, together with his mother, carried by two Europeans, under the conduct of two Dutch officers, through a back gate of the _dálam_, were pursued and overtaken. The _Susúnan_ and the hereditary prince only were enabled to save themselves by flight.

It was not likely that an alliance between the Chinese and Javans, people so different and hostile to each other, could be of any long duration. While the Chinese became relaxed in their discipline, and indulged in every species of irregularity, the fugitive emperor, being now joined by the Dutch and _Madurese_, received the submission of many of the rebel chiefs, and pardoned them; but he refused to pay attention to the offers of submission made by the Chinese. The prince of _Madúra_, at length, succeeded in making himself master of _Kérta Súra_, from whence the _Susúnan Kuning_ was obliged to fly, after a reign of four months.

The Chinese being afterwards defeated in a pitched battle at _Asém_, retreated to _Brambánan_, and the _Susúnan_ again arrived in his capital. When, however, the prince of _Madúra_, who was by no means well inclined to the _Susúnan_, found himself in possession of _Kérta Súra_, he made an attempt to raise to the throne _Pangéran Angebai_, the _Susúnan's_ brother. The _Susúnan_ was once more obliged to quit his capital, and it was not until after much negociation between the Dutch and the Javans, that he was re-established. Whether this attempt on the part of the Madurese prince was serious, or only intended to render the sovereign more complying to the demands of his allies, is not known. The negociation, however, as was usual in similar cases, turned out highly advantageous to the Dutch interests, a treaty being dictated by them without the walls of the palace, and before the prince was permitted to enter it.

The Chinese, who had meanwhile remained at _Brambánan_ unmolested for two whole months, were now joined by _Páku Nagára_, a man noted among the Javans for his eminent abilities, and distinguished afterwards for the conspicuous part he acted in what is called "the war of Java," and through his means the party were enabled still to make a stand: they were at length, however, defeated by the Dutch troops, and compelled to retreat over the southern hills. A general amnesty being proclaimed, and the Chinese having availed themselves of it, the ex-emperor at length surrendered to the Dutch at _Surabáya_, by whom he was banished to Ceylon, where he died. This event happened in the Javan year 1667, and terminated the Chinese war.

After a few months the _Susúnan_, in conformity with ancient custom, removed the seat of government from _Kérta Súra_ to the village of _Solo_, about six miles distant, where a palace was built. The new capital was called _Súra Kérta_, and is the present residence of the emperors of Java.

On the subsequent accession of Mr. Imhoff to the post of governor-general, he was of opinion that, notwithstanding the favourable terms of the treaties granted by the _Susúnan_, sufficient atonement had not been made to the Dutch nation for the outrage committed against the Christian religion, and the barbarous treatment of the garrison of _Kérta Súra_. He therefore required that the two principal ringleaders should be delivered up and punished; and to ensure compliance, measures were taken for seizing upon the _Susúnan_ and his son, and bestowing the throne on the eldest son of _Pangéran Mángku Nagára_. But the _Susúnan_ thought it prudent to comply, and delivered over two priests to the Dutch; and a new treaty was on this occasion concluded with the _Susúnan_.

Fresh disturbances soon succeeded. The _Pangéran_ of _Madúra_, _Chákra Deníngrat_, a man of a selfish and haughty character, considered himself, in consequence of the part he had taken, so far exalted above the other chiefs, that he neglected to make his annual appearance at court. Of this the _Susúnan_ complained to the Dutch, who interfered, but without effect. The _Pangéran_, who, as before stated, had taken possession of the provinces of _Sidáya_, _Túban_, _Jípang_, and _Lamúng'an_, now refused to restore them either to the _Susúnan_ or the Dutch, to whom they had been ceded, claiming them, as well as all the plunder he had obtained at _Kérta Súra_, as conquered property. Determined to keep them by force, he engaged in his service a number of men from _Báli_, and fortified the island _Menári_, so as to command the harbour of _Surabáya_.

He now commenced open hostilities by attacking a Dutch vessel, and putting to death several European seamen. Two thousand Madúrese entered the district of _Surabáya_, burnt some villages, and laid the country waste; and five thousand _Bálians_ were posted on the frontiers of _Pamakásan_. After having been twice or thrice defeated, the _Pangéran_ made a sudden attack upon _Súmenap_ and _Pamakásan_, and gained a complete victory over the natives fighting under a Dutch commander, who lost six thousand men on the occasion, the chief being obliged to fly the country.

It was not long before the Dutch regained possession of _Súmenap_ and _Pamakásan_, on which occasion a brother-in-law of the _Pangéran_, with two chiefs, submitted to them; but the Dutch troops were no sooner withdrawn, than those provinces again fell under the authority of the _Pangéran_, who laid them waste with fire and sword. The Dutch tried in vain to dislodge him. _Rémbang_ was now besieged by an army of fire thousand Madúrese and Javans. _Lásém_, _Pájang-kungung_, and all the villages as far as _Paradésa_, were in possession of the _Pangéran_, who made himself master also of the fort of _Rémbang_, and of the building yard established there; but his fortune suddenly changed. The prince was, in his turn, defeated in several engagements, and at length compelled to fly from Java; and the Dutch forces landing on _Madúra_, took the capital _Sámpang_, by storm, and in a short time made themselves masters of the whole island.

In this extremity, the prince of _Madúra_ still refused to come to terms, and went with his sons, _Sásra_ and _Rána Deníngrat_, to _Banjermásin_ on Borneo, where he engaged his passage on board an English ship bound to Bencoolen; to which place he had previously, on his affairs taking an unfavourable turn, sent his son, _Ráden Tumúng'gung Wíra Deníngrat_, to request assistance from the English, and procure men and warlike stores. His plan, however, of proceeding to Bencoolen was frustrated; for the sultan of _Banjermásin_, on application from the Dutch, sent him, with his son _Sásra_, to Batavia, whence the father was banished to the Cape of Good Hope, and the son to Ceylon.

In effecting a settlement of the country, the Dutch were compelled to appoint another son of this prince, _Súra Diníngrat_, to succeed as chief of _Madúra_, under the name of _Sécha Deníngrat_. In the year 1758, this chief was also appointed _Widána_, or chief, of several of the eastern districts.

But, however these successes on the part of the Dutch might tend to the immediate tranquillity of the country, the authority of the _Susúnan_ had been seriously shaken. The prince possessed neither the esteem nor attachment of his subjects. To his evil star it was attributed that the empire had not only lost much of its ancient grandeur, but was brought to the brink of ruin. The chiefs no longer placed any confidence in him; they despised the man who had granted such humiliating terms to the Dutch, and who, to obtain their temporary aid, had thus sacrificed the permanent integrity of the empire: they, therefore, were inclined to make an effort to regain what had been lost.

The principal character and prime mover in this rebellion was the _Pangéran Mungkubúmi_, a younger brother of the _Susúnan_. During the Chinese war he had obtained considerable experience, and was distinguished for boldness and enterprize of character. On the Chinese being driven from _Kérta Súra_, he had thrown himself on the protection of the Dutch, and was now residing with his brother at _Kérta Súra_. Next to _Mangkubúmi_, the most prominent character in the war of Java was _Páku Nagára_, who was also called _Mas Sáyed_ but perhaps better known as the grandfather of _Práng Widóno_. After the defeat of the Chinese at _Brambánan_, this prince had also returned to court; but being coldly received, again reared the standard of revolt, and escaping into the southern mountains assumed the title of _Susúnan Adi Prakúsa_.

_Mangunónang_, the minister of _Susúnan Kúning_, and _Mérta Púra_, had established themselves in the province of _Sukawáti_, refusing to come into any terms. They invited _Mangkabúmi_ to come over to them, and promised their assistance in raising him to the throne. _Mangkubúmi_ accepted their invitation; but finding himself deceived by them, he, by his own exertions and those of the son of _Mérta Púra_, obtained possession of that province, and established himself under the title of _Pangéran Adipáti_ of _Sukawáti_. He was, however, afterwards induced to listen to terms offered him by the _Susúnan_, who again received him into favour, and conferred upon him the independent government of _Sukawáti_. But these terms were not granted by the emperor without exciting the jealousy and apprehensions of the minister _Prínga Láya_, who easily availed himself of an early opportunity, when the Governor-General, Van Imhoff, was on a visit to _Súra Kértá_, to represent the danger arising from any subject possessing so independent and extensive authority, as that recently granted by the _Susúnan_ to _Mangkubúmi_.

It was accordingly determined to deprive _Mangkubúmi_ of this tract of country, and the resolution was personally communicated to him in the hall of audience. The chief feigned obedience; but in the course of the night, secretly quitted the capital, and assembling his party proceeded to _Sukawáti_, where he again reared the standard of rebellion. From the flight of this prince is dated what is usually termed the war of Java, which took place in the Javan year 1671.

The Dutch now took an active part in the war, but found that they had enemies to contend with who possessed considerable ability and enterprize, and who in the past disturbances of the country had gained much experience. _Páku Nagára_ was, in the first instance, defeated, and fled for protection to _Mangkubúmi_, who received him kindly, gave him his daughter, _Rátu Bandára_, in marriage, and appointed him his _Pateh_, or minister. The united forces of these two chiefs resisted the attacks of the Dutch for about twelve months, when _Mangkubúmi_ assumed the title of _Susúnan Matárem_; but a dispute arising between him and _Páku Nagára_, who demanded his own nomination as presumptive successor, _Mangkubúmi_ took back his daughter, and the chiefs parted in enmity.

While _Mangkubúmi_ lay with his forces at _Bunáran_, a village on the south coast, and distant about ten miles from the present _Yúgya Kérta_, intelligence was received of the death of the _Susúnan_; and such was the extensive power of _Mangkubúmi_ at the time, that the body of the deceased could not be removed to the consecrated burial place at _Megíri_ in the southern hills, on account of his forces, and was in consequence interred near the tomb of _Jáka Tíngker_, sultan of _Pájang_, at _Lawian_, near _Súra Kérta_, whence this prince received the appellation of _Susúnan Séda Lawigan_.

_Mangkubúmi_ had evinced a desire to come to terms, and gave assurances to the governor of his attachment to the Dutch, but demanded that his son should be proclaimed _Pangéran Adipáti Matárem_ (heir apparent); a condition to which the Dutch would not listen.

The reduced state of the _Susúnan's_ authority before his death, and the distracted condition of affairs, afforded an opportunity too favourable to be overlooked by the Dutch, of at once attaining the grand object of all their political interference, the sovereignty of the country. A weak prince on his death-bed was, under existing circumstances, easily brought to any terms, in the hope of continuing even the nominal succession in his family. He was compelled, by a formal official deed, "to abdicate for himself and his heirs, the sovereignty of the country, conferring the same on the Dutch East India Company, and leaving it to them to dispose of it, in future, to any person they might think competent to govern it for the benefit of the Company and of Java." After recommending his children, and especially the heir apparent, to the protection of the governor, the unfortunate monarch expired. This singular and important deed was dated on the 11th December, 1749.[278]

From this deed is derived the right by which the Dutch East India Company subsequently granted in _fee_ to the native princes, the administration of those provinces which still continued under native government.

On the death of this unfortunate prince, _Mangkubúmi_ caused himself to be formally proclaimed _Susúnan Pakubúana Senapáti Matárem_, in the presence of a more numerous assemblage of the princes and chiefs than attended the investiture of the new _Susúnan_ raised by the Dutch. He sent ambassadors to the Dutch governor with many assurances of attachment and fidelity, requesting to be acknowledged as sovereign, and soliciting that the body of the deceased might be delivered to him, for the purpose of solemn interment.

The son of the deceased _Susúnan_, however, was preferred, and at the age of nine years was raised to the throne, under the title of _Pakubúana_ the third.

The enmity of the rebellious chiefs to each other soon vented itself in open hostility, and a pitched battle ensued, in which _Mangkubúmi_ was defeated and driven to the westward. Soon, however, recruiting his forces, he returned, and had two successful engagements with the Dutch, one at _Jánar_, a village in _Báglen_, the other at _Tídar_, a hill in _Kedú_. In the battle of _Jánár_ the Javan forces allowed the brunt of the action to fall upon the Dutch, who were completely routed: of those who had escaped the sword many were drowned in an adjoining marsh, and the rest were murdered in great numbers by the country people. The affair of _Tídar_ was of less importance. The forces of _Mangkubúmi_ were sometimes reduced to a few hundred, and at other times amounted to as many thousands, the chiefs and people deserting him in his distress, and flocking to him in his prosperity. After three victories obtained over the Dutch, he marched towards the northern coast, fell upon _Pakalóng'an_, and plundered the place.

_Mangkubúmi_ now carried all before him, and was once at the gates of _Sólo_, which capital the Javans represent to have been saved from plunder by the superstitious veneration for the gun _niái stómi_, which the rebels no sooner descried on the _alun-alun_ than they sounded a retreat. The Dutch, in the hope of allaying his displeasure, had given the _Susúnan_ the choice of his officers of state, and prohibited the resident from taking his seat on the throne with him (an indelicate assumption which had previously given the greatest disgust to the Javans); but after nine years of harassing warfare it was still found impracticable to reduce the rebellious chiefs, or to restore the country to order. The Dutch, therefore, availing himself of the abdication in their favour executed by the deceased _Susúnan_, listened to the proposals of _Mangkubúmi_, who offered peace, on condition that one half of Java should be ceded to him. A meeting took place at _Gingánti_, a village not far distant from _Súra-kérta_, at which were present the _Susúnan_, _Mangkubúmi_, and the governor of the north-east coast of Java, when a treaty was signed.

One of the conditions of this treaty was, that _Mangkubúmi_ should use his utmost exertions to subdue _Páku Nagára_. In conformity with this condition he immediately proceeded against him; but _Páku Nagára_ making his appearance with his whole force, obliged him to retreat and conceal himself in a cavern, while his troops, flying in every direction, allowed his camp to be burned. _Mangkubúmi_, however, soon collected his forces again. The Dutch offered a reward for the head of _Páku Nagára_, who was obliged to proceed to the eastward, being pursued and his whole force finally overthrown. He still refused to submit, and the celebrity of his name and exploits was sufficient to recruit his ranks.

In the year A.D. 1755, _Mangkubúmi_ was solemnly proclaimed by the Dutch Governor, under the title of _Súltan Amangkubuána Sénapáti Ingalága Abdul Ráchman Sahédin Panatagáma Kulifatólah_.

The united forces of the _Susúnan_ and _Sultan_ now resumed the attack upon _Páku Nagára_; several of his chiefs were forced to submit, and he himself, after having prolonged the war for upwards of two years, seeing no _favourable_ chance or hope of ultimate success, at last sent his brother to the _Susúnan_, requesting that certain districts and the southern mountains might be granted to him for his support, promising on that condition to lead a quiet and peaceable life for the future. In reply to this he was informed, that the partition of the lands had already taken place; that part of these lands might, however, be granted, but that it was first necessary he should make his appearance at court. To this he assented; and it being stipulated that the _Susúnan_ should pay him the compliment of receiving him at the distance of half an hour's walk from _Sura-kérta_, he came in, and throwing himself at the feet of the _Susúnan_ was kindly raised again, desired to sit on the bench, and assured that he had nothing to apprehend.

Peace was then concluded, on the conditions that _Páku Nagára_, commonly called _Mas Sáyed_, should assume the rank and title of _Pangéran Adipáti Mangku Nágara_, with an assignment of land to the extent of four thousand _cháchas_, in the districts of _Kadwang_, _Malésa_, and the southern mountains.

Thus ended, in the year 1758, a war which had lasted twelve years, in which the finest provinces of the island were laid waste, thousands slain on both sides, and the independence of the empire finally annihilated. The expenses incurred by the Dutch on account of the war, from the year 1746 until the peace, amounted to 4,286,006. 12. 8. florins; but, in the result, they acquired, if not the acknowledged sovereignty of the whole island, at least an effectual control over its future administration.

The _Susúnan_, on his death, was succeeded, in the Javan year 1714, by his son, the present _Susúnan_, under the title of _Susúnan Pakubuána_ the fourth.

The sultan established his capital a few miles distant from the ancient capital of _Matárem_, at _Yúgya-kérta_ (_Djocjo Carta_) the present residence of his successors. He died, after a long reign, in the Javan year 1718, and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, under the title of _Amangkubuána_ the second. This prince was deposed by the British government in the year 1812, and succeeded by his son, _Amangkubuána_ the third, who dying, was again succeeded, in 1815, by his son, a child of nine years of age, the present sultan, _Amangkubuána_ the fourth.

_Pangéran Prang Widóno_, still residing at _Súra Kérta_, is the grandson of _Pangéran Adipáti Mángku Nagára_, and continues to enjoy the independent administration of the lands assigned to him at the settlement in 1758.

By the final settlement of the country in 1758 the Dutch reserved to themselves the direct administration of all the provinces lying on the northern sea-coast, from _Chéribon_ to the eastern extremity of the island of _Madúra_; but the inland and southern provinces stretching from the islands of _Chéribon_ to _Málang_, were restored to the native princes, between whom the lands were divided in nearly equal portions by _cháchas_, according to the population and the peculiar usage of the country, four thousand _cháchas_ from the share of the _Susúnan_ being set apart for _Mangku Nagára_.

The terms on which the successors of these princes were permitted to exercise the sovereignty, suffered no material alteration until the year 1808, when Marshal Daendels officially declared that the clauses of the existing treaties, by which those princes held their territory in fee from the Dutch, were void, and that in future he should consider them as independent princes, having no other relation to the European government than such as must of necessity exist between a weaker and stronger state in the immediate neighbourhood of each other. At this time the court of _Yúgya Kérta_, sensible of owing its establishment chiefly to the military success of its founder, and the weakness of the Dutch and the _Susúnan_, and that it never fully submitted to the terms of the treaty of 1755 (which it is even stated were imposed upon the sovereign by a false translation in the Javan language) evinced a desire of independence and an appearance of internal strength, which called for the immediate interference of the European authority. Marshal Daendels, therefore, marched to _Yúgya Kérta_ with a considerable force, and a negociation being opened, a treaty was entered into, by which the reigning sultan consented to resign the administration of the country into the hands of his son, who was appointed to exercise the same under the title of regent, and to cede certain provinces.

But the stipulations of this treaty, thus entered into, had not been carried into effect, when in the month of August, 1811, the British forces arrived in Java. The sultan, it is true, had ostensibly resigned the administration to his son, but he still took his usual place on the throne, and not one of the districts ceded by treaty to the Dutch had then been actually transferred.

FOOTNOTES:

[272] A Dutch officer is accused of having purloined it.

[273] From the circumstance of this installation having taken place at _Semárang_, two _wóringen_ trees are allowed to distinguish the _alun alun_ of the regent.

[274] Contract with M. de Wilde.

[275] The native writers relate a strange proceeding of the Dutch commandant in this war.

"As soon as the Dutch commander arrived at _Pasúruan_ he assembled the people, and offered a reward of one thousand dollars to any one who would bring him the body of the deceased chief _Sarapáti_. The body was accordingly brought in a perfect state of preservation, on which the commandant ordered it to be placed upright in a chair, as if still living. He then approached it, took it by the hand, and made his obeisance to it as to a living person: all the officers and men followed the example. After this they burnt the body, and having mixed the ashes with gunpowder, fired a salute with it in honour of the victory."

[276] A village in the vicinity of Batavia.

[277] Meaning, "ability was now inclined to move or shake mankind."

[278] During the reign of this prince, on the 9th of September 1738, a contract was entered into between the Dutch and the sultan of Bantam, of which the following were the chief articles.

1st. The Dutch having deemed it necessary to send a detachment to _Lampung Túlang Báwang_, in order to save that province from total ruin, the sultan promised to cause a fort, or _páger_, to be erected at his expense, on the spot which should be deemed most eligible for that purpose, either on the _Palembang_ river, or any where else.

2d. That the sultan should keep this fort in constant repair at his own expense.

3d. That the sultan should repay to the Dutch the expense of maintaining a small establishment, consisting of a resident, a commandant, one sergeant, two corporals, twenty-four privates, one drummer, and three artillery men.

4th. That the ground on which the fort was to be built, should be ceded to the Dutch, with an extent of one hundred roods in every direction. This ground to revert back to the sultan, in the event of the Dutch establishment breaking up, in the same manner as had taken place in regard to _Lampung Samángka_.

6th. With a view to hold out due encouragement to the industry of the _Lampung_ people, it was agreed that, previously to exporting their pepper to _Bantam_, they should state the quantity to the Company's resident, who should furnish them with a certificate, enabling them to obtain early payment, pursuant to the existing contracts.

7th. The Company's servants at _Bantam_ and _Lampung Túlang Báwang_, were authorized to confiscate any quantity of pepper which was exported from the latter place, unprovided with a certificate from the resident.

LINE OF THE MAHOMEDAN SOVEREIGNS OF JAVA,

_Who have ruled subsequently to the Destruction of the Hindu Government of Majapáhit down to the Javan Year 1742, corresponding with the Christian Year 1815._

SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.

Began to Reign. A.J. A.D. _At Demák, from A.J. 1400 to 1503._

1403 1477 Ráden Pátah Adipáti Jimbun.

1455 1519 Pangérang Sábrang Lor.

1457 1533 Súltan Bintára, or Trang'gána, often called Sultan Demák.

_At Pájang, from 1503 to 1540._

1503 1577 Jáka Tíngkir, Sultan Pajang.

1532 1606 Adipáti Demák.

_At Matárem, from 1540 to 1600._

1540 1614 Panambáhan Senapáti.

1550 1624 Súltan Séda Krápiah.

1562 1636 Ráden Ránsang, also called Súltan Agung, or Súltan Kérta.

1585 1659 Mangkúrat, commonly called Séda Tegál-árum.

_At Kérta Súra, from 1603 to 1675._

1603 1677 Susúnan Mangkúrat the second.

1627 1701 Susúnan Mangkúrat Mas.

1630 1704 Pangéran Púgar, usually called Susúnan Pakubúana the first.

1643 1717 Susúnan Prabu Amangkúrat.

1672 1746 Susúnan Séda Langkúnan, also called Susúnan Pakubúana the second.

Susúnan Pakubúana the second removed the seat of government to Sura Kerta in 1675.

_At Sura Kérta, in 1675._

Susúnan Pakubúana second (continued.)

1675 1742 Susúnan Pakubúana third, in whose reign the empire was divided into the two kingdoms of _Súra Kérta_ and _Yúgya Kérta_.

_At Súra Kérta._ | _At Yúgya Kérta._ | | A.J. A.D. | Susúnan Pakúbuan | 1612 1756 Sultan Amangkubúana third (continued.) | first. | A.J. A.D. | ---- ---- Sultan Amangkubúana | second. 1714 1788 Susúnan Pakubúana | the fourth and | ---- ---- Sultan Amangkubúana present Susúnan. | third. | | 1741 1815 Sultan Amangkubúana | fourth, and present | sultan.

Sovereigns of Demák 4 of Pajang 2 of Matárem 4 of Kérta Súra 4 of Súra Kérta 4

The present Susúnan is consequently the eighteenth in succession from the first Mahomedan sovereign, and not perhaps less than the fortieth from the first Hindu prince. The average reign during the Mahomedan government is nineteen years. Taking the same average for the period of the Hindu government, its origin would be four hundred and eighteen years anterior to the destruction of _Majapáhit_, A. J. 1400, and may be referred to the close of the tenth century of the Javan era, or the middle of the eleventh century of the Christian era.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS,

_Which have occurred in Java (from the Traditions and Records of the Javans.)_

1 Arrival of _Aji Sáka_ in Java.

10 The date of (or probable _Núsa Bárong_. establishment at)

-- _Núsa Tambíni_.

-- _Bawéan_.

33 The mountain _Múria_.

39 The great mountain of _Tegat_.

50 The mountain _Brómo_.

-- The mountain _Semíru_.

70 The mountain _Súmbing_.

-- The mountain _Hála Húla_.

94 The mountain _Láwu_.

118 The mountain _Bénkok_.

131 On the southern mountains.

152 The mountain _Wílis_.

175 The mountain _Pendam_.

193 The mountain _Prawáta_.

--- The mountain _Arjúna_.

195 The mountain _Ingel_.

211 Building of _Chándi Máling_.

297 The introduction of maize or Indian corn into Java.

308 The date of (or probable establishment at) The mountain _Merápi_.

343 The date of (or probable establishment at) The mountain _Anyer_.

551 Building of _Singa-sári_.

752 Death of _Niái Súka Wáti_.

808 Burning of the temples at _Gúnung Wédi_.

924 Construction of buildings in the western mountains.

It is related, that in former times the islands of Sumatra, Java, _Báli_ and _Sumbáwa_, were united, and afterwards separated into nine different parts; and it is also said, that when three thousand rainy seasons have passed away, they will be reunited.

1018 or 1188 Building of the _Chándi Séwú_, or thousand temples, at _Brambánan_.

1055 Date of _Telága Páser_ in _Banyumas_.

1067 _Randu Kuning_ in ditto.

1114 Separation of the lands of _Palémbang_ and Java.

1124 In the island of _Báli_.

1164 Appearance of _Pulo Mengaré_ (near _Surabáya_) above the sea.

1204 Separation of the lands of _Báli_ and _Balambángan_ in Java.

1217 Date of (or probable establishment at) _Pagunúngun_.

1218 Building of the temples at _Káli Bening_ near _Brambánan_.

1260 Separation of the lands of _Giling Trawángan_ and _Báli_.

1273 The fall of stones from a mountain.

1280 Separation of the island of _Séla Párang_ (also called _Lumbok_ or _Sasak_) from _Sumbáwa_.

1300 Establishment of the court of _Pajajúran_.

---- Erection of a stone temple at _Salatíga_.

1308 Construction of the tank at _Peng'ging_ near _Ambaráwa_.

1352 Date of _Telága Mengémbel_.

1360 Building of the temples at _Bóro Bódo_ in _Kedú_.

1400 Destruction of _Majapáhit_.

1403 Establishment of the court at _Demák_.

1419 Establishment of _Gegélang_.

1421 Establishment of _Surabáya_.

1423 The fall of _Bányu píndah_.

1427 The burning of _Pálok_ by women.

1432 Era of _Kaníten_.

1433 Era of the Prince of _Páti_.

1439 Destruction of _Pánjer_ by fire.

1440 Death of _Kayubrálit_.

1441 _Kajóran_ surrounded.

1443 Death of the three princes.

1448 Conquest of _Kedírí_ by _Susúnan Ingalága_.

1449 ---- of _Túban_.

1450 ---- of _Wirosári_.

1451 ---- of _Gegeláng_.

1452 ---- of _Mendáng kúngan_.

1454 The site of _Surabáya_ changed.

1455 Conquest of _Pasúruan_.

1462 ---- of _Panarúkan_.

1464 Defeat of the sons of the chiefs of _Lamúng'an_, _Blítar_, and _Wirasába_.

1465 Conquest of _Panangúngan_.

1466 ---- of _Pamenáng_.

1467 ---- of _Sing'ga_.

1468 ---- of _Balambáng'an_ and _Banyuwángi_.

1469 Conquest and burning of _Sing'ara_, a dependency of _Balambáng'an_.

1470 Conquest of _Jápan_.

1471 Arrival of the prince of _Gíri_, in the district of _Kedíri_.

1494 Foundation of the gardens of _Pungkúran_ at the foot of the mountains.

1473 Destruction by fire of _Dahá_, and the disappearance of the prince called _Prawáta_, at that place.

1474 The elevation of another prince.

1475 War of _Surowári_.

---- _Kiai Wírasóma_ proceeds to _Jípang_.

1476 The falling down of _Banyu píndah_.

1478 Conquest of the district of _Blóra_.

---- ---- of _Baléga_ in _Madúra_.

1499 Disappearance of the _Adipáti_ of _Kedíri_ and his princess, after embracing the Mahomedan religion.

1500 Conquest of _Katujan_, _Wírasába_, and _Pranarága_.

1502 Swords and javelins first made use of.

1503 The establishment of the court at _Pájang_.

1506 Occurrence of a great earthquake.

1509 First destruction of _Pájang_.

1510 Destruction of _Demák_, when the chiefs and people betook themselves to their vessels, and put to sea.

1512 _Dahá_ conquered by _Senapáti_.

1513 The people of _Jipáng_ carried into captivity after the battle of _Kalidádung_; actions in _Pasúruan_ and _Pranarága_.

1515 Construction of _Kótah Batu Púteh_ (or White-walled Castle) at _Matárem_.

1517 Battles of _Jatasári_, &c. fought by _Senapáti_.

1521 Death of _Panambáhan Senapáti_, at _Jenar_ (_Matárem_).

---- The palace at _Kérta_ being burnt, the seat of government is removed to _Púra_.

---- The _Panambáhan_ of _Chéribon_ comes to _Matárem_.

1522 The _Adipáti_ of _Pugar_, son of the _Senapáti_, removed to _Demák_, where he ascended the throne. After remaining there a year, there happened an eclipse of the sun.

1525 Sultan _Krápeak_ surrounds and attacks _Demák_.

---- While the war was carrying on at _Grésik_, Sultan _Krápeak_ died at _Matárem_.

1526 Battle of _Kaliránan_.

1532 Death of _Adipáti Mérta Láya_.

1536 The people of _Matárem_ attack _Málang_, under Sultan _Kérta_.

1540 The election of _Panambáhan Senapáti_ at _Matárem_ as Sultan.

1541 The age of _Sínga Pádu_.

1545 The Madurese war.

1547 A great sickness at _Matárem_, and the erection of the throne of _Matárem_.

1552 The war of _Páti_, and the erection of the _Matárem_ tower.

1553 The first Batavian war.

1555 The measuring of time, and the second Batavian war.

1560 The people of the eastern districts assembled at _Matárem_ to perform required services.

1561 Conquest of _Balambángan_, and submission of _Ráden Kámbar_.

1562 The Sultan removes to _Tumbáyat_, and a great granary of corn is destroyed by fire at _Gáding_.

1564 The _Chéribon_ war, and the first appearance of the _Prin'gí_ people (Europeans) at the court of _Matarem_.

1565 The anger of the prince towards the minister of _Palémbang_, and the appearance of the _Bánjar_ (Masin) people at the court of _Matárem_.

1566 The second great sickness appears at _Matárem_, and the construction of the large gun, called _Kiaí Gúntur Agni_. An artificial lake made at _Pléret_.

1568 Death of Sultan _Kérta_, and succession of his son.

1569 The march of the _Matárem_ people to _Báli_ and _Balambángan_, and the submission of those people.

1571 The construction of the mosque, and the marriage of the Sultan with the princess _Kránon_. The _Kálang_ move to the east of the _Sólo_ river.

1572 The establishment of the court at _Pléret_, and the _Susúnan's_ desire for maidens. The chiefs of all ranks, the soldiers, the natives of the coast, and the inhabitants of the country, were each ordered to marry two wives.

1573 The appearance of the _Chéribon_ minister with a present of an elephant; also that of the minister of _Jámbi_ (on Sumatra), bringing accounts of the death of the Sultan. The first embassy from the Hollanders arrived at _Matárem_, bringing a present of four pieces of artillery.

1574 The second embassy from the Hollanders, with various presents.

1575 Great inundation at _Matárem_, and the appearance of a comet.

1576 The subjection of the _Sukadána_ people (on Borneo).

1577 The subjection of the _Siam_ people, and a present from the Company (the Dutch) of a horse of large size.

1579 The marriage of the _Pangéran Adipáti_ with the daughter of _Mángun Jáya_.

1580 The _Rámpok_ of an elephant.

1581 Death of _Pangéran Purbáya_.

1582 The introduction of copper _píchis_ (a small coin).

1584 Death of _Ráden Tápa Sána_.

1585 Death of the _Chéribon_ prince in _Matárem_, and the murder of _Mérta Náta_.

1586 The appearance of a comet.

1587 The banishment of the _Pangéran Adipáti_ to _Lipúra_, to convert himself and do penance.

1588 Death of the _Rátu_.

1592 Order of the _Susúnan_ to _Aria Purbáya_ to kill _Wíra Mang'gala_.

---- Explosion of the powder magazine, by which the sentries were killed in a shocking manner.

---- The period when Europeans came to _Matárem_ with a present of two horses.

1594 The _Susúnan's_ desire for maidens.

---- An uncommon eruption from a volcano, throwing out a great quantity of fire with sand and stones.

1595 The arrival of the _Búgis_ people at _Demóng_ and the march of the _Matárem_ forces joined with those of _Manchanagara_ and the sea-coast.

1596 The return of them, with the separation of _Madura_, _Sumenap_, and _Grésik_ from the _Matárem_ obedience. They join the rebel _Truna Jaya_.

1600 They join together and attack _Matárem_ and destroy it, the _Susúnan_ leaving the court with the _Rátu_ and family, after having burnt the same; death of the _Susúnan_ at _Tegál Wángi_, and election of his son _Mangkúrat_.

1601 _Mangkúrat_ marches over _Japára_ to _Kediri_, to exterminate the rebel _Truna Jáya_, with the assistance of the Company.

1602 _Kedíri_ taken and _Trúna Jáya_ surrenders.

1603 _Trúna Jáya_ killed. The _Susúnan_ goes to _Pájang_ and establishes his court at _Kerta Sura_. _Pangéran Pugar_ rebels against him, but is defeated and flies to _Baglen_.

1604 Insurrection of the rebel _Raju Námrúd_ at _Salingo_, and the destruction of the _kráton_ by fire. The subjection of _Pangéran Púgar_ to the _Susúnan_.

1605 The arrival of ambassadors from _Johór_ and _Palémbang_ at _Kérta Súra_ with a present of an elephant.

1606 Marriage of the _Susúnan_ with a princess of _Gíri_.

1607 Age of _Wána Kasúma_.

1608 Circumcision of the _Pangéran Adipáti_, and preparations made for a great chase at _Kérta Súra_.

1609 Death of Captain Tak and other Europeans, and the rebellion of the eastern people, who join _Surapátí_. Several personal combats on the _Paseban_ to divert the _Susúnan_.

1612 The deplorable state of the court of _Kérta Súra_.

1613 Fire in the mosque at _Kérta Súra_.

1614 Excursion of the _Susúnan_ to _Manchíngan_.

1610 March of the _Balambángan_ people coming from the south across _Kedíri_, where they assassinate men and women.

1620 The _Balambángan_ people march to _Pasúruan_, but are attacked at _Pachatan_ and repulsed, with a loss of one thousand men.

---- The court at _Kérta Súra_ surrounded with a wall of stone.

1621 The conquest of _Pranarága_.

1622 Death of _Ráden Súkra_ and the illness of the _Susúnan_.

1623 _Kamagetan_ attacked by the people of _Báli_.

1624 Personal combat between the Javans _Téka_ and _Janála_, who were both killed.

1625 March of the _Susúnan_ to _Matárem_, and embassy sent by the _Susúnan_ to _Mecca_, in order to obtain the rank of _Haji_.

1626 Death of _Susúnan Mangkúrat_.

1628 His son succeeds, and _Ráden Súria Kasúma_ usurps the rank and title. The latter is defeated by the people of _Kérta Súra_ and taken prisoner. _Pangéran Púgar_ is arrested, and afterwards released. Being offended he proceeds to _Semárang_.

1630 The people of the western sea-coast conquer _Kérta Súra_ and expel the _Susúnan_ from his _dálam_, who goes to the east, where he joins _Surapáti_ with a thousand followers.

1630 Arrival of the Europeans at _Kérta Súra_, who upon finding it deserted, appointed _Pangéran Púgar_ as _Susúnan_.

1631 The court of the exiled _Susúnan_ held at _Kedíri_.

1633 _Pangéran Purbáya_ marches against the exiled _Susúnan_ and conquers him. _Surapáti_ is killed. He marches with the Admiral towards _Pasúruan_, where he is again victorious. The exiled _Susúnan_ delivers himself up to the Admiral, who sends him to _Surabáya_, from whence he is sent with his _Rátu_ and minister, _Jaeng Rána_, to Batavia.

1634 Appointment of _Jáya Puspíta_ as _Adipáti_ of _Surabáya_.

1635 Appointment of _Tumúng'gung Chákra Jáya_ as minister, who is sent to Batavia in the following year.

1637 Journey of the _Susúnan_ to _Matárem_.

1641 Journey of the _Susúnan_ to _Gáding_.

1642 First expedition of the Commodore to _Surabáya_. Conquest of _Surabáya_, in which the Admiral, Van der Lee, is killed. Appointment of Brinkman as Admiral.

1643 Death of the _Susúnan Pakubuána_ the first, and the succession of his eldest son.

1644 Rebellion of _Pangéran Blítar_ in _Matárem_, and the expedition of Admiral Brinkman against him, wherein the Admiral gained a complete victory.

1645 Flight of _Pangéran Blítar_ to _Kamagétan_. His death, and the transport of his body to _Kérta Súra_.

1648 Arrest of _Pangéran Purbáya Aría_, _Dípa Nagára_, and _Surapáti_, who were all sent to Batavia, from whence _Pangéran Aría_ was afterwards recalled.

1651 Embassy of _Tumúny'gung Níti Nágara_ to Batavia, and the death of _Pangéran Purbáya_.

1652 Journey of the _Kiái Adipáti_ to _Semárang_, to pay the debt of the _Susúnan_ to the Company.

1653 Arrest of _Pangéran Aria Mángku Nagára_, and his being delivered up to the Company.

1655 Death of _Pangéran Mángkubúmi_, and the arrival of the Commodore at _Kérta Súra_.

1656 The _Kiái Adipáti_ dispatched to _Semárang_.

1657 An eruption from a volcanic mountain which emitted flame for three days.

1658 The _Kiái Adipáti_ sent to _Semárang_, where he is arrested in the Dutch fort. Arrival of the Commodore at _Kérta Súra_.

1659 _Raden Adipáti Nata Kasúma_ sent to Batavia.

1662 The _Raden Adipáti_ sent to Batavia, and arrival of the Commodore at _Kérta Súra_.

1664 Journey of the _Susúnan_ to _Matárem_.

1667 Conquest of _Kérta Súra_.

1668 Conquest of _Prándu Láwang_.

1670 Removal of the court of _Súra Kérta_ to _Sólo_, which place is since called _Súra Kérta Diníngrat_.

1671 Arrival of General Imhoff at _Súra Kérta_.

1675 Death of _Súsunan Pakubúana_ the second, and the time when _Pangéran Aria Mangkubmi_ proclaimed himself _Susúnan_.

1676 Battle of _Mangkubumi_ at _Jenar_. Conquest of _Pakálongan_ by him.

1682 Interview between the _Susúnan_ and _Pangéran Mangkubumi_. Peace established. The lands divided, and the _Pangéran_ made Sultan of _Yúgya Kérta Adiníngrat_.

1685 Rebellion of _Pangéran Aria Mánku Nagára_ at _Súra Kérta_. The _Susúnan_ occupies his new palace.

1686 Arrival of _Pangéran Juru_ at _Súra Kérta_, and flight of _Pangéran Anom_.

1688 Dissolution of the marriage of the _Susúnan_ with the _Rátu_ of _Madúra_, and the death of _Rátu Madúra Rétna_ and _Ráden Radméja_. The journey of the _Rátu_ of _Madúra_ to _Madúra_. _Ráden Kúlon_ made _Rátu_.

1690 The _Susúnan_ assists in the erection of the triumphal pillars of the mosque.

1692 The _dálam_ is surrounded by a stone wall.

ACCOUNT OF THE SEVERAL PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF JAVA AND MADURA.

In several parts of this work, and in particular when treating of agriculture and revenue, reference has been made to the changes introduced by the British government in the internal management of the country, and to the information of a statistical nature which was collected with regard to its resources.

It may not be uninteresting to the reader to possess, in a compressed form, the result of the surveys and inquiries which were then set on foot, as far as the same were completed at the close of the British administration on Java. The Appendix L. contains a copy of the proclamation and of the general instructions issued by the government; the latter will sufficiently explain the principle on which the tables for the eastern districts were compiled.

BANTAM.

Bantam, once rich in its pepper plantations and the emporium of the Archipelago, had, in consequence of the restrictions of the Dutch company and the vicinity of Batavia, lost all its trade and importance, long before the arrival of the British.

The succession of the throne of Bantam was generally disposed of by the influence of the Dutch government: but the administration of the country and the collection of the port duties were till very lately entirely entrusted to him. This European influence, though strongly resisted in the first instance, had been long acquiesced in, till an attempt of the Dutch government, in the year 1808, to draw additional benefit from this province, gave occasion to an insurrection. The successive measures of introducing the cultivation of coffee into that part of the island, of opening the communication by means of new roads, and of constructing a new harbour, first at _Mew_ Bay, and afterwards at _Merak_ Bay, imposed new and unusual burthens on the people; and so many deserted from the public works that an order was issued to the Resident, requiring him to inform the sultan that his first minister should be held responsible for the due execution of the public task assigned to the sultan's subjects. The desertion still continuing, an order still more peremptory was issued to the Resident, requiring him to call upon the sultan to deliver up his first minister immediately. In carrying these orders into execution, the Resident having imprudently risked his person, was murdered. This fatal accident was the occasion of sending a considerable military force to Bantam, by which an immediate and thorough change in the native government was effected. The reigning sultan was removed from the throne and banished to Amboina, and a relative was raised to the sovereign power.

This prince was placed under regulations dictated by the Dutch; for so fallen had the sovereigns of this once flourishing and powerful kingdom now become, that the form and solemnity of a treaty was not deemed necessary. The sultan ceded part of his territories to the westward, adjacent to the environs of Batavia, the bad administration of which had frequently given occasion to disturbances in the Batavian districts. The new sultan was allowed to administer the rest of his dominions under the superior rule of the Dutch government.

The public works to be carried on in Bantam, and the unusual burthens they imposed on the people, continued however to excite, from time to time, disturbances and insurrections. On one occasion a detachment, consisting of a lieutenant and eighteen dragoons, were surprised and murdered by the inhabitants. Several native _Pangérans_ and chiefs fell victims to the same spirit of discontent and revenge, and another change in the person of the sultan was thought advisable; the new sultan was in consequence allured on board a vessel, and conveyed to Batavia, and in his place another chief was installed sultan of the high lands of Bantam, the Dutch reserving to themselves the direct administration of the low lands.

The country, however, remaining still in a disturbed state, the _Pangéran Akmet_ united under his banner the discontented people of all descriptions, in a more regular opposition to the European authority. From this time an extraordinary military force was constantly kept in Bantam: all attempts, however, to arrest the person of _Akmet_ failed. His influence increased so much that proposals were made to him of a cession of part of the country: these, however, not being listened to, it was determined to abandon the interior to his depredations, until the inhabitants themselves, wearied of his arbitrary proceedings, might seek refuge with the European government.

The Dutch force being withdrawn from Bantam, _Akmet_ availed himself of the presence of the British cruizers, during the blockade in 1811, to strengthen his influence by an intercourse with them, which he easily effected by furnishing them with supplies plundered by him from the inhabitants. By the cruizers he was considered as an unfortunate prince, maintaining his independence against the Dutch; and when the British troops landed, the sultan was his prisoner, and all Bantam under his controul.

At the conquest of Java by the British forces the extensive tracts of this fertile province were thus in the hands of a lawless rebel, the inhabitants were in a state of revolt, and universal anarchy and distrust had prevailed for several years. All idea of raising a revenue on account of government had been abandoned; and the general settlement of the country under European controul, was the most that could be hoped for.

In the year 1813 the sultan voluntarily resigned the administration of the country into the hands of the British government, in consideration of an annual pension of ten thousand Spanish dollars. With the detailed system of land revenue introduced into this province, an accurate survey was made of all the northern divisions; and a settlement having been made with each individual cultivator, the extent of population stated in the annexed table, as far as these districts are concerned, may be considered as in general correct. The population of the southern districts is estimated; and it may be observed, that the total population rather exceeds than falls short of what is stated.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE POPULATION OF BANTAM.

+----------+---------+-------+---------------+-------+ | |Number of|Number |Householders. |Married| | |Principal|of +------+--------+Women. + | |Villages.|Houses.|Males.|Females.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------+---------+-------+------+--------+-------+ |Tenára | 9| 1277| 1221| 226| 983| |Pontang | 23| 3620| 2618| 1030| 2594| |Ragas | 11| 980| 842| 180| 758| |Tambakbaya| 24| 1281| 869| 392| 791| |Panénan | 25| 1248| 822| 427| 788| |Charoas | 37| 1639| 1323| 497| 1150| |Kalodran | 14| 1506| 1129| 352| 1130| |Chépété | 14| 1119| 916| 200| 886| |Bántam | 12| 1818| 1786| 409| 1677| |Chebaning | 8| 1073| 842| 230| 839| |Sirang | | | | | | | or Siram| 42| 5396| 4399| 980| 4349| |Pakam | 16| 1062| 937| 108| 930| |Baros | 51| 2310| 2888| 384| 2795| |Cheomas | 41| 2690| 2266| 414| 2267| |Sardang | 26| 2700| 1990| 731| 1846| |Jawána | 5| 1179| 908| 271| 883| |Taraté | 15| 1842| 1425| 436| 1357| |Chelegon | 34| 4767| 3825| 1010| 3685| |Bujenagára| 12| 2693| 2025| 461| 1964| |Anyer | 41| 4765| 4710| 490| 4746| |Charita | 3| --| --| --| --| |Chéringbin| 32| 2667| 2472| 193| 2403| |Panimbang | 11| 443| 405| 38| 399| |Minés | 15| 563| 544| 29| 525| |Kanánga | 24| 668| 591| 25| 575| |Chemánok | 32| 1558| 1389| 148| 1409| |Kadulósong| 26| 596| 596| 74| 596| |Chekek | 20| 993| 767| 230| 739| |Pandéglang| 20| 1020| 794| 234| 780| |Chadasári | 39| 2347| 2227| 321| 2165| |Pamaryan | --| --| --| --| --| |Underándi | 11| 656| 570| 88| 537| |Chikándi | 11| 517| 463| 70| 433| |Kolelet | 18| 624| 586| 128| 569| |Chrangasa | --| --| --| --| --| |Konchang | 16| 1017| 910| 109| 853| | |---------|-------|------|--------|-------| | Total | 738| 58631| 50055| 10865| 48401| +----------+---------+-------+------+--------+-------+

+----------+---------------+---------+------+--------+ | | Children. | Total |Number|Ploughs.| | +------+--------+ Popula- | of | + | |Males.|Females.| tion |Buff- | | | | | | in each |aloes.| | | | | |District.| | | | | | | | | | +----------+------+--------+---------+------+--------+ |Tenára | 1017| 642| 4089| 306| 364| |Pontang | 2766| 2326| 11334| 980| 1635| |Ragas | 754| 750| 3235| 764| 610| |Tambakbaya| 752| 669| 3473| 796| 758| |Panénan | 1089| 921| 4047| 667| 578| |Charoas | 1294| 984| 5248| 709| 648| |Kalodran | 1123| 918| 4652| 828| 883| |Chépété | 643| 558| 3203| 519| 487| |Bántam | 614| 749| 5235| 306| 231| |Chebaning | 788| 579| 3278| 598| 807| |Sirang | | | | | | | or Siram| 4826| 4139| 18693| 2303| 2787| |Pakam | 598| 449| 3022| 457| 399| |Baros | 1825| 1266| 9158| 1851| 2033| |Cheomas | 902| 723| 6572| 522| 1872| |Sardang | 2155| 1991| 8713| 944| 804| |Jawána | 1066| 952| 4080| 555| 515| |Taraté | 1312| 1102| 5632| 516| 485| |Chelegon | 3512| 3212| 15244| 2531| 2335| |Bujenagára| 2198| 2096| 8744| 1009| 1229| |Anyer | 4346| 3660| 17952| 2375| 1695| |Charita | --| --| 4143| --| --| |Chéringbin| 1882| 1454| 8404| 2105| 1140| |Panimbang | 306| 207| 1858| 53| --| |Minés | 379| 289| 1756| 382| 386| |Kanánga | 305| 248| 1744| 419| 373| |Chemánok | 888| 802| 4636| 1178| 1060| |Kadulósong| 290| 107| 1663| 941| 772| |Chekek | 492| 482| 2710| 598| 551| |Pandéglang| 611| 489| 2908| 625| 622| |Chadasári | 1576| 1331| 7620| 1323| 1233| |Pamaryan | --| --| --| 2174| --| |Underándi | 423| 399| 2017| 499| 459| |Chikándi | 360| 329| 1655| 374| 324| |Kolelet | 359| 341| 1983| 356| 285| |Chrangasa | --| --| 2403| --| --| |Konchang | 470| 400| 2742| 626| 555| | |------|--------|---------|------|--------| | Total | 40921| 45624| 193946| 31289| 28915| +----------+------+--------+---------+------+--------+

+----------+--------------------------+--------+ | | Settlement, 1815. |Computed| | +---------+----------------+Total | | |Separate | Quantity |Popula- | | |Leases | of Land. |tion | | |granted +------+---------+ | | |for 1815.|Báhus.|Changkala| | +----------+---------+------+---------+--------+ |Tenára | 573| 1363| 93| 5452| |Pontang | 1170| 2334| 402| 14112| |Ragas | 490| 848| 398| 3835| |Tambakbaya| 939| 1593| 134| 4073| |Panénan | 598| 938| 442| 4547| |Charoas | 697| 1206| 198| 6200| |Kalodran | 800| 1521| 278| 5200| |Chépété | 826| 1194| 3| 3400| |Bántam | 237| 361| 326| 5699| |Chebaning | 353| 516| 451| 3578| |Sirang | | | | | | or Siram| 2764| 3108| 484| 19793| |Pakam | 741| 1094| 2| 3321| |Baros | 2334| 2723| 146| 9536| |Cheomas | 2755| 3640| 167| 6972| |Sardang | 1247| 1699| 168| 8914| |Jawána | 673| 959| 464| 4390| |Taraté | 514| 858| 269| 6400| |Chelegon | 1321| 2724| 403| 15744| |Bujenagára| 817| 1710| 30| 9034| |Anyer | 4341| 2437| 180| 18151| |Charita | 880| 359| 389| 4143| |Chéringbin| 3846| 1730| 199| 15384| |Panimbang | --| --| --| 1957| |Minés | 673| 284| 358| 1906| |Kanánga | 808| 291| 195| 1890| |Chemánok | 1406| 1468| 33| 5237| |Kadulósong| 2055| 2241| 67| 4320| |Chekek | 710| 756| 311| 2841| |Pandéglang| 932| 805| 138| 3329| |Chadasári | 2039| 1247| 75| 8154| |Pamaryan | 508| 543| 449| 2174| |Underándi | 426| 360| 178| 2217| |Chikándi | 332| 598| 271| 1763| |Kolelet | 634| 692| 220| 2535| |Chrangasa | 1025| 601| 382| 2403| |Konchang | 980| 792| 48| 3110| | |---------|------|---------|--------| | Total | 41444| 42122| 54| 221714| +----------+---------+------+---------+--------+

ESTIMATED POPULATION _of the_ SOUTHERN DISTRICTS 9890 ------- Parunkujang 1800 Total Population 231604 Binwangan 2200 ------- Parayan 1140 Somang 1305 Sajira 1745 Kosik 1700 ---- 9890 ----

BATAVIA.

Of the splendour and magnificence which procured for this capital the title of the Queen of the East, little is now to be found. Streets have been pulled down, canals half filled up, forts demolished, and palaces levelled with the dust. The state-house, where the supreme court of justice and magistracy still assemble, remains; merchants transact their business in the town during the day, and its warehouses still contain the richest productions of the island, but few Europeans of respectability sleep within its limits.

The following table comprises all fixed residents within the city and its immediate suburbs, to the distance of about two miles. The municipal regulations of this part of the island having been continued in force, and the execution of them, for the most part, delegated to Dutch authorities, it is to be apprehended that the return of the population now given may be found deficient in accuracy. A poll-tax being levied on the Chinese, and other town duties rendering it the interest of the parties to withhold information as to the exact numbers, it is also probable that the total amount considerably exceeds that now given: certainly it does not fall short of it.

ACCOUNT OF THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF BATAVIA AND ITS SUBURBS.

+-------------------------------------+--------+---------+--------+ | | Males. | Females.| Total. | | +--------+---------+--------+ |Europeans | 367| 176| 543| |Descendants of Europeans | | | | | Born in the Colony | 706| 779| 1,485| |Arabs | 197| 121| 318| |Moormen | 71| 48| 119| |Maláyus | 1,756| 1,399| 3,155| |Javans | 1,782| 1,549| 3,331| |Búgis | 1,032| 831| 1,863| |Makásars | 1,148| 881| 2,029| |Bálians | 4,063| 3,657| 7,720| |Sumbáwas | 141| 91| 232| |Mandharese | 112| 111| 223| |Ambonese and Bandas | 57| 25| 82| |Timorese and Butanese | 16| 8| 24| |Pernákans or half-caste Chinese | 357| 248| 605| |Chinese | 6,976| 4,273| 11,249| |Slaves | 7,001| 7,238| 14,239| | +--------+---------+--------+ | Grand Total | 47,217| | +--------+

ENVIRONS OF BATAVIA.

The lands comprehended under the denomination of the Batavian environs (_Ommelanden_), originally formed the principal part of the _Jakátra_ dominions. The native chiefs were early deprived of the administration by the cautious policy of the Dutch, and the lands subsequently sold in property to Europeans and others. According to an official valuation in 1813, the amount of property in houses and lands, belonging to individuals, in the city of Batavia and its environs, including the private estates near _Buitenzorg_, exceeded eleven millions of rix-dollars silver, and the taxes were levied on that estimate. Various systems of government had been attempted in this district before the arrival of the British in 1811, but so inefficacious were they, that it was considered unsafe for Europeans to travel without arms. As a measure of police, a portion of this division, formerly comprized within the _Ommelanden_, was recently annexed to the regency of _Buitenzorg_, and formed into a separate administration. For the population of these two divisions, as they now stand, see General Table, Vol. I, page 62, Table II.

BATAVIAN OR PRIANGEN REGENCIES.

Each of these regencies was administered by a native chief, immediately dependent on government, and without any power beyond his district. The chiefs, however, were mostly allied by frequent intermarriages, and traced their descent from different chieftains of the ancient empire of _Pajajáran_. Separated, on the one hand, from the dominions of the _Susúnan_ and sultan by the country of Chéribon, and on the other from Bantam by the Batavian environs, their power never became formidable to the European government. The coffee monopoly in the Western Districts having been maintained on its former principle during the period of the British administration, the inhabitants of these districts were precluded from feeling the effects of the system introduced into the more eastern districts; but as it was in contemplation, eventually, to render the change general throughout the island, preparatory measures were taken, and a survey of these districts being made, the annexed statistical table was framed. The produce stated in the table is estimated according to the native returns; these districts likewise furnish an annual quantity of about seventy-five thousand hundred-weight of coffee for the European market.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE POPULATION AND CULTIVATION OF THE PRIANGEN REGENCIES, INCLUDING KRAWANG AND INDRAMAYU.

+--------------+-----+--------------------------+ |Names of the |Numb-| Cultivators. | |Regencies and |er of+------+-----+------+------+ |Divisions. |Vil- | Men. | Wo- |Boys. |Girls.| | |la- | | men.| | | | |ges. | | | | | +--------------+-----+------+-----+------+------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Chianjur | 522| 6138| 6196| 7158| 8154| |Bandung | 721| 10804|10814| 10869| 11176| |Sumedang | 650| 8573| 8664| 7987| 8932| |Limbang'an | 168| 2163| 982| 2812| 2916| |Sukapura | 456| 8500| 8082| 4995| 6026| |Krawang | 94| 4240| 4340| 1780| 1680| |Chasem and | 124| 5394| 6000| 3651| 2985| | Pamanukan | | | | | | |Kandangaur | 59| 4885| 5155| 3710| 2575| | and Indramayu| | | | | | |Gunung Parang | 590| 3569| 3600| 2547| 2664| |Chiputri | 24| 291| 289| 401| 383| |Chikalong | 50| 800| 856| 526| 625| |Ujung Brum | 61| 751| 746| 960| 781| | +-----+------+-----+------+------+ | Totals | 3519| 56118|55724| 47396| 48897| +--------------+-----+------+-----+------+------+

+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+-----+----+-----+ |Names of the | Not Cultivators. |Gener-|Buf- |Cows.|Hor-|Plo- | |Regencies and +-----+-----+-----+-----+al |fa- | |ses.|ughs.| |Divisions. | Men.| Wo- |Boys.|Girls|Popu- |loes.| | | | | | | men.| | |la- | | | | | | | | | | |tion. | | | | | +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+----+-----+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Chianjur | 1504| 1543| 2226| 2315| 35234| 3493| --| 717| 2011| |Bandung | 2597| 2615| 3537| 3710| 56122|10897| 1043| 932| 6277| |Sumedang | 97| 104| 97| 140| 34594|10086| 538|1176| 6738| |Limbang'an | 571| 588| 595| 647| 12270| 2966| 439| 486| 973| |Sukapura | 458| 380| 216| 473| 29130| 3783| 48| 953| 1101| |Krawang | 300| 270| 320| 220| 13150| 6073| --| 565| --| |Chasem and | 150| 175| 120| 160| 18475| 3613| 36| 467 --| | Pamanukan | | | | | | | | | | |Kandangaur | 500| 470| 360| 300| 17955| 2606| 60| 153| --| | and Indramayu| | | | | | | | | | |Gunung Parang | 1053| 1203| 918| 849| 16403| 2289| 233| 269| 1942| |Chiputri | 93| 95| 101| 98| 1751| 452| --| 84| 290| |Chikalong | 210| 244| 219| 280| 3760| 620| --| 132| 279| |Ujung Brum | 233| 240| 310| 239| 4260| 793| 557| 179| 113| | +-----+-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+----+-----+ | Totals | 7766| 7927| 9019| 9431|243104|47671| 2954|6113|19724| +--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+----+-----+

+--------------+--------------------+--------------------+ |Names of the | Sawahs. | Tipar | |Regencies and | | or Tegal. | |Divisions. |------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |First |Second|Third |First |Second|Third | | |Sort. |Sort. |Sort. |Sort. |Sort. |Sort. | +--------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |Jungs.|Jungs.|Jungs.|Jungs.|Jungs.|Jungs.| | | | | | | | | |Chianjur | 1006| 3608| 565| 59| 1181| 1| |Bandung | 370| 1818| 956| 512| 448| 90| |Sumedang | 338| 3478| 1971| 292| 210| 122| |Limbang'an | 244| 295| 245| 95| 75| 68| |Sukapura | 194| 625| 214| 197| 549| 529| |Krawang | 1761| 6083| 1043| 537| --| --| |Chasem and | 3428| 334| 6237| 25| --| 40032| | Pamanukan | | | | | | | |Kandangaur | 482| 381| 537| --| --| --| | and Indramayu| | | | | | | |Gunung Parang | 486| 474| 523| 16| 347| --| |Chiputri | 210| --| --| --| --| --| |Chikalong | 83| 67| 9| 33| 59| --| |Ujung Brum | 75| 73| 79| 28| 13| --| | +------+------+------+------+------+------+ | Totals | 8677| 17236| 12379| 1794| 2882| 40842| +--------------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

+--------------+------+------+------+------+ |Names of the |Coffee|Maize |Teak |Total | |Regencies and |Gro- |in |For- |of Land |Divisions. |und. |Cha- |ests. |in Cul- | | |ins. | |tiva- | | | | | |tion. | +--------------+------+------+------+------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |Chianjur | 15757| 92| --| 22242| |Bandung | 24371| --| --| 31571| |Sumedang | 10397| --| 88| 16897| |Limbang'an | 13789| --| --| 14821| |Sukapura | 663| 701| 20| 3718| |Krawang | --| --| --| --| |Chasem and | --| --| --| --| | Pamanukan | | | | | |Kandangaur | --| --| --| --| | and Indramayu| | | | | |Gunung Parang | --| --| --| --| |Chiputri | --| --| --| --| |Chikalong | --| --| --| --| |Ujung Brum | --| --| --| --| | +------+------+------+------+ | Totals | 64977| 793| 108| 80249| +--------------+------+------+------+------+

+--------------+--------------+--------------+------+ |Names of the | Total | Value of | | |Regencies and | Produce. |Total Produce.|Cocoa-| |Divisions. +-------+------+-------+------+ nut | | | Pari. |Maize.| Pari. |Maize.|Trees.| | | | | | | | +--------------+-------+------+-------+------+------+ | |Tjains.|Tjains| Sh. | Sh. | | | | | | Dols. | Dols.| | |Chianjur | 22898| --| 68596| --| 19256| |Bandung | 26083| --| 78249| --| 12616| |Sumedang | 32718| --| 98154| --| 9000| |Limbang'an | 6152| --| 21258| --| 6410| |Sukapura | 5020| --| 14819| 1401| 7446| |Krawang | --| --| --| --| 4260| |Chasem and | --| --| --| --| 2596| | Pamanukan | | | | | | |Kandangaur | --| --| --| --| 7486| | and Indramayu| | | | | | |Gunung Parang | 11183| --| 33549| --| 2662| |Chiputri | 1265| --| 3795| --| 170| |Chikalong | 1804| --| 5412| --| 1204| |Ujung Brum | 809| --| 2427| --| 44| | +-------+------+-------+------+------+ | Totals | 107932| --| 326259| 1401| 73150| +--------------+-------+------+-------+------+------+

CHERIBON.

Chéribon fell under the European influence in the year 1666, and has now been subject to it one hundred and fifty years. It was among the first cessions made to the Dutch by the princes of _Matárem_.

This province had, like Bantam, been in a state of continued insurrection for many years preceding the arrival of the English. The importance of the town of _Chéribon_ has considerably declined, partly in consequence of these commotions, and partly of epidemic fevers which prevailed some years ago.

The extensive and fertile province of _Chéribon_ did not, under the administration of the Dutch Company, yield those profits which were expected from its great natural resources; especially of indigo, coffee, and teak timber. The Sultans of _Chéribon_, descended from one of the founders of the Mahomedan religion on Java, and on that account objects of religious veneration among the more orthodox Mahomedans, were always left in the entire management of the native administration. The coffee and other produce exacted from the people, was delivered by the Sultan, and paid for to him. Under this system, the residents of _Chéribon_ enjoyed an annual income of from eighty to one hundred thousand dollars (£23,000), while the Sultans were every year more and more impoverished. At length an insurrection broke out in 1800, the ostensible reason of which was the unjust removal of Sultan _Kanóman_, who had been banished by the Dutch to Amboina, and the real cause probably the great oppression of the common inhabitants, occasioned by the distress of the Sultans, and the indiscriminate admission of too many Chinese in the interior of the country. The reinstallation of Sultan _Kanóman_, in 1808, by Marshal Daendals, did not appease the minds of the people; and the unwillingness or inability of that prince to restore the public tranquillity, led to an entirely new organization of the country.

When the island was conquered by the British troops, the rebel, _Bágus Rángen_, still maintained himself in the eastern parts of _Kráwang_, in perfect defiance of the power of government, sternly rejecting the offers of pardon and oblivion which were on that occasion offered to him, and eluding or defeating all attempts to destroy or ensnare him. Such was the veneration in which this man was regarded by the people of these districts, and such the dread in which he was held by the native chiefs (through whose means alone his apprehension was to be accomplished), that he remained in perfect quiet and security, maintained a correspondence with the disaffected throughout the province, secured his regular supplies of ammunition and provisions from all parts, and even from the town of _Chéribon_, and tranquilly prepared for the ensuing rainy season, to appear again in arms and ravage the country.

In a few months after the establishment of a British resident in the district, the person of _Bágus Rángen_ was secured, and the country reduced to a perfect state of tranquillity, in which it remained during the whole period of the British administration.

The following extracts from the report of the gentleman[279] intrusted with the introduction of the land revenue system into Chéribon, may serve to illustrate the state of this province:--

"There is, perhaps, with the exception of the environs of Batavia and Bantam, no part of the island of Java which has so severely felt the bad effects of mismanagement as the district of _Chéribon_. These effects are visible in the character of the people, who, even among the Javans, are remarkable for a careless indifference to the pursuit of gain, for indolence, for want of energy, and for a credulity and ignorance, rendering them perpetually a prey to delusion. Within the last forty years, in particular, a series of mismanagement and oppression is said to have wrought a most unfavourable change in the character of the people, to have destroyed the habits of industry, and consequently to have changed even the aspect of the country, so that it is no longer to be recognized as the fruitful district which it is once represented to have been. Within the last seven years, famine, mortality, and civil commotion, have contributed to aggravate the evils of mismanagement, and in one or other form have desolated some of the finest parts of the district.

"The history of the civil commotions alluded to afford a striking illustration of the character of the inhabitants. It certainly gives no countenance to the representation of those observers who ascribe to the Javans in general a character of the most invincible apathy, stupidity, and indolence, as if these qualities had been irrevocably engrafted upon their very natures. A better knowledge of their real character enables us to draw very different inferences, and to ascribe to them a much larger share of sensibility, than could from reasoning be expected to result from the apparently overwhelming causes which contribute to degrade their faculties and blunt their energies and exertions.

"It is an instructive fact, highly worthy of remark, that the successive commotions and insurrections which have for many years disturbed the peace of _Chéribon_, have uniformly had their origin in the Javan districts, where the rights of private property in the soil were almost entirely overlooked, that they have only occasionally extended from the Javan to the _Súnda_ districts, and have never reached the _Priang'en_ lands, where property in the soil is fully acknowledged and respected.

"The taxes which fell upon agriculture were so various, and at the same time assumed such a variety of shapes, that it is impracticable to state in a word the actual portion which by law or custom fell to the share of the sovereign.

"The most material, however, are comprehended in the following catalogue, to which are added, others falling equally upon agricultural industry, though not constituting a direct source of revenue to government:

"1. The contingent, called in the language of the country, _gántang_. This is usually estimated at fifteen parts in one hundred of the rice crop; but it was, in truth, arbitrarily assessed, according to a rough conjecture of the capability of the country. In such of the _Priang'en_ lands as continued to be directly administered by their own native chiefs, the amount paid to the latter was determined with some accuracy to be one tenth of the gross produce, embracing, as in the first case, the rice crop only.

"2. A poll tax, or rather a tax on families, called by the natives of this part of the country, _pagalántang_. Part was levied on account of government, and part on account of the chiefs.

"3. Market duties or tolls. These were literally levied on every article vended in the markets, embracing as well the whole produce of their agriculture, as that of their petty arts and manufactures.

"4. A tax on the slaughter of buffaloes, necessarily affecting the price of food, and discouraging the rearing of an animal indispensable to a successful prosecution of the labours of agriculture.

"5. The charge of lodging and feeding travellers, and transporting troops, baggage, and stores of all descriptions. This is termed in the native language, _súguh_, or the rites of hospitality.

"6. The obligation to construct and repair bridges, roads, and public buildings, throughout the country.

"7. The obligation to cultivate and deliver, at inadequate rates, certain foreign productions, which the actual condition of the country, the habits of the people, and still less their interests, could never have prompted them to undertake, if permitted freely to pursue their own interest. Coffee was the chief of these products.

"8. In speaking of the taxes which fall upon the husbandman and the land, the _Zakat_ must not be forgotten. This is nominally a tithe, or tenth. The payment is indeed optional, but from religious motives seldom withheld. Every tenth sheaf of the rice crop is allotted to religious purposes, but every man measures its size according to his own piety. Its amount was of course very variable, but almost always materially smaller, and generally indeed not half the size, of the ordinary sheaf. This practice gives rise to a well known distinction between the ordinary sheaf and that allotted for the clergy, when the grain is brought to market."

The table annexed was framed on the introduction of the detailed system; but it not being practicable, on account of the extent of the province, for the European officer to visit every part of the district, many of the particulars are stated upon estimate; particularly the quantity of cultivated land and amount of produce, which, it is to be apprehended, are rather over-rated. The return, however, of the population may be considered more accurate.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF CHERIBON, 1815.

+-------------+--------------------------+ | | SAWAH. | | +--------+--------+--------+ | | First | Second | Third | | DIVISIONS. | Sort. | Sort. | Sort. | | | | | | +-------------+--------+--------+--------+ | | Jungs. | Jungs. | Jungs. | | Bengawan | 820| 1119| 2587| | Cheribon | 78| 319| 1318| | Chiamis | 231| | 352| | Chikaso | 182| 409| 873| | Lingajati | 431| 315| 429| | Gebang | 70| 140| 567| | Losari | 3| 8| 600| | Kuningan | 91| 247| 901| | Telaga | 101| 195| 338| | Sindangkasi | 294| 361| 459| | Raja Galu | 289| 377| 591| | Panjalu | 24| 84| 265| | Forest | | | | | Districts | 156| 500| 831| | +--------+--------+--------+ | Total | 2770| 4074| 10111| +-------------+--------+--------+--------+

+-------------+-------------------------------+-------+--------+ | | VALUE OF SAWAH. | Total | Total | | +---------+---------+-----------| Sawah | Value + | | First | Second | Third | in | of | | DIVISIONS. | Sort. | Sort. | Sort. |Culti- | Sawah. | | | | | |vation.| | +-------------+---------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+ | | Rupees. | Rupees. | Rupees. | Jungs.| Rupees.| | Bengawan | 87565| 89529| 138012| 4527| 315107| | Cheribon | 8345| 25544| 70327| 1716| 104217| | Chiamis | 24658| | 18815| 583| 43474| | Chikaso | 19435| 32768| 46607| 1465| 98811| | Lingajati | 46012| 25242| 22884| 1175| 94140| | Gebang | 7479| 11216| 30288| 778| 48984| | Losari | 320| 713| 32024| 612| 33057| | Kuningan | 9718| 19765| 42768| 1140| 72252| | Telaga | 10833| 15643| 18066| 635| 44542| | Sindangkasi | 31440| 28926| 24521| 1116| 84888| | Raja Galu | 30921| 30211| 31534| 1258| 92667| | Panjalu | 2663| 6754| 14181| 375| 23598| | Forest | | | | | | | Districts | 16646| 40072| 44320| 1487| 101039| | +---------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+ | Total | 296035| 326383| 534347| 16867| 1156776| +-------------+---------+---------+-----------+-------+--------+

+-------------+-------------------+------------------------+ | | TEGAL. | VALUE OF TEGAL. | | +-----+------+------+-------+-------+--------+ | |First|Second| Third| First | Second| Third | | DIVISIONS. |Sort.| Sort.| Sort.| Sort. | Sort. | Sort. | | | | | | | | | +-------------+-----+------+------+-------+-------+--------+ | |Jungs| Jungs| Jungs|Rupees.|Rupees.| Rupees.| | Bengawan | | 8| 68| 19| 700| 3676| | Cheribon | | 19| 94| 10| 1543| 5015| | Chiamis | | 51| 144| | 4089| 7704| | Chikaso | | | 138| | 30| 7374| | Lingajati | 49| 34| 42| 5304| 2758| 2276| | Gebang | | 20| 27| | 1640| 1456| | Losari | | 9| 3| | 759| 197| | Kuningan | | 15| 341| | 1244| 18208| | Telaga | 1| 22| 648| 148| 1824| 34593| | Sindangkasi | | 19| 302| | 1529| 16126| | Raja Galu | | | 98| | | 5274| | Panjalu | | | 399| | | 21298| | Forest | | | | | | | | Districts | --| --| --| -- | --| 39| | +-----+------+------+-------+-------+--------+ | Total | 50| 197| 2304| 5481| 16116| 123236| +-------------+-----+------+------+-------+-------+--------+

+-------------+--------+--------+-------+---------+ | | Total | Total | Total | Total | | +Quantity| Value | Sawah | Value | | | of | of | and | of the | | DIVISIONS. | Tegal. | Tegal. | Tegal | Crop. | | | | | | | +-------------+--------+--------+-------+---------+ | | Jungs | Rupees.| Jungs.| Rupees. | | Bengawan | 77| 4395| 4605| 319503| | Cheribon | 113| 6569| 1829| 110786| | Chiamis | 195| 11794| 779| 55269| | Chikaso | 138| 7404| 1604| 106216| | Lingajati | 126| 10339| 1302| 94479| | Gebang | 47| 3097| 826| 52082| | Losari | 13| 957| 625| 34014| | Kuningan | 356| 19452| 1497| 91705| | Telaga | 672| 36565| 1308| 81108| | Sindangkasi | 321| 17655| 1437| 102544| | Raja Galu | 98| 5274| 1357| 97941| | Panjalu | 399| 21298| 774| 44897| | Forest | | | | | | Districts | --| 39| 1488| 101079| | +--------+--------+-------+---------+ | Total | 2555| 144838| 19431| 1291627| +-------------+--------+--------+-------+---------+

+------------------------------------------------------- | |Males.|Females.|Attached|Employed|Total | | | | | to the | in |Number| | | | | Cultiv-| other | of | | | | | ation | Avoca- |Buffa-| | | | | of the | tions. |loes. | | | | | Soil. | | | +-------------+------+--------+--------+--------+------+ |Total | | | | | | |Popula- | | | | | | |tion 216001 |105421| 110550| 132215| 83889| 48866| +-------------+------+--------+--------+--------+------+

+------------------------+-------------------------------- | | Total | Total | JAVANS. | |Number | Number +-------+------+--------+-------+ | | of | of |TOTAL |Males.|Females.| Class | | |Horses.|Ploughs.|Javans.| | | of | | | | | | | | Culti-| | | | | | | |vators.| +-------+-------+--------+-------+------+--------+-------+ |Total | | | | | | | |Popula-| | | | | | | |tion | 6623| 17356| 213658| 99837| 113821| 132106| +-------+-------+--------+-------+------+--------+-------+

+----------------------------------------+--------- | JAVANS. | | +--------+------+-------+--------+--------+ | |Employed|Number| Number| Number | TOTAL | | |in other| of | of | of |Chinese,| | | Avoca- |Buffa-|Horses.|Ploughs.| &c. | | | tions. |loes. | | | | +-------+--------+------+-------+--------+--------+ |Total | | | | | | |Popula-| | | | | | |tion | 81659| 42846| 6489| 17318| 2343| +-------+--------+------+-------+--------+--------+

+----------------------------------------------------------------+ | CHINESE | | +-------+--------+------+--------+------+-------+--------+ | | Class |Employed|Males.|Females.|Number| Number| Number | | | of |in other| | | of | of | of | | | Culti-| Avoca- | | |Buffa-|Horses.|Ploughs.| | |vators.| tions. | | |loes. | | | +-------+-------+--------+------+--------+------+-------+--------+ |Total | | | | | | | | |Popula-| | | | | | | | |tion | 109| 2234| 1093| 1141| 320| 124| 48| +-------+-------+--------+------+--------+------+-------+--------+

EASTERN DISTRICTS.

The Dutch, in acquiring these extensive and valuable provinces on the sea coast, were considered to have acquired the same right as had previously been enjoyed by the native sovereigns, and deemed it advisable to continue the long-established principles and forms of native government. In the same manner, therefore, as the emperors of Java were looked upon as the ultimate proprietors of the land in their dominions, the Dutch Company were considered as possessing the same right with respect to the provinces under their immediate administration; and the princes of Java having been in the habit of entrusting the government, police, and revenue of the different provinces to inferior chiefs, the same system was adhered to under the Dutch. The native system of drawing again the revenues of government from these inferior chieftains, by means of contributions in kind, in money, and by occasional fees and presents, was also maintained; a portion of the common class of inhabitants under the native government being assigned to the performance of different sorts of public works, transports for government, the repair of the roads, the construction of public buildings, the guarding of public stores, the loading and unloading of government vessels, the cutting of grass, the cutting of fire-wood, the keeping a police guard, and other offices, the same principle was adopted under the management of the Dutch, and as under the native form of administration a reward for these feudal services was granted, by the use of an assignment of rice fields allotted either to individuals or to certain classes of workmen, but withdrawn from them as soon as the public duty ceased to be performed, the same mode of remuneration was also adopted by the Dutch.

These principles of administration being combined with the mercantile interests of the Dutch Company, gave rise to certain contracts, which the native chiefs of the different districts (termed by the Dutch _Regents_) were compelled to enter into on their appointment, for the annual delivery to the Company, either without payment, which was called _a contingent_, or for a price far below that of the market, which was termed a _forced delivery at a fixed price_, of such quantity of rice, pepper, cotton, indigo, and other articles, as the market and present state of trade and commerce made most desirable; while the planting of coffee and the cutting of teak timber was always considered as a feudal service, for which, besides the use of a certain portion of rice fields, allotted to the individuals or villagers employed, a certain payment was made, about equivalent to the expenses of transportation to the government yards or storehouses.

The administration of the Eastern Districts, including _Madúra_, was vested in a _governor and council for the north-east coast of Java_. The governor was, at the same time, director of the Company's trade, and resided at _Semárang_. Subordinate to this government was that called _Gezaghebber_ and council, established at _Surabáya_, the chief place of the east point of Java; while in the other principal districts along the coast, as at _Tegal Pekalóngan_, _Japára_, _Jawána_, &c. residents were fixed: no direct correspondence from the eastern part of the island was maintained with the government of Batavia, except by the governor, usually termed the governor of Java, or by the governor and council. Even the residents at the native courts of _Súra Kérta_ and _Yúgya Kérta_, only communicated with government through him. By him the succession to the throne of the _Susúnan_ and of the sultan was generally determined; the appointments of native chiefs and regents were made on his proposal; the Company's farms and duties for the Eastern Districts were sold by him; and though he had literally no salary whatever from the treasury of government, he was supposed to draw from his situation a yearly revenue of between three and four hundred thousand dollars. At the same time the correspondence with the Eastern Districts was neither very regular nor very expeditious, and the management of the Company's affairs in those districts was as much a mystery to the chief government at Batavia, as the governor of _Semárang_ chose to make it.

This system continued, without any essential alteration, until after the arrival of Marshal Daendals in 1808.

Some of the contingents, such as indigo, cotton yarn, pepper, &c. to which, however, the regents had not without great reluctance submitted for many years, were then indeed partially abolished; but, on the other hand, all the peculations of the Dutch servants residing along the coast, who had for their own private emolument raised the deliveries, chiefly of rice, at some places to double, and at others to more than double the quantity legally assessed on the regents, at the same time paying for them at some places two-thirds, and at others only half the price assigned by the government, were at once transferred and confirmed to government, by a single decree, ordering, without previous inquiry or reserve, that all the produce which had been usually delivered to the respective residents along the coast, under whatever denomination, should, in the same quantities and with their surplus weight, be for the future delivered to government, and that no higher prices should be granted for the same than that which the residents used to pay.

Equally inconsistent and oppressive in its consequences was a measure by which, on the one hand, the wages of private labour and services were raised to an unusual price, while on the other, the public works, the public transports, and the plantations of coffee, were carried on either gratuitously or at the former inadequate rate. This regulation raised the price of all the first necessaries of life, and principally of rice, which the common classes of the inhabitants felt as a heavier grievance than any they had ever experienced from the former system. Till then, the colonial administration had always, as far as was consistent with their own monopoly and forced delivery of produce at fixed rates, taken particular care to keep down the price of rice and salt as much as possible.

But a measure, still more pernicious in its consequences, was that by which the native regents were each of them subjected to a contribution in hard cash, while at the same time the power of levying taxes on the inhabitants of these districts was left in their hands; a system which, in all cases, afforded them a pretext, and in many an apology, for the most vexatious oppression.

The commendation which is due to this administration is rather founded on those arrangements which had a tendency to prevent peculations in the inferior European servants in every department, and on the abolition of the subordinate governments of _Semárang_ and _Surabáya_. Fixed salaries were allowed to the residents; they were prohibited from keeping private vessels, and from all trade in the products of their districts. The sale of the government farms and duties was made public, and in a great measure free from corruption, by which means they were immediately raised to more than three times the former amount: each branch of public expenditure and receipt was fixed and ascertained; new and practicable roads were established; the appointment of every native, from the first rank as low as a _Demáng_, was reserved to the government alone; the Javan custom of pawning the person for a small sum of money was prohibited; fees and presents were abolished. By such measures, a much more regular, active, pure, and efficient administration was established on Java than ever existed at any former period of the Dutch Company.

JAVA.

The following tables are abstracted from the detailed reports furnished during the course of the survey made by the British government. In some particulars they may be deficient and inaccurate, as sufficient time had not been given to complete the detailed survey of the country directed by the Revenue Instructions; but the general results may, for the most part, be depended upon.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF TEGAL.

+-----------+-------+------+------+--------+---------------------+ | |Culti- |Sawah.|Tegal.| Coffee | Estimated Produce. | | Names of |vated | | |Gardens.+------+------+-------+ |Divisions. |Land. | | | |Pari. |Maize.|Coffee.| +-----------+-------+------+------+--------+------+------+-------+ | |Jungs. |Jungs.|Jungs.| Jungs. |Amats.|Amats.|Pikuls.| |Tegal | 5920| 5694| 204| 21|367198| 16335| 541| |Brebes | 3924| 3371| 394| 159|152354| 31520| 2740| |Pamalang | 2817| 2378| 293| 145|114820| 23499| 2551| | +-------+------+------+--------+------+------+-------+ |Grand Total| 12661| 11443| 891| 325|634372| 71354| 5832| +-----------+-------+------+------+--------+------+------+-------+

+-----------+---------------------------+------------| | |Estimated Value of Produce.| Total | | Names of +--------+--------+---------+ estimated | |Divisions. | Pari. | Maize. | Coffee. | Value. | +-----------+--------+--------+---------+------------| | | Rupees.| Rupees.| Rupees. |Java Rupees.| |Tegal | 538557| 6125| 5198| 549881| |Brebes | 223453| 11820| 26305| 261578| |Pamalang | 168403| 8812| 24491| 201707| | +--------+--------+---------+------------+ |Grand Total| 930413| 26757| 55994| 1013166| +-----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+

+-----------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+ | |TOTAL |Males.|Fe- |Culti-|House-|Buf- |Hor- | | Names of |Popula-| |males.|va- |hold- |fa- |ses. | |Divisions. |tion. | | |tors. |ers |loes. | | | | | | | |not | | | | | | | | |Culti-| | | | | | | | |va- | | | | | | | | |tors. | | | | | | | | | | | | +-----------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+ |Tegal | 123208| 58185| 65023| 11693| 7990| 14689| 1435| |Brebes | 24833| 9354| 15485| 5546| 1143| 5313| 747| |Pamalang | 30374| 14000| 16342| 5547| 1549| 4172| 491| | +--------------+------+------+------+------+-----+ |Grand Total| 178415| 81539| 96850| 22786| 10682| 24174| 2673| +-----------+-------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+

+-----------+--------+-------------------------------------------+ | |Ploughs.| JAVANS. | | Names of | | | |Divisions. | +-------------------------------------------+ | | |TOTAL |Males.|Fe- |Buf- |Hor- |Ploughs.| | | |Number | |males.|fa- |ses. | | | | |of | | |loes. | | | | | |Javans.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-----------+--------+-------+------+------+------+-----+--------+ |Tegal | 5685| 121238| 57224| 64014| 14663| 1359| 5682| |Brebes | 2668| 24230| 9118| 15111| 5199| 733| 2602| |Pamalang | 1800| 29978| 13823| 16123| 4160| 471| 1794| | +--------+-------+------+------+------+-----+--------+ |Grand Total| 10153| 175446| 80165| 95248| 24022| 2563| 10078| +-----------+--------+-------+------+------+------+-----+--------+

+-----------+----------------------------------+ | | CHINESE and other | | Names of | FOREIGNERS. | |Divisions. +----------------------------------+ | |TOTAL|Mal-|Fe- |Buf-|Ho-|Ploughs.| | |Numb-|es. |mal- |fal-|rs-| | | |er of| |es. |oes |es.| | | |Chi- | | | | | | | |nese.| | | | | | +-----------+-----+----+-----+----+---+--------+ |Tegal | 1025| 518| 507| 13| 64| --| |Brebes | 583| 220| 363| 91| 12| 43| |Pamalang | 396| 177| 219| 22| 20| 6| | +-----+----+-----+----+---+--------+ |Grand Total| 2004| 915| 1089| 126| 96| 49| +-----------+-----+----+-----+----+---+--------+ REMARKS: Average Value of a Jung of Cultivated Land, Java Rupees 79.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF PAKALONG'AN, 1815.

+---+-----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ |No.| Names of |Number of| Total |Land in |Land not |Cultivated| | |Districts. |Villages.| Land. |Villages.|included | Land. | | | | | | | in | | | | | | | |Villages.| | +---+-----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| Jungs. B.| | 1|Pakalong'an| 1107| 10765 --| -- | -- | 5474 --| | 2|Ulujami | 247| 2593 1| -- | -- | 1612 --| | 3|Batang | 527| 7970 --| -- | -- | 2850 --| | +-----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | Total | 1881| 21328 1| -- | -- | 9936 --| +---+-----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+

+---+-----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.| Names of | Sawah. | Tegal. | Free | Coffee | Teak | | |Districts. | | | Land. | Grounds.| Forests.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+-----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Pakalong'an| 4974 --| 500 --| 1657 --| 235 --| 50 --| | 2|Ulujami | 1608 3| 3 1| 261 2| -- | 3 3| | 3|Batang | 2750 --| 100 --| 1000 --| 178 --| 250 --| | +-----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 9332 3| 603 1| 2918 2| 413 --| 303 3| +---+-----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+-----------+----------+------------+-----------+---------+ |No.| Names of |Government|Land in use | Capable | Unfit | | |Districts. | Land. |in Villages.| of being | Land. | | | | | |Cultivated.| | | | | | | | | +---+-----------+----------+------------+-----------+---------+ | | | Jungs. B.| Jungs. B. | Jungs. B. |Jungs. B.| | 1|Pakalong'an| -- | 7416 -- | 235 -- | 114 --| | 2|Ulujami | -- | 1877 1 | 30 2 | 340 1| | 3|Batang | -- | 4278 -- | 700 -- | 500 --| | +-----------+----------+------------+-----------+---------+ | | Total | -- | 13571 1 | 965 2 | 954 1| +---+-----------+----------+------------+-----------+---------+

+---+-----------+---------+---------+--------------------+ |No.| Names of | Jungle | Land not| Estimated | | |Districts. | Land. |in use in| Produce. | | | | |Villages.+----------+---------+ | | | | | Pari. | Maize. | +---+-----------+---------+---------+----------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| Amats. G.|Amats. G.| | 1|Pakalong'an| 3000 --| 3114 --| 149220 --| 8000 --| | 2|Ulujami | 340 1| 680 3| 48025 12| 43 5| | 3|Batang | 2500 --| 3000 --| 82500 --| 1600 --| | +-----------+---------+---------+----------+---------+ | | Total | 5840 1| 6794 3| 279745 12| 9643 5| +---+-----------+---------+---------+----------+---------+

+---+-----------+--------------------------+--------------+ |No.| Names of | Estimated Value | Total | | |Districts. | of Produce. | Estimated | | | +--------------+-----------+ Value. | | | | Of Pari. | Of Maize. | | +---+-----------+--------------+-----------+--------------+ | | |J. Rupees. St.|J. Rup. St.|J. Rupees. St.| | 1|Pakalong'an| 238752 -- | 1600 -- | 240352 -- | | 2|Ulujami | 116528 26 | 8 12 | 116537 8 | | 3|Batang | 165000 -- | 500 -- | 165500 -- | | +-----------+--------------+-----------+--------------+ | | Total | 520280 26 | 2108 12 | 522389 8 | +---+-----------+--------------+-----------+--------------+

+---+------------+------------+-------+---------+-------------+ |No.| Names | Total | Males.| Females.| Attached | | | of | Population.| | | to the | | | Districts. | | | | Cultivation | | | | | | | of the Soil.| | | | | | | | +---+------------+------------+-------+---------+-------------+ | 1| Pakalong'an| 58432| 25398| 33034| 14000| | 2| Ulujami | 20278| 9947| 10331| 4351| | 3| Batang | 36732| 17842| 18890| 7810| | +------------+------------+-------+---------+-------------+ | | Total | 115442| 53187| 62255| 26161| +---+------------+------------+-------+---------+-------------+

+---+------------+------------+-----------+--------+---------+-------- |No.| Names | Employed | Total | Total | Total | | | of | in other | Number | Number | Number +-------+ | | Districts. | Avocations.| of | of | of | Total | | | | | Buffaloes.| Horses.| Ploughs.|Javans.| | | | | | | | | +---+------------+------------+-----------+--------+---------+-------+ | 1| Pakalong'an| 2928| 7804| 535| 3000| 57330| | 2| Ulujami | 554| 2469| 126| 1058| 19968| | 3| Batang | 423| 6370| 300| 3270| 36098| | +------------+------------+-----------+--------+---------+-------+ | | Total | 3905| 16643| 961| 7328| 113396| +---+------------+------------+-----------+--------+---------+-------+

+---+------------------------------------------------------- |No.| Names JAVANS. | | of +-------+--------+------------+-----------+ | | Districts. | Males.|Females.| Class | Employed | | | | | | of | in other | | | | | |Cultivators.|Avocations.| +---+------------+-------+--------+------------+-----------+ | 1| Pakalong'an| 24730| 32600| 14600| 2028| | 2| Ulujami | 9801| 10167| 4351| 554| | 3| Batang | 17476| 18622| 7800| 250| | +------------+-------+--------+------------+-----------+ | | Total | 52007| 61389| 26751| 2832| +---+------------+-------+--------+------------+-----------+

+---+----------------------------------------+--------- |No.| Names JAVANS. | | | of +----------+-------+--------+--------+ | | Districts. | Number |Number | Number | Total | | | | of | of | of |Chinese.| | | |Buffaloes.|Horses.|Ploughs.| | +---+------------+----------+-------+--------+--------+ | 1| Pakalong'an| 7800| 510| 3600| 1102| | 2| Ulujami | 2469| 119| 1058| 310| | 3| Batang | 6170| 280| 3220| 634| | +------------+----------+-------+--------+--------+ | | Total | 16439| 909| 7878| 2046| +---+------------+----------+-------+--------+--------+

+---+------------------------------------------------------ |No.| Names CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | | | of +------------+-----------+------+--------+ | | Districts. | Class | Employed |Males.|Females.| | | | of | in other | | | | | |Cultivators.|Avocations.| | | +---+------------+------------+-----------+------+--------+ | 1| Pakalong'an| --| 300| 668| 434| | 2| Ulujami | --| 310| 146| 164| | 3| Batang | 10| 73| 366| 268| | +------------+------------+-----------+------+--------+ | | Total | 10| 783| 1180| 866| +---+------------+------------+-----------+------+--------+

+---+----------------------------------------+ |No.| Names CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS.| | | of +----------+-------+--------+ | | Districts. | Number |Number | Number | | | | of | of | of | | | |Buffaloes.|Horses.|Ploughs.| +---+------------+----------+-------+--------+ | 1| Pakalong'an| 4| 25| --| | 2| Ulujami | --| 7| --| | 3| Batang | 200| 20| 50| | +------------+----------+-------+--------+ | | Total | 204| 52| 50| +---+------------+----------+-------+--------+ REMARKS: Average Value of a Jung of cultivated land, 52 Rupees, 16 Stivers.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF SEMARANG, 1815.

+---+----------+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.| Names of |Number| Land in | Land | Culti- | Sawah. | | |Divisions.| of |Villages.| not | vated | | | | | Vil- | |included | Land. | | | | |lages.| | in | | | | | | | |Villages.| | | +---+----------+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1| Serondol | 75| 2818 1| 1240 3| 1343 1| 1083 1| | 2| Sing'en | 201| 14602 0| 15291 1| 5936 1| 5816 2| | 3| Grogol | 52| 682 0| 692 0| 607 2| 606 2| | 4| Ugarang | 87| 1463 1| 3385 0| 795 3| 681 1| | 5| Ambarawa | 131| 5947 1| 6117 2| 1631 2| 1395 3| | 6| Salatiga | 126| 3497 0| 5964 2| 1560 3| 1201 3| | 7| Boyalali | 61| 3675 2| 1636 1| 2057 3| 714 3| | 8| Wedong | 60| 3945 1| 2540 0| 2344 3| 2311 0| | 9| Demak | 101| 3353 0| 3760 0| 2354 3| 2348 0| | 10| Manjer | 62| 7661 0| 7619 0| 1498 1| 1483 3| | 11| Sambung | 87| 2572 2| 2560 0| 1405 3| 1394 3| | 12| Chankiran| 34| 799 1| 2486 1| 334 2| 332 0| | 13| Limbangan| 36| 1090 3| 5770 0| 359 3| 343 1| | 14| Kaliwungu| 125| 3816 3| 6306 0| 931 2| 782 2| | 15| Brebuan | 95| 1468 2| 2500 0| 789 3| 740 3| | 16| Kandal | 97| 1876 1| 481 3| 1085 2| 1065 3| | 17| Truko | 88| 1754 0| 2268 0| 963 1| 948 1| | | |------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Totals | 1518| 61022 2| 70618 1| 26000 2| 23249 3| +---+----------+------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.| Names of | Tegal. | Free | Coffee | Teak | Govern- | | |Divisions.| | Land. | Grounds.| Forests.| ment | | | | | | | | Lands. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1| Serondol | 260 0| 357 3| 81 3| 105 2| 42 3| | 2| Sing'en | 119 3| 937 1| -- 0 | 7038 1| 28 1| | 3| Grogol | 1 0| 70 1| -- 0 | -- 0 | 2 2| | 4| Ugarang | 114 2| 200 3| 59 3| 41 3| 17 2| | 5| Ambarawa | 235 3| 391 3| 107 3| 2642 2| 66 3| | 6| Salatiga | 359 0| 391 2| 26 2| 124 1| 46 2| | 7| Boyalali | 1343 0| 270 2| 14 0| 5 0| 7 2| | 8| Wedong | 33 3| 119 3| -- 0 | -- 0 | 34 3| | 9| Demak | 6 3| 228 3| -- 0 | -- 0 | 9 3| | 10| Manjer | 14 2| 459 1| -- 0 | 3221 1| 1 2| | 11| Sambung | 11 0| 201 3| -- 0 | 2 2| 6 3| | 12| Chankiran| 2 2| 64 2| 61 1| 91 0| 6 3| | 13| Limbangan| 16 2| 59 2| 51 3| 61 0| 6 1| | 14| Kaliwungu| 149 0| 224 0| 45 1| 1062 3| 29 1| | 15| Brebuan | 49 0| 179 0| 19 3| 419 1| 6 2| | 16| Kandal | 19 3| 173 1| -- 0 | -- 0 | 25 1| | 17| Truko | 15 0| 116 2| 12 1| 144 3| 18 2| | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Totals | 3750 3| 4446 0| 480 0| 14959 3| 357 0| +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+ |No.| Names of |Land in |Land | Unfit | Jungle | | |Divisions.|use in |capable | Land. | Land. | | | |Villages.|of being | | | | | | |cultivated.| | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.| Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1| Serondol | 1931 0| 309 3| 231 2| 346 0| | 2| Sing'en | 13940 0| 268 2| 177 3| 215 3| | 3| Grogol | 680 1| --| 1 3| --| | 4| Ugarang | 1115 2| 64 1| 131 2| 152 0| | 5| Ambarawa | 4840 1| 347 3| 239 2| 519 3| | 6| Salatiga | 2149 2| 451 2| 159 0| 737 0| | 7| Boyalali | 2354 3| 247 2| 764 3| 308 2| | 8| Wedong | 2499 1| 377 0| 90 0| 979 0| | 9| Demak | 2593 1| 352 0| 25 2| 382 1| | 10| Manjer | 5180 1| 1321 2| 103 2| 1055 3| | 11| Sambung | 1616 3| 564 3| 23 2| 367 2| | 12| Chankiran| 558 0| 37 2| 40 1| 163 2| | 13| Limbangan| 538 1| 69 2| 21 0| 462 0| | 14| Kaliwungu| 2292 3| 205 2| 429 3| 888 3| | 15| Brebuan | 1414 1| 24 2| 17 2| 12 1| | 16| Kandal | 1284 0| -- 1| 28 2| 563 2| | 17| Truko | 1255 1| 23 1| 204 3| 270 3| | | +---------+-----------+---------+---------+ | | Totals | 46243 1| 4665 0| 2690 0| 7424 1| +---+----------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+---------+-----------+----------+ |No.| Names of |Lands not| Estimated Produce. | | |Divisions.|in use +-----------+----------+ | | | in | Pari.| Maize.| | | |Villages.| | | | | | | | | +---+----------+---------+-----------+----------+ | | |Jungs. B.| Amata. G.| No.| | 1| Serondol | 887 1| 33513 3 | 7260178 0| | 2| Sing'en | 662 0| 161711 4 | 2974400 0| | 3| Grogol | 1 3| 18869 0 | 4000 0| | 4| Ugarang | 347 3| 17040 10 | 2471530 0| | 5| Ambarawa | 1107 0| 43691 15 | 5488924 0| | 6| Salatiga | 1347 2| 34738 12½| 7757668 0| | 7| Boyalali | 1320 3| 18186 0 |29389643 0| | 8| Wedong | 1446 0| 54683 7 | 540967 0| | 9| Demak | 759 3| 56433 18 | 162000 0| | 10| Manjer | 2480 3| 37359 1 | 348870 0| | 11| Sambung | 955 3| 32894 15 | --| | 12| Chankiran| 241 1| 9332 7 | 45935 0| | 13| Limbangan| 552 2| 10401 8 | 240614 0| | 14| Kaliwungu| 1524 0| 23951 1 | 4021817 0| | 15| Brebuan | 54 1| 22788 3 | 590618 0| | 16| Kandal | 592 1| 29839 3 | 165325 0| | 17| Truko | 498 3| 29745 15 | 183240 0| | | +---------+-----------+----------+ | | Totals | 14779 1| 635179 2½|61645729 0| +---+----------+---------+-----------+----------+

+---+----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ |No.| Names of | Estimated Value of Produce. | TOTAL| | |Divisions.+--------------+--------------+ Estimated| | | | Of Pari.| Of Maize.| Value.| | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ | | |Rupees Stivers|Rupees Stivers|Rupees Stivers| | 1| Serondol | 67026 9 | 4738 26 | 71765 5 | | 2| Sing'en | 304547 21¼| 2127 21 | 306675 12¼| | 3| Grogol | 38149 18 | 8 0 | 38157 18 | | 4| Ugarang | 34082 12 | 1680 1 | 35762 13 | | 5| Ambarawa | 87383 15 | 4236 17¾| 91620 2¾| | 6| Salatiga | 69477 7½| 5776 24½| 75254 2 | | 7| Boyalali | 36372 0 | 19567 2 | 55939 2 | | 8| Wedong | 97899 16½| 491 24½| 98391 11 | | 9| Demak | 87088 9¼| 180 0 | 87268 9¼| | 10| Manjer | 45868 18¼| 184 0½| 46052 18¾| | 11| Sambung | 49433 8¼| 18 0 | 49451 8¼| | 12| Chankiran| 18670 21 | 57 1 | 18727 22 | | 13| Limbangan| 19876 0 | 348 21 | 20224 21 | | 14| Kaliwungu| 47902 3 | 3618 11 | 51520 14 | | 15| Brebuan | 45576 9 | 676 26 | 46253 5 | | 16| Kandal | 59678 9 | 341 8 | 60019 17 | | 17| Truko | 58670 11 | 265 24 | 58936 58 | | | +--------------+--------------+--------------+ | | Totals | 44316 28¼| 44316 28¼| 1212019 6¼| +---+----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+

+---+----------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+ |No.| Name of | TOTAL |Males. |Females.|Cultiva-| House | | |Divisions.| Popul- | | | tors. | holders| | | | ation. | | | | not | | | | | | | |Cultiva-| | | | | | | | tors. | +---+----------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+ | 1| Serondol | 21014| 10417| 10597| 2667| 2713| | 2| Sing'en | 48847| 24871| 23976| 9351| 4317| | 3| Grogol | 7478| 3955| 3523| 747| 1727| | 4| Ugarang | 14942| 7472| 7470| 2582| 1406| | 5| Ambarawa | 26791| 13418| 13373| 6798| 1121| | 6| Salatiga | 25902| 13063| 12839| 3679| 403| | 7| Boyalali | 21633| 10929| 10704| 4995| 407| | 8| Wedong | 21993| 11037| 10956| 3967| 1728| | 9| Demak | 21301| 10845| 10456| 2972| 2314| | 10| Manjer | 8919| 4487| 4432| 2121| 864| | 11| Sambung | 9983| 5040| 4943| 2201| 513| | 12| Chankiran| 5532| 2904| 2628| 1349| 119| | 13| Limbangan| 5775| 2904| 2871| 1494| 59| | 14| Kaliwungu| 22856| 11322| 11534| 4090| 1893| | 15| Brebuan | 12437| 6230| 6207| 2867| 163| | 16| Kandal | 20609| 10269| 10340| 3531| 1518| | 17| Truko | 11598| 5846| 5752| 2795| 139| +---+----------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+ | | Totals | 307610| 155009| 152601| 58206| 21404| +---+----------+--------+-------+--------+--------+--------+

+---+----------+----------+-------+--------+----------------- |No.| Name of |Buffaloes.|Horses.|Ploughs.| JAVANS. | |Divisions.| | | +-------+--------+ | | | | | | TOTAL | Males. | | | | | | |Javans.| | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ | 1| Serondol | 3909| 31| 1404| 21014| 10417| | 2| Sing'en | 8839| 164| 4663| 48558| 24733| | 3| Grogol | 1138| 23| 490| 7407| 3919| | 4| Ugarang | 2578| 174| 981| 14902| 7453| | 5| Ambarawa | 4264| 422| 1561| 26769| 13406| | 6| Salatiga | 6308| 538| 1942| 25763| 12988| | 7| Boyalali | 7499| 264| 2932| 21628| 10928| | 8| Wedong | 2887| 26| 1538| 21390| 10736| | 9| Demak | 3042| 32| 1532| 21241| 10813| | 10| Manjer | 2422| 88| 1310| 8882| 4468| | 11| Sambung | 2012| 56| 1038| 9846| 4967| | 12| Chankiran| 1036| 102| 361| 5532| 2904| | 13| Limbangan| 1162| 66| 445| 5764| 2898| | 14| Kaliwungu| 2167| 69| 667| 22668| 11231| | 15| Brebuan | 3242| 15| 1137| 12437| 6230| | 16| Kandal | 3439| 53| 1343| 20511| 10224| | 17| Truko | 2757| 28| 1075| 11598| 5846| +---+----------+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ | | Totals | 58751| 2151| 24419| 305910| 154161| +---+----------+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+

+---+-------------------+-------------------------------------------- |No.| Name of JAVANS. | |Divisions.+--------+-------+------------+-----------+----------+ | | |Females.|Culti- |Householders| Buffaloes.| Horses. | | | | |vators.| not | | | | | | | |Cultivators.| | | +---+----------+--------+-------+------------+-----------+----------+ | 1| Serondol | 10597| 2667| 2713| 3909| 31| | 2| Sing'en | 23825| 9351| 4246| 8839| 162| | 3| Grogol | 3488| 747| 1704| 1138| 23| | 4| Ugarang | 7449| 2582| 1394| 2578| 168| | 5| Ambarawa | 13363| 6798| 1116| 4264| 420| | 6| Salatiga | 12775| 3679| 379| 6304| 531| | 7| Boyalali | 10700| 4995| 406| 7499| 264| | 8| Wedong | 10654| 3922| 1629| 2871| 26| | 9| Demak | 10428| 2972| 2301| 3042| 32| | 10| Manjer | 4414| 2120| 857| 2410| 87| | 11| Sambung | 4879| 2182| 490| 1994| 55| | 12| Chankiran| 2628| 1349| 119| 1086| 102| | 13| Limbangan| 2866| 1494| 56| 1162| 64| | 14| Kaliwungu| 11437| 4089| 1867| 2085| 60| | 15| Brebuan | 6207| 2867| 163| 3242| 15| | 16| Kandal | 10287| 3531| 1501| 3431| 49| | 17| Truko | 5752| 2795| 139| 2757| 28| +---+----------+--------+-------+------------+-----------+----------+ | | Totals | 151749| 58140| 21080| 58611| 2117| +---+----------+--------+-------+------------+-----------+----------+

+---+---------------------+----------------------------------- |No.| Name of | CHINESE AND OTHER FOREIGNERS. | |Divisions.+----------+--------+--------+--------+-------+ | | | Ploughs. | TOTAL | Males. |Females.|Culti- | | | | |Chinese,| | |vators.| | | | | &c. | | | | +---+----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+-------+ | 1| Serondol | 1404| --| --| --| --| | 2| Sing'en | 4663| 289| 138| 151| --| | 3| Grogol | 490| 71| 36| 35| --| | 4| Ugarang | 981| 40| 19| 21| --| | 5| Ambarawa | 1561| 22| 12| 10| --| | 6| Salatiga | 1942| 139| 75| 64| --| | 7| Boyalali | 2932| 5| 1| 4| --| | 8| Wedong | 1531| 603| 301| 302| 45| | 9| Demak | 1532| 60| 32| 28| --| | 10| Manjer | 1304| 37| 19| 18| 1| | 11| Sambung | 1029| 137| 73| 64| 19| | 12| Chankiran| 361| --| --| --| --| | 13| Limbangan| 445| 11| 6| 5| --| | 14| Kaliwungu| 653| 188| 91| 97| 1| | 15| Brebuan | 1137| --| --| --| --| | 16| Kandal | 1342| 98| 45| 53| --| | 17| Truko | 1057| --| --| --| --| +---+----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+-------+ | | Totals | 24382| 1700| 848| 852| 66| +---+----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+-------+

+---+--------------------------------------------------------+ |No.| Name of CHINESE AND OTHER FOREIGNERS. | | |Divisions.+------------+-----------|----------|---------| | | |Householders| Buffaloes.| Horses. | Ploughs.| | | | not | | | | | | |Cultivators.| | | | +---+----------+------------+-----------+----------+---------+ | 1| Serondol | --| --| --| --| | 2| Sing'en | 71| --| 2| --| | 3| Grogol | 23| --| --| --| | 4| Ugarang | 12| --| 6| --| | 5| Ambarawa | 5| --| 2| --| | 6| Salatiga | 24| 4| 7| --| | 7| Boyalali | 1| --| --| --| | 8| Wedong | 99| 16| --| 7| | 9| Demak | 13| --| --| --| | 10| Manjer | 7| 12| 1| 6| | 11| Sambung | 23| 18| 1| 9| | 12| Chankiran| --| --| --| --| | 13| Limbangan| 3| --| 2| --| | 14| Kaliwungu| 26| 82| 9| 14| | 15| Brebuan | --| --| --| --| | 16| Kandal | 17| 8| 4| 1| | 17| Truko | --| --| --| --| +---+----------+------------+-----------+----------+---------+ | | Totals | 324| 140| 34| 37| +---+----------+------------+-----------+----------+---------+

Estimated Population of the Town and Suburbs 20,000 ------- Total Population 327,610 -------

REMARKS: Average Value of a Jung of cultivated Land 7 Rup. 46³⁄₁₂.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF KEDU, 1815.

+---+----------+-----+---------+---------+---------+----------+ |No.|Names of | No. |Total |Land |Land not |Cultivated| | |Divisions.| of | Land. |in | included| Land. | | | |Vil- | |Villages.| in | | | | |lages| | |Villages.| | +---+----------+-----+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| Jungs. B.| | 1|Probolingo| 452| -- | -- | -- | 2121 0 | | 2|Asinan | 496| -- | -- | -- | 1705 0 | | 3|Bala | 354| -- | -- | -- | 801 0 | | 4|Minoreh | 602| -- | -- | -- | 1943 0 | | 5|Bandongan | 412| -- | -- | -- | 987 0 | | 6|Magelan | 334| -- | -- | -- | 6225 0 | | 7|Prapag | 169| -- | -- | -- | 476 0 | | 8|Jetis | 557| -- | -- | -- | 2710 0 | | 9|Lumpuyang | 254| -- | -- | -- | 1203 0 | | 10|Somowono | 249| -- | -- | -- | 881 0 | +---+----------+-----+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | Totals | 3879| -- | -- | -- | 19052 0 | +---+----------+-----+---------+---------+---------+----------+

+---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.|Names of |Sawah. | Tegal. |Free |Coffee |Teak | | |Divisions.| | | Land. | Grounds.| Forests.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Probolingo| 1382 0| 739 0 | -- | -- | -- | | 2|Asinan | 1084 0| 621 0 | -- | -- | -- | | 3|Bala | 648 0| 153 0 | -- | -- | -- | | 4|Minoreh | 1524 0| 419 0 | -- | -- | -- | | 5|Bandongan | 946 0| 41 0 | -- | -- | -- | | 6|Magelan | 658 0| 5567 0 | -- | -- | -- | | 7|Prapag | 442 0| 34 0 | -- | -- | -- | | 8|Jetis | 2495 0| 215 0 | -- | -- | -- | | 9|Lumpuyang | 1038 0| 165 0 | -- | -- | -- | | 10|Somowono | 540 0| 341 0 | -- | -- | -- | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Totals | 10757 0| 8295 0 | -- | -- | -- | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.|Names of |Govern- |Land in |Capable |Unfit |Jungle | | |Divisions.| ment |Use in |of being |Land. |Land. | | | | Lands. |Villages.|cultivat-| | | | | | | |ed. | | | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs B. |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Probolingo| -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | 2|Asinan | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | 3|Bala | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | 4|Minoreh | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | 5|Bandongan | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | 6|Magelan | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | 7|Prapag | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | 8|Jetis | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | 9|Lumpuyang | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | | 10|Somowono | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Totals | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+---------+--------+--------+ |No.|Names of |Land not | Estimated | | |Divisions.|in use in| Produce. | | | |Villages.+--------+--------+ | | | | Pari. | Maize. | +---+----------+---------+--------+--------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Amats G.|Amats G.| | 1|Probolingo| -- | 89090 0| 11736 0| | 2|Asinan | -- | 52650 0| 9889 0| | 3|Bala | -- | 36640 0| 2982 0| | 4|Minoreh | -- | 92476 0| 8097 0| | 5|Bandongan | -- | 59024 0| 884 0| | 6|Magelan | -- | 40846 0|133383 0| | 7|Prapag | -- | 21060 0| 816 0| | 8|Jetis | -- |148864 0| 3160 0| | 9|Lumpuyang | -- | 56204 0| 3354 0| | 10|Somowono | -- | 20420 0| 6219 0| +---+----------+---------+--------+--------+ | | Totals | -- |616274 0|180520 0| +---+----------+---------+--------+--------+

+---+----------+-------------------+---------+ |No.|Names of | Estimated Value | Total | | |Divisions.| of Produce. |estimated| | | +---------+---------+ Value. | | | | Of Pari.|Of Maize.| | +---+----------+-------------------+---------+ | | |Rupees St|Rupees St|Rupees St| | 1|Probolingo| 149187 0| 3909 0| 153096 0| | 2|Asinan | 89248 0| 3295 0| 92543 0| | 3|Bala | 59400 0| 994 0| 60394 0| | 4|Minoreh | 154457 0| 2692 0| 157149 0| | 5|Bandongan | 98373 0| 328 0| 98701 0| | 6|Magelan | 67409 0| 43856 0| 111265 0| | 7|Prapag | 36765 0| 272 0| 37037 0| | 8|Jetis | 248063 0| 1434 0| 249497 0| | 9|Lumpuyang | 93673 0| 1118 0| 94791 0| | 10|Somowono | 34033 0| 2073 0| 36106 0| +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Totals |1030608 0| 59971 0|1090579 0| +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+-----------+------+--------+---------------+ |No.| Names of | TOTAL |Males.|Females.|Attached to the| | |Divisions.|Population.| | | Cultivation | | | | | | | of the Soil. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+-----------+------+--------+---------------+ | 1|Probolingo| 18667| 9333| 9334| 8741| | 2|Asinan | 16740| 8333| 8407| 8019| | 3|Bala | 14086| 7043| 7043| 5437| | 4|Minoreh | 45668| 22815| 22853| 22201| | 5|Bandongan | 14902| 7415| 7487| 7312| | 6|Magelan | 14587| 7302| 7285| 7045| | 7|Prapag | 4858| 2420| 2438| 2320| | 8|Jetis | 53090| 25717| 27373| 25225| | 9|Lampuyang | 9788| 4915| 4873| 4709| | 10|Somowono | 4924| 2451| 2473| 2406| +---+----------+-----------+------+--------+---------------+ | Total | 197310| 97744| 99566| 93415| +---+----------+-----------+------+--------+---------------+

+---+----------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+ |No.| Names of |Employed in|Total Number |Total Number|Total Number| | |Divisions.| other |of Buffaloes.| of Horses. | of Ploughs.+ | | |Avocations.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+ | 1|Probolingo| 592| 2660| 209| 1330| | 2|Asinan | 314| 1692| 167| 1041| | 3|Bala | 1606| 1762| 992| 1762| | 4|Minoreh | 614| 5713| 367| 5713| | 5|Bandongan | 103| 2520| 358| 1240| | 6|Magelan | 257| 3615| 566| 2479| | 7|Prapag | 100| 642| 152| 311| | 8|Jetis | 492| 6835| 1441| 3053| | 9|Lampuyang | 206| 5378| 1095| 1298| | 10|Somowono | 45| 1306| 281| 1133| +---+----------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+ | Total | 4329| 32123| 5002| 19370| +---+----------+-----------+-------------+------------+------------+

+---+----------+------------------------------------------- |No.| Names of | JAVANS. | |Divisions.+---------+--------+-----------+-----------+ | | | TOTAL | Males. | Females. | Class| | | | Javans. | | | of| | | | | | |Cultivators| +---+----------+---------+--------+-----------+-----------+ | 1|Probolingo| 18642| 9321| 9321| 8741| | 2|Asinan | 16713| 8318| 8395| 8019| | 3|Bala | 14044| 7022| 7022| 5437| | 4|Minoreh | 45565| 22767| 22798| 22192| | 5|Bandongan | 14908| 7378| 7430| 7312| | 6|Magelan | 14447| 7239| 7208| 7044| | 7|Prapag | 4781| 2383| 2398| 2318| | 8|Jetis | 52494| 25392| 27102| 25137| | 9|Lampuyang | 9778| 4910| 4868| 4709| | 10|Somowono | 4899| 2437| 2462| 2406| +---+----------+---------+--------+-----------+-----------+ | Total | 196171| 97167| 99004| 93315| +---+----------+---------+--------+-----------+-----------+

+---+----------------------------------------------+-------- |No.| Names of JAVANS. | | |Divisions.+----------+---------+------+-------+-------+ | | | Employed| Number|Number| Number| Total| | | | in other| of|of | of|Chinese| | | |Avocations|Buffaloes|Horses|Ploughs| &c.| +---+----------+----------+---------+------+-------+-------+ | 1|Probolingo| 580| 2652| 202| 1326| 25| | 2|Asinan | 299| 1686| 155| 1039| 27| | 3|Bala | 1585| 1762| 263| 1762| 42| | 4|Minoreh | 575| 5697| 346| 5704| 103| | 5|Bandongan | 66| 2520| 315| 1240| 94| | 6|Magelan | 195| 3610| 652| 2477| 140| | 7|Prapag | 65| 612| 117| 306| 77| | 8|Jetis | 255| 6555| 1288| 2955| 596| | 9|Lampuyang | 201| 5378| 1095| 1298| 10| | 10|Somowono | 31| 1302| 274| 1131| 25| +---+----------+----------+---------+------+-------+-------+ | Total | 3852| 31774| 4707| 19238| 1139| +---+----------+----------+---------+------+-------+-------+

+---+--------------------------------------------- |No.| Names of CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | |Divisions.+-----+------+---------+----------+ | | |Males|Females|Class of|Employed | | | | | |culti- |in other | | | | | |vators |Avocations| +---+----------+-----+-------+--------+----------+ | 1|Probolingo| 12| 13| --| 12| | 2|Asinan | 15| 12| --| 15| | 3|Bala | 21| 21| --| 21| | 4|Minoreh | 48| 55| 9| 39| | 5|Bandongan | 37| 57| --| 37| | 6|Magelan | 63| 77| 1| 62| | 7|Prapag | 37| 40| 2| 35| | 8|Jetis | 325| 271| 88| 237| | 9|Lampuyang | 5| 5| --| | | 10|Somowono | 14| 11| --| 14| +---+----------+-----+-------+--------+----------+ | Total | 577| 562| 100| 477| +---+----------+-----+-------+--------+----------+

+---+-----------------------------------+ |No.| Names of CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | |Divisions.+---------+------+-------| | | | Number|Number| Number| | | | of| of| of| | | |Buffaloes|Horses|Ploughs| +---+----------+---------+------+-------+ | 1|Probolingo| 8| 7| 4| | 2|Asinan | 6| 12| 2| | 3|Bala | --| 3| --| | 4|Minoreh | 16| 21| 9| | 5|Bandongan | --| 43| --| | 6|Magelan | 5| 14| 2| | 7|Prapag | 30| 35| 5| | 8|Jetis | 280| 153| 108| | 9|Lampuyang | 5| --| --| | 10|Somowono | 4| 7| 2| +---+----------+---------+------+-------+ | Total | 349| 295| 13| +---+----------+---------+------+-------+ REMARKS: Average value of a Jung of Cultivated Land, J. R. 57 7¼.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF JIPANG AND GROBOGANG, 1815.

+---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.|Names of |Number of| Total | Land in |Land not | Culti | | |Divisions.|Villages.| Land. |Villages.|included | vated- | | | | | | | in | Land. | | | | | | |Villages.| | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Grobogan | 97| 2088 0| 1559 0| 325 0| 1271 2| | 2|Purwadados| 133| 2692 0| 2316 0| 226 0| 1935 1| | 3|Wirosari | 149| 2665 3| 1025 2| 1268 3| 825 2| | 4|Panolan | 223| 4722 0| 921 3| 2377 2| 712 0| | 5|Padangan | 191| 3900 2| 959 1| 2458 1| 795 0| | 6|Rajawesi | 207| 5585 2| 1403 3| 2513 2| 1160 0| | 7|Sekarang | 167| 2705 0| 1759 0| 161 1| 1461 0| | 8|Bowerno | 159| 2126 2| 1556 1| 139 2| 1223 3| | 9|Jenawun | 30| 466 3| 278 0| 53 3| 164 1| | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 1356| 26952 0| 11728 2| 9523 1| 9548 1| +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+---------+--------+---------+--------+---------+ |No.|Names of | Sawah. | Tegal. | Free | Coffee | Teak | | |Divisions.| | | Land. | Land. |Forests. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+---------+--------+---------+--------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Grobogan | 1222 2| 48 3| 216 3| -- | 303 0| | 2|Purwadados| 1813 4| 121 2| 251 1| -- | 207 2| | 3|Wirosari | 745 3| 79 3| 144 3| -- | 1254 3| | 4|Panolan | 579 0| 133 0| 146 3| -- | 2372 2| | 5|Padangan | 661 0| 134 0| 119 0| -- | 2404 1| | 6|Rajawesi | 1002 1| 158 3| 182 2| -- | 2580 0| | 7|Sekarang | 1378 3| 82 1| 177 0| -- | 148 1| | 8|Bowerno | 1157 3| 66 0| 202 2| -- | 107 3| | 9|Jenawun | 130 1| 34 0| 40 0| -- | 50 3| | | +---------+--------+---------+--------+---------+ | | Total | 8691 1| 858 0| 1480 2| -- | 9348 3| +---+----------+---------+--------+---------+--------+---------+

+---+----------+--------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+ |No.|Names of |Govern- |Land in | Capable | | | | |Divisions.| ment |use in | of being | Unfit |Jungle | | | | Land. |Villages|cultivated.| Land. |Land. | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+--------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs B.|Jungs B.| Jungs. B. |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Grobogan | 22 0| 70 3| 107 2| 46 2| 50 0| | 2|Purwadados| 18 2| 130 0| 138 1| -- | 12 2| | 3|Wirosari | 14 0| 55 2| 235 0| 1 1| 135 0| | 4|Panolan | 5 0| 63 0| 200 0| 275 3| 947 0| | 5|Padangan | 54 0| 45 1| 103 2| 50 0| 329 2| | 6|Rajawesi | 13 2| 61 1| 457 3| 631 2| 578 3| | 7|Sekarang | 13 0| 121 0| 292 1| 80 0| 412 2| | 8|Bowerno | 31 1| 130 0| 178 1| -- | 253 0| | 9|Jenawun | 3 0| 23 3| 139 0| -- | 46 0| | | +--------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 174 1| 700 9| 1851 2| 1085 1| 2764 1| +---+----------+--------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+---------+-------------------+ |No.|Names of |Land not | Estimated Produce.| | |Divisions.|in use in+---------+---------+ | | |Villages.| Pari. | Maize. | | | | | | | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Amats. G.|Amats. G.| | 1|Grobogan | 204 0| 20634 0| 288 0| | 2|Purwadados| 150 0| 26970 0| 726 0| | 3|Wirosari | 371 1| 21600 0| 474 0| | 4|Panolan | 1422 3| 19898 0| 798 0| | 5|Padangan | 483 0| 23478 0| 798 0| | 6|Rajawesi | 1668 0| 27066 0| 948 0| | 7|Sekarang | 784 3| 40890 0| 492 0| | 8|Bowerno | 451 1| 34118 0| 264 0| | 9|Jenawun | 185 0| 7564 0| 136 0| | | +---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 5700 1| 222218 0| 4924 0| +---+----------+-------- +---------+---------+

+---+----------+---------------------------------+-----------------+ |No.|Names of | Estimated Value of Produce. | TOTAL | | |Divisions.+----------------+----------------+ Estimated | | | | Pari. | Maize. | Value. | | | | | | | +---+----------+----------------+----------------+---------------- + | | |Java Rupees. St.|Java Rupees. St.|Java Rupees. St. | | 1|Grobogan | 10317 0 | 96 11 | 10413 11 | | 2|Purwadados| 13485 0 | 212 25 | 13127 25 | | 3|Wirosari | 10800 0 | 158 3 | 10958 3 | | 4|Panolan | 9949 0 | 266 23 | 10215 23 | | 5|Padangan | 11739 0 | 266 7 | 12005 7 | | 6|Rajawesi | 13533 0 | 316 28 | 13849 28 | | 7|Sekarang | 20445 0 | 164 19 | 20609 19 | | 8|Bowerno | 17059 0 | 132 23 | 17191 23 | | 9|Jenawun | 3782 0 | 68 16 | 3850 16 | | | +----------------+----------------+-----------------+ | | Total | 111109 0 | 1713 5 | 112822 8 | +---+----------+----------------+----------------+-----------------+

+----+-------------+--------+--------+---------+------------+ | No.| NAMES OF | TOTAL | Males. | Females.|Attached to | | | DIVISIONS. | Popu- | | |the culti- | | | | lation.| | |vation of | | | | | | |the Soil. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----+-------------+--------+--------+---------+------------+ | 1| Grobogan | 6783| 3133| 3650| 410| | 2| Purwadados | 6461| 3154| 3307| 1860| | 3| Wirocari | 4377| 2071| 2306| 1650| | 4| Panolan | 8128| 3857| 4271| 1461| | 6| Padangan | 1245| 5498| 5747| 1774| | 6| Rajawesi | 10838| 4894| 5944| 1607| | 7| Sekarang | 8053| 4139| 3924| 1630| | 8| Bowerno | 8126| 3809| 4317| 1555| | 9| Jenawun | 2501| 1138| 1363| 436| +----+-------------+--------+--------+---------+------------+ | | Totals | 66512| 31693| 34829| 13494| +----+-------------+--------+--------+---------+------------+

+----+-------------+---------+-------- +--------+---------+--------+ | No.| NAMES OF |Employed | Number | Number | Number | | | DIVISIONS. |in other |of Buffa-| of | of |--------+ | | |Avoca- | loes. | Horses.| Ploughs.| TOTAL | | | |tions. | | | | Javans | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----+-------------+---------+---------+--------+---------+--------+ | 1| Grobogan | 419| 1594| 86| 733| 6713| | 2| Purwadados | 421| 2128| 112| 1103| 6381| | 3| Wirocari | 258| 2077| 161| 984| 4347| | 4| Panolan | 372| 1796| 131| 704| 8114| | 6| Padangan | 179| 2564| 323| 250| 11160| | 6| Rajawesi | 194| 3028| 247| 1132| 10819| | 7| Sekarang | 107| 2542| 139| 1259| 7963| | 8| Bowerno | 146| 1924| 215| 1278| 8111| | 9| Jenawun | 128| 554| 66| 265| 2481| +----+-------------+---------+---------+--------+---------+--------+ | | Totals | 2224| 18197| 1470| 9708| 66109| +----+-------------+---------+---------+--------+---------+--------+

+----+-------------+------------------------------------------------ | No.| NAMES OF JAVANS. | | DIVISIONS. +------+------+-------+-----------+------+------+ | | |Males.|Fe- |Class |Employed |Number|Number| | | | |males.| of | in | of | of | | | | | |Culti- |other | Buf- |Hor- | | | | | |vators.|Avocations.|aloes.|ses. | +----+-------------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+------+ | 1| Grobogan | 3093| 3670| 1410| 407| 1582| 80| | 2| Purwadados | 3094| 3287| 1846| 408| 2102| 109| | 3| Wirocari | 2051| 2296| 1650| 252| 2063| 144| | 4| Panolan | 3849| 4265| 1461| 367| 1793| 126| | 6| Padangan | 5458| 5722| 1774| 164| 2560| 318| | 6| Rajawesi | 4884| 5935| 1607| 190| 3022| 243| | 7| Sekarang | 4069| 3894| 1630| 87| 2528| 129| | 8| Bowerno | 3799| 4312| 1666| 142| 1920| 210| | 9| Jenawun | 1126| 1355| 436| 122| 548| 63| +----+-------------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+------+ | | Totals | 31423| 34736| 13480| 2138| 18118| 1422| +----+-------------+------+------+-------+-----------+------+------+

+----+--------------------+------------------------------- | No.| NAMES OF | CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | | DIVISIONS. +------+--------+------+------+-------+ | | |Number|Total |Males.|Fe- |Class | | | | of |Chin- | |males.| of | | | | Plo. |ese. | | |Culti- | | | |ughs. | | | |vators.| +----+-------------+------+--------+------+------+-------+ | 1| Grobogan | 727| 70| 40| 30| --| | 2| Purwadados | 1090| 80| 60| 20| 14| | 3| Wirocari | 977| 90| 20| 10| --| | 4| Panolan | 700| 14| 8| 6| --| | 6| Padangan | 2247| 65| 40| 25| --| | 6| Rajawesi | 1130| 19| 10| 9| --| | 7| Sekarang | 1254| 30| 70| 20| --| | 8| Bowerno | 1276| 15| 10| 5| --| | 9| Jenawun | 263| 20| 12| 8| --| +----+-------------+------+--------+------+------+-------+ | | Totals | 9664| 403| 250| 133| 14| +----+-------------+------+--------+------+------+-------+

+----+----------------------------------------------+ | No.| NAMES OF CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | | | DIVISIONS. +-----------+------+------+------+ | | |Employed |Number|Number|Number| | | | in | of | of | of | | | |other | Buf- |Hor- | Plo. | | | |Avocations.|aloes.|ses. |ughs. | +----+-------------+-----------+------+------+------+ | 1| Grobogan | 12| 12| 6| 6| | 2| Purwadados | 14| 26| 3| 13| | 3| Wirocari | 6| 14| 7| 7| | 4| Panolan | 5| 3| 5| 4| | 6| Padangan | 15| 4| 5| 3| | 6| Rajawesi | 4| 6| 4| 2| | 7| Sekarang | 20| 14| 10| 5| | 8| Bowerno | 4| 4| 5| 2| | 9| Jenawun | 6| 6| 3| 2| +----+-------------+-----------+------+------+------+ | | Totals | 86| 89| 48| 44| +----+-------------+-----------+------+------+------+ REMARKS: Average Value of the produce of a Jung of cultivated Land, Java Rupees 11, 24 stivers.

GENERAL REMARKS.

Under the head of "Government Lands," is given the extent of the ground attached to the house in which the _Tumung'gung_ or chief of the district formerly lived, the _alun alun_, or what is commonly termed the _paséban_, likewise the extent of the public road. Most part of the land inserted under the head of "Jungle Land" is capable of being converted into _sawah_ and _tegal_ lands, and the reason for such land not being found in a state of cultivation, the soil being in general very rich, is the want of population.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF JAPARA, AND JAWANA, 1816.

+---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ |No.|Names |Number | Total |Land |Land |Cultivated| | |of |of | Land. |in |not |Land. | | |Divisions.|Villages.| |Villages.|included | | | | | | | |in | | | | | | | |Villages.| | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| Jungs. B.| | | | | | | | | | 1| Japara | 146| 2077 0| 1730 0| 12 0| 1719 0| | 2| Kudus | 171| 3050 0| 2968 0| 12 0| 2965 0| | 3| Pati | 519| 9935 0| 9523 0| 12 0| 9523 0| | 4| Jawana | 135| 3389 0| 3345 0| 12 0| 2833 0| | +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | Total | 971| 18451 0| 17566 0| 48 0| 17040 0| +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+

+---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.|Names | Sawah. | Tegal. | Free | Coffee | Teak | | |of | | | Land. | Grounds.| Forests.| | |Divisions.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | | | | | | | | | 1| Japara | 1421 0| 309 0| 420 0| 120 0| 35 0| | 2| Kudus | 2824 0| 141 0| -- | 53 0| -- | | 3| Pati | 8669 0| 914 0| -- | 134 0| 13 0| | 4| Jawana | 3066 0| 23 0| -- | 68 0| 16 0| | +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 15980 0| 1387 0| 420 0| 375 0| 64 0| +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+----------+---------+-----------+------+------+ |No.|Names |Government|Land in |Capable |Unfit |Jungle| | |of |Land. |use in |of being |Land. |Land. | | |Divisions.| |Villages.|Cultivated.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+----------+---------+-----------+------+------+ | | |Jungs. |Jungs. |Jungs. |Jungs.|Jungs.| | | |B. |B. |B. |B. |B. | | 1| Japara | 4 0| 1710 0| 20 0| 208 0| 250 0| | 2| Kudus | 3 0| 2965 0| -- | 20 0| 30 0| | 3| Pati | 4 0| 9523 0| 60 0| 100 0| 200 0| | 4| Jawana | 3 0| 2830 0| 256 0| -- | -- | | +----------+----------+---------+-----------+------+------+ | | Total | 14 0| 17028 0| 336 0| 328 0| 480 0| +---+----------+----------+---------+-----------+------+------+

+---+----------+---------+----------------+----------------+---------+ |No.|Names |Land not |Estimated |Estimated |Total | | |of |in use in|Produce. |Value of |Estimated| | |Divisions.|Villages.| |Produce. |Value. | | | | +----------------+--------+-------+ | | | | |Pari. |Maize. |Pari. |Maize. | | +---+----------+---------+--------+-------+--------+-------+---------| | | |Jungs. |Amats. |Amats. |Rupees. |Rupees.|Rupees. | | | |B. |G. |G. |Stiv. |St. |Stiv. | | 1| Japara | -- | 26999 0| 2890 0| 53998 0| 5750 0| 59778 0| | 2| Kudus | -- | 56400 0| 1410 0|112960 0| 3820 0| 115780 0| | 3| Pati | 100 0|121376 0| 8540 0|242752 0|17080 0| 259832 0| | 4| Jawana | -- | 47770 0| 345 0| 95540 0| 690 0| 96230 0| | +----------+---------+--------+-------+--------+-------+---------+ | | Total | 100 0|252545 0|13185 0|505250 0|26340 0| 531620 0| +---+----------+---------+--------+-------+--------+-------+---------+

+---+----------+-----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----------+ |No.|Names | Total | Males. |Females.|Attached |Employed | | | of |Population.| | | to the |in other | | |Divisions.| | | |Cultivation|Avocations.| | | | | | | of the | | | | | | | | Soil. | | +---+----------+-----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----------+ | 1| Japara | 48728| 23439| 25289| 8917| 3434| | 2| Kudus | 36634| 17857| 18777| 6378| 2711| | 3| Pati | 90429| 45622| 44807| 19022| 2251| | 4| Jawana | 40205| 20142| 20163| 5614| 5216| | | +-----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----------+ | | Total | 216096| 107060| 109036| 39931| 13612| +---+----------+-----------+--------+--------+-----------+-----------+

+---+----------+----------+-------+--------+------------------------ |No.|Names |Number of |Number |Number | JAVANS. | | of |Buffaloes.| of | of |-------+------+--------+ | |Divisions.| |Horses.|Ploughs.|TOTAL |Males.|Females.| | | | | | |Javans.| | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+----------+-------+--------+-------+------+--------+ | 1| Japara | 7755| 376| 4210| 47925| 23055| 24870| | 2| Kudus | 5698| 239| 2828| 36216| 17647| 18569| | 3| Pati | 18407| 554| 10514| 89986| 45436| 44350| | 4| Jawana | 5411| 400| 2853| 39300| 19646| 19654| | | +----------+-------+--------+-------+------+--------+ | | Total | 37272| 1569| 20413| 213427|105784| 107643| +---+----------+----------+-------+--------+-------+------+--------+

+---+--------------------------------------------------------- |No.|Names JAVANS. | | of +------------+-----------+----------=---------+ | |Divisions.|Class of |Employed in|Number of |Number of| | | |Cultivation.|Other |Buffaloes.|Horses. | | | | |Avocations.| | | +---+----------+------------+-----------+----------+---------+ | 1| Japara | 8885| 3082| 7531| 356| | 2| Kudus | 6269| 2610| 5521| 222| | 3| Pati | 18992| 2095| 18347| 535| | 4| Jawana | 5584| 4750| 5399| 392| | | +------------+-----------+----------+---------+ | | Total | 39730| 12537| 36798| 1505| +---+----------+------------+-----------+----------+---------+

+---+--------------------+------------------------------------- |No.|Names JAVANS. | CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | | of +---------+-----------+------------+-----------+ | |Divisions.|Number of|TOTAL |Class of |Employed | | | |Ploughs. |Chinese &c.|Cultivation.|in Other | | | | | | |Avocations.| +---+----------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+ | 1| Japara | 4104| 803| 32| 352| | 2| Kudus | 2728| 418| 109| 101| | 3| Pati | 10484| 443| 30| 156| | 4| Jawana | 2848| 1005| 30| 466| | | +---------|-----------+------------+-----------+ | | Total | 20164| 2669| 201| 1075| +---+----------+---------+-----------+------------+-----------+

+---+---------------------------------------------------------+ |No.|Names CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | | | of +------+--------+----------+---------+---------+ | |Divisions.|Males.|Females.|Number of |Number of|Number of| | | | | |Buffaloes.|Horses. |Ploughs. | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+------+--------+----------+---------+---------+ | 1| Japara | 384| 419| 224| 20| 106| | 2| Kudus | 210| 208| 177| 17| 100| | 3| Pati | 186| 257| 61| 19| 30| | 4| Jawana | 496| 509| 12| 3| 13| | | +------+--------+----------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 1276| 1393| 474| 64| 249| +---+----------+------+--------+----------+---------+---------+

GENERAL REMARKS.

The best _sawah_ of _Japara_ yields from twenty-six to twenty-one _amats_ of _pari_ per _jung_; but there being a quantity of _sawah_ of a very poor soil, it has been found, that the average will not be to each _jung_ more than sixteen, which this calculation is made on. The _tegals_ are calculated at ten _amats_ per _jung_.

The best _sawahs_ of _Kudus_ produces from thirty-one to twenty-five _amats_ per _jung_ at the first crop, and should the farmer sow his seed early, it will produce a second crop in the course of the year. The cultivators In this district, generally speaking, plant their lands with other cultivation, after procuring a crop of _pari_, such as _jagon_, _katela_, _kapas_, and the indigo plant. The third of this division being lands of a very inferior quality, and situated high, it has been found that the average does not exceed more than twenty _amats_ per _jung_. The _tegals_ are also rated at ten _amats_ per _jung_.

The division of _Pati_ is much larger than the others, and the best _sawah_ produces from thirty to twenty _amats_ per _jung_, and in some few places yields a second crop; but in consequence of there being in this division a quantity of land which produces but little, and the sixth of the crops being often destroyed by the wild hogs, the average cannot be rated higher than fourteen _amats_ per _jung_ throughout.

The division of _Jawana_ has a great quantity of _sawah_, and the last may be rated at twenty-eight to thirty _amats_ per _jung_, but a small part of this being poor, and also being subject to continual inundations from the river of _Jawana_, it is not calculated to produce more than seventeen _amats_ per _jung_ throughout.

The rate of an _amat_ at _pari_ is two rupees, which is the price at the time of harvest through out the Residency.

This statement comprehends all assignments to native chiefs and village officers, and taken from the actual measurement of the _sawahs_ and _tegals_.

The average value of the produce of a jung of cultivated land, thirty-one Rupees.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF REMBANG, 1815.

+---+----------+---------+---------+---------+-----------+----------+ |No.| Names of |Number of| Total |Land in | Land not |Cultivated| | |Divisions.|Villages.| Land. |Villages.|included in| Land. | | | | | | | Villages. | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+-----------+----------+ | | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| Jungs. B. | Jungs. B.| | 1| Rambang | 568| 23020 3| 18890 0| 4130 3| 8081 1| | 2| Lasem | 319| 10996 2| 9570 1| 1426 1| 5356 2| | 3| Tuban | 441| 15423 3| 11093 1| 4330 2| 5239 3| | | +---------+---------+---------+-----------+----------+ | | Total | 1328| 49441 0| 39553 2| 9887 2| 18677 2| +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+-----------+----------+

+---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.| Names of | Sawah. | Tegal. | Free | Coffee | Teak | | |Divisions.| | | Land. | Grounds.|Forests. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1| Rambang | 7382 2| 698 3| 1076 3| 30 3| 9403 3| | 2| Lasem | 4362 2| 993 3| 525 3| 33 2| 3631 1| | 3| Tuban | 4792 2| 447 2| 684 0| 31 1| 5069 0| | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 16537 2| 2140 0| 2286 3| 35 2| 18104 0| +---+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+----------+----------+---------- +----------+ |No.| Names of |Government|Land in |Capable of |Unfit | | |Divisions.|Land. |use in |being |Land. | | | | |Village. |Cultivated.| | | | | | | | | +---+----------+----------+----------+ ----------+----------+ | | |Jungs. B. |Jungs. B. | Jungs. B. |Jungs. B. | | 1| Rambang | 327 1 |18890 0 | 2627 0 | 947 0 | | 2| Lasem | 53 2 | 9570 1 | 451 0 | 245 1 | | 3| Tuban | 68 3 |11093 1 | 950 3 |1440 3 | | | +----------+----------+ ----------+----------+ | | Total | 449 2 |39553 2 | 4028 3 |2633 0 | +---+----------+----------+----------+ ----------+----------+

+---+----------+----------+----------+----------------------+ |No.| Names of |Jungle |Land not |Estimated Produce. | | |Divisions.|Land. |in use in | | | | | |Villages. |----------+-----------+ | | | | |Pari. |Maize. | +---+----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------+ | | |Jungs. B. |Jungs. B. |Amats. G. |Amats. G. | | 1| Rambang | 556 3 |4130 3 | 156182 0| 22951 4 | | 2| Lasem | 729 3 |1426 1 | 94219 0| 33844 19| | 3| Tuban |1939 0 |4330 2 | 103994 0| 14908 8 | | | +----------+----------+----------+-----------+ | | Total |3225 2 |9887 2 | 354395 0| 71704 7 | +---+----------+----------+----------+----------+-----------+

+---+----------+----------------------+-------------+ |No.| Names of |Estimated Value of |Total | | |Divisions.|Produce. |Estimated | | | +-----------+----------+Value. | | | |Of Pari. |Of Maize. | | +---+----------+-----------+----------+-------------+ | | |Rupees St. |Rupees St.|Rupees Stiv. | | 1| Rambang |364498 0 |11020 4 |375518 4 | | 2| Lasem |235547 0 |16235 22 |251782 7 | | 3| Tuban |259974 0 | 7156 0 |267130 0 | | | +-----------+----------+-------------+ | | Total |850019 0 |34411 26 |894430 11 | +---+----------+-----------+----------+-------------+

+---+----------+-----------+-------+--------+----------------+ |No.| Names of | Total | Males.|Females.| Attached to the| | |Divisions.|Population.| | | Cultivation | | | | | | | of the Soil. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+-----------+-------+--------+----------------+ | 1| Rembang | 70790| 33535| 37255| 46223| | 2| Lasem | 50972| 24269| 26703| 32769| | 3| Tuban | 36768| 17400| 19368| 24238| | | |-----------+-------+--------+----------------+ | | Total | 158530| 75204| 83326| 103230| +---+----------+-----------+-------+--------+----------------+

+---+----------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------- |No.| Names of | Employed | Total | Total | Total | | |Divisions.| in other |Number of |Number of|Number of+-------+ | | |Avocations.|Buffaloes.| Horses. |Ploughs. |Total | | | | | | | |Javans.| | | | | | | | | +---+----------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------+ | 1| Rembang | 24567| 12646| 1529| 6542| 69653| | 2| Lasem | 18203| 10254| 1677| 4260| 48993| | 3| Tuban | 12530| 9203| 1211| 3819| 35993| | | +-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------+ | | Total | 55300| 32103| 4417| 14621| 154639| +---+----------+-----------+----------+---------+---------+-------+

+---+--------------------------------------------------------------- |No.| Names of JAVANS. | |Divisions.+------+--------+------------+-----------+----------+ | | |Males.|Females.|Class |Employed in|No. of | | | | | |of |other |Buffaloes.| | | | | |Cultivators.|Avocations.| | +---+----------+------+--------+------------+-----------+----------+ | 1| Rembang | 33013| 36640| 46223| 23430| 12608| | 2| Lasem | 23317| 25676| 32769| 16224| 10122| | 3| Tuban | 17043| 18050| 24238| 11755| 9022| | | +------+--------+------------+-----------+----------+ | | Total | 73373| 81266| 103230| 51409| 31752| +---+----------+------+--------+------------+-----------+----------+

+---+---------------------------+------------------------------ |No.| Names of JAVANS. |CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | |Divisions.+-------+--------+----------+-----------+------+ | | |No. of |No. of |Total |Employed in|Males.| | | |Horses.|Ploughs.|Chinese. |other | | | | | | | |Avocations.| | +---+----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+------+ | 1| Rembang | 1489| 6542| 1137| 1137| 522| | 2| Lasem | 1602| 4258| 1979| 1979| 952| | 3| Tuban | 1127| 3819| 775| 775| 357| | | +-------+--------+----------+-----------+------+ | | Total | 4218| 14619| 3891| 3891| 1831| +---+----------+-------+--------+----------+-----------+------+

+---+------------------------------------------------------------+ |No.| Names of CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | | |Divisions.+--------+------------+----------+-------+--------+ | | |Females.|Class |No. of |No. of |No. of | | | | |of |Buffaloes.|Horses.|Ploughs.| | | | |Cultivators.| | | | +---+----------+--------+------------+----------+-------+--------+ | 1| Rembang | 615| --| 38| 40| --| | 2| Lasem | 1027| --| 132| 75| 2| | 3| Tuban | 418| --| 181| 84| --| | | +--------+------------+----------+-------+--------+ | | Total | 2060| --| 351| 199| 2| +---+----------+--------+------------+----------+-------+--------+ REMARKS: Average value of the produce of a Jung of culti vated land, 43 Rup.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF GRESIK, 1815.

+---+--------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Names | No. |Total | Land |Land not | | | of | of | Land. | in |included | | | Divisions. |Villages.| |Villages.| in | |No.| | | | |Villages.| +---+--------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | |_District of | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | | Gresik._ | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|Gresik | 125| 4684 2| 4684 2| -- | | 2|Bengawan Jeru | 147| 2602 3| 2602 3| -- | | 3|Gunung Kendang| 222| 5311 2| 5280 1| 31 1| | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | 136| 4263 0| 4263 0| -- | | 2|Kudokan | 144| 6631 3| 6631 3| -- | | 3|Prijuk | 133| 5433 0| 5433 0| -- | | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 164| 2931 2| 2931 2| -- | | 2|Gunung Kendang| 195| 3690 2| 3690 2| -- | | 3|Bengawan Jeru | 130| 2790 3| 2790 3| -- | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 1396| 38339 1| 38308 0| 31 1| +---+--------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+--------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Names |Cultivated| Sawah. | Tegal. |Free | | | of | Land. | | | Land. | | | Divisions. | | | | | |No.| | | | | | +---+--------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+ | |_District of |Jungs. B. |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | | Gresik._ | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|Gresik | 1453 2| 1093 2| 360 0| 99 2| | 2|Bengawan Jeru | 1958 3| 1624 1| 334 3| 101 0| | 3|Gunung Kendang| 3459 2| 3380 1| 79 2| 153 3| | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | 1794 1| 1363 1| 431 0| 156 3| | 2|Kudokan | 2140 0| 1823 3| 283 2| 164 3| | 3|Prijuk | 1855 1| 1643 2| 200 1| 160 2| | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 1721 2| 1711 3| 9 0| 119 3| | 2|Gunung Kendang| 1156 3| 1138 0| 7 3| 88 0| | 3|Bengawan Jeru | 1479 1| 1399 0| 80 1| 58 3| | | +----------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 17018 3| 15177 1| 1786 0| 1102 3| +---+--------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+--------------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | Names |Coffee |Fishpond |Teak |Government| | | of | Grounds.|and Nipah| Forests.| Lands. | | | Divisions. | | Land. | | | |No.| | | | | | +---+--------------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | |_District of |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B. | | | Gresik._ | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|Gresik | -- | 2644 2| -- | 87 0| | 2|Bengawan Jeru | -- | 247 2| -- | 30 3| | 3|Gunung Kendang| -- | 89 2| -- | 39 1| | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | -- | 86 1| 117 2| 42 3| | 2|Kudokan | 32 2| -- | 888 4| 12 3| | 3|Prijuk | 11 1| 24 2| 1315 1| 19 1| | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 0 3| -- | 24 3| 3 0| | 2|Gunung Kendang| 11 0| -- | 851 1| -- | | 3|Bengawan Jeru | -- | -- | -- | 1 2| | | +---------+---------+---------+--------- + | | Total | 55 2| 3092 1| 3197 2| 236 1| +---+--------------+---------+---------+---------+--------- +

+---+--------------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+ | | Names | Land in | Capable | | | | | of | use in | of being | Unfit | Jungle | | | Divisions. |Villages.|cultivated.| land. | land. | |No.| | | | | | +---+--------------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+ | |_District of |Jungs. B.| Jungs. B. |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | | Gresik._ | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|Gresik | 4284 2| 109 0| 250 2| 40 2| | 2|Bengawan Jeru | 2338 1| 57 3| 183 2| 23 2| | 3|Gunung Kendang| 3742 1| 626 0| 912 0| -- | | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | 2197 2| 381 1| 1258 3| 425 2| | 2|Kudokan | 3206 2| 1270 3| 1296 3| 857 2| | 3|Prijuk | 3374 3| 325 2| 999 2| 733 1| | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 1868 3| 374 3| 504 1| 183 3| | 2|Gunung Kendang| 2096 0| 344 3| 642 1| 607 1| | 3|Bengawan Jeru | 1539 1| 453 2| 781 2| 16 2| | | +---------+-----------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 24647 3| 3943 1| 6829 0| 2887 3| +---+--------------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+

+---+--------------+---------+------------------+ | | Names |Land not |Estimated Produce.| | | of |in use in| | | | Divisions. |Villages.+---------+--------+ |No.| | | Pari. | Maize. | +---+--------------+---------+---------+--------+ | |_District of |Jungs. B.|Amats. G.|No. of | | | Gresik._ | | | Heads | | | | | |of Corn.| | 1|Gresik | 400 0| 33336 19| 7509362| | 2|Bengawan Jeru | 264 2| 71092 3| 7113932| | 3|Gunung Kendang| 1538 0| 82563 10| 1933800| | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | 2065 2| 47430 8|12515750| | 2|Kudokan | 3425 1| 71941 10| 8971312| | 3|Prijuk | 2058 1| 63009 3| 6344890| | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 1062 3| 49943 3| 246480| | 2|Gunung Kendang| 1594 2| 28120 1| 526480| | 3|Bengawan Jeru | 1251 1| 59758 7| 2161290| | | +---------+---------+--------+ | | Total | 13660 1|506785 4|47323296| +---+--------------+---------+---------+--------+

+---+--------------+---------------------+----------+ | | Names | Estimated Value | Total | | | of | of Produce. |Estimated | | | Divisions. +----------+----------+ Value. | |No.| | Pari. | Maize. | | +---+--------------+----------+----------+----------+ | |_District of |Java Stiv.|Java Stiv.|Java Stiv.| | | Gresik._ |Rupees. |Rupees. |Rupees. | | | | | | | | 1|Gresik | 44453 19| 8809 27| 53263 16| | 2|Bengawan Jeru | 94774 2| 8783 12|103557 14| | 3|Gunung Kendang|109334 2| 1674 22|111008 25| | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | 63242 0| 12515 23| 75757 22| | 2|Kudokan | 95927 23| 8971 7|104898 30| | 3|Prijuk | 84013 21| 6344 21| 90358 12| | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 66595 7| 205 12| 66800 19| | 2|Gunung Kendang| 37498 26| 525 5| 38024 2| | 3|Bengawan Jeru | 79682 0| 2160 22| 81842 21| | | +----------+----------+----------+ | | Total |675521 11| 49995 0|725512 11| +---+--------------+----------+----------+----------+

+---+-------------------+------+------+------+---------+--------+ |No.|Names of Divisions.|TOTAL |Males.|Fe- |Attached |Employed| | | |Popu- | |males.|to the |in other| | | |la- | | |Cultiva- |Avoca- | | | |tion. | | |tion of |tions. | | | | | | |the Soil.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+-------------------+------+------+------+---------+--------+ | |_District of | | | | | | | | Gresik._ | | | | | | | 1|Gresik | 17555| 9047| 8508| 3216| 496| | 2|Bengawan Jeru | 17941| 9430| 8511| 3159| 268| | 3|Gunung Kendang | 11283| 5882| 8401| 3778| --| | | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | 14021| 7217| 6804| 2843| 208| | 2|Kudokan | 16227| 7863| 6364| 2341| 1115| | 3|Prijuk | 12646| 6335| 6311| 2340| 434| | | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 10430| 5323| 5107| 2020| 14| | 2|Gunung Kendang | 8434| 4344| 4090| 1595| --| | 3|Bengawan Jeru | 6905| 3540| 3365| 1300| --| +---+-------------------+------+------+------+---------+--------+ | | Total |115442| 58981| 56465| 22592| 2535| +---+-------------------+------+------+------+---------+--------+

+---+-------------------+------+------+------+---------------------- |No.|Names of Divisions.|Number|Number|Number| JAVANS. | | | of | of | of | | | |Buffa-|Hor- |Plo- +-------+------+------+ | | |loes. |ses. |ughs |TOTAL |Males.|Fe- | | | | | |and |Javans.| |males.| | | | | |Pach- | | | | | | | | |ols. | | | | +---+-------------------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+ | |_District of | | | | | | | | | Gresik._ | | | | | | | | 1|Gresik | 2001| 103| 1135| 17549| 9044| 8505| | 2|Bengawan Jeru | 2916| 35| 1406| 17907| 9410| 8497| | 3|Gunung Kendang | 4417| 121| 2265| 11283| 5882| 5401| | | | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | 3810| 79| 1585| 13952| 7188| 6764| | 2|Kudokan | 4116| 194| 1887| 16133| 7818| 8315| | 3|Prijuk | 2656| 136| 1421| 12533| 6282| 6251| | | | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 2455| 308| 3567| 10382| 5299| 5083| | 2|Gunung Kendang | 2068| 72| 2904| 8434| 4344| 4090| | 3|Bengawan Jeru | 1357| 50| 2537| 6905| 3540| 3365| +---+-------------------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+ | | Total | 26014| 1106| 18707| 115078| 58807| 56271| +---+-------------------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+

+---+---------------------------------------------------------+ |No.|Names of Divisions. JAVANS. | | | | | | +-------+--------+------+------+------+ | | |Class |Employed|Number|Number|Number| | | | of |in other| of | of | of | | | |Culti- |Avoca- |Buffa-|Hor- |Plo- | | | |vators.|tions. |loes. |ses. |ughs | +---+-------------------+-------+--------+------+------+------+ | |_District of | | | | | | | | Gresik._ | | | | | | | 1|Gresik | 3216| 495| 2001| 103| 1135| | 2|Bengawan Jeru | 3158| 264| 2916| 35| 1406| | 3|Gunung Kendang | 3778| --| 4417| 121| 2265| | | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | 2841| 109| 3810| 79| 1585| | 2|Kudokan | 2341| 1095| 4112| 193| 1887| | 3|Prijuk | 2340| 403| 2852| 130| 1421| | | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 2020| --| 2454| 306| 3567| | 2|Gunung Kendang | 1595| --| 2068| 72| 2904| | 3|Bengawan Jeru | 1300| --| 1375| 58| 2537| +---+-------------------+-------+--------+------+------+------+ | | Total | 22591| 2446| 26005| 1097| 18707| +---+-------------------+-------+--------+------+------+------+

+---+-------------------+--------------------------------------- |No.|Names of Divisions.| CHINESE AND OTHER | | | FOREIGNERS. | | +-------+------+------+-------+--------+ | | |TOTAL |Males.|Fe- |Class |Employed| | | |Chin- | |males.| of |in other| | | |ese. | | |Culti- |Avoca- | | | | | | |vators.|tions. | +---+-------------------+-------+------+------+-------+--------+ | |_District of | | | | | | | | Gresik._ | | | | | | | 1|Gresik | 6| 3| 3| --| 1| | 2|Bengawan Jeru | 34| 20| 14| --| 4| | 3|Gunung Kendang | --| --| --| --| --| | | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | 69| 29| 40| --| 19| | 2|Kudokan | 94| 45| 49| --| 20| | 3|Prijuk | 113| 53| 60| --| 31| | | | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 48| 24| 24| --| 14| | 2|Gunung Kendang | --| --| --| --| --| | 3|Bengawan Jeru | --| --| --| --| --| +---+-------------------+-------+------+------+-------+--------+ | | Total | 364| 174| 190| 1| 89| +---+-------------------+-------+------+------+-------+--------+

+---+----------------------------------------+ |No.|Names of Divisions. CHINESE AND OTHER | | | FOREIGNERS. | | | +------+------+------+ | | |Number|Number|Number| | | | of | of | of | | | |Buffa-|Hor- |Plo- | | | |loes. |ses. |ughs | +---+-------------------+------+------+------+ | |_District of | | | | | | Gresik._ | | | | | 1|Gresik | --| --| --| | 2|Bengawan Jeru | --| --| --| | 3|Gunung Kendang | --| --| --| | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | Sidaya._ | | | | | 1|Tambang'an | --| --| --| | 2|Kudokan | 4| 1| --| | 3|Prijuk | 4| 6| --| | | | | | | | |_District of | | | | | | Lamongan._| | | | | 1|Tengáhan | 1| 2| --| | 2|Gunung Kendang | --| --| --| | 3|Bengawan Jeru | --| --| --| +---+-------------------+------+------+------+ | | Total | 9| 9| --| +---+-------------------+------+------+------+ REMARKS: Average Value of a Jung of cultivated Land ... 42 Java Rupees.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF SURABÁYA, 1815.

+---+--------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.|Names of |Number | Total |Land |Land | | |Divisions. |of | Land. |in |not | | | |Villages.| |Villages.|included | | | | | | |in | | | | | | |Villages.| +---+--------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Jaba Kota | 202| 2585 2| 2585 2| -- | | 2|Semimi | 36| 582 1| 582 1| -- | | 3|Jangála | 492| 6145 4| 6145 4| -- | | 4|Rawah Pulu | 319| 4303 3| 4303 3| -- | | 5|Gunung Kendang| 341| 5205 2| 5205 2| -- | | 6|Kabu | 239| 3386 3| 3386 3| -- | | 7|Linkir | 207| 2399 2| 2399 2| -- | | 8|Japan | 454| 4995 1| 4995 1| -- | | 9|Wira Sába | 480| 5350 2| 5350 2| -- | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 2770| 34955 0| 34955 0| -- | +---+--------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+--------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.|Names of |Cultivated| Sawah. | Tegal. | Free | | |Divisions. |Land. | | | Land. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+--------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Jaba Kota | 2269 2| 2159 1| 105 3| 278 2| | 2|Semimi | 458 4| 453 1| 5 3| 33 0| | 3|Jangála | 4999 2| 4756 1| 210 3| 756 3| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 3253 0| 3159 2| 77 2| 864 2| | 5|Gunung Kendang| 2072 0| 1893 2| 157 2| 305 2| | 6|Kabu | 1158 1| 1064 1| 88 4| 138 1| | 7|Linkir | 783 4| 672 1| 77 3| 85 1| | 8|Japan | 2354 0| 2053 0| 300 3| 445 1| | 9|Wira Sába | 1500 1| 1168 2| 331 3| 253 2| | | +----------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 18849 2| 17379 3| 1356 2| 3160 2| +---+--------------+----------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+--------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+ |No.|Names of | Coffee | Teak |Government|Land in | | |Divisions. | Grounds.| Forests.|Lands. |use in | | | | | | |Villages.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+--------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Jaba Kota | 4 2| -- | 0 1| 2548 2| | 2|Semimi | 0 0| -- | 14 2| 506 2| | 3|Jangála | 32 1| -- | -- | 5756 2| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 16 0| -- | 20 1| 4138 1| | 5|Gunung Kendang| 21 0| 1550 3| -- | 3928 4| | 6|Kabu | 5 1| 1397 2| -- | 2693 3| | 7|Linkir | 34 0| 1242 3| -- | 2112 1| | 8|Japan | 0 1| 643 3| -- | 3442 1| | 9|Wira Sába | -- | 1050 1| -- | 2803 4| | | +---------+---------+----------+---------+ | | Total | 113 1| 5885 0| 35 0| 27931 0| +---+--------------+---------+---------+----------+---------+

+---+--------------+-----------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.|Names of | Capable | Unfit | Jungle |Land not | | |Divisions. | of being | Land. | Land. |in use in+ | | |cultivated.| | |Villages.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+--------------+-----------+---------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B. |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Jaba Kota | 7 4| 13 0| 15 4| 36 4| | 2|Semimi | -- | -- | 75 2| 75 2| | 3|Jangála | 286 0| -- | 103 3| 389 3| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 90 1| 16 0| 58 3| 165 2| | 5|Gunung Kendang| 196 1| -- | 1080 1| 1276 1| | 6|Kabu | 111 3| -- | 581 1| 692 3| | 7|Linkir | 157 2| -- | 297 3| 287 1| | 8|Japan | 231 2| -- | 1552 4| 1552 4| | 9|Wira Sába | 121 1| -- | 2546 1| 2546 1| | | +-----------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 1202 2| 29 0| 5791 3| 7023 2| +---+--------------+-----------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+--------------+----------+---------+ |No.|Names of | Estimated Produce. | | |Divisions. +----------+---------+ | | | Pari. | Maize. | | | | | | | | | | | +---+--------------+----------+---------+ | | | Amats. G.| Heads. | | 1|Jaba Kota | 126281 0| 280550| | 2|Semimi | 22618 0| 5960| | 3|Jangála | 326820 0| 1530650| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 207974 0| 559539| | 5|Gunung Kendang| 40681 15| 400038| | 6|Kabu | 30028 9| 265700| | 7|Linkir | 16207 9| 160600| | 8|Japan | 99625 2| 1607813| | 9|Wira Sába | 45441 3| 2005735| | | +----------+---------+ | | Total | 915675 19| 6816585| +---+--------------+----------+---------+

+---+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ |No.|Names of |Estimated Value of Produce.| Total | | |Divisions. +---------------------------| Estimated | | | | Pari. | Maize. | Value. | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | |Rupees. Stiv.|Rupees. Stiv.|Rupees. Stiv.| | 1|Jaba Kota | 224148 23 | 6400 0 | 230548 23 | | 2|Semimi | 40146 28 | 340 0 | 40486 28 | | 3|Jangála | 664467 10 | 10660 0 | 675107 10 | | 4|Rawah Pulu | 422880 14 | 3450 0 | 426330 14 | | 5|Gunung Kendang| 75358 4 | 4400 28 | 79759 2 | | 6|Kabu | 54672 24 | 3000 24 | 57673 17 | | 7|Linkir | 29550 58 | 2000 12 | 31551 1 | | 8|Japan | 133261 6 | 30900 26 | 164162 2 | | 9|Wira Sába | 60754 14 | 40400 14 | 101154 28 | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | Total | 1705240 12| 101533 15 |1806774 6 | +---+--------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

+---+--------------+-------+------+--------+------------+-----------+ | | NAMES | TOTAL | | | Attached | Employed | |No.| OF | Popu- |Males.|Females.| to the | in other | | | DIVISIONS. |lation.| | |cultivation |Avocations.| | | | | | |of the soil.| | | | | | | | | | +---+--------------+-------+------+--------+------------+-----------+ | 1|Jaha Kota | 21985| 10604| 11381| 5308| 281| | 2|Sernimi | 2653| 1285| 1368| 715| 11| | 3|Jangála | 33423| 17057| 16366| 8495| 157| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 26818| 12448| 14370| 6276| 140| | 5|Gunung Kendang| 10523| 5617| 4906| 2817| --| | 6|Kabu | 5417| 2986| 2431| 1491| --| | 7|Linkir | 4507| 2448| 2059| 1215| --| | 8|Japan | 14754| 7889| 6865| 4097| 24| | 9|Wira Sába | 7858| 4483| 3375| 2293| 21| | | +-------+------+--------+------------+-----------+ | | Total | 127938| 64817| 63121| 32618| 634| +---+--------------+-------+------+--------+------------+-----------+

+---+--------------+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------- | | NAMES | Total | Total | Total | |JAVANS. |No.| OF | Number | Number| Number | TOTAL |--------+ | | DIVISIONS. | of | of | of |Javans.| Males. | | | |Buffaloes.|Horses.|Ploughs.| | | | | | | | | | | +---+--------------+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ | 1|Jaha Kota | 2916| 169| 1652| 21941| 10590| | 2|Sernimi | 522| 44| 307| 2653| 1285| | 3|Jangála | 9569| 681| 4967| 33255| 16973| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 6202| 838| 3272| 26785| 12432| | 5|Gunung Kendang| 4441| 326| 2316| 16523| 5617| | 6|Kabu | 1777| 194| 950| 5417| 2986| | 7|Linkir | 1578| 140| 855| 4507| 2448| | 8|Japan | 4097| 771| 2155| 14622| 7814| | 9|Wira Sába | 2458| 450| 1224| 7748| 4450| | | +----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ | | Total | 33560| 3613| 17698| 126851| 64595| +---+--------------+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+

+---+------------------------------------------------------- | | NAMES JAVANS. |No.| OF +----------+--------------+-------------+ | | DIVISIONS. | Females. | Class of | Employed in | | | | | Cultivators. | other | | | | | | Avocations. | +---+--------------+----------+--------------+-------------+ | 1|Jaha Kota | 11351| 5308| 272| | 2|Sernimi | 1368| 715| 11| | 3|Jangála | 16282| 8495| 111| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 14353| 6276| 130| | 5|Gunung Kendang| 4906| 2817| --| | 6|Kabu | 2431| 1491| --| | 7|Linkir | 6059| 1215| --| | 8|Japan | 6815| 4007| --| | 9|Wira Sába | 3298| 2293| --| | | +----------+--------------+-------------+ | | Total | 62856| 32617| 524| +---+--------------+----------+--------------+-------------+

+---+---------------------------------------------------+ | | NAMES JAVANS. | |No.| OF +------------+-----------+-----------+ | | DIVISIONS. | Number of | Number of | Number of | | | | Buffaloes. | Horses. | Ploughs. | | | | | | | +---+--------------+------------+-----------+-----------+ | 1|Jaha Kota | 2916| 169| 1652| | 2|Sernimi | 522| 44| 307| | 3|Jangála | 9568| 680| 4967| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 6202| 832| 3272| | 5|Gunung Kendang| 4441| 326| 2316| | 6|Kabu | 1777| 194| 950| | 7|Linkir | 1578| 140| 855| | 8|Japan | 4097| 765| 2155| | 9|Wira Sába | 2325| 435| 1120| | | +------------+-----------+-----------+ | | Total | 33426| 3585| 17594| +---+--------------+------------+-----------+-----------+

+---+--------------+---------------------------------------------- | | NAMES | CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. |No.| OF +----------------+--------------+-------------+ | | DIVISIONS. | Total Chinese. | Class of | Employed in | | | | | Cultivators. | other | | | | | | Avocations. | +---+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+ | 1|Jaha Kota | 44| --| 9| | 2|Sernimi | --| --| --| | 3|Jangála | 168| --| 46| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 33| --| 10| | 5|Gunung Kendang| --| --| --| | 6|Kabu | --| --| --| | 7|Linkir | --| --| --| | 8|Japan | 132| --| 24| | 9|Wira Sába | 110| 1| 21| | | +----------------+--------------+-------------+ | | Total | 487| 1| 110| +---+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+

+---+------------------------------------------------ | | NAMES CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. |No.| OF +--------+----------+------------+ | | DIVISIONS. | Males. | Females. | Number of | | | | | | Buffaloes. | | | | | | | +---+--------------+--------+----------+------------+ | 1|Jaha Kota | 14| 30| --| | 2|Sernimi | --| --| --| | 3|Jangála | 84| 84| --| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 16| 17| --| | 5|Gunung Kendang| --| --| --| | 6|Kabu | --| --| --| | 7|Linkir | --| --| --| | 8|Japan | 75| 57| --| | 9|Wira Sába | 33| 77| 133| | | +--------+----------+------------+ | | Total | 222| 265| 133| +---+--------------+--------+----------+------------+

+---+--------------------------------------+ | | NAMES CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. |No.| OF +-----------+-----------| | | DIVISIONS. | Number of | Number of | | | | Horses. | Ploughs. | | | | | | +---+--------------+-----------+-----------+ | 1|Jaha Kota | --| --| | 2|Sernimi | --| --| | 3|Jangála | 1| --| | 4|Rawah Pulu | 6| --| | 5|Gunung Kendang| --| --| | 6|Kabu | --| --| | 7|Linkir | --| --| | 8|Japan | 6| --| | 9|Wira Sába | 15| 4| | | +-----------+-----------+ | | Total | 28| 4| +---+--------------+-----------+-----------+ REMARKS: Average Value of the produce of a Jung of cultivated Land, 44 Rupees.

STATEMENT OF THE POPULATION OF THE TOWN OF SURABAYA.

+----------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | Number of Kampongs | Number of Horses. | Men above | | belonging to the Town of | | Fifty Years of | | Surabaya. | | Age. | +----------------------------+-------------------+----------------+ | 132| 6679| 1745| +----------------------------+-------------------+----------------+

+----------------+-------------------+-----------------+ | Women above | Men from Twenty | Women from | | Fifty Years of | to Fifty Years of | Twenty to Fifty | | Age. | Age. | Years of Age. | +----------------+-------------------+-----------------+ | 2680| 5908| 6841| +----------------+-------------------+-----------------+

+-----------------+-----------------+---------------+ | Men from Ten to | Women from Ten | Male Children | | Twenty Years of | to Twenty Years | under the Age | | Age. | of Age. | of Ten Years. | +-----------------+-----------------+---------------+ | 771| 540| 3019| +-----------------+-----------------+---------------+

+------------------+-------------+ | Female Children | TOTAL | | under the Age of | Population. | | Ten Years. | | +------------------+-------------+ | 3070| 24574| +------------------+-------------+

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF PASURUAN, 1815.

+---+----------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ |No.| Names | Number | Total | Land |Land not |Cultivated| | | of | of | Land. | in |included | Land. | | |Divisions.|Ploughs.| |Villages.| in | | | | | | | |Villages.| | +---+----------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | | |Jungs. B.| Jgs. B.| Jgs. B.| Jungs. B.| | 1| Pasuruan | --| 11204 3| --| --| 6455 3| | 2| Bang'il | --| 3829 --| --| --| 3138 1| | 3| Malang | --| 2923 2| --| --| 1065 1| | | |--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | Total | --| 17957 1| --| --| 10659 1| +---+----------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------+

+---+----------+---------+-------+---------+--------+---------+ |No.| Names | Sawah. | Tegal.| Free | Coffee | Teak | | | of | | | Land. |Grounds.| Forests.| | |Divisions.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+---------+-------+---------+--------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Jgs. B.|Jungs. B.| Jgs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1| Pasuruan | 4375 2| 2080 1| 1148 1| 121 2| 1738 3| | 2| Bang'il | 2888 2| 249 2| 654 2| 17 2| 203 2| | 3| Malang | 206 2| 188 2| 167 1| 96 3| 275 2| | | +---------+-------+---------+--------+---------+ | | Total | 7470 2| 2518 1| 1970 --| 236 --| 2217 3| +---+----------+---------+-------+---------+--------+---------+

+---+----------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |No.| Names |Government| Land in | Capable | Unfit | Jungle | | | of | Land. | use in | of | Land. | Land. | | |Divisions.| |Villages.| being | | | | | | | | Culti- | | | +---+----------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1| Pasuruan | 47 -- | --| 732 2 | 436 1 | 902 3 | | 2| Bang'il | 24 3 | --| 19 1 | 89 1 | 27 2 | | 3| Malang | 19 1 | --| 599 1 | -- | 701 -- | | | +----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 91 -- | --| 1351 0 | 525 2 | 1631 1 | +---+----------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---+----------+---------+--------------------------+ |No.| Names |Land not | Estimated | | | of |in use in| Produce. | | |Divisions.|villages.+--------------+-----------+ | | | | Pari. | Maize. | +---+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+ | | |Jungs. B.| Amats. G. | No. Heads.| | 1| Pasuruan | --| 170467 14 | 14,312,312| | 2| Bang'il | --| 113179 ½ | 2,960,312| | 3| Malang | --| 47534 28 | 2,348,500| | | +---------+--------------+-----------+ | | Total | --| 331181 17½ | 19,621,124| +---+----------+---------+--------------+-----------+

+---+----------+---------------------+-----------+ |No.| Names | Estimated Value | Total | | | of | of Produce. | Estimated | | |Divisions.+-----------+---------+ Value. | | | | Of Pari. |Of Maize.| | +---+----------+-----------+---------+-----------+ | | |Rupees. St.| Rup. St.|Rupees. St.| | 1| Pasuruan | 340931 27| 13926 18| 372858 15| | 2| Bang'il | 264084 16| 2466 27| 266551 13| | 3| Malang | 63382 12| 1957 2| 65339 14| | | +-----------+---------+-----------+ | | Total | 668,398 25| 18350 17| 704749 12| +---+----------+-----------+---------+-----------+

+---+----------+-------+-------+--------+------------+-----------+ |No.| Names | Total | Males.|Females.| Attached | Employed | | | of | Popu- | | | to the | in other | | |Divisions.|lation.| | |cultivation |Avocations.| | | | | | |of the soil.| | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+-------+-------+--------+------------+-----------+ | 1| Pasuruan | 62421| 30834| 31587| 13380| 2158| | 2| Bang'il | 34523| 17401| 17122| 6026| 824| | 3| Malang | 11868| 5942| 5926| 3239| --| | | +-------+-------+--------+------------+-----------+ | | Total | 108812| 54177| 54635| 22635| 2982| +---+----------+-------+-------+--------+------------+-----------+

+---+----------+----------+-------+--------+----------------- |No.| Names | Total | Total | Total | | | of | Number | Number| Number |-------+--------+ | |Divisions.| of | of | of | Total | Males. | | | |Buffaloes.|Horses.|Ploughs.|Javans.| | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ | 1| Pasuruan | 14289| 2755| 6428| 61722| 30491| | 2| Bang'il | 7661| 2629| 3433| 34152| 17232| | 3| Malang | 3919| 2272| 1972| 11868| 5942| | | +----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+ | | Total | 25869| 7656| 11833| 107752| 53665| +---+----------+----------+-------+--------+-------+--------+

+---+---------------------------------------------------------------- |No.| Names JAVANS. | | of +--------+------------+-----------+----------+-------+ | |Divisions.|Females.| Class of |Employed in| Number |Number | | | | |Cultivators.| other | of | of | | | | | |Avocations.|Buffaloes.|Horses.| +---+----------+--------+------------+-----------+----------+-------+ | 1| Pasuruan | 31231| 13380| 2158| 14205| 2746| | 2| Bang'il | 16920| 6026| 824| 7661| 2519| | 3| Malang | 5962| 3239| --| 3919| 2272| | | +--------+------------+-----------+----------+-------+ | | Total | 54077| 22645| 2982| 25785| 7667| +---+----------+--------+------------+-----------+----------+-------+

+---+-------------------+---------------------------------------- |No.| Names | CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | | of +--------+--------+--------+--------+------------+ | |Divisions.| Number | Total | Males. |Females.| Class of | | | | of |Chinese.| | |Cultivators.| | | |Ploughs.| | | | | +---+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------------+ | 1| Pasuruan | 6428| 699| 5| 157| 343| | 2| Bang'il | 3433| 371| 9| 78| 169| | 3| Malang | 1972| --| --| --| --| | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+------------+ | | Total | 11893| 1060| 14| 235| 512| +---+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------------+

+---+--------------------------------------------------+ |No.| Names CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | | | of +-----------+----------+-------+--------+ | |Divisions.|Employed in| Number |Number | Number | | | | other | of | of | of | | | |Avocations.|Buffaloes.|Horses.|Ploughs.| +---+----------+-----------+----------+-------+--------+ | 1| Pasuruan | 356| 84| 9| --| | 2| Bang'il | 202| --| 10| --| | 3| Malang | --| --| --| --| | | +-----------+----------+-------+--------+ | | Total | 558| 84| 19| --| +---+----------+-----------+----------+-------+--------+ REMARKS: Average Value of the produce of a Jung of cultivated land, 66 Rupees.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF BESUKI, 1815.

+----+----------+------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ |Num.| Name |Num- | Total | Land |Land not |Cultivated| | | of |ber. | Land. | in |included | Land. | | |Divisions.|of | | Vil- |in Vil- | | | | |Vil- | |lages. |lages. | | | | |lages.| | | | | +----+----------+------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| Jungs. B.| | 1|Probolingo| 64| 12227 0| 592 0| 11635 0| 432 1| | 2|Tongas | 34| 3543 1| 300 0| 3243 1| 236 1| | 3|Katapang | 39| 21185 0| 1619 2| 19565 2| 1564 3| | 4|Dringo | 51| 9868 2| 793 0| 9075 2| 703 0| | 5|Ginding | 45| 11871 2| 2226 0| 9645 2| 1055 1| | 6|Pajarakan | 30| 5689 3| 1087 1| 4602 2| 487 1| | 7|Jogopaten | 29| 4884 0| 946 0| 3938 0| 417 0| | 8|Kuraxum | 14| 4767 2| 913 1| 3854 1| 407 3| | 9|Jabong | 12| 5398 2| 1031 0| 4367 1| 459 0| | 10|Panton | 33| 11855 1| 2228 2| 9627 0| 1017 1| | 11|Besuki | 60| 4821 2| 732 1| 4089 1| 486 1| | 12|Binor | 12| 5039 3| 414 2| 4625 0| 147 3| | 13|Banyukurta| 33| 13580 1| 1900 1| 11680 0| 340 1| | 14|Kutu | 19| 1488 3| 400 3| 1088 0| 375 1| | 15|Blanuingan| 19| 3884 0| 429 2| 3454 2| 405 2| | 16|Bungatan | 20| 5706 2| 493 3| 5213 0| 299 0| | 17|Panarukan | 11| 4142 2| 532 2| 3610 0| 499 0| | 18|Patokan | 10| 4283 0| 536 2| 3746 2| 504 2| | 19|Patokingan| 12| 9243 3| 1163 3| 8080 0| 1142 1| | 20|Kapongan | 11| 1066 2| 540 0| 526 2| 522 1| | 21|Klatakan | 12| 6890 2| 248 2| 6642 0| 228 3| | 22|Kalitukus | 10| 876 1| 214 2| 661 3| 194 2| | 23|Pugur | 52| 287498 1| 520 3| 286977 2| 92 3 | | 24|Bandawasa | 136| 243298 1| 1349 3| 241948 2| 999 3| | 25|Lamajang | 59| 92374 0| 2185 0| 90189 0| 414 2| +----+----------+------+---------+---------+---------+----------+ | | Total | 827| 775484 0| 23398 3| 752085 1| 13432 0| +----+----------+------+---------+---------+---------+----------+

+----+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |Num.| Name | Sawah. | Tegal. | Free |Coffee | Teak | | | of | | | Land. |Grounds. |Forests. | | |Divisions.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +----+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | |Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Probolingo| 156 3| 275 1| 70 0| -- | -- | | 2|Tongas | 93 3| 142 2| 29 2| 20 3| -- | | 3|Katapang | 223 1| 1341 1| 33 2| -- | -- | | 4|Dringo | 447 0| 256 0| 51 3| 11 3| -- | | 5|Ginding | 472 3| 582 3| 41 0| -- | 1108 3| | 6|Pajarakan | 313 0| 174 1| 24 0| -- | 564 0| | 7|Jogopaten | 297 3| 119 0| 26 0| -- | 492 3| | 8|Kuraxum | 247 1| 160 2| 14 0| 1 3| 483 3| | 9|Jabong | 304 3| 154 1| 18 0| 1 3| 536 1| | 10|Panton | 594 2| 423 0| 27 0| 1 1| 1164 0| | 11|Besuki | 309 1| 176 3| 115 0| -- | 101 0| | 12|Binor | 33 3| 114 0| 8 1| -- | 252 0| | 13|Banyukurta| 91 1| 249 0| 18 1| -- | 1525 2| | 14|Kutu | 306 2| 68 3| 19 0| -- | 1 2| | 15|Blanuingan| 119 1| 286 2| 15 1| -- | 3 0| | 16|Bungatan | 45 0| 254 0| 14 0| -- | 175 0| | 17|Panarukan | 477 0| 21 3| 24 0| -- | 6 0| | 18|Patokan | 204 2| 300 0| 24 0| -- | -- | | 19|Patokingan| 1047 0| 95 1| 16 0| -- | -- | | 20|Kapongan | 416 1| 106 0| 14 0| -- | -- | | 21|Klatakan | 37 3| 191 1| 14 3| -- | -- | | 22|Kalitukus | 40 0| 154 2| 14 0| -- | -- | | 23|Pugur | 59 0| 33 3| 78 2| 14 0| 280 3| | 24|Bandawasa | 469 1| 530 2| 202 2| 12 0| -- | | 25|Lamajang | 256 1| 158 2| 50 0| 63 0| 1607 0| +----+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 7062 3| 6369 1| 961 3| 126 1| 8301 1| +----+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+----+----------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ |Num.| Name |Government| Land in | Capable | Unfit | Jungle | | | of | Land. | use in | of | Land. | Land. | | |Divisions.| | Vil- | being | | | | | | |lages. | Culti- | | | | | | | | vated. | | | +----+----------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | | Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.|Jungs. B.| | 1|Probolingo| 90 0 | 592 0| 1517 3| 376 3| 6354 3| | 2|Tongas | 13 2 | 300 0| 1010 3| 924 3| 1307 2| | 3|Katapang | 21 0 | 1619 2| 4709 2| 6262 1| 8593 3| | 4|Dringo | 28 2 | 793 0| 2452 3| 2814 3| 3808 0| | 5|Ginding | 20 3 | 2226 0| -- | 3913 3| 5731 2| | 6|Pajarakan | 12 0 | 1087 1| -- | 1964 3| 2637 3| | 7|Jogopaten | 10 2 | 946 0| -- | 1672 1| 2265 3| | 8|Kuraxum | 7 0 | 913 1| -- | 1605 3| 2248 2| | 9|Jabong | 14 0 | 1031 0| -- | 1841 3| 2525 2| | 10|Panton | 18 0 | 2228 2| -- | 4066 1| 5560 3| | 11|Besuki | 30 0 | 732 1| 135 0| 1909 2| 2044 3| | 12|Binor | 6 2 | 414 2| 80 0| 2232 2| 2312 2| | 13|Banyukurta| 16 0 | 1900 1| 520 0| 5320 0| 5840 0| | 14|Kutu | 5 1 | 400 3| -- | 544 0| 544 0| | 15|Blanuingan| 5 3 | 429 2| -- | 1727 1| 1727 1| | 16|Bungatan | 5 3 | 493 3| 23 3| 2574 0| 2615 1| | 17|Panarukan | 4 0 | 532 2| -- | 1800 0| 1810 0| | 18|Patokan | 8 0 | 536 2| -- | 1873 1| 1873 1| | 19|Patokingan| 5 2 | 1163 3| -- | 4040 0| 4040 0| | 20|Kapongan | 4 0 | 540 0| -- | 263 1| 263 1| | 21|Klatakan | 5 0 | 248 2| 70 0| 3262 0| 3310 0| | 22|Kalitukus | 6 0 | 214 2| 130 0| 265 1| 266 2| | 23|Pugur | 54 2 | 520 3| 95659 0| 47832 0|143486 2| | 24|Bandawasa | 136 0 | 1349 3| 50629 2| 47832 2|143486 2| | 25|Lamajang | 50 1 | 2185 0| 17737 1| 27357 0| 45095 0| +----+----------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | Total | 577 3 | 23398 3| 174675 1|177661 2|399748 2| +----+----------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+----+----------+---------+---------------------+ |Num.| Name | Land not| Estimated | | | of |in use in| Produce. | | |Divisions.|villages.+----------+----------+ | | | | Pari. | Maize. | | | | | | | +----+----------+---------+----------+----------+ | | |Jungs. B.| Amats. G.| Ears. | | 1|Probolingo| 11635 0| 7014 0| 8674000| | 2|Tongas | 3243 1| 4216 10| 4672500| | 3|Katapang | 19565 2| 9905 5| 40860000| | 4|Dringo | 9075 2| 19694 3| 7583500| | 5|Ginding | 9645 2| 22799 7| 17219500| | 6|Pajarakan | 4602 2| 13553 10| 4905500| | 7|Jogopaten | 3938 0| 16341 10| 3435500| | 8|Kuraxum | 3854 1| 10803 9| 4818250| | 9|Jabong | 4367 1| 13303 12| 4684750| | 10|Panton | 9627 0| 28329 14| 12537000| | 11|Besuki | 4089 1| 13129 10| 4932064| | 12|Binor | 4625 0| 1358 11| 3074360| | 13|Banyukurta| 11680 0| 2874 0| 6843625| | 14|Kutu | 1088 0| 12918 0| 1827030| | 15|Blanuingan| 3454 2| 4420 0| 7857830| | 16|Bungatan | 5213 0| 1902 5| 5018360| | 17|Panarukan | 3610 0| 22563 7| 585750| | 18|Patokan | 3746 2| 9380 5| 8554825| | 19|Patokingan| 8080 0| 48200 7| 2503125| | 20|Kapongan | 526 2| 17518 2| 2815500| | 21|Klatakan | 6642 0| 1497 4| 5000750| | 22|Kalitukus | 661 3| 1614 0| 4134750| | 23|Pugur |286977 2| 3036 0| 1212500| | 24|Bandawasa |241948 2| 24138 0| 18957812| | 25|Lamajang | 90189 0| 13176 0| 5656500| +----+----------+---------+----------+----------+ | | Total |752085 1| 323686 11| 188365281| +----+----------+---------+----------+----------+

+----+----------+-----------------------+-----------+ |Num.| Name | Estimated Value | Total | | | of | of Produce. | Estimated | | |Divisions.+-----------+-----------+ Value. | | | |Of Pari. |Of Maize. | | | | | | | | +----+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | |Rupees. St.|Rupees. St.|Rupees. St.| | 1|Probolingo| 14028 0 | 8674 0 | 22702 0 | | 2|Tongas | 8433 0 | 4672 15 | 13105 15 | | 3|Katapang | 19810 15 | 40860 0 | 60670 15 | | 4|Dringo | 39388 15 | 7583 15 | 46972 0 | | 5|Ginding | 45598 21 | 17219 15 | 62818 6 | | 6|Pajarakan | 27107 0 | 4905 15 | 32012 15 | | 7|Jogopaten | 32683 0 | 3435 15 | 36118 15 | | 8|Kuraxum | 21605 22 | 4818 7 | 26425 0 | | 9|Jabong | 26607 0 | 4684 22 | 31291 28 | | 10|Panton | 56659 6 | 12537 0 | 69196 7 | | 11|Besuki | 26259 0 | 4932 1 | 31191 1 | | 12|Binor | 2717 3 | 3074 12 | 5791 15 | | 13|Banyukurta| 5748 0 | 6543 16 | 12591 16 | | 14|Kutu | 25836 0 | 1827 1 | 27663 1 | | 15|Blanuingan| 8840 0 | 7857 27 | 16697 27 | | 16|Bungatan | 3804 15 | 5018 12 | 8822 27 | | 17|Panarukan | 45126 22 | 585 23 | 45712 15 | | 18|Patokan | 18760 15 | 8554 19 | 27315 19 | | 19|Patokingan| 96400 22 | 2503 4 | 98903 27 | | 20|Kapongan | 35036 7 | 2815 15 | 37851 22 | | 21|Klatakan | 2994 11 | 5090 22 | 7995 4 | | 22|Kalitukus | 3228 0 | 4134 23 | 7362 23 | | 23|Pugur | 6072 0 | 1212 15 | 7284 15 | | 24|Bandawasa | 48276 0 | 18957 24 | 67233 24 | | 25|Lamajang | 26352 0 | 5656 15 | 32608 15 | +----+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | Total |647373 2 |188365 3 |835738 6 | +----+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

+----+----------+-------+------+------+--------+--------+------+ |Num-| NAMES OF |TOTAL |Males.|Fe- |Attached|Employed| Total| |ber |DIVISIONS.|Popu- | |males.| to the |in other|Number| | | |lation.| | | Culti- | Avoca- | of | | | | | | | vation | tions. |Buffa-| | | | | | | of the | |loes. | | | | | | | Soil. | | | +----+----------+-------+------+------+--------+--------+------+ | 1|Probolingo| 6070| 3068| 3002| 2235| 759| 1626| | 2|Tongas | 2362| 1140| 1222| 1089| 111| 822| | 3|Katapang | 5199| 2615| 2584| 2118| 187| 2818| | 4|Dringo | 4651| 2414| 2237| 2090| 147| 2301| | 5|Ginding | 5314| 2505| 2809| 2271| 258| 2304| | 6|Pajarakan | 3329| 1668| 1661| 1245| 278| 1320| | 7|Jogopaten | 3954| 2033| 1921| 1645| 273| 1616| | 8|Kuraxun | 2960| 1418| 1542| 1433| 347| 966| | 9|Jabong | 3509| 1715| 1794| 1188| 600| 1061| | 10|Panton | 6650| 3290| 3360| 3221| 495| 2909| | 11|Besuki | 13330| 6119| 7211| 3626| 2436| 1990| | 12|Binor | 1172| 585| 587| 231| 69| 517| | 13|Banyukurta| 4467| 2199| 2268| 1519| 708| 730| | 14|Kutu | 4042| 1982| 2060| 1483| 426| 592| | 15|Blanulngan| 3666| 1828| 1838| 1153| 434| 1018| | 16|Bungatan | 2366| 1199| 1167| 689| 338| 318| | 17|Panarukan | 4331| 2072| 2259| 1643| 586| 1483| | 18|Patokan | 1998| 1000| 998| 922| 74| 863| | 19|Patokingan| 4744| 1952| 2792| 2259| 584| 1581| | 20|Kapongan | 2452| 1204| 1248| 1136| 28| 1614| | 21|Klatakan | 1654| 832| 822| 510| 98| 938| | 22|Kalitukus | 1145| 543| 602| 558| 7| 572| | 23|Pugur | 1854| 884| 970| 348| 45| 468| | 24|Bandawasa | 9037| 4126| 4911| 2104| 117| 4250| | 25|Lamajang | 4103| 2112| 1991| 1863| --| 1089| | | +-------+------+------+--------+--------+------+ | | Total | 104359| 50503| 53856| 38520| 9364| 35766| +----+----------+-------+------+------+--------+--------+------+

+----+----------+-------+--------+------------------------------ |Num-| NAMES OF |Number |Number | |ber |DIVISIONS.| of | of +-------+------+------+-------+ | | |Horses.|Ploughs.| TOTAL |Males.|Fe- | Class | | | | | |Javans.| |males.| of | | | | | | | | | Culti-| | | | | | | | |vators.| +----+----------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+ | 1|Probolingo| 254| 725| 5978| 3016| 2962| 2235| | 2|Tongas | 30| 411| 2362| 1140| 1222| 1089| | 3|Katapang | 92| 1409| 5161| 2597| 2564| 2118| | 4|Dringo | 89| 1149| 4640| 2408| 2232| 2090| | 5|Ginding | 106| 1152| 5241| 2471| 2770| 2253| | 6|Pajarakan | 69| 660| 3264| 1640| 1624| 1245| | 7|Jogopaten | 68| 808| 3898| 2008| 1890| 1645| | 8|Kuraxun | 69| 487| 2808| 1341| 1467| 1393| | 9|Jabong | 86| 621| 3323| 1624| 1699| 1185| | 10|Panton | 100| 1361| 6525| 3232| 3293| 3206| | 11|Besuki | 632| 937| 13093| 6003| 7090| 3571| | 12|Binor | 48| 318| 1138| 568| 570| 228| | 13|Banyukurta| 534| 685| 4441| 2186| 2255| 1500| | 14|Kutu | 308| 273| 3938| 1928| 2010| 1478| | 15|Blanulngan| 342| 709| 3594| 1793| 1801| 1144| | 16|Bungatan | 264| 318| 2334| 1183| 1151| 637| | 17|Panarukan | 581| 751| 4232| 2021| 2211| 1627| | 18|Patokan | 96| 475| 1998| 1000| 998| 922| | 19|Patokingan| 175| 774| 4716| 1937| 2779| 2259| | 20|Kapongan | 74| 555| 2452| 1204| 1248| 1136| | 21|Klatakan | 92| 469| 1654| 832| 822| 510| | 22|Kalitukus | 53| 296| 1145| 543| 602| 558| | 23|Pugur | 404| 238| 1854| 884| 970| 348| | 24|Bandawasa | 479| 2651| 9037| 4126| 4911| 2164| | 25|Lamajang | 239| 487| 4103| 2112| 1991| 1683| | | +-------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+ | | Total | 4963| 18609| 102929| 49797| 53132| 38344| +----+----------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+

+----+-------------------------------------------+----------------- |Num-| NAMES OF JAVANS. | |ber |DIVISIONS.+--------+------+-------+--------+--------+-------+ | | |Employed|Number| Number| Number | TOTAL | Class | | | |in other| of | of | of |Chinese,| of | | | | Avoca- |Buffa-|Horses.|Ploughs.| &c. | Culti-| | | | tions. |loes. | | | |vators.| +----+----------+--------+------+-------+--------+--------+-------+ | 1|Probolingo| 713| 1626| 254| 725| 92| --| | 2|Tongas | 811| 822| 30| 411| --| --| | 3|Katapang | 169| 2818| 92| 1409| 38| --| | 4|Dringo | 142| 2301| 80| 1149| 11| --| | 5|Ginding | 236| 2290| 101| 1145| 73| 18| | 6|Pajarakan | 241| 1320| 60| 660| 65| --| | 7|Jogopaten | 247| 1616| 68| 808| 56| --| | 8|Kuraxun | 269| 937| 62| 474| 152| 40| | 9|Jabong | 524| 1059| 80| 620| 186| 3| | 10|Panton | 345| 2896| 99| 1355| 125| 15| | 11|Besuki | 2374| 1976| 602| 930| 237| 55| | 12|Binor | 60| 515| 45| 317| 34| 3| | 13|Banyukurta| 702| 724| 532| 682| 26| 10| | 14|Kutu | 384| 592| 303| 273| 104| 5| | 15|Blanulngan| 427| 1004| 340| 702| 72| 9| | 16|Bungatan | 327| 316| 260| 317| 32| 2| | 17|Panarukan | 546| 1473| 578| 746| 99| 16| | 18|Patokan | 74| 863| 96| 475| --| --| | 19|Patokingan| 580| 1581| 175| 774| 28| --| | 20|Kapongan | 98| 1614| 74| 555| --| --| | 21|Klatakan | 98| 938| 92| 469| --| --| | 22|Kalitukus | 7| 572| 53| 286| --| --| | 23|Pugur | 45| 468| 101| 238| --| --| | 24|Bandawasa | 117| 4250| 479| 2851| --| --| | 25|Lamajang | --| 1089| 239| 487| --| --| | | +--------+------+-------+--------+--------+-------+ | | Total | 8736| 35660| 4895| 18658| 1430| 176| +----+----------+--------+------+-------+--------+--------+-------+

+----+----------------------------------------------------------+ |Num-| NAMES OF CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | |ber |DIVISIONS.+--------+------+-------+------+-------+--------+ | | |Employed|Males.|Fe- |Number| Number| Number | | | |in other| |males. | of | of | of | | | | Avoca- | | |Buffa-|Horses.|Ploughs.| | | | tions. | | |loes. | | | +----+----------+--------+------+-------+------+-------+--------+ | 1|Probolingo| 46| 52| 40| --| --| --| | 2|Tongas | --| --| --| --| --| --| | 3|Katapang | 18| 18| 20| --| --| --| | 4|Dringo | 5| 6| 5| --| --| --| | 5|Ginding | 22| 34| 39| 14| 5| 7| | 6|Pajarakan | 37| 28| 37| --| --| --| | 7|Jogopaten | 26| 25| 51| --| --| --| | 8|Kuraxun | 48| 77| 75| 29| 7| 13| | 9|Jabong | 85| 91| 95| 2| 6| 1| | 10|Panton | 60| 58| 67| 13| 1| 6| | 11|Besuki | 62| 116| 121| 14| 30| 7| | 12|Binor | 9| 17| 17| 2| 3| 1| | 13|Banyukurta| 6| 18| 13| 6| 2| 3| | 14|Kutu | 42| 54| 50| --| 5| --| | 15|Blanulngan| 7| 35| 37| 14| 2| 7| | 16|Bungatan | 11| 16| 16| 2| 4| 1| | 17|Panarukan | 40| 51| 48| 10| 3| 5| | 18|Patokan | --| --| --| --| --| --| | 19|Patokingan| 4| 15| 13| --| --| --| | 20|Kapongan | --| --| --| --| --| --| | 21|Klatakan | --| --| --| --| --| --| | 22|Kalitukus | --| --| --| --| --| --| | 23|Pugur | --| --| --| --| --| --| | 24|Bandawasa | --| --| --| --| --| --| | 25|Lamajang | --| --| --| --| --| --| | | +--------+------+-------+------+-------+--------+ | | Total | 528| 706| 724| 106| 68| 51| +----+----------+--------+------+-------+------+-------+--------+ REMARKS: Average Value of a Jung of cultivated land, 60 rupees.

GENERAL REMARKS.

In the district of Probolingo the population is but scanty, when compared to the extent of land; the country is, in general, well watered, and there is abundance of land fit for cultivation, could people be procured from a neighbouring country to work it; in the divisions adjoining Besuki district there are very extensive teak forests, which run inland.

Besuki.--This district is indifferently watered, and has very little land fit for culture, that is not now under cultivation; the population is more numerous for its size than any of the adjoining districts. It was supposed, that by the introduction of the tenement tax paid by householders, that the population would be induced to emigrate to the neighbouring district of Bandawasa, which has not answered the purpose so well as was at first expected.

Penarukan.--This is an extensive district, with fine flat table land throughout, but it is badly watered; and towards that adjoining the Banyuwangi district, there is scarce a small rivulet to the same; the population of this district is extremely scanty.

Bandawasa, including Pugar, a very extensive district but scantily inhabited; the soil is extremely wet and productive, and with a greater population would be one of the finest districts in the residency.

Lamajang, an extensive district on the South Coast; the land is very well watered, level, and extremely well adapted to the purpose of cultivation, but the population is very scanty at present; but could it be increased, Lamajang would be a very productive district.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF BANYUWANGI, 1815.

---+----------+---------+---------+---------+----------+--------+ No.|Names |Number |Land |Land |Cultivated| Sawah.| | of | of | in | not | Land. | | |Divisions.|Villages.|Villages.|included | | | | | | |in | | | | | | |Villages.| | | ---+----------+---------+---------+---------+----------+--------+ | | | Jungs B.| Jungs B.| Jungs B.|Jungs B.| 1 |North | 47| -- | -- | 527 3| 360 2| 2 |South | 93| -- | -- | 452 0| 422 3| +----------+---------+---------+---------+----------+--------+ |Total | 140| -- | -- | 980 1| 783 1| ---+----------+---------+---------+---------+----------+--------+

---+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+----------+ No.|Names | Tegal.| Free | Coffee | Teak |Government| | of | | Land. |Grounds.|Forests.| Land. | |Divisions.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ---+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+----------+ | |Jungs B.|Jungs B.|Jungs B.|Jungs B.| Jungs B. | 1 |North | 109 3| 57 2| -- | -- | 2 3| 2 |South | 2 1| 27 2| -- | -- | -- | +----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+----------+ |Total | 112 0| 85 0| -- | -- | 2| ---+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+----------+

---+----------+---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+ No.|Names | Land | Cap. | Unfit| Jungle| Land | | of | in | of | Land.| Land. | not | |Divisions.| use | being | | | in | | | in | culti-| | |Villages.| | |Villages.| vated.| | | | ---+----------+---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+ | | Jungs B.|Jungs B.|Jungs B.|Jungs B.| Jungs B.| 1 |North | -- | 321 1| -- | -- | -- | 2 |South | -- | 278 2| -- | -- | -- | +----------+---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+ |Total | -- | 559 3| -- | -- | -- | ---+----------+---------+--------+--------+--------+----------

---+----------+--------+-----------------+ No.|Names | Total| Estimated | | of | Land.| Produce | |Divisions.| | | | | +--------+--------+ | | | Pari. | Maize. | ---+----------+--------+--------+--------+ | |Jungs B.|Amats G.|Amats G.| 1 |North | -- | 25032 0| 6486 0| 2 |South | -- | 27048 0| 123 0| +----------+--------+--------+--------+ |Total | -- | 52080 0| 6609 0| ---+--------------------------------------

---+----------+-------------------------+------------+ No.|Names | Estimated | Total | | of | Value of | Estimated | |Divisions.| Produce. | Value | | +------------+------------+ | | | Pari. | Maize. | | ---+----------+------------+------------+------------+ | |J. Rupee St.|J. Rupee St.|J. Rupee St.| 1 |North | 29204 0| 6290 0| 35494 0 | 2 |South | 31556 0| 120 0| 31676 0 | +----------+------------+------------+------------+ |Total | 60760 0| 6410 0| 67170 0 | ---+------------------------------------+------------+

+---+----------+-----------+------+--------+------------+-----------+ | |Names |Total |Males.|Females.|Attached |Employed | |No.|of |Population.| | |to the |in other | | |Divisions.| | | |Cultivation |Avocations.| | | | | | |of the Land.| | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+-----------+------+--------+------------+-----------+ |1 |North | 5820| 2949| 2871| 4541| 1279| |2 |South | 3053| 1514| 1539| 2564| 489| +---+----------+-----------+------+--------+------------+-----------+ | | Total| 8873| 4463| 4410| 7105| 1768| +---+----------+-----------+------+--------+------------+-----------+

+---+----------+----------+-------+--------+---------------------- | |Names |Number |Number |Number | JAVANS. |No.|of |of | of | of +-------+------+------+ | |Divisions.|Buffaloes.|Horses.|Ploughs.|TOTAL |Males.|Fe- | | | | | | |Javans.| |males.| | | | | | | | | | +---+----------+----------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+ |1 |North | 1594| 792| 1035| 5501| 2783| 2718| |2 |South | 1112| 476| 682| 3053| 1514| 1539| +---+----------+----------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+ | | Total| 2706| 1268| 1717| 8554| 4297| 4257| +---+----------+----------+-------+--------+-------+------+------+

+---+---------------------------------------------------------------+ | |Names JAVANS. | |No.|of +------------+-----------+----------+-------+--------+ | |Divisions.|Class |Employed |Number |Number |Number | | | |of |in other |of | of | of | | | |Cultivators.|Avocations.|Buffaloes.|Horses.|Ploughs.| +---+----------+------------+-----------+----------+-------+--------+ |1 |North | 4541| 960| 1585| 770| 1035| |2 |South | 2564| 489| 1112| 476| 682| +---+----------+------------+-----------+----------+-------+--------+ | | Total| 7105| 1449| 2697| 1246| 1717| +---+----------+------------+-----------+----------+-------+--------+

+---+----------+------------------------------------ | |Names | CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. |No.|of +--------+------+------+------------+ | |Divisions.|TOTAL |Males.|Fe- |Class | | | |Chinese,| |males.|of | | | |&c. | | |Cultivators.| +---+----------+--------+------+------+------------+ |1 |North | 319| --| 319| 166| |2 |South | --| --| --| --| +---+----------+--------+------+------+------------+ | | Total| 319| --| 319| 166| +---+----------+--------+------+------+------------+

+---+--------------------------------------------------+ | |Names CHINESE and other FOREIGNERS. | |No.|of +-----------+----------+-------+--------+ | |Divisions.|Employed |Number |Number |Number | | | |in other |of | of | of | | | |Avocations.|Buffaloes.|Horses.|Ploughs.| +---+----------+-----------+----------+-------+--------+ |1 |North | 153| 9| 22| --| |2 |South | --| --| --| --| +---+----------+-----------+----------+-------+--------+ | | Total| 153| 9| 22| --| +---+----------+-----------+----------+-------+--------+ REMARKS: Average Value of a Jung of cultivated Land, 70 J. Rupees.

MADURA.

This island having been ceded to the Dutch, in the same manner as the other possessions on Java, the Sultan of _Madúra_ and the chiefs of _Pamakásan_ and _Súmenap_ were always considered by them in nearly the same light as the other regents along the coast, with the exception only of a higher title and some more personal consideration granted especially to the Sultan of _Bankálan_, usually styled the Sultan of _Madúra_, both on account of his birth and of some important services rendered in the war of Java, from 1740 to 1748.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF BANGKALAN.

+-------------------+---------------------------------------------+ |Names of | CATTLE. | |Divisions. +----------+---------+----------+------+------+ | |Horses and|Bulls and|Buffaloes.|Sheep.|Goats.| | |Mares. |Cows. | | | | +-------------------+----------+---------+----------+------+------+ |MADURA: | | | | | | | Bangkalan | 1603| 15647| 8410| 94| 722| | Balega | 44| 1095| 719| 4| 85| | Sampang | 120| 766| 607| --| 13| |PARMAKASAN | 487| 5604| 840| 178| 181| +-------------------+----------+---------+----------+------+------+ | Totals | 2254| 23102| 10576| 276| 1001| +-------------------+----------+---------+----------+------+------+

+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+ |Names of | TREES. | |Divisions. +---------------+------+--------+-------+-------+ | |Cocoa-nut Trees|Arien.|Sawayan.|Pinang.|Gabang.| | |bearing fruit. | | | | | +-------------------+---------------+------+--------+-------+-------+ |MADURA: | | | | | | | Bangkalan | 56621| 15923| 2322| 26631| 2161| | Balega | 3423| 1878| 146| 1304| 323| | Sampang | 7371| 517| 548| 428| 240| |PARMAKASAN | 8786| 542| 581| 3225| 781| +-------------------+---------------+------+--------+-------+-------+ | Totals | 76201| 18860| 3597| 31588| 3505| +-------------------+---------------+------+--------+-------+-------+

+-------------------+--------------------------------------+ |Names of | JUNGS OF LAND. | |Divisions. +-----------+--------------+-----------+ | |Cultivated.|Cotton-fields.|Sugar-Cane.| | | | | | +-------------------+-----------+--------------+-----------+ |MADURA: | | | | | Bangkalan | --| 388 | 7| | Balega | 3020| 69 | --| | Sampang | --| 35 | --| |PARMAKASAN | 870| 13½| 2| +-------------------+-----------+--------------+-----------+ | Totals | 3890| 505½| 9| +-------------------+-----------+--------------+-----------+

+-------------------+---------+----------+-----------------+ |Names of |Towns and|Europeans.|CHINESE. | |Divisions. |Villages.| | | | | | | | | | | +-------+---------+ | | | |Males. |Females. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------+---------+----------+-------+---------+ |MADURA: | | | | | | Bangkalan | 447| 60| 602| 518| | Balega | 68| --| 66| 50| | Sampang | 55| --| 105| 85| |PARMAKASAN | 159| --| 212| 189| +-------------------+---------+----------+-------+---------+ | TOTALS | 729| 60| 985| 842| +-------------------+---------+----------+-------+---------+

+-------------------+------------------+----------------+-------+ |Names of |PARNAKANS |MALAYUS |Slaves.| |Divisions. | or half cast |and other | | | | Chinese. |Islanders &c. | | | +--------+---------+-------+--------+ + | |Males. |Females. |Males. |Females.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------+--------+---------+-------+--------+-------+ |MADURA: | | | | | | | Bangkalan | 411| 400| 152| 74| 124| | Balega | 96| 101| 2| --| --| | Sampang | 93| 93| 1| --| --| |PARMAKASAN | 239| 277| 260| 220| 23| +-------------------+--------+---------+-------+--------+-------+ | TOTALS | 839| 871| 415| 294| 147| +-------------------+--------+---------+-------+--------+-------+

+-------------------+------------------------------------------ |Names of | MADURESE. |Divisions. | | | | +-------+--------+------+-------+---------+ | |Chiefs.|Priests.|Males |Females| Males | | | | |above | ditto.|between | | | | | 50| |20 and 50| | | | |years.| | years. | +-------------------+-------+--------+------+-------+---------+ |MADURA: | | | | | | | Bangkalan | 232| 60| 4722| 5088| 15351| | Balega | 33| 21| 400| 369| 1863| | Sampang | 46| 35| 972| 956| 1507| |PARMAKASAN | 115| 29| 1488| 1576| 2075| +-------------------+-------+--------+------+-------+---------+ | TOTALS | 425| 145| 7582| 7989| 20796| +-------------------+-------+--------+------+-------+---------+

+-----------------------------------------------------+-----------+ |Names of MADURESE. |General | |Divisions. |Population.| | | | | +-------+-----+------+-----+------+ | | |Females|Young|Young |Boys.|Girls.| | | | ditto.| Men.|Women.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------+-------+-----+------+-----+------+-----------+ |MADURA: | | | | | | | | Bangkalan | 15724| 4112| 4009| 5888| 6247| 63714| | Balega | 1823| 183| 387| 783| 356| 6534| | Sampang | 1006| 281| 377| 1044| 902| 7503| |PARMAKASAN | 2297| 1358| 1525| 2589| 3012| 17485| +-------------------+-------+-----+------+-----+------+-----------+ | TOTALS | 20850| 5934| 6298|10304| 10517| 95236| +-------------------+-------+-----+------+-----+------+-----------+

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND POPULATION OF SUMENAP.

+------------+------------------------------------------+ | Names | CATTLE. | | of | | | Divisions. +------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | |Horses|Mares|Bulls|Cows.|Buff-|Sheep|Goats| | | | | or | |aloes| | | | | | |Oxen.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------+------+-----+-----|-----+-----+-----+-----+ |Sumenap | 790| 539| 9099|10941| 831| 1030| 1657| | | | | | | | | | | _Islands._| | | | | | | | |Sapodi | 67| 24| 507| 786| --| 120| 49| |Ráas | 16| 24| 155| 495| --| 10| 54| |Gila Ginting| 8| 9| 159| 209| 2| 16| 26| |Gila Raja | 2| --| 109| 241| --| 7| 76| |Gila Eyang | 2| 1| 203| 225| --| 115| 50| |Putran | 25| 30| 476| 581| --| 72| 267| |Kang'ean | 125| 150| --| --| 1144| 35| 60| +------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | Total | 1135| 777|10708|13478| 1977| 1405| 2239| +------------+------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

+------------+----------------+-------------+-----+------+ | Names | Jungs of Land. | COCOA-NUT |Aren |Bambu | | of | | TREES. |Trees|Groves| | Divisions. +-----+-----+----+------+------+ | + | |Sawah|Tegal|Cot-| Old. |Young.| | | | | | |ton.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------+-----+-----+----+------+------+-----+------+ |Sumenap | 2770| 2579| 27|109983|124316| 1861| 12275| | | | | | | | | | | _Islands._| | | | | | | | |Sapodi | 95| 750| 171| 1920| 1020| 89| 457| |Ráas | 63| 98| 5| 578| 300| --| 91| |Gila Ginting| 2| 137| --| 4380| 4706| 8| 82| |Gila Raja | 5| 131| --| 80| 176| --| 47| |Gila Eyang | --| 43| 7| 235| 477| --| 13| |Putran | 5| 252| 3| 7065| 4829| --| 899| |Kang'ean | 648| 26| --| 1620| 1204| 2031| 2941| +------------+-----+-----+----+------+------+-----+------+ | Total | 3591| 4019| 215|125862|137028| 3989| 16805| +------------+-----+-----+----+------+------+-----+------+

+------------+-----------------+------+--------------+ | Names | GEBANG TREES. |Jungs | Lontar or | | of | | of |Sewálan Trees.| | Divisions. +-----+-----+-----|Népa |------+-------+ | |Above|Above|Under| or | Old. | Young.| | |Five | Two | Two |Adap. | | | | |Years|Years|Years|Népa. | | | | | Old.| Old.| Old.| | | | +------------+-----+-----+-----+------+------+-------+ |Sumenap |11876|13072|25107| 30 | 35898| 11329| | | | | | | | | | _Islands._| | | | | | | |Sapodi | 4022|20590| 105| -- | 665| 105| |Ráas | 24| 136| 33| -- | 55| 42| |Gila Ginting| 5| 24| --| -- | 897| 108| |Gila Raja | 47| 303| 43| -- | 40| 13| |Gila Eyang | 4| 15| 2| -- | 62| 58| |Putran | 215| 14| 4| -- | 11200| 2582| |Kang'ean | 288| 304| 704| 0½| 1000| 163| +------------+-----+-----+-----+------+------+-------+ | Total |16481|34458|25998| 30½| 49817| 14400| +------------+-----+-----+-----+------+------+-------+

+------------+---------+--------------------------------------- | Names |Towns | | of |and | MADURESE. | Divisions. |Villages.| | | +-------+--------+------+-------+------+ | | |Chiefs.|Priests.|Males |Females| Males| | | | | |above | above |middle| | | | | |Fifty | Fifty | aged.| | | | | |years.| years.| | +------------+---------+-------+--------+------+-------+------+ |Sumenap | 355| 1407| 970| 3833| 6135| 25038| | | | | | | | | | _Islands_| | | | | | | |Sapodi | 24| 20| 56| 215| 259| 1348| |Ráas | 20| 23| 46| 100| 135| 740| |Gila Ginting| 10| 24| 46| 92| 119| 421| |Gila Raja | 7| 8| 48| 58| 60| 340| |Gila Eyang | 6| 7| 13| 69| 101| 349| |Putran | 32| 27| 86| 238| 349| 1305| |Kang'ean | 23| 116| 49| 380| 460| 1012| +------------+---------+-------+--------+------+-------+------+ | Total | 477| 1634| 1314| 4985| 7618| 30553| +------------+---------+-------+--------+------+-------+------+

+----------------------------------------------+---------------------- | Names | MALAYUS | of MADURESE. | and other | Divisions. | Mahometans. | +-------+-----+------+-----+------+------+-------+------+ | |Females|Young|Young |Boys.|Girls.|Chief.|Priest.|Males.| | |middle | men.|women.| | | | | | | | aged. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------+-------+-----+------+-----+------+------+-------+------+ |Sumenap | 25379| 6100| 6713| 6938| 9111| 1| --| 739| | | | | | | | | | | | _Islands_| | | | | | | | | |Sapodi | 1348| 363| 393| 548| 719| --| --| 386| |Ráas | 740| 151| 184| 213| 220| --| --| 156| |Gila Ginting| 421| 125| 134| 170| 301| --| --| 2| |Gila Raja | 340| 117| 126| 587| 210| --| --| --| |Gila Eyang | 369| 96| 137| 104| 115| --| --| 75| |Putran | 1356| 378| 486| 699| 892| --| --| 440| |Kang'ean | 1012| 253| 268| 5| 478| --| --| 470| +------------+-------+-----+------+-----+------+------+-------+------+ | Total | 30965| 7583| 8441| 9757| 12046| 1| --| 2266| +------------+-------+-----+------+-----+------+------+-------+------+

+---------------------+-----------------+ | Names | | | of |CHINESE. | | Divisions. | | | +--------+--------+--------+ | |Females.| Males.|Females.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------+--------+--------+--------+ |Sumenap | 734| 575| 494| | | | | | | _Islands_| | | | |Sapodi | 364| 25| 19| |Ráas | 148| --| --| |Gila Ginting| 1| 3| 4| |Gila Raja | --| --| --| |Gila Eyang | --| --| --| |Putran | 374| 14| 20| |Kang'ean | 454| 24| 21| +------------+--------+--------+--------+ | Total | 2106| 691| 558| +------------+--------+--------+--------+

+------------+-------------------+-----------+ | Names |PARNAKANS, |General | | of |or half-cast |Population.| | Divisions. | Chinese. | | | +---------+---------+ | | | Males.| Females.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +------------+---------+---------+-----------+ |Sumenap | 1034| 999| 96200| | | | | | | _Islands_| | | | |Sapodi | 261| 278| 6602| |Ráas | --| --| 2856| |Gila Ginting| --| --| 1862| |Gila Raja | 24| 20| 1938| |Gila Eyang | 20| 32| 1568| |Putran | 70| 84| 6818| |Kang'ean | 46| 37| 5580| +------------+---------+---------+-----------+ | Total | 1455| 1450| 123424| +------------+---------+---------+-----------+

NATIVE PROVINCES.

This extensive portion of the island was divided, agreeably to the settlement of 1754, between the _Susuhúnan_ and Sultan. It consists of a number of separate provinces or districts. Those still belonging to the _Susúnan_ are:

In an Eastern Direction from the Capital:

1. _Sríngat_ and _Blítar_ (forming one province). 2. _Kedíri._ 3. _Pranarága._ 4. _Paché._ 5. _Charúban._ 6. _Kadúwang_, (in part). 7. _Jagarága._ 8. _Sukawáti_, (in part).

And the smaller Districts of

1. _Anju._ 2. _Lorog._ 3. _Pangol._ 4. _Sumbreng._ 5. _Rongkok._

In the Western Direction from the Capital:

1. _Banyumas._ 2. _Dayu Lúhur._ 3. _Aya._ 4. _Matárem_, (in part). 5. _Pamarden._ 6. _Pasir._ 7. _Bag'len_, (in part).

Besides several smaller districts.

The ground on which the fort of _Súra Kérta_ is built, with a small part of the adjoining territory, has been ceded to the European government, as has been also that portion of the immediate site of the forts of _Boyaláti_ and _Klaten_, which was formerly the property of the _Susúnan_. These dominions are divided among,

1. The eight active _Tumúng'gungs_, or Regents, (the first of which is the _Raden Adipáti_, or prime minister), who constantly resides at court.

2. The _Tumung'gungs_ residing in the distant or _Mancha Nagára_ districts.

3. The princes of the blood.

4. The particular favourites of the _Susúnan_.

5. (Which only respects the smaller territories) a number of _Demangs_ and _Mantris_.

A considerable portion of the provinces of _Matárem_ and the adjoining districts, towards the southern part of the island, called by the Javans _Ardi Kidul_, or southern hills, of the province of _Kadúwang_ and of the district of _Sukawáti_ containing altogether four thousand _cháchas_, having been ceded by the predecessors of the present _Susúnan_, under the settlement of 1752, to the prince _Mangku Nagára_, are still held and exclusively enjoyed by his successors, the _Pangérang Aria Prábo Prang Wedóna_.

The eight active _Tumung'gungs_, who reside constantly at court, and belong to the state and household of the _Susúnan_, are _Tumung'gungs_ of the exterior (_Tumung'gung Jawi_), and _Tumung'gungs_ of the interior (_Tumung'gung lebat_). The four former are mostly charged with external commissions or orders, or those that do not immediately concern the household of the prince; the four latter, or internal _Tumung'gungs_, are mostly occupied near the person of the _Susúnan_, and have alternately the care of the watch of the _Kráton_ at night.

The following tables exhibit the result of a census taken during the British government in Java; but as the information they convey rests principally upon native authority, the same reliance cannot be placed upon them as upon the tables for the provinces under the immediate direction of the European government. There is no reason, however, to believe they are essentially wrong, as they were framed with great care and every attention to accuracy, on the part of the native officers employed.

POPULATION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE SUSUHUNAN, 1815.

+-------------------------+-------+-------+----------------+-------+ |DISTRICTS. | Men. | Women.| Children. |Total. | | | | +-------+--------+ | | | | | Males.|Females.| | +-------------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------+-------+ |Banyumas | 48206| 50140| 39264| 3933| 176947| | | | | | | | |Mancha-nagara, Eastern} | | | | | | |or distant districts. } | 21013| 24826| 24054| 28432| 99415| | | | | | | | |Pajang Mataram, } | | | | | | |Baglen, Jaban } | 106699| 111743| 132420| 138544| 489406| |Ranka, Sukawati, } | | | | | | |and Southern Hills.} | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Subjects of Prangwedono} | | | | | | |in the last } | 26764| 28347| 22117| 24625| 101853| |mentioned districts. } | | | | | | | | | | | | | |In the capital (Emperor's| 26834| 29446| 18111| 20687| 95078| |subjects) }| | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ditto (Prangwedono's} | 1937| 2036| 1711| 1909| 7593| |subjects) } | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ditto (Europeans and} | 157| 81| 141| 178| 553| |descendants) } | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ditto (Chinese and} | 586| 472| 238| 249| 1545| |descendants) } | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Ditto (Slaves and } | 123| 137| 40| 37| 333| |descendants) } | | | | | | | +-------+-------+-------+--------+-------+ | Grand Total | 233409| 247228| 238096| 253994| 972727| +-------------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------+-------+ Remarks: N.B. Banyumas includes Dayu-luhur. Manchanagara takes in Kediri, Jagaraga, and Pranaraga.

POPULATION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE SULTAN, 1815.

+---------------------------+-------+-------+---------+---------+ | Names of the Districts |Married|Married|Unmarried|Unmarried| | or Divisions of the | Men. | Women.| Men. | Women | | Sultan's Territories | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------+-------+-------+---------+---------+ |Yugyakuta | 8697| 9065| 1595| 2252| |Matarem | 28834| 28935| 5998| 6985| |Pajang | 19382| 19486| 2635| 2910| |Sima, Gagatan, and Sukawati| 9974| 9974| 366| 1232| |Southern Hills | 2359| 2447| 426| 483| |Romo and Baglen | 28624| 28681| 1787| 3691| |Ledok and Gowong | 25792| 25447| 1893| 4060| |Lurung Teng'a | 7365| 7365| 785| 1076| |Mancha-nagara (Eastern or} | 24862| 25161| 2423| 4655| | distant districts) } | | | | | | +-------+-------+---------+---------+ | Total | 155889| 156561| 17908| 27344| +---------------------------+-------+-------+---------+---------+

+---------------------------+----------+----------+-------+-------+ | Names of the Districts | Young | Young | Boys | Girls | | or Divisions of the | Men | Women | under | under | | Sultan's Territories | about 15 | about 15 | 15| 15| | | years of | years of | years | years | | | age | age | of | of | | |unmarried.|unmarried.| age. | age. | +---------------------------+----------+----------+-------+-------+ |Yugyakuta | 2592| 3255| 3225| 3599| |Matarem | 5897| 6695| 19875| 18966| |Pajang | 3237| 4401| 4281| 5202| |Sima, Gagatan, and Sukawati| 1748| 1739| 6310| 6718| |Southern Hills | 769| 628| 517| 1431| |Romo and Baglen | 6097| 7560| 15273| 20330| |Ledok and Gowong | 3600| 3685| 11614| 8533| |Lurung Teng'a | 1360| 1412| 4523| 3537| |Mancha-nagara (Eastern or} | 6050| 6046| 15706| 20390| | distant districts) } | | | | | | +----------+----------+-------+-------+ | Total | 31350| 35421| 81324| 88706| +---------------------------+----------+----------+-------+-------+

+---------------------------+--------+--------+-------+ | Names of the Districts | Male | Female | Grand | | or Divisions of the |Children|Children| Total.| | Sultan's Territories | at the | at the | | | | breast.| breast.| | | | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------+--------+--------+-------+ |Yugyakuta | 1531| 1528| 37339| |Matarem | 9832| 8708| 140735| |Pajang | 2297| 2699| 66530| |Sima, Gagatan, and Sukawati| 2028| 2558| 42647| |Southern Hills | 569| 596| 10225| |Romo and Baglen | 4340| 5831| 122214| |Ledok and Gowong | 4660| 5142| 94426| |Lurung Teng'a | 1729| 1718| 30870| |Mancha-nagara (Eastern or} | 4491| 4258| 114042| | distant districts) } | | | | | +--------+--------+-------+ | Total | 31477| 33038| 659018| +---------------------------+--------+--------+ | Chinese, &c. | 1309| +-------+ TOTAL | 660327| +-------+

RETURN _of the_ POPULATION _of the_ DISTRICT _of_ PACHITAN, _on the South Coast, ceded to the_ BRITISH GOVERNMENT _in_ 1813.

+-----------------+-----+------+-----+------+------+ | DIVISIONS. | Men.|Women.|Boys.|Girls.|Total.| +-----------------+-----+------+-----+------+------+ | First Division | 1656| 1673| 1439| 1306| 6074| | Second Division | 4134| 4275| 5260| 2935| 16604| | +-----+------+-----+------+------+ | Total | 22678| +-------------------------------------------+------+

FOOTNOTES:

[279] Mr. Crawfurd.

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX.

APPENDIX, A.

The annexed documents, as far as they can be relied on, afford evidence of an extent of mortality in Batavia, as compared with the number of inhabitants, that was perhaps never exampled, for the same space of time, in any other quarter of the world.

The Table No. I., incomplete as it is, was drawn out with as much exactness as the original lists and registers still in possession would admit of. In explanation of some inconsistencies which are exhibited in it, it is necessary to observe, that on the occasion of the capture of this island, part of the most valuable papers were lost or destroyed, and amongst them the register in which was stated the Chinese population, and the number of their deaths and marriages annually, which is the reason why no mention is made of them in this table.

The first and third columns contain only the numbers of _European_ inhabitants.

The last column, which shews the deaths of the _Natives_ and _Slaves_, is probably a list of the deceased slaves only; because there was a separate list kept of the natives who died annually in the Batavian jurisdiction, which, however, was for a long time incorrect, and at last destroyed in 1811.

It is also probable, that the column of _deaths_ generally does not extend farther than in the town and immediate suburbs; and the other two columns of _baptisms_ and _marriages_ extend over the town, suburbs, and environs together.

The specific lists kept in the different hospitals were likewise lost. This is to be particularly lamented, because they would have shewn how many of the European deaths were inhabitants, military persons, strangers, or sailors or marines from the ships of the different nations in Batavia Roads, who all sent their sick men into the hospitals of Batavia, who, when dead, were comprehended in the number of European deaths. This circumstance explains the incorrectness which appears to exist in the two statements of the living and deceased Europeans.

The Table No. II. was discovered among the records of the Dutch government at Batavia, and in the absence of a more official document, may, perhaps, on that account, be entitled to some confidence.

TABLE, No. I.

_LIST of the POPULATION, MARRIAGES, BAPTISMS, and DEATHS, in the Town and Suburbs of BATAVIA, from 1700 to 1813, as far as the same could be ascertained from the Registers, &c. after the Conquest of Java in 1811._

----+------+--------+-----+--------+-------+------+ | POPULATION. | MARRIAGES. | +------+--------+-----+--------+-------+------+ | Within | In the |Euro- | Half | | the Walls. | Suburbs. |pe- |Casts | +------+--------+-----+--------+ans. | and | | Euro-| Euro- |Euro-| Euro- | |other | |peans.|peans. |pe- |peans. | |Chris-| | | & |ans. | & | |tians.| | | Nati- | | Nati- | | | | | ves. | | ves. | | | ----+------+--------+-----+--------+-------+------+ 1700| 1,875| 20,072| 215| 32,478| 74| 134| 1701| 1,715| 19,084| 321| 48,972| 65| 126| 1702| 1,755| 19,683| 309| 45,452| 76| 120| 1703| 1,835| 18,580| 534| 47,123| 72| 133| 1704| 1,898| 22,150| 470| 49,351| 74| 144| 1705| 1,771| 19,752| --| --| 55| 133| 1706| 1,923| 21,899| 417| 49,483| 79| 127| 1707| 1,826| 21,632| 411| 47,026| 60| 116| 1708| 1,769| 20,922| 402| 54,628| 49| 134| 1709| 1,681| 20,600| 412| 55,581| 64| 138| 1710| 1,716| 20,850| 368| 58,761| 41| 152| 1711| 1,723| 21,517| 341| 57,843| 63| 154| 1712| 1,656| 21,538| 448| 65,865| 60| 141| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1713| 1,566| 19,007| 503| 69,110| 56| 154| 1714| 1,644| 19,758| 553| 66,092| 60| 150| 1715| 1,663| 22,242| 411| 64,657| 43| 159| 1716| 1,516| 18,947| 446| 60,236| 37| 129| 1717| 1,443| 18,965| 290| 59,831| 41| 147| 1718| --| --| --| --| --| --| 1719| 1,409| 19,411| 308| 68,082| 59| 154| 1720| 1,610| 21,156| 361| 67,792| 68| 148| 1721| 1,477| 20,520| 387| 67,044| 53| 80| 1722| 695| 11,252| 417| 67,339| 61| 132| 1723| 1,606| 23,716| 363| 66,079| 43| 119| 1724| 1,562| 23,428| 341| 62,966| 34| 172| 1725| 1,615| 23,752| 332| 72,218| 60| 150| | Within the | In the | | | | Walls and | Vicinity | | | | immediate | and | | | | Suburbs. | Environs. | | | | | | | | 1726| 1,452| 22,814| 304| 76,893| 58| 118| 1727| --| --| --| --| --| --| 1728| 1,538| 15,343| 289| 73,141| 50| 155| 1729| 1,389| 20,677| 232| 81,977| 52| 135| 1730| 1,330| 20,429| 209| 80,756| 45| 167| 1731| 1,431| 22,658| 241| 82,204| 45| 128| 1732| 1,445| 22,646| 211| 83,602| 55| 142| 1733| --| --| --| --| --| --| 1734| --| --| --| --| --| --| 1735| 1,338| 20,587| 224| 74,367| 65| 166| 1736| --| --| --| --| 48| --| 1737| 1,317| 19,612| 266| 67,170| 48| 133| 1738| 1,350| 11,212| 212| 64,090| 49| 133| 1739| 1,286| 18,502| 272| 68,229| 51| 179| 1740| 1,420| 14,141| 269| 72,506| 47| 90| 1741| 1,388| 13,977| 287| 47,583| 52| 124| 1742| --| --| 259| 56,882| 47| 118| 1743| 1,481| 14,609| 321| 55,023| 84| 119| 1744| --| --| --| --| --| --| 1745| 1,517| 14,926| 278| 67,254| 60| 117| 1746| 1,597| 13,852| 242| 68,785| --| --| 1747| 1,525| 13,854| 240| 73,163| --| --| 1748| --| --| --| --| --| --| 1749| 1,541| 14,050| 318| 77,008| 39| 115| 1750| 1,520| 14,278| 313| 80,597| 63| 105| 1751| 1,439| 13,874| 336| 78,259|\ 38 | 84/| | | | | | \_____ ____/ | | | | | V | 1752| 1,513| 14,596| 311| 75,152| 135[281]| 1753| 1,651| 15,710| 325| 76,611| 132| 1754| 1,575| 15,891| 358| 93,375| 136| |Within the Town| | | | | and all the | | | | | Suburbs. | | | | 1755| 1,599| 16,466| 369| 95,938| 146| 1756| 1,604| 15,925| 310| 96,702| 143| 1757| 1,629| 16,356| 373| 103,443| 137| 1758| 1,560| 16,855| 447| 106,151| 128| 1759| 1,572| 16,942| 377| 111,273| 97| 1760| 1,634| 16,785| 410| 109,393| 124| 1761| 1,499| 16,298| 305| 113,280| --| 1762| --| --| --| --| --| 1763| 1,507| 16,282| 447| 113,009| 112| 1764| --| 16,008| 413| 117,207| 131| 1765| --| --| --| --| --| 1766| --| --| --| --| --| 1767| --| --| --| --| --| 1768| 1,642| 15,256| 273| 108,507| 93| 1769| 1,271| 15,430| 389| 114,750| 124| 1770| 1,183| 13,192| 328| 123,869| 126| 1771| 1,105| 12,233| 300| 121,380| 93| 1772| 1,011| 12,743| 348| 112,346| 108| 1773| 1,061| 13,473| 342| 107,500| 98| 1774| 933| 12,134| 367| 108,215| 97| 1775| 1,165| 13,512| 328| 125,635| 214| 1776| --| --| 276| 131,895| 100| 1777| 896| 10,661| 279| 140,332| 98| 1778| 1,137| 12,206| 238| 135,532| 104| 1779| --| --| 302| 160,986| 82| 1780| 747| 13,651| 278| 129,943| 113| 1781| --| --| --| --| --| 1782| 664| 9,517| 276| 127,039| 75| 1783| --| --| --| --| --| 1784| 695| 10,422| 336| 129,506| 81| 1785| --| --| --| --| --| 1786| --| --| --| --| --| 1787| 574| 9,910| 375| 133,151| 58| 1788| --| --| --| --| --| 1789| --| --| --| --| --| 1790| --| --| --| --| 69| 1791| 325| 6,367| 450| 120,352| 48| 1792| 254| 8,121| 282| 119,297| 59| 1793| 254| 8,121| 282| 119,297| 48| 1794| --| --| --| --| --| 1795| --| --| --| --| 92| 1796| --| --| --| --| 67| 1797| --| --| --| --| 52| 1798| --| --| --| --| 68| 1799| --| --| --| --| --| 1800| --| --| --| --| 68| 1801| --| --| --| --| 32| 1802| --| --| --| --| --| 1803| --| --| --| --| 58| 1804| --| --| 378| 72,830| --| 1805| --| --| 500| 73,728| 83| 1806| --| --| --| --| 50| 1807| --| --| --| --| 86| 1808| --| --| --| --| --| 1809| --| --| --| --| --| 1810| --| --| --| --| --| 1811| --| --| --| --| --| 1812| --| --| --| --| --| 1813| --| --| --| --| --| ----+------+--------+-----+--------+-------+------+

----+---------+-------+-------+-------- | BAPTISMS. | DEATHS. +---------+-------+-------+-------- | Euro- | Those | Euro- | Nati-, |peans' | of |peans, |Slaves, | Child- | Half | Half | &c. | ren. | Casts |Casts, | | | and | &c. | | | other | | | | Chris-| | | | tians.| | ----+---------+-------+-------+-------- 1700| 119| 565| 697| 975 1701| 76| 341| 736| 815 1702| 83| 616| 1,088| 1,336 1703| 190| 443| 856| 931 1704| 96| 466| 442| 1,148 1705| 100| 441| 688| 1,800 1706| 84| 447| 841| 1,839 1707| 88| 471| 655| 1,371 1708| 87| 638| 651| 1,481 1709| 82| 575| 804| 1,828 1710| 108| 628| 684| 1,313 1711| 110| 555| 766| 1,487 1712|\ 110| 595/ | 684| 1,278 | \______ _____/ | | | V | | 1713| 747[280]| 599| 1,022 1714| 703| 608| 1,085 1715| 759| 567| 1,074 1716| 688| 606| 1,207 1717| 578| 716| 1,322 1718| 663| --| -- 1719| 631| 857| 1,869 1720| 529| 977| 1,685 1721| 467| 772| 1,210 1722| 649| 193| 813 1723| 610| 985| 1,597 1724| 781| 934| 1,755 1725| 637| 958| 2,085 |In the Reformed | | | Churches, and | | |since 1746, in | | | the Lutheran | | | Church. | | 1726| 616| 994| 487 1727| 740| --| -- 1728| 648| 768| 590 1729| 736| 754| 500 1730| 763| 857| 1,800 1731| 783| 886| 1,066 1732| 625| 1,003| 689 1733| 554| --| -- 1734| 432| --| -- 1735| 561| 240| 667 1736| 727| --| -- 1737| 572| 1,966| 705 1738| 448| 2,002| 919 1739| 658| 1,068| 668 1740| 518| 1,317| 338 1741| 670| 1,278| 406 1742| 602| 1,286| 547 1743| 639| 1,526| 682 1744| 673| --| -- 1745| 592| 1,965| 1,062 1746| 574| --| -- 1747| 670| --| -- 1748| 627| --| -- 1749| 705| 1,662| 556 1750| 571| 2,229| 569 1751| 550| 2,189| 502

| | | 1752| 600| 1,858| 562 1753| 457| 1,789| 1,542 1754| 553| 1,729| 617 | | | | | | | | | 1755| 484| 2,532| 630 1756| 410| 1,729| 547 1757| 465| 1,557| 561 1758| 468| 1,781| 1,082 1759| 437| 1,451| 636 1760| 450| 1,403| 1,064 1761| 387| 1,110| 980 1762| 471| --| -- 1763| 435| 2,001| 1,134 1764| 297| 1,907| 585 1765| 357| --| -- 1766| 356| --| -- 1767| 306| --| -- 1768| 329| 1,933| 537 1769| 369| 1,869| 667 1770| 302| 2,871| 2,672 1771| 245| 2,425| 622 1772| 301| 2,437| 2,256 1773| 284| 2,029| 534 1774| 295| 2,452| 866 1775| 307| 2,997| 3,007 1776| 303| 3,055| 1,199 1777| 277| 1,394| 2,031 1778| 253| 1,804| 2,131 1779| 290| 1,524| 1,717 1780| 259| 1,418| 1,435 1781| 272| --| -- 1782| 260| 733| 1,692 1783| 292| --| -- 1784| 279| 1,439| 1,669 1785| 243| --| -- 1786| 238| --| -- 1787| 230| 1,939| 1,278 1788| 284| --| -- 1789| 236| --| -- 1790| 220| 2,379| 1,672 1791| 216| 2,228| 1,590 1792| 171| 1,990| 1,131 1793| 149| 1,805| 1,030 1794| 215| --| -- 1795| 183| 1,121| 953 1796| 173| --| -- 1797| 210| 215| 930 1798| 173| 280| 675 1799| 236| --| -- 1800| 169| 106| 1,168 1801| 169| --| -- 1802| 207| --| -- 1803| 182| 263| 2,356 1804| 190| 255| -- 1805| 164| --| -- 1806| 171| --| -- 1807| 186| --| 2,549 1808| 151| --| -- 1809| 131| --| -- 1810| 167| --| -- 1811| 136| --| -- 1812| 115| --| -- 1813| 138| --| -- ----+---------+-------+-------+--------

TABLE, No. II.

_LIST of DECEASED and BURIED in the several Burial Places at BATAVIA, from the Year 1730, till the Month of August, 1752._

[Translated from a Document discovered among the Records of the Dutch Government at Batavia.]

1730. Numb. deceased.

January 3,862 February 3,786 March 3,928 April 3,860 May 3,862 June 3,889 July 4,268 August 4,404 September 4,597 October 4,290 November 3,965 December 3,739 ------ 48,450

1731. January 3,699 February 3,705 March 3,827 April 3,833 May 3,711 June 3,788 July 4,480 August 4,527 September 4,916 October 4,512 November 4,412 December 4,430 ------ 49,840

1732. January 4,359 February 4,047 March 4,046 April 4,060 May 4,066 June 4,191 July 4,515 August 4,758 September 5,314 October 4,912 November 4,344 December 4,305 ------ 52,917

1733. January 4,205 February 4,261 March 3,989 April 3,948 May 3,747 June 3,840 July 3,885 August 3,805 September 4,147 October 4,148 November 3,906 December 3,864 ------ 47,745

1734. January 3,830 February 3,963 March 3,914 April 3,725 May 3,711 June 3,550 July 3,772 August 4,294 September 5,303 October 4,237 November 4,025 December 4,021 ------ 48,145

1735. January 3,722 February 3,775 March 3,830 April 3,757 May 3,780 June 3,968 July 4,141 August 4,041 September 4,058 October 4,050 November 3,966 December 3,962 ------ 47,050

1736. January 4,110 February 3,909 March 3,815 April 3,778 May 3,760 June 3,699 July 4,063 August 4,078 September 4,260 October 4,110 November 3,841 December 4,080 ------ 47,503

1737. January 4,066 February 4,093 March 3,707 April 3,561 May 3,485 June 3,358 July 3,357 August 3,400 September 2,501 October 4,054 November 4,057 December 4,061 ------ 43,709

1738. January 3,784 February 3,572 March 3,570 April 3,718 May 3,717 June 4,018 July 4,045 August 3,771 September 4,110 October 4,293 November 4,030 December 4,158 ------ 46,786

1739. January 4,039 February 4,017 March 3,909 April 3,759 May 3,885 June 3,985 July 4,266 August 4,273 September 4,053 October 4,139 November 4,189 December 4,084 ------ 48,598

1740. January 3,851 February 3,747 March 3,758 April 3,878 May 4,090 June 4,424 July 4,536 August 4,321 September 4,538 October 4,514 November 4,224 December 4,083 ------ 49,964

1741. January 4,010 February 3,842 March 3,893 April 3,824 May 3,958 June 4,057 July 4,136 August 3,764 September 4,093 October 3,888 November 3,766 December 3,712 ------ 46,943

1742. January 2,849 February 3,731 March 3,780 April 3,811 May 2,185 June 3,665 July 3,915 August 3,976 September 3,546 October 3,537 November 3,646 December 4,021 ------ 42,662

1743. January 3,744 February 3,659 March 3,399 April 3,407 May 3,418 June 4,448 July 3,822 August 3,937 September 3,641 October 3,798 November 3,852 December 4,011 ------ 45,136

1744. January 4,114 February 3,974 March 3,682 April 3,723 May 3,790 June 3,808 July 3,847 August 3,601 September 5,904 October 3,914 November 4,140 December 4,064 ------- 47,661 1745. January 3,952 February 3,765 March 3,212 April 3,230 May 3,290 June 3,327 July 3,655 August 3,736 September 4,197 October 3,632 November 3,486 December 3,526 ------- 43,008 1746. January 3,479 February 3,491 March 3,459 April 3,373 May 3,435 June 3,950 July 4,750 August 4,210 September 4,110 October 4,214 November 4,483 December 4,874 ------- 47,828 1747. January 4,414 February 4,389 March 4,305 April 4,159 May 4,599 June 4,978 July 5,355 August 4,946 September 5,016 October 3,028 November 4,506 December 4,603 ------- 54,298 1748. January 4,459 February 4,322 March 4,796 April 4,689 May 4,603 June 5,106 July 4,469 August 4,355 September 5,034 October 5,169 November 5,140 December 4,864 ------- 57,006 1749. January 4,870 February 4,452 March 4,332 April 4,505 May 4,425 June 4,589 July 4,656 August 4,174 September 4,398 October 4,684 November 4,537 December 4,893 ------- 54,515 1750. January 4,546 February 4,352 March 4,417 April 4,619 May 5,227 June 5,072 July 5,277 August 5,134 September 4,872 October 4,580 November 4,526 December 4,508 ------- 57,130 1751. January 4,543 February 4,128 March 4,163 April 4,170 May 3,967 June 4,967 July 6,904 August 5,566 September 5,699 October 5,344 November 4,612 December 4,533 ------- 58,605 1752. January 3,923 February 3,941 March 4,272 April 4,116 May 4,466 June 4,285 July 4,359 August 4,514 ------- 33,876 During twenty-two years and eight months, --------- Grand Total 1,119,375

The unhealthiness of the climate of Batavia is connected, in the minds of many, with the fabulous properties of the poison tree of Java, and many are so ignorant of the island as to consider the climate of Batavia as a fair example of that of Java in general. History attests that this city has been highly pernicious to the health both of Europeans and Natives, almost from its foundation, and recent experience concurs with the testimony of history. The mines of America, when they were first discovered, did not more strongly allure the Spaniards, nor urged them to sacrifice more relentlessly the lives of the unresisting natives to their burning thirst of gold, than the monopoly of Java and the Spice Islands led the Dutch Company, in the track of wealth, through danger, injustice and oppression. Though the unhealthiness of Batavia was at all times known and formidable, there were times when the mortality became extraordinary and alarming. Although not prone to any speculation, except that of merchants, or to any inquiry, except for a new market or a more lucrative channel of trade, the Company's Government in India was sometimes forced to institute inquiries into the cause of this insalubrity, and to speculate about the possibility and the means of removing it. Passing by other occasions, there exists on the records of the High Regency a reply to queries about the unhealthiness of Batavia, dated the 14th of October 1753. This paper states that between 1732 and 1738, the greatest number of casualties happened. It assigns, as a great cause of the insalubrity complained of, the situation of the town in a bay, confined on the west and east by projecting points of land, and inclosed in front by a cluster of small islands. The space between the town and the sea is chiefly mud, left by the retreating of the sea: a swamp surrounds the town. The mouths of the rivers are generally covered with underwood and a species of tree peculiar to swamps. The vegetation of these low grounds, it is added, cannot but retain impurities of the most noxious kind. The space which is formed at the mouths of the rivers _Táng'ran_ and _Ang'ki_ is an entire swamp, covered with shrubs which emit exhalations of an impure nature: these are interspersed with the burying grounds of the natives, and the effluvia of these places is felt at some distance. It was believed that the earthquake of 1699, by forcing mud from under the earth and blocking up the mouths of the rivers more than formerly, contributed to increase the previously existing unhealthiness. The lime kilns in the neighbourhood, the close plantations of trees that prevent a free circulation of air, the stagnation of the rivers from the bars of mud or sand which obstruct their out-course into the sea, the kind of water which the inhabitants are compelled to drink, the narrowness of their houses, and the dirt and filth accumulated in the numerous canals that intersect the town, have all their due share of pernicious efficiency assigned them in this report. The buildings, it is said, are admirably adapted to keep out the fresh air, and to retain that which is putrid or noxious. To remedy the evils felt, a new construction of houses is recommended, and a frequent pruning or entire extirpation of the trees.

The fever, which excited this inquiry, commenced in 1733 and lasted till 1738, and, during its continuance, two thousand of the Company's servants and free Christians annually died. In 1739 its violence abated; but it broke out again in 1744, and continued with little diminution or variation to the date of the report in 1753.

Without stopping to inquire whether it would be easier to remove disease from Batavia, or the inhabitants of Batavia from disease, I shall take the liberty of quoting an extract from a report on the climate of some parts of Java, drawn up by Mr. Robertson, the late Superintending Surgeon, which appears to me to afford a satisfactory account of the causes of the insalubrity of the capital. After giving a statement of the mortality that prevailed in an Indiaman, a part of the crew of which landed at Batavia, he thus proceeds.

"Such is the melancholy instance of the noxious climate of Batavia, which came within my own observation. That it was not epidemic is clearly evinced, from its not extending its influence to those who attended the sick, nor to the rest of the crew, all of whom escaped its attack and remained healthy. Among the Dutch who remain in the town, fevers are, I understand, very prevalent at all seasons, notwithstanding their being, in a manner, inured to the climate, and most of them have a sallow sickly appearance. It is not uncommon, in riding through the streets, to meet three or four funerals daily.

"The Chinese, however, who are very numerous, suffer more than any class of the people; perhaps, from the worse situations of their houses, the manner in which these are crowded, the closeness of their apartments, and their gross manner of living. The number of casualties among them, I am told, is incredible, especially during the dry season; and if one may judge from the extent of their burial ground, and the number of their tumuli, it cannot admit of a doubt. The preceding facts are, I conclude, sufficient to establish the truth of the noxious character the climate of Batavia has so long obtained, and I shall now proceed to the causes which have been often investigated, and seem well ascertained, though the knowledge of them has led to little exertion for their removal.

"The baneful effects of marsh miasmata on the human system is well known, engendering intermittent and remittent fevers, dysenteries, and visceral obstructions. Batavia, built almost in a swamp, surrounded by marshes in all directions, trees and jungles, which prevent the exhalations being carried off by a free circulation of air, is peculiarly obnoxious from this cause. Opposite the mouth of the river, and extending a great way to the westward, is a mud-bank, which, in many parts at low water, is uncovered by the sea, and is daily accumulating from the quantities of mud and animal and vegetable matter carried down by the river during its reflux. Again the sea, often at spring tides, overflows the adjacent country, and, on its receding, leaves the soil covered with slime and mud, which, exposed to the action of the sun, soon suffers decomposition, and impregnates the atmosphere with its noxious exhalations, which are carried by the sea breeze over Batavia, where the trees and jungles surrounding the houses prevent their being dissipated. During the heat of the day these exhalations are more diffused and comparatively innoxious, but when the sun withdraws its influence they become more condensed, and amalgamating with the descending evening dews form a morbid atmosphere around the houses of the inhabitants. This hypothesis will readily account for a fact well known, that people whose commercial concerns require their presence in Batavia during the day, and who retire during the night into the country, escape this endemic, while scarcely any who sleep in the town, even for a night, unless those who, by a long residence, are inured to it, escape. In the ingenious and sensible work formerly alluded to (Mr. Johnson's), I find this hypothesis so clearly and perspicuously expounded, that I must take the liberty of quoting it.

"'The cause why the stench emitted by marshes and vegetable matter in a state of decomposition is more perceptible immediately after sunset, is not that the vapours are disengaged in greater quantities then than during the day, but the marshes retain their heat for some time after the sun's rays are withdrawn, and consequently continue to emit vapours through the atmosphere, as during the high temperature of the day by the sun. They therefore meet the descending dews, condensing and forming a thick fog, which hovers over the swamps, accompanied by a noxious and disagreeable odour. The miasmata exhaled during the day, in all probability, descend with the dews of the evening, which, meeting and combining with those that continue to be disengaged from their source, must form a concentration highly capable of affecting the constitution. Marsh effluvia become at a certain distance from their source innoxious. Dr. Hunter observes, 'a few feet in height gives a comparative security in the same buildings.' This will be accounted for by the supposition, that as the miasmata exhaled during the day descend in the evenings, they become more and more concentrated, till meeting the exhalations from the still reeking marshes, a dense stratum of highly impregnated atmosphere is found contiguous to the surface of the earth: hence the salubrity of sleeping in upper apartments. This leads to another practicable inference of considerable importance, that when necessity compels exposure to these marshes, we should select that point of time least likely to meet those miasmata, whether ascending or descending. This period seems to extend from three to six in the afternoon:[282] that is, after the greatest heat of the earth and air, and consequently the greatest evaporation, and before the condensation and return of such exhalations as rose during the day, and which combine with those still issuing from the heated soil for some time after sunset.'

"A second, and, I think, an equally powerful cause, is the stagnant water of the canals, which, in all directions, intersect the city. In the first place, they are filled with filth of every description; there is scarcely at times any perceptible current in them to carry off that filth; and lastly, the sluices are frequently kept shut, for the purpose of swelling the waters above them to irrigate the fields, while those below, which intersect the town, become almost dry, leaving an extensive surface of mud, and every kind of putrified matter, to be acted upon by the sun, raising the most pestilential vapours, with which, as before observed, the atmosphere gets thoroughly impregnated.

"As a third cause, the state of the houses may be considered, and the mode of living of the Dutch. Houses that are untenanted are seldom opened, and thus collect much filth and foul, damp, pernicious vapours. Those that are inhabited are generally shut up in the day time, most of them being glazed, thus preventing a free circulation of air; and in the lower story of most of the houses, the walls are covered some feet from the ground with a greenish coat, and on entering the apartments a stranger experiences a kind of chilly feel, and a damp raw kind of smell. Although it cannot be enumerated among the causes, yet I cannot help thinking the Dutch mode of medical practice, in as far as it is inefficient to counteract the diseases of this climate, must tend to increase the number of fatal terminations.

"The Dutch practitioners, little in the habit of theorizing, continue the same practice in every form of disease, and they are particularly prejudiced against the use of mercury, opium, and other powerful medicines, in consequence relying solely on the most simple and inert remedies. Some few of them, of more enlarged understanding, adopt the English mode, and seem sensible of its superior efficacy.

"A fourth, and, I am convinced, a very general cause, especially of the diarrhœas and dysenteries, which seldom fail to attack new comers, is the water. This most essential article is taken either from the canals or wells, and it is equally bad when passed through a filtering stone. It retains a brackish, hard, unpleasant taste, and if allowed to remain some time in vessels without previous boiling, generates small animalculæ. Such, I conceive, are the most probable and principal causes of the insalubrity of Batavia; though there are, I doubt not, others contributing, which elude observation. It is generally received, though I think an erroneous opinion, that the rainy season is the most unhealthy. The most unhealthy appears to me to be that immediately after the cessation of the rains; and the older and more experienced Dutch residents have observed, that in years when there has been a long continued drought, disease has been more than usually prevalent, and they look forward with anxiety for the accession of the rains, as the means of resisting its baneful dissemination.

"Weltevreden, at a distance of not more than three miles, being less exposed to these causes, excepting the water, is exempt, in a great measure, from its prevailing endemic fever; though diarrhœas are common, especially among those newly arriving, but they are seldom of a serious or alarming nature.

"Among the troops stationed at Weltevreden and Cornelis, diseases are not more frequent than in the healthiest parts of India which I have visited; though for some months since the Báli expedition, the casualties in the 78th regiment have been numerous. At _Chemangis_, about twenty-two miles from Batavia inland, a battalion of Sepoys is stationed, where, from the returns I have received, it appears they enjoy comparatively good health, and have very few casualties, though a much larger quantity of rain falls than in the vicinity of Weltevreden. It is on an elevated commanding situation, and open and clear of jungle for a considerable extent around."

In support of the opinion which has been given of the general salubrity of the climate of Java, the abstract returns of sick, &c. among the troops serving on Java and its dependencies, for the last two years, are annexed, together with a statement of casualties, in His Majesty's 78th regiment, while serving on the continent of India and in Java.

_GENERAL ABSTRACT of the MONTHLY RETURN of SICK on the Island of JAVA and its Dependencies, from 1st November, 1813, to 30th October, 1814._

-------+----------+--------+---------+---------+-----------+------+ Months.| No. of Troops. |Remained.|Admitted.|Discharged.|Dead. +----------+--------+ on the| | +------+ |Europeans.|Natives.| 1st | | |Fever.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | -------+----------+--------+---------+---------+-----------+------+ 1813. | | | | | | | Nov. | 2,262| 5,196| 938| 997| 981| 5| Dec. | 2,399| 4,962| 963| 908| 974| 3| | | | | | | | 1814. | | | | | | | Jan. | 2,089| 5,536| 955| 852| 895| 1| Feb. | 1,233| 4,865| 677| 474| 477| 3| Mar. | 2,154| 5,845| 744| 733| 834| 6| Apr. | 1,818| 4,962| 620| 662| 620| 5| May | 1,781| 6,509| 848| 876| 805| 8| June | 1,677| 5,790| 763| 934| 820| 11| July | 1,663| 5,560| 839| 1,082| 880| 7| Aug. | 1,569| 5,735| 947| 945| 772| 21| Sept. | 2,309| 5,863| 1,157| 915| 916| 31| Oct. | 2,306| 5,562| 1,079| 876| 1,018| 9| -------+----------+--------+---------+---------+-----------+------+

-------+----------+---------+-----+------+-----+----------+ Months. Dead. | Remaining last month. +----------+---------+-----+------+-----+----------+ |Dysentery.|Other |TOTAL|Fever.|Flux.|Hepatitis.| | |Diseases.| | | | | | | | | | | | -------+----------+---------+-----+------+-----+----------+ 1813. | | | | | | | Nov. | 19| 6| 30| 176| 216| 10| Dec. | 37| 14| 54| 150| 205| 9| | | | | | | | 1814. | | | | | | | Jan. | 24| 11| 36| 144| 196| 11| Feb. | 14| 6| 23| 99| 144| 2| Mar. | 19| 6| 31| 146| 152| 1| Apr. | 18| 5| 28| 149| 131| 5| May | 35| 4| 47| 169| 201| 7| June | 30| 13| 54| 168| 182| 12| July | 30| 10| 47| 304| 199| 15| Aug. | 17| 4| 42| 440| 189| 11| Sept. | 38| 8| 77| 395| 172| 15| Oct. | 24| 12| 45| 241| 176| 9| -------+----------+---------+-----+------+-----+----------+

-------+-----------+----------+-------+---------+ Months. Remaining last month. | +-----------+----------+-------+---------+ |Rheumatism.|Syphilis. |Ulcers.|Other | | | and | |Diseases.| | |Gonorrhea.| | | -------+-----------+----------+-------+---------+ 1813. | | | | | Nov. | 61| 101| 195| 144| Dec. | 73| 95| 149| 164| | | | | | 1814. | | | | | Jan. | 79| 99| 170| 177| Feb. | 63| 84| 113| 146| Mar. | 69| 183| 102| 116| Apr. | 51| 80| 80| 144| May | 87| 107| 131| 160| June | 80| 103| 127| 151| July | 103| 117| 104| 150| Aug. | 89| 117| 111| 121| Sept. | 107| 135| 97| 159| Oct. | 106| 122| 91| 142| -------+-----------+----------+-------+---------+

-------+----------+--------+-----------+------------ Months.| TOTAL | Proportion| Proportion +----------+--------+ of Sick. | of Deaths |Europeans.|Natives.| | to Cures. | | | | | | | | -------+----------+--------+-----------+------------ 1813. | | | | Nov. | 289| 635| 1 to 8 | 1 to 32.70 Dec. | 266| 577| 1 to 9.90| 1 to 18 | | | | 1814. | | | | Jan. | 232| 644| 1 to 8.70| 1 to 24.86 Feb. | 141| 510| 1 to 9.33| 1 to 27.39 Mar. | 124| 575| 1 to 11.52| 1 to 26.911 Apr. | 177| 457| 1 to 10.67| 1 to 22.14 May | 195| 667| 1 to 9.61| 1 to 17.12 June | 216| 607| 1 to 9 | 1 to 15.18 July | 230| 764| 1 to 7.28| 1 to 18.72 Aug. | 263| 815| 1 to 6.77| 1 to 18.38 Sept. | 355| 725| 1 to 7.55| 1 to 11.89 Oct. | 278| 609| 1 to 8.87| 1 to 22.62 -------+----------+--------+-----------+------------

_GENERAL MONTHLY AVERAGE of SICK and CASUALTIES on the Island of JAVA and its Dependencies, from 1st November, 1813, to 31st October, 1814._

+--------------+-------+-------+--------+----------+----------+ |Average of the|Average|Average|Average | Average | Average | | Strength of | of | of | of |Proportion|Proportion| | Corps and | Sick. | Cures.|Deaths. | of Sick | of Deaths| | Detachments. | | | | to Well. | to Cures.| +--------------+-------+-------+--------+----------+----------+ | 7,470| 862| 832| 42| 1 to 8.66|1 to 99.80| +--------------+-------+-------+--------+----------+----------+

_MONTHLY AVERAGE of FATAL DISEASES, from 1st November, 1813, to 31st October, 1814._

+---------------+---------+---------+-----------+----------+ | Deaths during | Fevers. | Flux. | Other | TOTAL. | | the Year. | | | Diseases. | | +---------------+---------+---------+-----------+----------+ | 514| 110| 305| 99| 514| +---------------+---------+---------+-----------+----------+ |Monthly Average| 9⅙ | 25⁵⁄₁₂ | 8¼ | 42¹⁰⁄₁₂ | +---------------+---------+---------+-----------+----------+

_GENERAL ABSTRACT of the MONTHLY RETURNS of SICK on the Island of JAVA and its Dependencies, from 1st November, 1814, to 31st December, 1815, inclusive._

-------+-------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------- | No. of Troops. |Remained.|Admitted.|Discharged.| +----------+--------+on the | | +------+ Months.|Europeans.|Natives.| 1st | | |Fever.| | | | | | | | -------+----------+--------+---------+---------+-----------+------+ 1814.| | | | | | | Nov. | 2,272| 6,283| 906| 820| 784| 11| Dec. | 2,325| 6,268| 890| 797| 815| 13| | | | | | | | 1815.| | | | | | | Jan. | 2,106| 6,233| 842| 693| 776| 6| Feb. | 2,211| 5,962| 714| 601| 601| 6| Mar. | 2,172| 5,700| 595| 642| 600| 1| Apr. | 2,050| 5,481| 623| 706| 648| 5| May | 2,082| 5,983| 658| 723| 677| 4| June | 2,002| 5,862| 691| 682| 663| 4| July | 1,442| 5,227| 609| 540| 551| 4| Aug. | 1,339| 4,836| 584| 545| 554| 5| Sept.| 1,324| 4,595| 497| 444| 467| 2| Oct. | 1,326| 4,770| 420| 384| 387| 2| Nov. | 821| 4,404| 443| 407| 392| 1| Dec. | 772| 3,170| 344| 388| 343| 2| -------+----------+--------+---------+---------+-----------+------+

------------------------------+------------------------------------ Dead. | Remaining last month. +-----+---------+------+------+-----+----------+-----------+ Months.|Flux.|Other |TOTAL.|Fever.|Flux.|Hepatitis.|Rheumatism.| | |Diseases.| | | | | | -------+-----+---------+------+------+-----+----------+-----------+ 1814.| | | | | | | | Nov. | 21| 7| 39| 211| 154| 5| 104| Dec. | 22| 11| 46| 211| 132| 10| 84| | | | | | | | | 1815.| | | | | | | | Jan. | 18| 8| 32| 157| 119| 18| 88| Feb. | 7| 4| 17| 141| 106| 8| 102| Mar. | 10| 5| 16| 184| 96| 6| 79| Apr. | 10| 4| 19| 182| 122| 5| 81| May | 6| 4| 14| 158| 122| 8| 77| June | 12| 5| 21| 204| 107| 5| 81| July | 6| 3| 13| 177| 109| 4| 64| Aug. | 5| 4| 14| 139| 102| 3| 64| Sept.| 1| 5| 8| 101| 91| 4| 49| Oct. | 6| 5| 13| 88| 58| 4| 59| Nov. | 6| 5| 12| 101| 78| 4| 53| Dec. | 5| 3| 10| 83| 79| 4| 36| -------+-----+---------+------+------+-----+----------+-----------+

-----------------------------------+ | +---------+-------+---------+ Months.|Venereal.|Ulcers.|Other | | | |Diseases.| -------+---------+-------+---------+ 1814.| | | | Nov. | 132| 112| 185| Dec. | 123| 116| 150| | | | | 1815.| | | | Jan. | 105| 118| 127| Feb. | 87| 117| 124| Mar. | 68| 90| 98| Apr. | 79| 101| 92| May | 109| 111| 108| June | 110| 95| 103| July | 72| 83| 76| Aug. | 74| 82| 97| Sept.| 60| 73| 88| Oct. | 64| 88| 63| Nov. | 70| 72| 68| Dec. | 48| 59| 70| -------+---------+-------+---------+

-------+-------------------+--------------+------------- | TOTAL | Proportion |Proportion +----------+--------+ of Sick. |of Deaths Months.|Europeans.|Natives.| |to Cures. | | | | -------+----------+--------+--------------+------------- 1814.| | | | Nov. | 229| 674|1 to 9.47 | 1 to 20⅒ Dec. | 229| 597|1 to 10⁴⁄₁₀ | 1 to 17 | | | | 1815.| | | | Jan. | 188| 539| 1 to 11.47 | 1 to 24¼ Feb. | 195| 502| 1 to 11.72 | 1 to 35.35 Mar. | 173| 448| 1 to 12.67 | 1 to 37½ Apr. | 178| 484| 1 to 11.37 | 1 to 34⅒ May | 220| 470| 1 to 11.68 | 1 to 48.35 June | 200| 495| 1 to 11.31 | 1 to 31.57 July | 149| 436| 1 to 11⁴⁄₁₀ | 1 to 42.38 Aug. | 152| 409| 1 to 11⅟₁₄₀ | 1 to 39.57 Sept.| 123| 343| 1 to 12⁷⁄₁₀ | 1 to 58.37 Oct. | 77| 327| 1 to 15¹¹⁄₃₀| 1 to 29.76 Nov. | 42| 404| 1 to 11½ | 1 to 32⅔ Dec. | 61| 318| 1 to 10⅖ | 1 to 34⅓ -------+----------+--------+--------------+------------- N.B.--The monthly returns from Maccassar for November and December, and of the 5th Volunteer Battalion Javan Corps, and of a Detachment of H.M. 78th for December, had not been received when this table was framed.

_GENERAL MONTHLY AVERAGE of SICK and CASUALTIES on the Island of JAVA and its Dependencies, from 1st November, 1814, to 31st October, 1815, inclusive._

---------------+---------+---------+---------+------------+----------- Average of the | Average | Average | Average | Average | Average Strength of | of | of | of | Proportion | Proportion Corps and | Sick. | Cures. | Deaths. | of Sick | of Deaths Detachments. | | | | to Well. | to Cures. ---------------+---------+---------+---------+------------+----------- 7,487| 699| 626| 21| 1 to 11.17 | 1 to 29.18 ---------------+---------+---------+---------+------------+-----------

_STATE of His Majesty's 1st Battalion 78th Regiment, shewing the Effective Strength and Number died (including those died of Wounds) killed in Action, &c. Half-yearly, from 16th February, 1797, five days after the Regiment's landing in India, to 25th December, 1815._

Serondole, 13th March, 1816.

---------------------------------+---------------------+ Head Quarters of the |Effective Strength on| Regiment and Dates. |the under-mentioned + |Dates. | +-------+-----+-------+ |Serjts.| Drs.| R & F.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ---------------------------------+-------+-----+-------+ Fort William, 16 Feb. 1797[283] | 53| 25| 1,146| Berhampore, 25 June | 52| 22| 1,085| On the River, 25 Dec. | 52| 22| 993| | | | | Allahabad, 25 June, 1798 | 52| 22| 952| Camp Onoopsher, 25 Dec. | 52| 22| 930| | | | | Cawnpore, 25 June, 1792. | 52| 22| 913| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 52| 22| 888| | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1800 | 52| 22| 869| Fort William, 25 Dec. | 52| 22| 890| | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1801 | 52| 22| 857| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 52| 22| 897| | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1802 | 52| 22| 884| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 52| 22| 865| | | | | Camp Rooey, 25 June, 1803 | 52| 22| 837| ---- Cuttah, 25 Dec. | 62| 22| 709| | | | | ---- Chiohoora, 25 June, 1804 | 52| 22| 657| Old Women's Island, Bombay, | 53| 22| 683| 25 Dec. | | | | | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1805 | 54| 22| 636| Camp at Bombay, 25 Dec. | 54| 22| 604| | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1806 | 54| 22| 683| Butcher's Island, near | 54| 22| 668| Bombay, 25 Dec. | | | | | | | | Cabo Island of Goa, 25 June, 1807| 54| 22| 686| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 54| 22| 520| | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1808 | 56| 22| 706| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 57| 22| 809| | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1809 | 57| 22| 772| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 57| 22| 740| | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1810 | 55| 22| 989| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 54| 22| 991| | | | | Lowjee Family Transport, | 64| 22| 965| 25 June, 1811 | 62| 22| 770| Surabaya, Java, 25 Dec. | | | | | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1812 | 59| 22| 674| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 54| 21| 684| | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1813 | 54| 20| 625| Ung'arang, 25 Dec. | 53| 21| 625| | | | | Weltevreeden, Java, 25 June, 1814| 54| 21| 597| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 52| 20| 623| | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1815 | 45| 20| 583| Serondol, 25 Dec. | 45| 21| 568| | | | + | | | | ---------------------------------+-------+-----+-------+

---------------------------------+---------------+ Head Quarters of the | Casualties. | Regiment and Dates. +-------+-------+ | Dead, |Killed | +includ-| in | | ing |Action.| | those | | | that | | | died | | | of | | |wounds,| | | &c. | | ---------------------------------+-------+-------+ Fort William, 16 Feb. 1797[283] | --| --| Berhampore, 25 June | 25| --| On the River, 25 Dec. | 90| --| | | | Allahabad, 25 June, 1798 | 45| --| Camp Onoopsher, 25 Dec. | 34| --| | | | Cawnpore, 25 June, 1792. | 27| --| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 31| --| | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1800 | 19| --| Fort William, 25 Dec. | 34| --| | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1801 | 30| --| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 15| --| | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1802 | 12| --| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 66| --| | | | Camp Rooey, 25 June, 1803 | 30| --| ---- Cuttah, 25 Dec. | 89| 47| | | | ---- Chiohoora, 25 June, 1804 | 61| --| Old Women's Island, Bombay, | 84| --| 25 Dec. | | | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1805 | 50| --| Camp at Bombay, 25 Dec. | 30| --| | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1806 | 14| --| Butcher's Island, near | 24| --| Bombay, 25 Dec. | | | | | | Cabo Island of Goa, 25 June, 1807| 17| --| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 7| --| | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1808 | 9| --| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 25| --| | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1809 | 22| --| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 32| --| | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1810 | 22| --| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 21| --| | | | Lowjee Family Transport, | 18| --| 25 June, 1811 | 166| 28| Surabaya, Java, 25 Dec. | | | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1812 | 101| --| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 93| 6| | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1813 | 59| --| Ung'arang, 25 Dec. | 22| --| | | | Weltevreeden, Java, 25 June, 1814| 28| --| Ditto, 25 Dec. | 52| --| | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1815 | 20| --| Serondol, 25 Dec. | 13| --| +-------+-------+ | 1,537| 81| ---------------------------------+-------+-------+

---------------------------------+-------+----------------- Head Quarters of the | TOTAL |PERIODS. Regiment and Dates. + dead, | |killed,| |&c. &c.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ---------------------------------+-------+----------------- Fort William, 16 Feb. 1797[283] | } |{16 Feb. 1797, to Berhampore, 25 June | } 115 |{24 Dec. 1797. On the River, 25 Dec. | } | | | Allahabad, 25 June, 1798 | } 79 |{25 Dec. 1797, to Camp Onoopsher, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1798. | | Cawnpore, 25 June, 1792. | } 58 |{25 Dec. 1798, to Ditto, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1799. | | Ditto, 25 June, 1800 | } 53 |{25 Dec. 1799, to Fort William, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1800. | | Ditto, 25 June, 1801 | } 45 |{25 Dec. 1800, to Ditto, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1801. | | Ditto, 25 June, 1802 | } 78 |{25 Dec. 1801, to Ditto, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1802. | | Camp Rooey, 25 June, 1803 | } 166 |{25 Dec. 1802, to ---- Cuttah, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1803. | | ---- Chiohoora, 25 June, 1804 | } 145 |{25 Dec. 1803, to Old Women's Island, Bombay, | } |{24 Dec. 1804. 25 Dec. | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1805 | } 80 |{25 Dec. 1804, to Camp at Bombay, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1805. | | Ditto, 25 June, 1806 | } 38 |{25 Dec. 1805, to Butcher's Island, near | } |{24 Dec. 1806. Bombay, 25 Dec. | | | | Cabo Island of Goa, 25 June, 1807| } 24 |{25 Dec. 1806, to Ditto, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1807. | | Ditto, 25 June, 1808 | } 34 |{25 Dec. 1807, to Ditto, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1808. | | Ditto, 25 June, 1809 | } 54 |{25 Dec. 1808, to Ditto, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1809. | | Ditto, 25 June, 1810 | } 43 |{25 Dec. 1809, to Ditto, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1810. | | Lowjee Family Transport, | } 212 |{25 Dec. 1810, to 25 June, 1811 | } |{24 Dec. 1811. Surabaya, Java, 25 Dec. | | | | Ditto, 25 June, 1812 | } 200 |{25 Dec. 1811, to Ditto, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1812. | | Ditto, 25 June, 1813 | } 81 |{25 Dec. 1812, to Ung'arang, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1813. | | Weltevreeden, Java, 25 June, 1814| } 80 |{25 Dec. 1813, to Ditto, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1814. | | Ditto, 25 June, 1815 | } 33 |{25 Dec. 1814, to Serondol, 25 Dec. | } |{24 Dec. 1815. +-------+ | 1,618| ---------------------------------+-------+-----------------

Of Six Companies at Serondol, died from 25th December, 1815, to 13th March, 1816 1 Of One ditto Solo ditto 25th ditto 13th ditto 2 Of Three ditto Weltevreeden, ditto 25th ditto 13th ditto 6 -- Total 9 -- Of the above six died at Weltevreeden, one died in consequence of a fall.

NOTE _by_ N. CURRIE, _Esq. Surgeon of His Majesty's 78th Regiment, on the foregoing Table_.

When the 78th regiment first arrived at Java, the men had been long confined on board ship, living on salt provisions, and were afterwards exposed, not only to the fatigues and privations incident to actual warfare, but also to the inclemency of the weather in a tropical climate. All these causes produced a tendency to disease, and when the regiment arrived at _Surabáya_ the quarters were bad; and being in the middle of the town, free access could at all times be had to spirituous liquors. The number of diseases and of casualties was consequently great; but it diminished gradually, as the men were successively accommodated with good barracks at _De Noyo_. The whole were comfortably lodged in plastered barracks in March or April, 1813, and in May and the following month a very sensible reduction of deaths took place, as may be seen by the abstracts of those months. During the preceding months of January, February, March, and April, the deaths were numerous, but the greater proportion was among the men of a detachment of about two hundred men that joined in January, and continued to be very sickly during those four months. Almost all the men of this detachment had, when attacked, violent diseases.

A very remarkable instance of the bad effects of exposure to night air while asleep, occurred when part of the regiment was sent, in September, 1814, from _Weltevreeden_ to _Chemangis_, where the barracks were built of wattled bamboos, and the men lying with their heads to the walls, received the current of air directly in their heads. Fifty were seized with a highly inflammatory fever in the course of three days. Delirium was always the first symptom in every case, and it was necessary to bleed several of them largely before they could be sent to the hospital. By referring to the returns it will be seen that almost every increase of sickness happened after a change of quarters, as in the detachment above-mentioned, and after the removal of the regiment from _Surabáya_ to _Ung'arang_ and _Sirondol_ in October, 1813, after the expedition to _Bali_ at _Weltevreeden_ in June, 1814, and to _Chemangis_ in September 1814. An increase of sickness always took place after the use of spirituous liquors on particular holidays, as Christmas, &c.; and on the contrary, the good effects of not exposing the men to morning dews or wet, and of regularity in diet, may be seen in the healthiness of the regiment after the men got settled in good barracks at _Surabáya_ and _Weltevreeden_.

Java need no longer be held up as the grave of Europeans, for except in the immediate neighbourhood of salt marshes and forests, as in the city of _Batavia_, and two or three other places on the north coast, it may be safely affirmed that no tropical climate is superior to it in salubrity. By its insular situation, the temperature of the atmosphere is low and equable, and from its lofty mountains it possesses this great advantage, that in a few hours' travelling a climate of any degree of cold may be found.

FOOTNOTES:

[280] It appears, that subsequent to this year, no general list was kept, a list only of the number of children christened in the reformed churches being found among the registers.

[281] Since this year no specific list to be found.

[282] Mr. Robertson's observation and experience led him to give it a greater latitude, from eight or nine in the morning till twelve, and from three to six in the afternoon.

[283] Five days after our arrival in India.

APPENDIX B.

JAPAN TRADE.

The empire of Japan has, for a long period, adopted and carried with effect all the exclusive maxims of Chinese policy, with a degree of rigour unknown even in China itself. Previously to the expulsion of the Portuguese and the extirpation of Christianity in the latter part of the seventeenth century, the Japanese trade was reckoned by far the most advantageous which could be pursued in the East, and very much superior to either the Indian or Chinese trade. After the expulsion of the Portuguese, a very extensive trade was for some permitted to be carried on by the Dutch, on account of the benefits which the Japanese imagined themselves to have received from that nation during the Portuguese war, and especially the detection of a formidable conspiracy of some of the Japanese princes to dethrone the emperor, the correspondence relative to which was intercepted at sea. It was for these services that the Dutch originally procured the imperial edict, by which they were permitted to trade to Japan, to the exclusion of all other European nations. This public act of their ancestors, the Japanese have repeatedly declared that they will not cancel; but they have done every thing but formally cancel it, for a more limited and less free trade never was carried on by one rich nation with another.[284] For more than half a century, the Dutch trade has been limited to two yearly ships from Batavia, the cargoes of both of which scarcely ever exceeded the value of 300,000 dollars, and their only profitable returns are Japan copper, and a small quantity of camphor. To shew themselves impartial in their restrictions, the Japanese have limited the traffic of the Chinese, the only eastern nation whom they suffer to trade with them at all, in a similar manner to that of the Dutch, and they suffer no more than ten Chinese junks to visit _Nangasaki_ in the year. The trade of those two favoured nations is also limited to the port of _Nangasaki_.

In pursuance of their exclusive maxims, and conformably to the terms of their agreement with the Dutch, the Japanese have, on every occasion, followed an uniform line of conduct, and rejected, in the most peremptory manner, the various overtures of different nations of Europe, refusing equally to have any intercourse, negociation or commerce, with any of them. It must also be admitted, that the whole foreign trade of Japan, compared with the riches of the country, is absolutely trifling; nor is there any rich or powerful body of them, like the Hong merchants of China, at all interested in its continuance. The yearly presents, whether offered to the governor of _Nangasaki_ or the emperor, are of no great value, and rigidly limited by law and usage; and as the government of Japan is much stronger and more vigilant than that of China, no such abuses can be ventured on at _Nangasaki_ as those which exist at Canton.

The commercial intercourse of the Dutch at Japan was established by an imperial edict in their favour from the emperor _Gonging Soma_, in the year 1611.

The first Dutch factory was established at Firando, but in the year 1641 it was removed to _Nangasaki_. The number of the Dutch ships, and the kind of merchandize which they imported, were then left entirely to the discretion of the parties; the merchandize was disposed of to the best advantage, and the returns consisted of such articles as were expected to yield the greatest profit. They were subject only to the municipal regulations of the country, without any further restraint or incumbrance whatever. The trade remained in this state till the year 1671. In the Dutch records of this period, the only complaints made against Japanese authority relate to restrictions laid upon them in matters of religion.

In the beginning the returns from Japan consisted of silver and copper; and the former being coined, was received according to the current value in that country, where the coins and weights went by the same name as in China, viz. _katis_, _tahils_, _mas_, and _kandarins_. Ten _mas_ were worth a _tahil_, sixteen _tahil_ a _kati_, and one hundred _kati_ weighed one hundred and twenty, or one hundred and twenty-one, pounds Dutch, equal to a mark.

There were two sorts of silver, of which the fine was called _zoma_, and coarser bar-silver, generally distinguished by the Dutch under the terms of _heavy_ and _light_ money. This was at first carried to account at the rate of sixty-two stivers and a half per _tahil_, no difference being made in the books of that time between the two kinds; but in the year 1635, the common or bar-silver, was fixed at fifty-seven stivers the _tahil_. Both kinds, according to this regulation, were considered by the Dutch as calculated too high for an article of merchandize, and consequently were not much in demand in the western parts of India, to which it was at first sent by the Company.

The attention of the Dutch being, however, afterwards attracted to the trade in gold from Japan, orders were issued to the factors in the year 1640, requiring gold as a return, to the amount of from ten to twelve hundred thousand florins. These orders were executed with the best success; and a wish seems, on this occasion, to have been expressed by the factory, that Japan might, as formerly, be permitted to supply from one hundred to one hundred and fifty chests of gold _kobangs_, _ubangs_, and _zebos_. Gold and silver were, at this time, the principal articles in the returns from Japan. Their copper was not much in demand, probably because it was so little known in India or Europe; yet the directors, in their requisition for the year 1655, state the price of Japan copper having risen from thirty-six to forty-six florins per hundred pounds weight, and an order having been sent to Japan for twenty thousand _pikuls_ of that metal, the same rendered great profit.

In 1644, requisitions were made from Surat for two thousand _pikuls_, from Coromandel for one thousand _pikuls_, and from Batavia for four thousand _pikuls_ of copper; and in reply it is stated, that it would not be difficult to furnish the quantity required; that the Japan copper consisted of both sheet and bar copper, of which the former was purchased at twenty _tahils_ the _pikul_, or twelve stivers (inferior silver) per pound, being twenty per cent. cheaper than European copper.

The gold, after being coined, was found a very profitable article, being purchased at a favourable rate. In the beginning the _kobang_ was purchased for six _tahil_ eight _mas_, and for six _tahil_ seven _mas_; and, as appears from the books of 1669, 1670, and 1671, was within those years even purchased as low as five _tahils_ six _mas_, and five _tahils_ eight _mas_, from the great men of the country, or from merchants, according to circumstances. During two of these years, more than one hundred thousand _kobangs_ were obtained, which rendered a profit of one million of florins.

In 1671, an edict was issued by the Japanese government, prohibiting the further exportation of silver; but the profit on the gold being so considerable, the restriction on the exportation of silver was a matter of indifference to the Dutch, who still were enabled to obtain their returns in the more profitable articles of gold and copper.

The exchange of the _kobang_ was now fixed by the Japanese government at sixty-eight _mas_; and the free and unrestricted trade which the Dutch had hitherto enjoyed, was subjected to an arbitrary valuation of the import cargoes, and limited first with respect to the articles of merchandize, and afterwards with respect to its extent.

The loss of the island of Formosa in 1661, is supposed to have given the first shock to the credit of the Dutch at Japan. Not long after that event they experienced many instances of opposition, and several prejudicial alterations in the trade.

"They (the Japanese) were consequently," observes Mr. Imhoff, in his Memoir on the Japan Trade, "no longer under any apprehension of being annoyed by us, while, if we had remained in possession of Formosa, we were and might have continued masters of the navigation and trade between China and Japan. In that opinion I am still further confirmed, when I consider, in the first instance, that the prejudicial change with respect to our situation at Japan, although it took place only several years after the loss of Formosa, had been already in agitation some time before; and, secondly, that notwithstanding the confidence of the Japanese in their own superiority, which they always evinced, that arrogance did not conceal altogether a certain fear of us, very evident from their great precautions. This fear has, however, since decreased, and if we may trust to the records, has frequently been succeeded by brutality.[285] It is an undeniable truth, that if a nation renders itself respected and formidable it will flourish, and that otherwise it is but little esteemed."

The decline of the trade seems not at first to have been much attended to. "Whether the Japanese," says the same writer, "at that period obtained advice of the advantages we derived from the trade, or that the bad conduct of our servants gave occasion to further restrictions which succeeded each other, we do not know, yet it is undeniable, that first in the year 1685 our trade was limited to three hundred thousand _tahils_, of which two-thirds were to consist of piece goods and weighable articles, and the other third of silks. This was confirmed in 1689, and we were allowed to export only twenty-five thousand _pikuls_ of copper, whereas our exports of that article formerly had been regulated according to our requisition. In the year 1700, the number of our ships was limited to four or five, in lieu of six or seven as were formerly sent, according to circumstances."

The profits of the trade at this period would yet have deserved attention had not a change in the current coin rendered the year 1700 still more disadvantageous. In 1692 and 1693 and afterwards, rich cargoes were sent to Japan which returned considerable profits, and the funds were again laid out in copper, as far as thirty thousand chests or _pikuls_. The new stipulation of twenty-five thousand chests was of little importance with the Dutch, who knew how, as they confess, to obtain by bribes from the governors and their servants a still further quantity. In the year 1685, the system of receiving the Dutch merchandize by valuation was discontinued; and although it was introduced again in the year 1698, it was once more abolished in the following year.

Various causes are assigned for the change in the current coin which took place about this period; but whether, as was supposed by the Dutch, the knowledge of the Dutch profits upon the _kobang_ opened the eyes of the Japanese, or that their long intercourse with Europeans rendered them more attentive to their own interest, or that the Chinese, who are known to be very expert in the art of coining, proposed that measure to them, or that the easy compliance of the Dutch in all former instances, and while they issued the most injurious orders against their commerce, made them believe that they might purchase their friendship at a cheaper rate than hitherto, or, as seems most probable, it was principally occasioned by other and more weighty causes not yet discovered, it is certain that in the year 1696 appeared, for the first time, a new kind of _kobang_, of one-third less in value than the old, although tendered to and received by the Dutch at the same rate. Here then was said to commence the iron age.

The new _kobang_ was assayed at thirteen carats six or seven grains, while the old _kobang_ was twenty carats eight and a half, nine, or even ten grains; yet the Dutch were obliged to receive the former at the rate of sixty-eight _mas_ like the old, which weighed thirty-one stivers, and making a difference upon one thousand of seventy-two marks. The old _kobang_ rendered a profit of twenty-five per cent., but the new produced a loss of fifteen or sixteen per cent. on the coast of Coromandel, where it was recoined. Some of the old _kobangs_ being however estimated at the same rate with the new, the Dutch still continued to derive some profits from the gold, until the introduction of a third kind of _kobang_, denominated the small _kobangs_, took place.

In 1710 the Japanese resorted to this further change in the coin, by reducing the weight of the _kobang_ nearly one half, the value being twenty-five _kanderins_, while that of the former was no less than forty-seven _kanderins_. This caused a loss of from thirty-four to thirty-six per cent., the Dutch being obliged to receive the same at the rate of sixty-eight _mas_; the former _kobangs_, of inferior alloy only, were in consequence still preferable. From 1710 to 1720, both sorts were in circulation; but the repeated complaints of the Dutch were at last, in 1720, so far attended to, that the old _kobangs_, of the same alloy and weight, were again introduced. The latter, however, were called double _kobangs_, and they were charged in the Dutch accounts at thirteen _tahils_ six _mas_, which was twice as much as in former times, so that they became still less profitable than the small _kobangs_, of which two thousand weighed seventy-six marks, while one thousand of the old coin only weighed seventy-two marks, and would consequently, when received in lieu of two small _kobangs_, have produced a loss of thirty-seven seven-eights per cent.

When an attempt was made, in 1714, to oblige the Dutch to receive the small _kobang_ at the same rate as the old, the exportation of copper was limited to fifteen thousand chests, as was the number of ships to two or three, according to the quantity of copper in store.

A fourth kind of _kobang_ was introduced in 1730, about five per cent. better than the third or small _kobang_, but the trade continued rapidly to decline until the year 1744.

The loss of many valuable ships and cargoes,[286] a reduction in the selling price of the articles of merchandize which they imported, and an increase of charges attending the visits to the Imperial Court, and the maintenance of their establishment in Japan, contributed to render this period particularly disadvantageous to the Dutch trade. Their submissive conduct at the Emperor's Court was of no avail, nor did their presents of horses, dogs, and other curiosities, produce any better effect. There was no longer any possibility of exporting _kobangs_, as in former times, for the balance of their accounts. The quantity of copper which they were allowed to export annually had been fixed in 1721 at ten thousand chests, yet even that quantity they were unable to obtain in 1743, so that, together with the high exchange of the _tahils_, their establishment in Japan now actually subjected them to a loss, and it was accordingly proposed at this period that it should be abandoned, unless some favourable change could be effected.

The charges had considerably increased during the last year. The cargoes were of less value and of an inferior quality, so that their profits were reduced to less than one quarter of what they had been: their expences on account of the Japan trade were at the same time two hundred thousand florins annually. During the last thirty years their profits amounted to five hundred thousand, and for some years to six hundred thousand, but latterly not to two hundred thousand florins per annum.

Thus, to sum up the disasters of this trade, after having been allowed to remain free and unrestrained for a period of sixty years, the cargoes in the year 1672 were subjected to an arbitrary valuation, and about the same time the exchange of the _kobang_ was altered. A tax was laid upon the cargoes in 1685, and further increased in 1689. In 1698 the new _kobang_ was introduced: in 1700 they were limited to four ships annually: in 1710 an exchange still more disadvantageous was fixed: in 1714 their exportation was reduced to fifteen thousand _pikuls_ of copper; in 1717 an order was issued, limiting the trade to two ships only: in 1710 the third, and in 1730 the fourth sort of _kobangs_ were introduced: and in 1743 the Dutch were limited to one ship and to one-half of the cargo.

The Dutch, in deliberating upon the measure of abandoning the trade, in the year 1744, trace all their disasters in this commerce, to their having tamely submitted, in the first instance, to take the kobang of reduced value at the same rate as the old one. It then occurred to them, that if serious remonstrances had been made in the beginning, their firmness might have prevented the subsequent losses. "In the first instance," says Mr. Imhoff, "our commerce was carried on as by a people groping in the dark, neither knowing the actual price of purchase or sale; because the _kobang_ being the standard coin of the country, that _kobang_ ought to have been calculated in proportion to the value of the _tahil_, and it would have appeared that since 1710 for forty stivers inferior silver, thirty stivers superior silver were received, and all articles of trade not disposed of with a profit of sixty-three per cent. rendered a loss. And this being the case with most of the cargoes that were sent to Japan after the period above mentioned, we ought either to have relinquished that commerce, or had recourse to such means as might have tended to re-establish the affairs of the Company. Instead, however, of so doing, fruitless remonstrances and solicitations were employed, which finally produced this effect, that the Japanese, during the latter years, granted us, by _way of charity_, an additional sum of six thousand _tahils_ upon the sale of our cargoes."

From the deliberations which took place at this period, it appears that the proposal then under consideration of relinquishing the trade, was rather intended as a provisional and political measure, to induce the Japanese to admit them to more favourable terms in future, than brought forward with the view of finally abandoning or relinquishing the trade altogether.

The public opinion of the time was, that the Japanese had recourse to these measures of restriction for no other purpose, but to oblige the Dutch to depart from the country; but it occurred to the Dutch government, that a nation which treated strangers in so despotic a manner, had no need to resort to such shifts to dislodge them. Another opinion was, that the restrictions laid on the trade proceeded from political motives, of which the first and most important was their hatred against all the different persuasions of the Christian religion without exception;[287] but the government were inclined to consider these reasons as deserving of little notice. "There is no probability," observes Mr. Imhoff, "that, in the present enlightened age, it can be a consideration, even with the Japanese, of what persuasion merchants are, who neither attempt to propagate their religion with a view to promote their interest, nor to endanger the safety of the state, of neither of which they appear ever to have been suspected." The governor-general was further of opinion, that the Japanese could derive no advantage from the expulsion of the Dutch, as they would thus be cut off from all correspondence with Europeans, and thereby become subject to greater inconveniences than at present, being exposed to the visits of others, whose great increase in those regions was not unknown to them; for, as he states, it is notorious that the Japanese government took annual information of all that passed in the world, and that the Dutch servants had orders to answer their queries faithfully, in order that contrary reports might not injure their credit, by which the Japanese were well aware that if the Dutch withdrew, others would soon settle in the country.[288] Instead, therefore, of attributing the conduct of the Japanese to either of these causes, the governor-general laid it entirely to the account of their interested desire to take every possible advantage of the weakness of the Dutch, who, by admitting the first imposition, laid themselves open to all that followed.

In his very able and interesting memoir "On the Trade of Japan and the Causes which occasioned its Decline,"--"It is by no means surprizing," says Mr. Imhoff, "that the Japanese, when they altered the _kobang_, likewise made a change in the delivery of the copper, observing that our exchange remained always the same, and the _prices of our merchandize unalterably fixed_. We cannot pass unnoticed, that this wrong calculation has been the cause that, on our part, many valuable articles of commerce, which were from time to time tendered to us by the Japanese, were declined. Among those articles was yellow copper or brass, Japan porcelain, of which musters were sent in 1736, and camphor, which we might have exported from thence, if our return cargoes had not been complete. Whether the sovereign right to regulate the trade of their country is not equally vested in the government of Japan with any other nation, I will leave undecided. Seeing us patiently submitting to all kinds of restrictions, inattentive in keeping our accounts in a regular order, they were encouraged to put us to the last shift. I am not inclined to dwell upon our surprising indifference, which was concealed at the same time under the cloak of mystery, from whence so many evil consequences resulted. I am of opinion, that it cannot be either the interest or inclination of the Japanese to oblige us to relinquish all intercourse with their country, provided our trade be carried on within narrow bounds, and they are not losing upon the articles delivered to us in payment for our cargoes. It is not possible that they can have any profit on the copper, if it is sold for less than one _kobang_. The mines certainly cannot be worked at a cheaper rate than formerly; and what profit do the venders of the copper derive from our merchandize, after it has fallen into the hands of the interpreters to government and others? Nothing is more natural, therefore, than that our exportation of copper from Japan should have become a burden to that class of people, and that their complaints contributed to the restrictions to which we are now subject. There is no doubt, that if the Japanese could keep up the communication without allowing us a single chest of copper, they would willingly grant us six thousand _tahils_ as a gratification, over and above the stipulated price for our cargo."

In considering the reforms to be introduced into the management of the trade in future, the first point which attracted attention was a better calculation of the coin, with reference to the intrinsic value, and a calculation being made upon a new basis, allowed a higher price to be paid for the copper than before. It was estimated, that if the Dutch could annually procure twenty thousand _pikuls_ of copper at twenty _tahils_, the Japan trade would still be lucrative, allowing the profits on the outward-bound cargoes to be merely sufficient for the support of the factory.

But in order to purchase and to pay for such a quantity of copper, the governor-general observes, "it is necessary that government should strictly comply with the requisitions from Japan, because our failures therein have brought us into such discredit with the Japanese, that they do not any longer place confidence in our promises. We have passed our word from year to year, that the quality and the quantity of our merchandize should be better assorted, without ever attending to it. Even at this moment, the supply differs so very much from the quantity required, that it will be extremely difficult to convince the Japanese that they shall be better served in future; and still it must be done, because if we wish to obtain the value of eight hundred or four hundred thousand _tahils_ of copper annually, besides camphor and other articles, different measures must be resorted to. We are hardly able, at present, to supply one-third of that amount, and load the ships with coarse goods.

"We have no doubt but other productions of Japan might also be procured at a cheaper rate than at present. Camphor may be purchased in abundance at thirty _tahils_ the _pikul_, and it is probable the same could still be obtained on more favourable terms, if we advert to what it cost formerly; in which case it would become a profitable remittance to Holland, and render one hundred per cent., or thereabouts.

"The white copper (tutenague) has been tendered to us at sixteen _tahils_ per _pikul_, but has not been accepted, the price being considered too high. If, however, we can dispose of it merely at the same price as the yellow copper (brass), which yields according to the price current before us 41-43 f. per 100 lb., it will not only be acceptable, but even render a reasonable profit of fifty per cent.

"Iron was formerly imported here from Japan, and might perhaps be procured at a moderate price, which for the sake of the small distance between us and that country would be very desirable.[289]

"Sulphur was also declined in 1726, on account of its being charged too high; yet it might still become an article worth attention, especially if it were purified in Japan. And who knows how many other valuable productions might be drawn from that extensive country, besides those already mentioned, and which would be very acceptable, in an economical as well as a mercantile point of view?"[290]

The following facts are collected from the considerations at this time.

That in former times the commerce of foreign nations at Japan amounted to ten millions of florins, and since then for many years to 3,150,000 florins, of which the Chinese share was two-thirds, and the Dutch one-third; and it was consequently presumed, that in so extensive a country as Japan, merchandize might still be disposed of to the value of one million, especially if it was paid for in the productions of the country.

That one of the causes of the decline of the trade was the conduct of the Company's servants, and the extent to which the private trade of individuals was carried. The directors of the trade at Japan had been selected from a very inferior class of society, and the peculations on overweight of the copper, &c. formed the subject of a regular complaint made by the Japanese to the Dutch government.

That the trade of the Chinese to Japan had been reduced from eighty to twenty junks in the year, the number then allowed.

In concluding his valuable and interesting Memoir, the Baron Van Imhoff declares it to be his firm belief, that Japan was, in every respect, what it had been formerly; that the same quantity of merchandize might be disposed of there as in former times, and that returns of equal value might be obtained; that although the profits should be less at present, there could be no reason to relinquish that trade; that the means of the Dutch were certainly inferior at that moment to what they had been, yet that if they adhered to the measures proposed (namely, clear accounts, correctness and honesty of conduct, and a good assortment of cargoes), which were easy, and could not expose them to any risk or danger, they might hope for a favourable issue.

In the course of all these deliberations, the Dutch seem to have concluded that the debasement of the coin was resorted to by the Japanese, solely with the view of affecting their trade, and never to have reflected that so important a change in the intrinsic value of the standard coin of the country, might have been occasioned by political causes, of far greater magnitude to the Japanese than the paltry gain to be obtained on the traffic of the Dutch cargoes. It is most probable that the empire of Japan, at the periods when these changes took place, wished to check the exportation of the precious metals of the country. In the first instance, we perceive a prohibition against the exportation of silver. The loss of this metal was first felt, because the principal exports were at first made in this coin; but it is never hinted that this prohibition was occasioned by any desire to take an undue advantage of the Dutch: on the contrary, this measure was not found to affect the Dutch trade at all. The same causes, however, which first led to a prohibition regarding silver, operated afterwards in an equal degree with respect to gold; and it is easy to account for the rise in the value of this metal, and the consequent changes in the coin, by the scarcity which ensued. Let us but reflect on the enormous exportation of the precious metals, which took place from Japan at the period when the trade was unlimited, and we shall find abundant cause for these changes in the coin, without accusing the Japanese of resorting to the measure as an imposition on the foreign merchant. "The exports at one period," says Mr. Imhoff, "amounted to ten millions of florins." These were principally made in the precious metals and in the coin of the country; and when the trade fell exclusively into the hands of the Dutch, it had been usual to export at first from one hundred to one hundred and fifty chests of silver, and subsequently the trade admitted of no less than two hundred chests of gold coin being exported instead of the silver. On a moderate calculation, therefore, the exports of the former period were about one million sterling, and those continued by the Dutch could not be less than from half a million to a million sterling in each year; so that, during a period of sixty years, the total export would have amounted to from thirty to sixty millions of pounds sterling, and this does not include what found its way to China and other neighbouring countries.

The discovery of the mines of America reduced, in the sixteenth century, the value of gold and silver in Europe to about one-third of what it had before been:[291] and might not the extensive drain on Japan have produced in that country an opposite effect of the same magnitude? If the gold and silver annually imported into Spain and Portugal, which did not commonly exceed six millions pounds sterling, produced this effect on the circulating medium, and the price of the precious metals throughout all Europe, in one country of which alone the circulating gold and silver amounted, by some accounts to eighteen, and by others to thirty, millions.[292] Is it not easy to conclude, that a directly contrary and equally extensive effect must have been felt in Japan? and that this effect must have been felt in a still higher degree, while operating on the confined circulating medium of one nation, than while operating on that of the numerous nations of Europe, who again found means to dispose of large quantities by remittances to the eastern world?

The extensive circulation of money throughout the populous and rich empire of Japan, and the facility with which the drains upon it could be supplied from the mines, was perhaps the cause that, in the first instance, the exportation of the precious metals was not sensibly felt; but afterwards, when probably the mint could not keep pace with the demand, and what is not unlikely, the demand was even too heavy for the mines, the intrinsic value of the coins increased in proportion to the scarcity; and it is not surprising that the Japanese should have entertained an apprehension lest the mines would become exhausted. Whether there were any immediate grounds for such an apprehension is uncertain; but it is generally believed that an edict was issued to discontinue working, first the silver, and afterwards the gold mines, but not until the nominal, and perhaps the real, value of both metals, and particularly of the latter, had been nearly doubled, as in the instance of the _kobang_ of the original value being offered to the Dutch for two _kobangs_.

That the Dutch perhaps owe the loss of this valuable trade, in a great measure, to the incapacity and worthlessness of their own servants, cannot but be admitted; for had they, on these continued reductions in the value of the current coins, adverted to the political cause, and calculated their commercial transactions according to the intrinsic, instead of the nominal, value, they would not have subjected themselves, unknowingly, to a loss of sixty per cent. upon the proceeds of all their exports: nor would they have shewn their weakness and ignorance to the Japanese, but they would immediately have devised the advantage of other returns from Japan, in articles, the exportation of which might, at the same time, have improved the industry and prosperity of that empire; and the Japanese, finding them equally intelligent and enterprising under all circumstances, while they felt an interest in the continuance of the trade, would have respected the nation by whom it was carried on. If, however, by these means, the European character and the value of foreign trade thus declined in the estimation of the Japanese, how much lower must that of the Dutch nation have fallen, when after once dictating the prices of all articles both bought and sold, we find them obtaining at last an advance on their proceeds of the outward cargo, by _way of charity_, and the Japanese themselves appealing against the peculations and corruptions that were carried on! When we see the Dutch, without power and without respect, dictating in the mighty empire of Japan an arbitrary and extravagant price for their commodities, in the same manner as they did at home, is it surprising that we should find the Japanese having recourse to a fixed valuation? When we observe the illicit trade to Japan carried on by private individuals, to such an extent, that Valentyn, a Dutch author of the highest authority, says it was so interwoven with the constitution of the Company, and so extensive, that it formed the principal part of the trade, and could never be prevented, and that the Dutch ships were frequently lost by being overladen with cargoes of this kind, we cannot be astonished at the decline of the prosperity of the Company, or the degradations which were imposed upon its agents. The Dutch factory was, and is, in fact, a sink of the most disgraceful corruption and peculation which ever existed. The factor to obtain his own ends, submits to every possible degradation, and the government of Batavia knows only just as much of what is going on at Japan, as it is his interest to tell them. In this work it has become a painful duty to advert occasionally to the shameful scenes of fraud and corruption carried on under the very eyes of the government of Batavia, and in the dependencies in the more immediate vicinity of that metropolis, where their residents enjoyed such extensive powers, and were so removed from controul and responsibility, that their interests constantly interfered with their duties, and the struggle between principle and opportunity generally ended in a resolution to make fortunes, to connive at each other's peculations, and keep their own secret. If this was the case on the island of Java, the seat of government, what must it not have been in a country so remote as Japan, where the connection and intercourse were so peculiar? It is not surprising, that in the accounts of such a factory, the government at home should find nothing but intricacy and obscurity. It was the interest of the factor to keep every thing involved in mystery, and no where was there a better opportunity for doing so.

But had the shameful and disgraceful conduct of these people been felt only in its effects upon the past, it would be trifling, compared to what they are calculated to produce on the future. The unmanly degradation to which these factors have submitted at the caprice, and often for the amusement of the Japanese, in order to gain their own ends, seem to have established an effectual bar against the future extension of the trade by the Dutch nation, who will find it difficult, if not impracticable, ever to be again respected in Japan. Unless, therefore, the Dutch have magnanimity enough to abandon this trade, when they find it of little comparative value to them, or when they see it must be conducted on principles derogatory to the dignity of the illustrious House of Orange, it is to be feared, that the day is far distant, when the opportunity will be afforded of opening a liberal and honourable communication between Europe and this interesting and important empire. Perhaps this will not happen until, according to Humboldt, the two great oceans shall be united by means of a channel across the Isthmus of Darien, when the productions of Nootka Sound and of China will be brought more than two thousand leagues nearer to Europe and the United States, and when alone any great changes can be effected in the political state of Eastern Asia; "for this neck of land," observes that writer, "the barrier against the waves of the Atlantic Ocean, has been for many ages the bulwark of the independence of China and Japan."[293]

From the year 1750 no essential alteration appears to have taken place in the trade: the utmost exertions of the Dutch were required to provide the cargoes, and whenever they succeeded, return cargoes were always provided, to the extent of two or three ships in the year. In order to afford a better view of the nature and extent of the restricted trade thus carried on, the accounts of two of these expeditions to Japan are annexed, from which it will appear, that in the voyage of 1804-5 the Company exported from Batavia to the Japan market commodities to the amount of 211,896 rix-dollars in value; that the charges attendant on the shipment and freight amounted to 167,500 rix-dollars (including 2,915 rix-dollars on account of customs), making the whole expenses of the voyage, with the prime cost of the articles, amount to 379,397 rix-dollars. These articles, when sold in Japan, brought 160,378 rix-dollars; but the expenses and disbursements at Japan in one year for the establishment, the loss on the weight of the sugar, and the expense of making the journey to Japan, reduced that sum to 92,426 rix-dollars. The return cargo brought to Batavia the sum of 886,554 rix-dollars, or a profit of 507,147 rix-dollars on the adventure. The cargo and return of 1806, and the expense of the establishment, cost the Company 393,582 rix-dollars, (including 2,846 for customs), and the sales and other receipts produced 569,089, leaving a balance of 175,505 rix-dollars in favour of the adventure.

A more correct judgment may perhaps be formed from the result of the adventures undertaken from Batavia during the provisional authority of the British government. The first of these was intimately connected with a political object, to which the mercantile adventure was made subservient, and both were undertaken without those previous arrangements which would have insured a better assorted and cheaper cargo. The articles were purchased on the spot and at the moment, and the vessels engaged at a very high rate of freight. In the first, in particular, the sugar being of inferior quality, there was a loss in the weight, and it was otherwise less profitable than it would have been, had the assortment been of the same quality which the Dutch company were in the habit of sending. The freight alone amounted to the enormous sum of 82,309 Spanish dollars. From the outward-bound cargoes it was necessary to pay the debts of the former government, amounting to 48,648 Spanish dollars; and this, with other disbursements and necessary provisions, rendering the proceeds of the outward-bound cargo insufficient to furnish the amount requisite for the payment of the copper; the Dutch factor availed himself of the opportunity to supply the deficiency of fourteen hundred _pikuls_ at the rate of twenty-five dollars per 120⅞ pounds, amounting to 25,000 Spanish dollars; differing from the rate paid to the Japanese of 12.3.5 tahils, or ten rix-dollars per pikul, to an extent of fifteen rix-dollars against government. Besides this, the whole of the outward cargo was not sold: several articles of merchandize remained undisposed of at Japan, amounting to 19,688 Spanish dollars, to be accounted for in the ensuing year. All these operated essentially to reduce the profits of a voyage, which depended exclusively on the return cargo.

The results of these voyages, however limited as the profits were, appear fully sufficient to shew the importance of this trade to Batavia, even as it at present stands, considering that it affords a market for so large a quantity of the produce of the country, and that when the government seemed disinclined to send a further adventure on their own account, there were not wanting numerous individuals anxious to obtain a license to undertake the trade, and to run all the risks attached to it.[294]

In the year 1616, the English obtained a grant from the emperor, containing the privileges for a general trade with Japan, in consequence of which a commercial establishment was formed there by the Company.

In obtaining those privileges, one great object with the Company appears to have been to introduce themselves to a connection with the Chinese, and to carry on a general trade between India, China, and Japan; but finding themselves disappointed in their endeavours to form connections with China, and sustaining heavy losses in consequence of their trade with Japan, they determined, in 1623, to abandon their establishment there.

From that time, until the year 1673, no attempt appears to have been made by the English Company to renew their intercourse with Japan. The attempt made at that period entirely failed of success, owing, it was stated, to the king of England having married a daughter of the king of Portugal. About the same time the Company, with a view to the same object, formed an establishment on the Island of Hounan; but after struggling with great difficulties, sustaining heavy losses, and being totally disappointed in their expectations of communicating with Japan, the factory was ordered to be withdrawn in the year 1682.

At a subsequent period (in the year 1699), the Company having established a regular communication with China, their supra-cargoes were instructed to use every endeavour in their power to promote an intercourse with Japan, for the purpose of introducing woollens, &c. into that country, but without any appearance of success.

A select committee of the East-India Company, appointed in 1792 to take into consideration the export trade of Great Britain to the East Indies, after detailing the cargo of a Dutch ship from Japan in the year 1664, which consisted principally of copper, camphor, silk-stuffs, and china-ware, conclude their report by observing, that, in their opinion, the trade with Japan never can become an object of attention for the manufactures and produce of Great Britain; for supposing, they observe, that woollens, lead, and curiosities for a cargo to Japan, could be made to £8,000, what is to be required in payment? About £30,000 or £32,000 value in copper, an article which is also the produce of Great Britain, and which must be disposed of in India, to the prejudice of their own mines. Thus Great Britain would gain, on the one hand, £8,000, whilst the loss, on the other, would be £32,000.

This opinion, however, would appear to have been formed on a very partial view of the subject, and with reference to the limited nature of the trade as it then existed; but it would be as unfair to judge of the value of the Japan trade to the British nation from this narrow view, as it would be to decide upon that subject merely from the result of the adventures to Japan undertaken during the recent provisional government of Batavia, which, besides other disadvantages, were, for political reasons, carried on with a scrupulous regard to the restrictions under which the trade of the Dutch had latterly laboured.

It is objected to a direct communication with Japan, and the consequent exportation of British merchandize by British ships, that, in all probability, it would entirely put a stop to the present exportation of woollens by the Chinese, and that, in proportion as the exports from Great Britain to Japan increased, those from Great Britain to China might be expected to diminish; the Japanese being, at present, almost exclusively supplied with British woollens by means of the Chinese: that, however, the demand for teas would continue the same, and therefore the defalcation in exports to China must be made up in bullion, or by drafts on Bengal.

It is admitted that the Bengal government might provide for this additional demand, by disposing of the copper brought from Japan in the Calcutta market; but this, it is stated, would prove a considerable check to the consumption of one of the most valuable articles of export from Great Britain, and therefore it has been inferred, that the final result of the trade with Japan would, in all probability, be the exchange of our woollens for copper, which we have already in abundance, instead of bartering them for teas, which, in the present state of Great Britain, will be always required.

But this argument seems evidently to have been grounded on a supposition that copper must always form the principal, if not only, article of commerce with Japan. An inference by no means borne out by the history of the Dutch trade; in the course of which, it is expressly stated by the Baron Van Imhoff, who appears to have given the subject the most mature and deliberate consideration, and to have been aided by much local information, that the Japanese would willingly pay a sum of money to be excused from the delivery of any copper at all.

But admitting that a connection between Great Britain and Japan might not be attended with all the commercial profits which might be expected from a consideration of the productions of the two countries, would it not, in a political point of view, be of the most essential importance to her interests in China, which are acknowledged by all to be so important? Might we not expect from the Chinese a more respectful and correct conduct than has been customary with them, if they knew that we were in some measure independent of our connection with them? and is it not important, that in case of our actual exclusion from China, there should still be a channel open for our obtaining commodities, with which we are at present supplied by that country?

VOYAGE TO JAPAN (IN THE YEAR 1804-5) IN ACCOUNT CURRENT CONTRA.

_Dr._

Rix- Rix- Dollars. Dollars.

1,500,000 lbs. of Sugar, second sort, calculated at its selling price of 8⅓ each pikul, amounting to 100,000 -- Charges of one per cent 1,000 -- ---------- 101,000 --

37,500 lbs. of Tin 7,200 -- 4,000 do. Cotton Thread, at 55 R. Drs. per pikul 1,760 -- 30,000 do. Black Pepper. 10⅔ do. 3,200 -- 30,000 do. Cloves 60 Stivers per pikul 37,500 -- 2,987 do. Seed Cloves 60 do. 3,733 36 30,000 do. Lead. 20 Stivers per pikul 4,800 -- 100,000 do. Sappan Wood 6 do. 4,800 -- 2,000 Pieces Patna Chintz 50 Stivers per corgie 5,000 -- 1,651½ do. Cloths in sorts 6 do. 9,909 -- 40 do. of Woollens of sorts 5,149 26 82 do. Long ells of sorts. 3,278 15 110 do. Perpetuans 2,958 42 5,137 do. Camlets 7,773 12 3,500 do. Ducatoons 5,833 16 The Presents are calculated at 8,000 -- ---------- R. Drs. 211,896 3

Add the following Charges incurred on account of the above-mentioned merchandize, viz.

Amount of Coolies and Prow-hire attending the purchase of articles, calculated at two per cent. on the whole amount, being R. Drs. 38,868 == Sp. D. 777 18

For bringing and lodging the same in the stores, one per cent 388 33

Custom Duties, &c. at 7½ per cent 2,915 8 -------- Amount of Charges 4,081 11 ---------- Total of the Cargo with the Charges 215,977 14

Yearly allowance to the Resident at Japan, consisting of 700 pikuls Copper, to be paid by Government, at 25 R. Drs. each 17,500 -- Freight of Ships employed, 1,216 tons, at 98 Sp. D. each 145,920 -- --------- 163,420 -- ---------- Total Expense on Account of the Adventure 379,397 14 To balance in favour of the Voyage 507,147 24 ---------- Total R. Drs. 886,544 38 ----------

_Cr._ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Amount Sale at Japan of the following Articles.-- Rix-Dollars. Rix-Dollars.

1,500,000 lbs. of Sugar, at 7 tahils the 120⅞ lbs. (each tahil being equal to 40 Stivers) amounting to 72,388 40 37,500 do. Tin, at 25 tahils each pikul of 120⅞ lbs. 6,463 14 4,000 do. Cotton Thread, 25 do. 689 20 30,000 do. Black Pepper, 15 do. 3,102 18 30,000 do. Cloves 150 do. 31,023 36 2,987 do. Seed Cloves, 40 do. 823 34 30,000 do. Lead 10 do. 2,068 12 100,000 do. Sapan Wood, 5.5 do. 3,791 38 2,000 Pieces Patna Chintz, 2 tahils each piece 3,333 16 1,651½ do. Cloths in sorts 4,689 19 40 do. of Woollens of sorts, 90 tahils 3,000 -- 82 do. of Long Ells of sorts, 30 do. 2,050 -- 110 do. Perpetuans 25 do. 2,291 32 5,137 do. Camlets 4 do. 5,965 -- 3,500 do. Ducatoons 2 5.2.5. do. 7,364 28 The Presents are calculated at 8,000 -- ---------- R. Drs. 157,045 19 The surplus of the Trade calculated 3,333 16 ---------- Making together 160,378 35 Where from must be deducted:

The Amount of Expenses and Disbursements at Japan in one year, for the Establishment, &c. and also the loss on the weight of the Sugar 51,285 32 The Amount of Money and Merchandizes required for making the journey to the Court of Jeddo 16,666 32 ---------- 67,952 16 Remaining to be employed for the purchase of ---------- Copper and Camphor 92,426 19

Particulars as follows:

8,475 pieces of Copper, at tahils 12.3.5. each 87,221 32 200 do. Camphor, do. 21 do. 3,500 -- 4,000 chests for Copper, do. 2.8.1.5.5 do. 1,146 32 200 bales for Camphor 180 -- 2,525 planks for Dunnage, at tahils 18 each 100 378 3 ---------- Amount as above to 92,426 19 ---------- The above Copper, and that delivered by the Resident being stamped into lumps, amount to 933,369 38 Deduct Charges of the Mint 71,000 -- ---------- Remain 862,369 38 The Amount of 200 pikuls Camphor, to be sold at 36 Stivers per pound 24,175 -- ---------- Total R. Drs. 886,544 38 ----------

N.B. A considerable part of the profit above stated, ought properly to be credited to the Mint, the whole of the copper received from Japan being stamped into lumps, and introduced into the currency of Java at a rate above its intrinsic value.

VOYAGE TO JAPAN (IN THE YEAR 1806) IN ACCOUNT CURRENT CONTRA.

_Dr._

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Rix Dollars. To 1,269,679 lbs. of Sugar at 6½ Sp.D. per pikul 63,483 60 25,000 do. Tin 18 do. 3,600 -- 102,000 do. Sapan Wood, 4½. do. 3,672 -- 12,000 do. Cloves, first sort, 2 Rop. per lb. 11,250 -- 5,087 do. do. second do. 2 do. 4,769 4 10,000 do. Pepper 11⅓ Sp.D. per pikul 906 48 100 do. Nutmegs 1⅞ per lb. 187 32 6,000 do. Cotton Thread 41¼ per pikul 1,980 -- 6,082 Ells of Woollens 26,777 46 2,842 do. Kerseymeres 7,548 28 778 do. Plush 2,064 24 59 do. Fustians 963 48 35 do. Roselets 519 48 5 do. Durants 76 48 20 do. Carpets, English 44 24 1,812 do. Kerseys. 2,691 28 61 do. Morin. 996 24 4,900 do. Chintz, Bengal 10,048 24 590 do. do. Guzzerat 523 30 179 do. Cabayahs, Malabar 389 18 220 do. Palempores 462 50 20 do. Salempores 84 4 814 do. Fish Skins 540 10 96 lbs. of Saffron 2,459 8 122 do. Quicksilver 205 12 1,200 do. Spanish Liquorice 680 10 15,181 do. Catchu 2,705 61 2,143 do. Elephants' teeth 3,577 44 3,500 do. Ducatoons 4,593 48 Presents 2,082 24 House Expenses 2,525 -- ---------- CHARGES AT BATAVIA. 161,008 62 To Godown, Prow and Cooley hire. 2,846 -- ---------- Customs, House Duties. 2,846 --

Freight of two Ships employed, at the rate of 100 Spanish Dollars per ton 99,532 32 To Charges, viz JAPAN. ---------- 105,224 32 Presents to the Emperor 3,800 -- Expenses conveying the same to the Roompot 7,000 -- Presents to the inferior Officers of the Court 4,800 -- Annual Salary of the Company's Servants 1,345 -- Annual Table Expenses for do. 3,750 -- Expense landing and storing Cargo 3,036 -- Loss on the weighable Articles of the Cargo, at five per cent 2,045 -- Commission on Cargo, 5 per cent. 7,143 -- Annual Rent of the Island occupied by the Company's Servants 3,462 -- Annual Salary of the Japanese to guard the said Island 1,480 --

Presents to the inferior Officers, to procure permission of a further exportation of Copper, 5,000 pikuls being allowed only annually 716 -- Petty Charges 148 30 --------- 39,625 30 To 700 pikuls of Copper, at 18¾ Sp.D. per pikul of 120⅞ lbs 13,125 -- 7,820 pikuls of Copper, 12.3.5. tahils per do. 60,360 40 640 do. Camphor, at 18.4. tahils per do. 7,360 -- Bales 413 8 4,500 Chests for Copper 791 16 2,200 Planks for Dunnage 247 32 --------- 82,297 32 To Amount borrowed from the Treasury 5,428 -- To Balance in favour of the Voyage 175,505 34 ---------- Total R. Drs. 569,089 62 ----------

_Cr._ JAPAN. Rix-Dollars By sold 1,269,679 lbs. of Sugar, at 7 tahils per 120¼ pieces 45,907 32 2,500 do. Tin 25 do. 3,226 32 102,000 do. Sapan Wood, 5.5. tahils per lb. 2,897 46 12,000 do. Cloves, first sort, 150 do. 9,297 32 5,087 do. do. second do. 40 do. 1,051 2 10,000 do. Pepper 15 do. 774 41 100 do. Nutmegs 100 do. 51 40 6,000 do. Cotton Thread 25 do. 774 50 6,082 Ells of Woollens, 7 per 2⅞ per pikul 9,255 -- 2,842 do. Kerseymeres, 4.8. do. 2,960 -- 778 do. Plush 6 do. 920 -- 59 Pieces of Fustians, 3.2. per piece 118 -- 35 do. Roselets of 2033¾ Ells. 1.6. per 2⅞ 677 32 5 do. Durants, 190¾ 1.2. do. 47 18 20 do. Carpets, English do. 20 -- 90 do. Kerseys, at 18 tahils per pikul 1,012 32 6 do. Morin, 1.9.6 do. 76 -- 4,900 do. Chintz, Bengal, 2. do. 6,125 -- 590 do. do. Guzzerat, 1.4. 553 8 179 do. Cabayahs, Malabar, 1.9.4. 223 48 220 do Palempores 4.4. 618 40 20 do. Salempores 40 -- 814 do. Fish Skins, 200 tahils 125 -- 96 lbs. of Saffron 2,731 22 122 do. Quicksilver, 100 tahils per 720⅞ lb. 62 32 1,200 do. Spanish Liquorice, 832 lb. 600 35 15,181 do. Catchu 30 do. 2,351 56 2,143 do. Elephants' Teeth, 230 do. 2,545 40 3,500 Pieces of Ducatoons, 8,836 tahils 5,522 32 Presents from the Emperor 2,812 32 Cash borrowed from the Imperial Treasury to complete the Cargo 5,428 -- -------- 108,797 62

BATAVIA.

Amount Sales Copper 8,238¹⁰⁵⁄₁₂₅ Pikuls, say 50 Drs. per pikul or 125 lb. 411,942 -- Amount Sales Camphor, at 40 Stivers per lb. 48,350 -- ----------- Total R. Drs. 569,089 62 -----------

VOYAGE TO JAPAN (IN THE YEAR 1813) IN ACCOUNT CURRENT CONTRA.

_Dr._ Spanish Dollars.

To 1,836,270 lbs. of Soft Sugar 88,141 -- 18,750 do. Black Pepper 1,960 74 164,000 do. Sapan Wood 750 -- 34,349 do. Pig Lead 1,960 74 164,000 do. Sapan Wood 2,668 59 26,461 do. Roll do. 1,960 74 164,000 do. Sapan Wood 3,280 -- 87,511 do. Tin, or 700.0.8 pikuls, at 17 per pikul 11,901 36 1,553 do. Elephants' Teeth 600 -- 15,000 do. Cloves, at 100 per pikul 10,000 -- 15,013½ do. Cotton Thread 4,804 -- 514 Pieces of Thornback Skins 276 80 5,019 do. Patna Chintz 6,348 51 60 do. Coast Chintz fine 150 -- 166 do. Printed Cottons 2,060 94 26 do. Cambrics 490 -- 2,610 do. Surat Palampores 6,210 -- 623 do. Silks in Sorts 2,926 50 225 do. Woollens in Sorts 10,916 58 298 do. Long Ells 4,078 84 231 do. Perpetuans 2,977 95 54 do. Camblets 1,400 69 3,500 do. Ducatoons 4,342 42 179,033 32

Paid the Chief of the Factory at Japan for 1,400 pikuls of Copper delivered to Government 25,000 --

CHARGES.

Spanish Dollars. Bags for the Sugar, Pepper and Cloves; Casks, &c. &c. 6,252 -- Packing-cases 713 -- Coolies employed on board the Vessels and in the Magazines, packing the Cargoes 2,082 50 Prows employed lading the Cargoes 1,200 -- Extra Clerks and Mandores 165 -- Several Articles on Account of the Adventure 168 8 Food for the Elephant and other Animals 268 80 Camphor and packing Cloths, &c. 109 -- Paid the Commissioners for landing the Copper, &c. at Batavia 250 -- Prows employed landing the cargoes 600 -- Freight of the Ship Charlotte for nine Months, at 6,600 per Month 59,400 -- Freight of the Ship Mary for eight Months, at 6,000 Sicca Rupees per Month 22,909 10 --------- 94,117 48

298,150 80 Balance in favour of the Voyage 43,975 20

Total Sp.D. 342,126 --

_Cr._ By Cargo brought from Japan, viz.

Spanish Dollars 902,452 lbs. of Japan Copper, at 31 per pikul 223,727 -- 60,437 do. Camphor, at 50 Stivers 45,785 -- 1,208 do. Pitch 600 -- 670,112 --

Spanish Dollars.

Debts of the former Dutch Government paid to the Emperor of Japan 48,648 --

Woollens, &c. remaining at Japan for the next Year 15,000 -- Cash in the Treasury for do. 4,688 --

Advanced to the Commanders of the Vessels and other Persons at Japan, to be repaid at Batavia 3,678 -- ---------- 72,014 -- / / / ----------- Total Sp.D. 342,126 -- -----------

FOOTNOTES:

[284] For the regulations by which the trade is limited, see Kempster's History of Japan. VOL II.

[285] "We were obliged to submit to many insults, and it frequently happened that the governors declined receiving our representations, hinting that we might leave Japan altogether and not return again. From the records also we perceive the despotic regulations resorted to by the Japanese respecting our nation, in consequence of our having at that time but little power in India."--_Imhoff._

[286] It is remarkable, that when the Dutch were formerly in the habit of sending seven and eight ships to Japan, but few losses took place; whereas afterwards, when only two or three were sent and the navigation better known, many were lost. The cause assigned is their being latterly overladen with private trade.

[287] "It is no where evident," says Mr. Imhoff, "that the Dutch ever gave cause to the Japanese to hate them for being Christians: they seem rather to have been accused of indifference towards their religion, although I suppose that the writers on that subject are not altogether correct."

[288] "Our peaceable conduct at Japan, and the alarm given to that country by the Russians, plead greatly in our favour; and as it will be impossible for them to find other Europeans more tractable than ourselves, they can certainly have no reason to desire our departure from thence, although it may be undeniable that Japan stands in no need of foreigners."--_Imhoff._

[289] "In 1637 the Japanese Iron was purchased at two Spanish dollars, and sold at Batavia for five and a half Spanish dollars the _pikul_. On account of the smallness of the profit, an annual requisition was made for one thousand _pikuls_ only."

[290] "From Japan was formerly exported timber, wheat, rice, ambergris, raw-silk, cotton," &c.--_Imhoff._

[291] Wealth of Nations.

[292] Ibid.

[293] Humboldt's Political Essay on New Spain, Vol. I. page 45.

[294] "Our commercial relations with Japan are of very peculiar nature. Every one knows ours is the only European nation admitted to it, what humiliations we are obliged to suffer for it, and what expenses we incur by our embassies to the court of _Jeddo_. This trade was once very lucrative, but in the latter years I think it has done little more than cover the expences incidental to it, and considering the loss of ships and people, is certainly not such as to justify an exposure to so many humiliations.

"Notwithstanding this, we have not been inclined to resign the trade; nor indeed is it either necessary or prudent to do so. But I am at a loss to know how the government of Batavia will be able to account for sending there, in the years 1797 and 1798, a strange ship bearing an American flag, by way of pretence, though really an English vessel, and commanded by Captain Stuart, a real Englishman, though possessed of an American pass, although he belonged to Madras or Bengal. To abandon this trade would be ridiculous, but as it is subject to such regulations in Japan as it will be hardly possible to get rid of, it may be impracticable to make it quite free and open. To pursue it on account of the state or of a company will never answer the purpose. I therefore venture to propose the sale by public auction, to the highest bidder, at Batavia, of a license or pass for one or two ships, of limited burthen, to trade there, either for one or more years, as may be preferred. The chief of Decima should be appointed and maintained by the government, and should act as a kind of consul, and proceed on the embassy to _Jeddo_, if it were required. But beyond this, the whole system and regulation of the trade should be left wholly to the owners of the ships, with the exception of such rules as the Japanese laws may render necessary with regard to our trade.

"The yearly embassies, which are so very expensive, are already dispensed with by the Japanese; and as they would be useful from time to time, it might be advisable to obtain permission, for the future, to perform them only once in every ten years, or to have it fixed for each new resident or consul to undertake it once during his stay.

"It will not be easy to obtain any other privileges or freedom of consequence, for whatever some of our latter servants there may have wanted to make us believe on this point, it is very clear that the Japanese are very indifferent whether we go there or not, and consider their permitting us to do so merely as an indulgence on their part. It cannot be doubted, that as soon as this trade is opened to individuals, they will find means to make the profits of it worth the risk and danger; and in proportion as these profits become more valuable, the value of the licenses will increase."--_Hogendorp._

APPENDIX C.

TRANSLATION OF A MODERN VERSION OF THE SÚRIA ÁLEM

There was a certain raja of the west, named _Sáng Prábu Súria Alem_, who, being duly qualified, did, in the establishment of divine justice, frame a code of judicial regulations, consisting of fifteen hundred and seven articles, which being afterwards digested and reduced to the number of one hundred and forty-four, were by him made known and explained to all the people of the countries under his authority, thereby diffusing knowledge and righteousness where ignorance and wickedness before prevailed.

These regulations were also firmly established, and were put into practice without any respect of persons, not excepting the relations and kindred of _Sáng Prábu_ himself; so that, if the left hand offended, satisfaction was demanded by the right, and _vice versâ_ for such is the law of God.

These judicial regulations originated in no ambitious views, nor was their author, when he framed them, influenced by feelings of either regard for his friends or hatred towards his enemies; neither was he actuated by any selfish considerations: his sole object was the establishment of true justice, founded on divine principles.

I.

_Of the Duty of the Jáksa._

In the first place, he must possess a sufficient knowledge of the law, to know how to act in regard to cases which may come before him, which of the parties ought to be made to pay, what are and what are not proper subjects for a law-suit, deciding against the person who would bring forward any thing of the latter description. If the _Jáksa_ is found ignorant of these matters, he shall have his tongue cut out.

In the second place, if the _Jejénang_ (the next in order to the _Jáksa_) shall, in acting for the _Jáksa_, prove deficient in a knowledge of his duty, he too shall either have his tongue cut out, lose both his ears, or have red-hot pincers applied to his lips.

In the third place, any incorrect statement in writing shall be punished by the loss of both hands.

Should neither of these sentences be carried into effect, the _Jáksa_ ought, at all events, to be banished the country.

This punishment, however, may be mitigated by the _Rája_, who, having compassion on the _Jáksa_, may recal him after one year's exile.

Should the _Rája_ suffer to pass unpunished such a total dereliction of duty on the part of the _Jáksa_, as stated, difficulty and distress will necessarily arise in those times.

II.

The establishment fixed by _Sáng Prábu_ for the _Jáksa_ consisted of twelve persons, viz. two _Jejénangs_, two writers, six _Máta Mátas_, and two men whose business is to be in constant attendance on the court.

The fees authorised to be taken by the _Jáksa_ from persons who have any business to settle, are forty-four for the _Jáksa_ himself, three thousand for the _Jejénangs_, eight thousand for the writers, one thousand for those in attendance in the court, and eight thousand for and on account of the state. That for the _Panghúlu_ is left to the liberality of the party.

If the _Jáksa_ shall not conform in practice to what is here laid down, it is required that he be disgraced and branded in the common market-place.

If any one shall find fault with the conduct of the _Jáksa_, without being able to substantiate his charges against him, and shall make the same public, that person shall be fined agreeably to the rank and quality of the accused, viz. fifteen thousand (_pichis_).[295] The reason of so large a sum being awarded is, because the _Jáksa_ is the chief of the _Mántris_.

The _Bopáti_ is, as it were, the door to the _Jáksa_, the _Kabáyan_ that to the _Bopáti_, and the _Panghúlu_ that to the _Raja_. These four form a body, through which every thing is minutely investigated.

Let it be understood, that the Raja, who fills so exalted and conspicuous a situation, is not without something to do. What he says is the result of observation and deliberation. His disposition and way of thinking is that which he has received at the hands of the Almighty, who dwelleth where no one knoweth, at whose hands the wicked will meet with their deserts.

III.

The _Tri-rása-upáya_, as known among men, comprehend three things, which are intimately connected with each other, but which, nevertheless, must not be confounded, viz. 1. _Húkum_; 2. _P'réntah_; 3. _Kasúsahan_[296].

Where a sentence is very severe, or of a nature which will not admit of its being fulfilled, a mitigation or commutation thereof can only take place, by a careful consultation of what is written in the book of laws.

IV.

_Of the Dása Wigúna._

_Dása_ signifies ten, and _wigúna_, very powerful, and under this name is comprehended: 1. Sentence of death; 2. Amputation; 3. Disgrace; 4. Confiscation of property; 5. Banishment; 6. Extorting evidence by inflicting bodily pain; 7. Getting at evidence by kind treatment and giving money; 8. Obtaining it by skilful management alone; 9. Compulsion; 10. Letting off from punishment, by receiving a consideration for the same.

There are degrees of those which are to be known and observed.

V.

_Of the Gúntur G'ni._

Under this head is comprehended five things, viz. 1. The customs of the country; 2. The orders of the sovereign; 3. Loss by an enemy; 4. A change of the Raja and of his orders; 5. Difficult queries given by one country to another to solve.

Under the head _Mal_ come three things, viz. Water, land, and people. The water is necessary to keep alive what has been planted in the land. Mankind take all that comes, good as well as bad.

VI.

The term _mal_ properly means cloth, money, and gold; which three articles, above all others, are the grand and most frequent subjects of law-suits, that arise out of the various transactions which take place among men.

VII.

In law-suits there are seven circumstances of material consequence, viz. 1. Where the cause being good can be taken up and supported; 2. When the articles can be minutely described; 3. When the articles, as well as the persons, can be pointed out; 4. When marks can be shewn; 5. When the party suing has been an eye-witness; 6. When all those things happen to take place; 7. When confession is made of what is the subject of the law-suit.

VIII.

_Of the Precious Stone, and that in which it is set._

To these may be compared the Raja and his people. The former is in a dependant state. Those who surround him are the _Pandíta_, the _Bopáti_, and the _Jáksa_: and those immediately entertained by himself are, 1. One who possesses his confidence; 2. A _Jérutúlis_ skilled in writing; 3. An interpreter well versed in language; 4. A good messenger; 5. An intelligent doorkeeper; 6. A person who knows in what a want of manners consists; 7. An experienced general.--Then will the country flourish.

IX.

The _Jáksa_ is, according to his character, distinguished by the following appellations, viz. _Wíra páksa_, when he inclines to the side whence he receives most bribes; 2. _Pátra kilása_, when he goes by what he is told, without duly weighing and considering the merits of the case himself; 3. _Ami jáya_, when he punishes the guilty with severity; 4. _Permána_, when he awards the just sentence of the law as it is written, without lenity or severity.

X.

There are three things which ought not to be allowed to exist in a country, viz. 1. Witchcraft, particularly at critical junctures. The fine to be imposed in such cases is forty thousand; and if any thing is lost, it is to be laid to the charge of the persons who practise that art.

2. Should the _Adipáti_ be the person, he shall be treated according to the _Sábda suwára_, i. e. he shall be dismissed from his office, and his officers and relatives will be considered as implicated in the crime.

3. Should the _Mántris_ be found guilty of witchcraft, they shall be fined one hundred thousand.

XI.

_Of the boundaries or Limits of Lands named Túgu._

By which is meant landmarks, such as stones, trees or fences, or whatever else serves to form an enclosure.

This may and does often become a subject of litigation, especially where any thing has been planted: 1. With respect to lands of inheritance; 2. With respect to such as have been given away; 3. With respect to those which have been purchased; 4. With respect to those in which something has been planted.

Disputes arising on any of those subjects are proper to be litigated; and in settling them, besides examining such witnesses as there may be, it will be necessary to consult the old men of the village, as well as the _Lúra_ who collects the annual land revenue, before a decision can be given.

The true proprietor of a piece of land under dispute, will be he who can prove his having enclosed it; and the true proprietor of any crop will be he who can prove his having sown or planted it.

Proof is to be obtained by administering an oath, which is done by immersion in water, or by drinking it.

XII.

He in whose hands is vested the power of administering justice, must be well acquainted with the nature of the ten following things, and know how to proceed in regard to them, viz. 1. Informations; 2. Grounds for a law-suit; 3. The proper time for trial; 4. The occupation and condition of the parties; 5. The object sought by the parties; 6. The prosecution; 7. The defence; 8. Pleading not guilty; 9. Evidence; 10. Eye-witnesses.

XIII.

A sufficiency of evidence alone will obtain a favourable decision; and when the witnesses brought forward to prove any fact do not, upon examination do so, the party who summoned them ought to be cast and also fined.

XIV.

With regard to the _Páncha báka_, which is the case of a woman accused by four men of fornication; if, on examination, these four men do not agree in their testimony, they ought to be put to death, or else fined agreeably to the _Jána trésna_, which leaves it to those who have charge of the woman to determine the extent of the fine.

XV.

There are two descriptions of orders, viz. 1. _Purúsa_, or those which come from the Raja or from an enemy; 3. _paparéntahan_, or those of the _Bopáti_.

If the _Bopáti_ is more severe or more lenient than he ought to be, he shall be fined one hundred thousand, or else agreeably to the _Sábda suwára_, which is the arbitrary will of the Sovereign.

XVI.

The following are thirty different cases of law-suits, viz.

1. _Amra kádang_, where one who is accused of theft, points at either another person or the accuser himself.

2. _Kundáng chíri_, where a person presents a paper to the court, with something additional written under the signature and date of it.

3. _Meng'ámuk pung'gung_, where a person destroys his property while he has a law-suit pending.

4. _Mutúng památang_, where a person, during the course of a law-suit, leaves his master or chief and goes to another.

5. _Sána dénta_, where a person concerned in a law-suit either magnifies or lessens the state of the case.

6. _Ng'árika Pátra_, where a person denies his own hand-writing.

7. _Nídra permána_, where a person, intending to kill another, goes and lives on terms of intimacy with him.

8. _Dámar kitúdah_, where a person, on first making a complaint of his own accord, brings evidence in support of it.

9. _Ngaríka wárna_, where a person has a law-suit, which another than his own chief is acquainted with the merits of.

10. _Sírna ning jáya_, where a person objects to his own witnesses.

11. _Perlíga_, where a person finds a thing and does not take it to some proper person where he lives.

12. _Génti wátang_, i. e. the case of a person who is the first to bring evidence.

13. _Sudésit kemú_, i. e. a thing belonging to two persons and found by a third; the point forthwith litigated, and decided in favour of the former, each of whom hopes to get it: the thing, however, cannot be restored to either, or to any of their relations; it must be appropriated for the purpose of assisting in defraying the expenses of the state.

14. _Sáksi rumémbi_, where a person first of all calls upon only one person as a witness, and afterwards, when the cause is decided, wishes to adduce further evidence.

15. _Sasástra perálara_, where a person presents a written statement of his grievances without a date to it.

16. _Ang'ríka-rája_, where a person engaged in a law-suit speaks hesitatingly, and at the same time refers to some respectable person for the truth of what he would assert.

17. _Chini ropáti_, where a person acts in a compulsory manner towards the people or relations of another.

18. _Kápra-lága_, where a person, in reply to a question put to him, refers to one who is dead.

19. _Abíndu páya_, or the case of a breach of promise.

20. _Níleb lúra_, where the object of the law-suit is for the recovery of duties, or any thing else a long time due.

21. _Madót ráketan_, when of two witnesses in favour of any litigating party, one is not forthcoming at the time of trial.

22. _Sámbung wátan téper_, where a person prefers a complaint of a specific nature, and afterwards superadds other circumstances.

23. _Ting'gal pergán_, where a person concerned in a law-suit remains quiet and keeps himself back.

24. _Páncha perkása_, where those engaged in a law-suit display rage and cunning.

25. _Anára wichána_, where before a case is decided, a constant intercourse is held with the _Jáksa_ by one of the parties.

26. _Percháya-rasi_, where a person prosecuted before the court points out the love and regard which some great man has for him.

27. _Katóya rasa_, where a person, while his case is pending, makes presents to the _Jáksa_.

28. _Kasúria chándra miráda wachána_, where a person refuses to abide by the sentence of the _Jáksa_.

29. _Katóya rása úpaya_, where a person, before his cause is decided, makes a present of something to the Raja, the _Bopáti_, and _Panghúlu_.

30. _Kasábda malícha permána_, where a person denies what he has once publicly declared.

With respect to the thirty foregoing cases, it will be for the _Jáksa_ to consider and determine when a law-suit can, and when it cannot, be instituted.

XVII.

Here follow eight more cases, viz.

1. _Cupíta sábda permána_, where one of four persons engaged in a law-suit, being deputed to act for the others, it appears, on examination of the witnesses, that the affair cannot be settled with this one person.

2. _Hanúk meng tan wíring wísa_, where a witness, on re-examination, gives a different account from that which he gave when previously examined by the _Jáksa_. In such case the _Jáksa_ must endeavour to discover which is the most plausible account of the two.

3. _Kawílut tára_, where opposition takes place between the witnesses, or between those whose cause it is, and others who have been eye-witnesses of what is the subject of litigation.

4. _Bháning hanámpuh tóya_, where a person is assisted by one who is in the administration of justice.

5. _Ng'ádang tárka_, where, on a trial taking place, the deposition of a party differs from the account previously taken down by the _Jáksa_. In this case, such party should be cast.

6. _Ng'áling'ga pandáya_, when one takes for witnesses worthless persons who cannot be depended on or believed.

7. _Eluádi_, where a person changes, tears, or makes an erasure in any paper.

8. _Kahústi sábda parláya_, where a person shamelessly makes free with what belongs to another, who is neither a friend nor relation.

XVIII.

_Of cases where a Law-Suit cannot be instituted._

These are five in number, viz. 1. Where the evidence is not clear; 2. Where an article which has been lost by one person is found in the possession of another, who cannot tell whence he got it; 3. Where the evidence of the witnesses produced by any party varies from that of the parties themselves; 4. Where no evidence exists. In this case, the party who can give the most plausible story will obtain a decision in his favour; 5. Where the agent of another in any law-suit is cast.

XIX.

A law-suit will be instituted with success under any of the five following circumstances, viz.

1. _Táta_, where the declarations of all those who support the suit are uniform and connected.

2. _Títi_, when the time of the deed or action is known.

3. _Kárta_, where the object of the suit is universally allowed to be good and just.

4. _Sang'ára_, where there is a readiness to swear to what is asserted.

5. _Dupára_, where probability and plausibility exist.

XX.

Of things sent by one person to another, and destroyed under circumstances which admit of no redress, called _Páncha Sedrása_, of which there are five cases, viz. 1. Where it is occasioned by lightning; 2. When by the attack of an enemy; 3. By being sunk; 4. In consequence of an order from the Raja; 5. By fire communicated from an adjoining house.

XXI.

There are three things which, from their baneful nature, are universally deprecated, and considered and treated as inimical to the welfare of man, viz. 1. Theft; 2. The injury which crops are liable to sustain from the depredations of noxious animals; 3. The mischief which is to be apprehended under water, from crocodiles or the like.

XXII.

In a law-suit, the successful party obtains damages of the one that is cast. As the agitation of the leaves marks the presence of the wind, so does the stir and noise of contending parties shew the existence of a law-suit.

XXIII.

There are two cases where it will go hard with any party, viz. 1. When a mark or proof can be given, as well as evidence produced; 2. Where in a violent dispute between two chiefs respecting the boundaries of their lands, one of them is the first to bring weapons with him: such a one must be found guilty, and will be cast. The fine to be levied, in such case, will, according to the rank of the parties, be one of the following: 1. _Utáma_, or that awarded to chiefs, viz. one hundred and forty thousand; 2. _Díada madén_, or that awarded to those of an inferior degree, viz. seventy thousand; 3. _Nésta_, or that awarded to the common people, viz. forty-five thousand.

XXIV.

Sentence of guilt will be awarded to any party under the three following circumstances.

1. _Cháya rásmi_, where advice has been received from the _Jáksa_.

2. _Príng'ga ráksa_, where the assistance of the officers of the court has been received.

3. _Andría ráksa_, where a case which has been decided is revived at the instance of the party that was cast, in consequence of other people's advice. In such case, if the party which formerly gained the suit fail to appear on the day appointed for a second trial, they shall be cast; and in like manner will it be with the other party, if they fail to attend. For such proceeding, however, the _Jáksa_ shall be fined fifty thousand.

XXV.

1. _Wilút sábda bíksa masábda upáya_, where a person sues another who is connected with the business of the suit, but who is not the responsible person, and only from his being the more eligible person is attacked on account of his means. In such case the prosecutor will lose his cause.

2. _Sáka dípa_, where a person incurs the obligation of paying for any thing he has lost or destroyed, and refuses to do so according to a proper valuation which shall be fixed thereon. In such case he shall be cast.

3. _Gándia páti_, where the _Jáksi_ is silenced in a discussion with one of the parties who dispute a point with him. The _Jáksa_, in such case, shall be found guilty, and fined forty thousand.

4. _Bháning máya permána_, i. e. if a thief, who is pursued, runs into certain premises, by a gap in what serves to enclose them, the proprietor thereof will be held responsible for one-third of the amount stolen.

5. _Ng'ámbága páti_, i. e. a person having pursued, without effect, a thief whom he had surprised in the act of stealing, and the tools of the thief, which in his hurry to escape are left behind, are in the meantime found in the house of any one, the owner of the house shall be held guilty.

6. _Lukíta búkti_, i. e. the person in whose possession thieves' tools shall be found, will be held guilty of any robbery which may, at the time, have been committed.

7. _Síma mamángsa táta upáya_, i. e. where a person pursues a thief into the premises of another, without acquainting him with the circumstance. In such case guilt will be attached to the former.

8. _Gána léna ámit mángsá tan wéring káma_, i. e. when a malicious combination is formed to accuse and prove guilty one who is an object of hatred. The persons who so conspire shall be held guilty.

XXVI.

Of cases where a cause will be lost, there are twenty-five in number, viz.

1. _Hína sáksi_, where the witnesses are worthless disreputable persons.

2. _Hína sábda_, where a thing is lost, and the owner thereof does not give information thereof to his chief.

3. _Hína klína_, where a person finds a thing and does not make it known.

4. _Hína wang_, where a person whom another deputes to act for him, in any law-suit, is deficient in what is required of him.

5. _Kagúndang sáksi_, where a witness produced by one party is the declared enemy of the other.

6. _Hang'ímbu chína_, where a person who has been robbed gets hold of the thieves' tools without making it known that he has done so.

7. _Ng'edong sáksi_, when a person brings false witnesses whom he has suborned.

8. _Hakúto sáksi_, where the witnesses have been bribed.

9. _Hakádang sáksi_, i. e. where a person instructs his witnesses what to say previous to their examination.

10. _Sábda laksána_, i. e. where a thing is stolen within certain premises, and a person residing therein shall refuse to concern himself about the matter. Such person shall be made to make good one-third of the property lost.

11. _Hamátang bubúkan_, i. e. where a person makes one of his enemy's people his agent. Such person shall be cast.

12. _Sídam wárut_, i. e. where persons concert in concealing an unlawful pregnancy and in producing an abortion. Such persons shall incur a fine of one hundred and fifty thousand each; the whole of the people of the village where it took place shall each be fined fifty thousand; and every person of the village opposite to it shall be fined twenty-five thousand. All persons, too, who, though living at a distance, are still under the authority of the chief of the village when the thing happened, shall be each fined four thousand. A person of great means shall be fined one million.

13. _Tatarápan raja pepáti_, i. e. if a person is found dead without its being known how he came by his death, nothing can be done; and it will rest with the Raja to cause the body to be disposed of in any way he may deem proper. If a corrupted dead body, found in a certain village, is first discovered by people of another village, the whole of the persons belonging to the former shall be each fined fifty thousand. Should those persons have endeavoured to conceal the dead body, they shall each, in that case, be fined one hundred thousand. If it is in a field where the dead body is discovered, and that by others than the proprietors of the land, the fine to be imposed upon the latter shall be one hundred thousand. If the dead body is first discovered by a person of the village, and he immediately, by sounding an alarm, summons all the people of that village to see and bear witness thereof; and if those persons afterwards, on examination, deny the fact, the whole of them shall be fined fifty thousand. The favourable testimony of thirteen women, however, will get them off from the said fine.

14. _Ngépi g'ni_, i. e. a person is wounded and sounds the alarm: many people quickly repair to the spot, but see no appearance of any one by whom the wound could have been inflicted; presently is heard the sound of another alarm, at a different place, by persons who declare they have just wounded a thief who has escaped from them, producing at the same time proof of the fact: in such case the person who first sounded the alarm shall be considered the thief. If there is found a person who has been wounded somewhere, but without its being known where or when, and without there being any thing to lead to a suspicion of his being a thief, nothing can be done to him.

15. _Ang'gús súra_, i. e. a wound having been proved to have been inflicted by any party who has been prosecuted for the same, if the skin only is broken, the fine to be imposed shall be four thousand. If it is a flesh wound, the fine shall be eight thousand; if a bone be broken or sinews cut, forty thousand: but if the injury done to the wounded party be of such a nature as to deprive him of the means of earning a livelihood, the offending party must, in that case, provide for him.

16. If a person wounds a thief, and can shew marks of his having done so (as a bloody weapon), and if it has been done in the presence of many people, and it has been plainly seen whither the thief betook himself, and an alarm is presently sounded in the place to which the thief fled, and a person then declares he has just received a wound, such person shall be accounted the thief.

17. _Wardáya chuménda_, i. e. if a person is observed to pass through a village with thieves' tools in his possession, although nothing be stolen, that person shall be accounted the thief.

18. _Artísi wádía dan dérma dénda_, i. e. the disputes of ministers with ministers, priests with priests, and _pundíta_ with _pundíta_, must be decided according to the _Wartárja sawung eng kerta_, i. e. by taking into consideration their different dispositions and natures, as well as their proneness to falsehood.

19. _Tríta chándrang guira raditia_, i. e. the law (in the inflexibility and unchangeableness of its nature) resembles the sun, moon, and water. Whoever acts in opposition to the law, must be found guilty and punished accordingly.

20. If any person be courageous enough to seize or kill a thief, he ought to receive a reward of four thousand. If the thief has a master, the latter ought to be fined twenty-four thousand.

21. If a person enter a village at an improper hour, and is thrice challenged without making any reply, he shall be considered as a thief. A person skulking behind a door or fence, under similar circumstances, shall be considered in the same light.

22. _Nóya résmi_, i. e. a respectable person who may endeavour to screen a thief, shall be fined agreeably to the _untára_, viz. one hundred thousand. If the delinquent is a person of the middle class, he shall be fined eighty thousand; if a person of the lower orders, forty thousand.

23. _Tri maláni nagára_ comprehends three things, which are inimical to the welfare of a country, viz. 1. Corrupt judges; 2. Breach of promise or agreement; 3. _Wígu wigúna_, i. e. Where the Raja, or others who are in authority, inconsiderately decide or give hasty orders about any thing, whereby much mischief never fails to follow.

24. This section is the work of the Púndita, _Pagáwan Chínde Guána_, and contains seven articles, viz. 1. _Súria wíguna_, i. e. the Raja's court is like the sun, whose refulgent rays spread in all directions and penetrate through every thing. 2. _Anla súria kuntáka_, i. e. the displeasure of the Raja in his court is like the heat of the sun, which causes those who are exposed to it to faint away. 3. _Kasíla trésna perláya_, i. e. when sentence of death is passed on any one by the Raja in his court, it must be carried into effect, as in the case of _Kadúrga sangúra_, where a person commits fornication or adultery with any of the Raja's household; or _Kásu síla antúka_, where a person forgets himself and wrangles in the court of the Raja; or _Kabérna antáka_, where a fight takes place, by which death or severe wounds are inflicted; or _Madáwang lúma_, i. e. where a person endeavours to ruin another, by endeavouring to make him appear guilty; or _Ang'gu pála sábda_, where a person, after receiving a distinct order from the Raja himself, incurs blame by executing it in a different manner from what he was told, in consequence of the advice of his chief; or _Jaladri kaperchánda láwat dípa_, i. e. the effects of the Raja's displeasure against any one cannot be transferred to another.

XXVII.

1. _Díndang karúban wáng_, i. e. the just and lawful revenues or duties, and no more, must be levied.

2. _Gegér kapála_, i. e. where a person disregards the prohibitions of the Raja.

3. _Gurníti gandarása_, i. e. several people are assembled together, and one of them happens to lose something: whoever is the first to quit the party, shall be considered guilty of having stolen it; and if there is incontestible evidence of this, he shall be made to pay two-fold.

4. _Góra gétih ng'emúríris_, i. e. where an unqualified person decides cases from his own knowledge of the manner of proceeding.

5. _Waráksa tapula_, i. e. no case ought to be settled but by a proper and equitable decision.

6. _Yang'a ling'ga suria_, i. e. when a _Pundita_ does not shew the accustomed respect to the Raja.

7. _Líman sangúra_, i. e. when a person mistakes the road he ought to be put right, and not chastised for any trespass he may have made unwittingly.

8. _Túnjung túmrap hing séla_, i. e. whoever shall give protection in his house to fornicators or adulterers shall forfeit his property.

9. _Tírta kasúrung píka_, i. e. where the wise or skilled assist, with their advice, those who live by fraud, when under a prosecution.

10. _Bermára máng'un líga_, i. e. where a person concerned in a law-suit which has been brought forward, is in the habit of absenting himself when his presence is required. Such person must be awarded guilty.

11. _Dándang tumráping káyon_, i. e. a person from one place comes and lays claim to another: the people of the latter all testify that the claimant has no right or title to that spot or place. In such case, the said claimant will be cast.

12. _Andáka katáwan wiása_, i. e. if a person engaged in a law-suit shall abscond, from an apprehension of being cast, it will be even so with him.

13. _Kídang lumáyu ating'gal suára_, i. e. every person must be held responsible for crimes committed, or wrong done, by any one in their service or employ.

14. _Hanio kána_, i. e. a servant or dependant of one person having committed a fault, runs for protection to another, who, when applied to, will not give him up. The person who affords such protection, if prosecuted, will be cast.

15. _Hang ling'ga praláya_, i. e. a person who does not himself appear before the court in his own behalf, but leaves his case to be managed by the officers of the court, shall be cast.

16. _Símbar tumráping séla_, i. e. where the witnesses produced in any case are persons unknown, and without any fixed place of residence, the party who brings them shall be found guilty, or cast, as the case may be.

XXVIII.

The situation and feelings of those in favour of whom sentence is pronounced is _Tírta prábu táru láta_. _Tírta_ signifies water, the qualities of which are clearness, and a disposition to proceed straight forward, which nothing will check or overcome. Those who are thus like unto water, let them be ever so humble and poor, shall not fail to be successful in any cause in which they may be engaged. The lowly, who are thus successful, shall have as much cause to rejoice as the rich (_prábu_), who are the reverse, shall have to be depressed. The former resemble a stately tree (_táru_), whose base and roots are great and spreading, with fragrant blossoms and many creepers (_láta_) to entwine and support it.

XXIX.

1. _Chándra kalamókan búda_, i. e. the situation or state of one against whom sentence has been pronounced, however great he may be, is like the moon when obscured by clouds: like her, his countenance is overcast and gloomy.

2. _Anámon déria_, i. e. a person engaged in a law-suit, who shall change his outward appearance, shall be cast.

3. _Pencháng'ga angudána_, i. e. if one of the wise shall, for the purpose of invalidating the evidence of his adversaries, make any alteration in the disposition of his house or premises, he shall, on conviction thereof, be condemned.

4. _Andáka penjang'ga amóyong_, i. e. one of the wise who has instituted a suit, and becoming himself sick at the time appointed for trial, shall fail to make known whether he wishes the business to be settled or postponed, shall lose his suit.

5. _Andáka kitíran_, i. e. if such party shall fail to appear when summoned, he will be cast, even should he be otherwise in the right.

6. _Ambáli múka amigantáka_, i. e. a person who, taking the law into his own hands, shall seize the property of another, in payment of a debt due to him, shall be held responsible for the same.

7. _Síti tínab'la_, i. e. if a person, in search of any thing he has lost, shall enter a different village to that to which he belongs, without giving due notice to the chief thereof, he shall be held responsible for any misdeed which may at the time have been committed, and if any thing important, he shall be made to pay two-fold.

8. _Ang'rika máya_, i. e. a person who, being in company with a thief, receives a hurt or injury from persons while in the act of apprehending him, cannot obtain redress.

9. _Kabrána páti_, i. e. a person who accuses another, and is himself the more guilty of the two, shall be condemned.

10. _Pátra laksána amáng'un satmáta_, i. e. a person who, in order to get something which is not his own, shall alter what is written in any paper, must be condemned.

11. _Kabáli súra_, i. e. a person who superadds in court something which he urges with violence, shall be condemned.

12. _Kitíran múng'gen káyon_, i. e. one person sends another to demand payment of a debt which is disavowed, a law-suit ensuing, if he who sent the other to demand payment has no other evidence to produce but that person, he shall be cast.

13. _Mántra káchung táka_, i. e. if a person engaged in a law-suit produces, for the second time, before the court, a paper which, on examination, appears to be written in a different hand from what it was before, although the purport, in both cases, be exactly the same, the person who produced such paper shall be cast.

14. _Sangnága amamángsa tanpa taláwang áng'aleákan térka_, i. e. a person, such as a _Mántri_ or _Bopáti_, deputes another to act for him in a law-suit: the person so deputed has no authority to produce of his having been so. If the cause is lost, the person who deputed the other cannot bring it forward again.

15. _Kaputung'an pikúlan_, i. e. if the witnesses of a person engaged in a law-suit shall leave him and go to his adversary, the former shall be cast.

16. _Prája kobáli múrda_, i. e. when the circumstances of a case which one person brings forward are contradicted by those who have an opportunity of knowing them, the former shall be condemned.

17. _Bermara amri sari_, i. e. if a person to whom another is indebted shall, on the supposition of inability to discharge the debt, proceed to seize the property of that other, without previously demanding payment of the debt, he shall be cast.

18. _Síma amot amamángsa tanwir ring báya_, i. e. a person in office, who exceeds his authority, ought to be condemned.

19. _Krúwang lindúng'an perwát_, i. e. if person whose cause is good, and whose evidence is complete and satisfactory, shall insist upon a severe punishment against his adversary, he shall be cast.

20. _Gabus boten ng'lem_, i. e. when stolen goods are discovered, the Raja ought to cause them to be restored to whom they belong.

21. _Guwáta Samirána_, i. e. those who conceal the wife or children of another, ought to be put to death by order of the Raja.

22. _Súlung alebu dían_, i. e. if the relations of one whose guilt is manifest, shall apply to have the punishment awarded transferred to a substitute, they shall be condemned.

23. _Apátra ina percháya_, i. e. a person obtains permission from the Raja to proceed against another, and afterwards, from some consideration, neglects to do so, while that other, in the meantime, appears before the Raja and declares his innocence of what is alleged against him, stating that, if he were guilty, his chief would not have failed to bring him forward: in such case, the former shall be condemned.

24. _Perwáta brámantára_, i. e. if a person is found guilty of circulating false reports, or of magnifying any piece of intelligence, so as to create a great alarm in the country, and put all the people in a ferment, he shall be fined four hundred and four thousand.

* * * * *

ABSTRACT _of some of the_ LAWS _which, according to the tradition of the Javans, were in force against the inhabitants, previous to the supposed arrival of Aji Saka_.

(Collected by MR. MIDDLEKOOP.)

OATHS

Were administered by repeating certain words after the Priest, accompanied by a motion of the head and body, the hands being folded.

ORDINARY FINES

Were levied according to the following gradations:--

tahil.[297] When a subordinate or petty chief, who had people under him, committed a crime, the fine was 5 The eldest son of a prince 5 The son of a chief 2½ A Prince or _Raden_ without employment 1½ A _Menak_ or _Rang'ga_ holding a public office and transacting public duty 5 A _Menak_ or _Rang'ga_ restricted from the performance of public duty 1½ A _Menak_ or _Rang'ga_ who administered a small tract of country 1 Children of a chief _Rang'ga_ or _Menak_ 2½ An ambassador (ordinary) of a prince or principal chief 2½ An ambassador extraordinary 1½ Children of the above 1 A male subject 1½ A female subject 1

Persons having forfeited their right of liberty through misdemeanors, and thus become dependant upon another, pay fifty _pichis_.

All the above fines might be paid in money, goods, gold, silver, horses, buffaloes, and other necessary articles.

THEFT AND ROBBERY.

A free subject having committed a robbery, he was delivered up (on detection) to the chief or tribunal of the place to which he belonged; and if unwilling to restore the stolen goods, or unable to pay the value, he was to be delivered over to the person whom he had robbed, and made to serve him as a bondsman: but no claim whatever was enforced upon the wife or children, who did not, on this account, forfeit their liberty. It was, however, lawful to deprive a thief of his life when caught in the act.

When a robbery was committed by a person in a state of servitude, the proprietor of such person's services was bound to pay the value of the stolen property, or to deliver the person over to the injured party; but on being caught in the fact, and the thief being put to death, the proprietor was no further liable.

Robberies having been committed in the day time, were punished by a fine or by servitude.

If one or more stolen buffaloes were killed in or near a village, and sufficient proof thereof adduced by the owner, the village people were condemned to pay the value of such stolen cattle, unless they produced the thief or thieves.

HOMICIDE AND MURDER.

A free person who killed a male dependant, was punished by a fine of two and a half _tahils_: one who killed a female dependant was fined three and a half _tahils_.

If in an affray between two free persons the one killed the other, and the offender was seized in the act, he could be put to death by the relations or friends of the deceased; but if he succeeded in taking refuge with the head of a village, he was only liable to a fine of five _tahils_ if the deceased was a male, and three and a half _tahils_ if a female.

When a prince, chief, or petty chief, was murdered by one of his subjects, the party was punished by death, for having killed his superior.

But a prince or head chief had the right to deprive his subjects of their lives whenever he chose, though, when one of their sons, either a _Menak_, _Rang'ga_, or other chief, put to death a free person or dependant, he was bound to pay to the friends or master of the deceased two and a half _tahils_, besides a fine for a male person five, and for a female three and three quarters _tahils_. These persons were not liable to be put to death, although caught in the fact.

In case, however, that a prince or chief caused to be put to death a dependant who was not guilty of any offence for which he deserved such punishment, the prince or chief was bound to make good half of the estimated value of the deceased's property, beside being condemned to servitude, and a fine of ten _tahils_.

_Amok_ being cried, it was lawful for every one to destroy such as ran _amok_; but in the event of its being a false alarm, and any one was killed by the crowd, the person that exclaimed _amok_ was liable to be fined.

In a crowd or assemblage of people, if a dispute ran so high that one party was killed in the affray, and lay dead on the ground, the offending party was exempt from fine, but punished by the prince according to the circumstances of the case.

ADULTERY.

A man having received information that his wife had committed adultery, was restricted from believing it, even if he was told by credible persons, unless he found her in the act; he might then deprive her of life. If she escaped, however, and concealed herself among her friends and neighbours, it was not lawful to put her to death; but on complaint being made by her husband, she was prosecuted and punished according to the circumstances of the case.

A man found guilty of adultery was liable to a fine of ten _tahils_, and the woman to the same. Being unable to discharge the sum, they were transferred to the servitude of another, who was willing to pay the amount of the fine, which was then given to the husband of the adulteress.

An adulteress causing her husband to be put to death was also to suffer death.

A man having run away with the wife of another, on her being seized by her husband at their abode, both parties could be put to death; but if they were not discovered for a length of time, during which they kept themselves quiet and had begotten children, the adulterer was only liable to pay, as well for himself as for the woman, a fine of ten _tahils_. He was, however, bound to forfeit the half of the children so begotten for the benefit of the lawful husband, to whom they were transferred in servitude.

DIVORCE.

Lawfully married persons wishing to separate from each other, each retook the property brought at the marriage, and an equal division was made of what had been gained since the marriage. This included the children; the eldest was always to remain with the mother, the second with the father. After the separation on the decease of either, the whole effects were to be taken possession of by those children who, at the separation, had come to the share of the deceased; but they were also obliged to pay the debts of the deceased, whatever the same might amount to. When the number of children was unequal, the odd one was to fall to the share of the wife; but such as were imperfect or deformed were excluded from the division, and maintained by both parties.

FOOTNOTES:

[295] _Pichis_, a small tin coin.

[296] 1. _Hukum_, the law of God; 2. _P'rentah_, the law of the sovereign; 3. _Susahan_, oppression (of the people from the law of the prince).

[297] The money here alluded to is the coin of _Palembang_, subsequently introduced by _Raden Patah_, in consequence of his connexion with _Palembang_. Rice appears to have been the principal medium of exchange previously to this period. The _pichis_ is a small tin coin, of which two hundred make a _wang_, and twenty-eight _wangs_ are equal in value to a Spanish dollar.

APPENDIX, D.

PROCLAMATION.

For the satisfaction of the inhabitants and people of Java, the following provisions are made public, in testimony of the sincere disposition of the British government to promote their prosperity and welfare. The refusal of their late government to treat for their interests, although disabled by the events of war from affording them any further protection, has rendered the consequent establishment of the British authority unconditional. But an English government does not require the articles of a capitulation to impose those duties which are prompted by a sense of justice and a beneficent disposition. The people of Java are exhorted to consider their new connection with England as founded on principles of mutual advantage, and to be conducted in a spirit of kindness and affection.

Providence has brought to them a protecting and benevolent government; they will cheerfully perform the reciprocal duties of allegiance and attachment.

1. His Majesty's subjects in Java will be entitled to the same general privileges as are enjoyed by the natural-born subjects of Great Britain in India, subject to such regulations as now exist, or may hereafter be provided, respecting residence in any of the Honourable Company's territories.

2. They will have the same privilege and freedom of trade to and with all countries to the east of the Cape of Good Hope, and also with His Majesty's European dominions, as are possessed by natural-born subjects of Great Britain.

3. Dutch gentlemen will be eligible to all offices of trust, and will enjoy the confidence of government, according to their respective characters, conduct, and talents, in common with British-born subjects.

4. The vexatious system of monopoly, which is understood to have heretofore prevailed, in some instances to an oppressive and inconvenient extent, will be revised, and a more beneficial and politic principle of administration win be taken into consideration as soon, and to such extent, as full information on the subject can be obtained, as established usage and habit may admit, and as may be consistent with a due regard to the health and morals of the people.

5. The Dutch laws will remain provisionally in force, under the modifications which will be hereinafter expressed, until the pleasure of the supreme authorities in England shall be known; and it is conceived that no material alteration therein is to be apprehended.

The modifications to be now adopted are the following:

First. Neither torture nor mutilation shall make part of any sentence to be pronounced against criminals.

Secondly. When a British-born subject is convicted of any offence, no punishment shall be awarded against him, more severe than would be inflicted by the laws of England for the same crime. And in case of doubt concerning the penalty by English law, reference shall be made to the Honourable the Recorder of Prince of Wales' Island, whose report shall be a sufficient warrant for awarding the penalty stated by him to be agreeable to the laws of England. No sentence against any British-born subject, for any crime or misdemeanor, shall be carried into execution, until a report shall have been made to the lieutenant-governor.

Thirdly. No sentence of death against any person whatever shall be carried into execution, until report shall have been made to the lieutenant-governor.

Fourthly. The lieutenant-governor will have the power of remitting, moderating, or confirming, all penalties; excepting inconsiderable fines, short imprisonment, or slight corporal punishment.

Fifthly. British-born subjects shall be amenable to the jurisdiction of the Dutch tribunals, and to the Dutch laws in all cases of civil complaint or demands, whether they be plaintiffs or defendants.

Sixthly. All British-born subjects shall be subject to the regulations of police, and to the jurisdiction of the magistrates charged with the execution thereof, and with the maintenance of the peace and of public tranquillity and security.

Seventhly. All persons belonging to or attached to the army, who are by their condition subject to military law, shall, for the present, be tried for any crimes they may commit only by courts-martial, unless sent by the military authorities to civil courts.

Eighthly. It being necessary in all countries that a power should exist of forming regulations in the nature of legislative provisions, adapted to change of circumstances, or to meet any emergency that may arise, and the great distance of the British authorities in Europe rendering it expedient that the said power should, for the present, reside in some accessible quarter, it is declared, that the lieutenant-governor shall have full power and authority to pass such legislative regulations, as, on deliberation, and after due consultation and advice, may appear to him indispensably necessary, and that they shall have the full force of law. But the same shall be immediately reported to the governor-general in council in Bengal, together with the lieutenant-governor's reasons for passing the said regulation, and any representations that may have been submitted to him against the same; and the regulations so passed will be confirmed or disallowed by the governor-general in council with the shortest possible delay. The mode in which the lieutenant-governor shall be assisted with advice will hereafter be made known, and such regulations will hereafter be framed as may be thought more conducive to the prompt, pure, and impartial administration of justice, civil and criminal.

Regulations respecting the paper currency, as well as the relative value of coins circulating in Java, will be published in a separate paper of this date.

Done at Molenvliet, the 11th September, 1811. By His Excellency the Governor-General of British India.

(_Signed_) MINTO.

REGULATION, A.D. 1814, PASSED BY THE HON. THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR IN COUNCIL, _On the 11th of February, 1814_, FOR THE MORE EFFECTUAL ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN THE PROVINCIAL COURTS OF JAVA.

The Honourable the Lieutenant Governor in Council being deeply impressed with the necessity of framing one adequate, impartial, and consistent code, for the prompt and equitable administration of justice, in the provincial courts of this island, with a view to give to all ranks of people a due knowledge of their rights and duties, and to ensure to them an enjoyment of the most perfect security of person and property, has been pleased that the following regulation be enacted; which, by assuming as its basis, rather the ancient usages and institutions of the Javans, than any new innovations founded on European systems of internal government, may confidently be expected to be, at once the most pleasing to them, and the best adapted to the existing state of their society.

1. The Resident shall be the Chief Judge and Magistrate in his districts; but the administration of police and justice, in the towns of Batavia, _Semárang_, and _Surabáya_, shall, as heretofore, be entrusted to the particular Magistrates and other officers appointed by government for those places.

2. The _Bopátis_, or chiefs of districts, and all other public officers, who may be retained to carry on the duties of this department, are placed under the immediate authority and control of the Resident himself, or of his Deputy duly empowered by him. These various duties, whether relative or direct, will be clearly defined in the course of the following sections.

3. To render more easy the attainment of justice, and to carry on better the general police of the country, a subordinate jurisdiction shall be constituted in the following manner.

4. The Residency shall be divided into such number of districts, as extent of land, population, former custom, or other circumstances may render necessary. Each of these shall be consigned to the care of a _Bopáti_, or native chief, with such an establishment, as being deemed by the Resident adequate to the purpose, and by him submitted to government, shall have received their sanction.

5. These districts, again, shall be subdivided into divisions, the extent and limits of each of which will be clearly marked out and made known. Their size must, of course, entirely depend on the greater or less propinquity of the villages they contain, and on the more or less numerous population by which these are inhabited; but, generally speaking, no division shall be less than ten, or more than twenty, square miles in extent. It must also be observed, that the limits of the division follow those of the villages; it being quite contrary to a system of good police, that inhabitants of the same place should be subject to different authorities.

6. In each division there shall be fixed a station of police, to which shall be appointed a competent officer, with such number of inferior _Mántris_, _Peons_, &c. as shall be deemed necessary for the execution of the various duties allotted to his office, and the due maintenance of the tranquillity of his division.

7. In each village there shall be a Head-man (whether recognized under the name of _Penting'gi_, _Bakal_, _Lurah_, _Kuwu_, _Mandor_, or otherwise, according to the custom of the country), to be freely elected by the inhabitants of the village itself from among themselves; the only requisites on the part of government being, that he actually reside and hold land in it. Should any of these be found unfit to carry on their respective duties, or other good objection arise to their being continued in the posts they hold, a representation to such effect will be made by the Resident to the villagers, who will accordingly proceed to the nomination of some other person, who, if approved of by the Resident, shall then receive his confirmation.

8. These Head-men shall, in every respect, be considered as the representatives of the villages, and shall be held responsible for all such acts committed within them, as fall justly under that controlling and preventive power vested in them by their fellow-inhabitants.

9. This mode of election and consequent power, it must be observed, are no new introductions, but subsist in immemorial usage, and their nature and limits are well understood by the Javans throughout the island.

10. The Heads of villages will receive and carry into execution all such orders as government, either directly by the Resident, or through the medium of the _Bopátis_ and officers of divisions, may be pleased to issue to them; and they will furnish, at all times, such oral or written information as may be required from them.

11. The care of the police, in their respective villages, shall be entrusted to their charge; and for the due preservation of peace, the prevention of offences, and the discovery and arrest of offenders, they are required to be particularly careful that a sufficient night watch be regularly maintained. For this purpose they are authorized to require each of the male inhabitants to take his turn in the performance of this duty; and, at any time, to call on all to aid in the pursuit and apprehension of offenders, or to execute generally any of the other duties that may occur.

12. The Heads of villages will also be held responsible for the amount of all property belonging to travellers, which may be lost within their villages, provided, however, that the same shall have been placed under their charge; and they are required to take charge of all travellers' property which may be brought to them for that purpose.

13. They are directed to keep a register of all persons under their authority, describing the name, age, country, occupation, size, and appearance of each individual, with any other remarks that may be deemed necessary. They will also, with the assistance of the village priest, form a register of the births, marriages, and deaths, which occur within their jurisdiction.

14. These will be drawn up every six months, according to forms to be furnished to them by the Resident. A copy of each will be retained in the village, and another will be forwarded to the police officer of the station, to be kept by him as records, and to furnish the grounds of such reports as he may be called on to give in.

15. Whenever a stranger arrives for the purpose of settling in a village, or any one of its former inhabitants absconds, the head of it is required to furnish immediately to the officer of the division a detailed account of the particulars relative to either circumstance, who will accordingly take such measures for the apprehension or pursuit of either, or forward such intelligence to his superiors, as the case may require.

16. Any person producing the express permission of the Resident, shall be allowed to settle in a village; but without this, or unless he can procure two respectable inhabitants to become securities for his good behaviour, he shall not be permitted to do so.

17. As well heads of villages as officers of divisions are required to keep a watchful eye upon all new settlers, to ascertain, if possible, their several characters, from their former places of abode; and to observe, most particularly, the conduct of such individuals as have no ostensible means of earning a livelihood. They will, too, follow vigilantly the motions of armed persons, preventing them, as much as they can, from travelling together in large bodies; and, as far as may be practicable, they ought to hinder individuals of every description, but most especially such as are armed with spears, swords, &c. from travelling at all after eight o'clock at night.

18. After this hour they are authorised to stop, and detain in their custody till the next morning, all such persons as may, by having with them more than usual property, or in any other way, justly give grounds for suspicion. But on a summary examination, should nothing further appear against them, they must, on no account, keep them detained beyond eight o'clock the next morning; nor ought detention at all to take place, if the account they first give of themselves be deemed satisfactory.

19. Should any thing further appear against them by complaint or otherwise, they will then be proceeded with as with other accused persons, relative to whom directions will be given in a subsequent section.

20. In the above case only, it is competent to the officers of police to apprehend any person of their own authority, unless detected in the actual perpetration of crime; or to release any person once apprehended.

21. It having been represented, that though when the inhabitants are settled in one place, in habitations contiguous to each other, the duty of the head of a village becomes easy of execution, yet that it is extremely difficult for him to perform it adequately, when, from caprice or other cause, any of its members are allowed to leave the main part, or _désa_, to go and reside in lonely and remote spots, forming thereby small settlements of two or three cottages only together, termed _dukus_, which being necessarily, from their distance, without the guard of night watches, &c. must frequently become liable to be attacked and plundered, or more often, perhaps, from the absence of all controul, will themselves form the resort and shelter of robbers and other abandoned characters; and, on the other hand, it not being wished to repress too much this out-settling, as by the creation of new villages (which must owe their formation to such small beginnings), a great part of the land, at present waste, may be brought into cultivation; it is ordered, that the following be the line of conduct to be observed in these cases.

22. The head of a village shall, in every instance, report to the officer of division when such an out-settlement takes place; who shall then proceed to the spot, and forming a committee of three heads of villages (not to include the one in which the circumstance occurred) shall judge whether or not it be expedient, for the benefit of agriculture, to permit its continuance, and measures shall be taken accordingly. If the new settlement be allowed to remain, a vigilant eye must be kept over its infant state, both by the officer of division and head of the neighbouring village; and when it shall have grown to a size that may admit of this, it ought to be separated from the authority of the mother village, and a similar constitution be bestowed on it.

23. It is the duty of heads of villages, generally, to preserve tranquillity, as far as their authority extends, to obey zealously the orders of their superiors, to furnish every useful information, and, in short, to contribute all in their power to the establishment and preservation of a good state of police.

24. Their rewards for this will be a certain portion of land in each village, and the favouring eye and protection of government.

25. The police officers of divisions are to be considered as immediately under the authority of the _Bopátis_. They will furnish to these all such accounts, reports, &c. as may be required, and will act always on the orders received from them, or, of course, directly from the Resident himself.

26. To the _Bopátis_, or chiefs of districts, they will forward every six months abstract accounts of births, marriages, and deaths which have occurred in their division, and of the general state of cultivation and population, with such remarks accompanying them as may seem requisite.

27. Of these and other papers forms will be furnished them, and they will prepare them from the general account obtained from heads of villages, whom they will, at any time, require to supply them with such further information as may be deemed necessary.

28. On every Saturday they will give in to the _Bopáti_, or chief of the district, a detailed statement of the occurrences of the preceding week, the crimes committed, offenders apprehended, number of new settlers, their employment, from whence arrived, what individuals have emigrated, causes of emigration, and, in short, whatever has happened out of the common track of occurrences.

29. The officers of divisions shall be held responsible for the due administration of the police within their respective jurisdictions; and to enable them better to execute their assigned duties, the heads of villages are placed immediately under their authority. They shall accordingly be watchful that these vigilantly and zealously perform such services as may be allotted to their situation; and they shall report fully to the _Bopáti_ of the district, on the conduct of any heads of villages who may prove neglectful of their charge, or in any way appear remiss in the execution of the duties entrusted to them.

30. They shall, on no account, exert their police authority in any undue interference with the collection of the revenues, that being considered a distinct department, to which they will only render their assistance when called upon under the distinct rules laid down in another Regulation for the guidance of their conduct in it; here only it is considered that they are to lend their aid at such times, and in such manner, as may be expressly pointed out to them in orders from their superiors. But they are at all times, on a regular application being made to them by the inferior officers of revenue, to take charge of, and give effectual escort to, treasure passing from or through their divisions; and after receipt of the same, they will be held responsible for it until such treasure shall have been by them delivered to the next constituted authority.

31. The _peons_, and other inferior servants attached to their offices, shall, of course, be employed in the serving summonses, apprehending offenders, giving escort, and in other regular duties; but when not in any way thus engaged, they shall, as leisure admits, be sent to make the rounds of the division; acquiring, by this means, not only competent information of all that is transacted within it, but serving also, by this occasional and uncertain visitation, materially to prevent the undertaking of nefarious acts.

32. As before observed, the officers of divisions, and those subordinate to them, shall only, of their own authority, apprehend such persons as are taken actually in the commission of crime. They are never empowered to seize others (with the exception of those mentioned in Section 18 of this Regulation) but when a written order for that purpose has been received from their superiors, or when a regular charge of an original nature has been given in against them by any respectable individual.

33. In these cases, they will take suitable measures for the apprehension and securing of the persons complained of; and when once apprehended, they will, on no account of their own authority, again liberate them.

34. Should the persons have been so arrested in consequence of orders received to that effect, the officers of divisions will, in forwarding them to their destinations, be careful to observe such instructions as they may have received on the subject.

35. But should the prisoners have been apprehended on complaints, or other proceedings originating in the division itself, they will, on their arrival at the police station, cause to be written a clear and summary statement of the offence alleged, and of the facts in the case which have come under their observation, whether witnessed by themselves, or borne testimony to by any persons present.

36. They will then, with this statement accompanying, forward under a sufficient guard the prisoner or prisoners, together with the persons complaining or aggrieved, and the witnesses of the facts, towards the chief town of the district where the _Bopáti_ resides.

37. Under no pretence whatsoever, shall any persons be detained at the police station longer than twenty-four hours after their arrest.

38. Should the division in which the arrest has taken place be not that in which the chief town of the district is situated, the officers of it shall make over the charge of persons and papers to the police officers of the division next in the way; and, in similar manner, they shall be forwarded on from station to station, to the chief town of the district, or from thence to the principal seat of the residency.

39. In this transmission, the officers of divisions will take particular care that as little delay as possible occur; any unnecessary infringement on the personal liberty of the subject, being that of which this government will ever be most jealous.

40. Whenever a human body is found dead, of which it is not certainly known that the death was natural, or even though such illness precede it as might be considered as possibly the cause, should any suspicious circumstances or appearances attend the death, it will become the duty of the head of the village in which this may occur, to take cognizance of the fact; and ordering it so that every thing remain in the state first found, he shall report the circumstances, without delay, to the officer of the division, who will immediately appoint a commission of three heads of villages, assisted by himself or officers, to proceed to the actual spot where the body lies, and there make due inquiry into every particular that may serve to elucidate the affair. For this purpose, such evidence will be taken as may, in any way, be thought to bear on the subject.

41. When the investigation is completed, the persons appointed for the inquest shall deliver to the officer of division a statement of what they have done, seen, or heard, and annex to it the opinion they have finally formed of the manner of death, or degree of guilt any where attaching.

42. The officer of division shall forward this statement, without delay, to the superior authorities; from whom, in return, he will receive instructions.

43. But should any degree of guilt be imputed, in the opinion expressed by the commissioners acting on this inquest, the officer of division shall, without loss of time, proceed to apprehend the suspected person or persons, and take such other measures upon that opinion, as he would, had a complaint to the same effect been regularly lodged.

44. As it is most necessary that the cultivators of the soil, and other industrious inhabitants of a village, should not, on every frivolous or inconsiderable occasion, be taken away from their labours to attend a distant seat of justice, where, even though it be more equitably and impartially administered, the benefit of this is, in many cases, quite counterbalanced by the loss of time and expenses of the journey and suit,--it is ordered, that there be a subordinate jurisdiction constituted, by means of which the distribution of justice will be rendered far more easy to the governing power, and the acquisition of redress will be presented to every one aggrieved, with the greatest facility, and the least possible expense of money or time.

45. The heads of villages are required to look on themselves, and to act with regard to the persons under their controul, as fathers of families; to maintain, to the extent of their power, a spirit of harmony and tranquillity in the villages entrusted to them; to curb every approach to feud and litigation; and, with the aid of their officers, to interpose their authority in settling, with justice and impartiality, all such petty quarrels as may arise among the inhabitants.

46. Should, however, the dispute be of sufficient magnitude to entitle it to higher consideration, courts are regularly established to which it may be referred.

47. The officers of division shall, at least once a week, or oftener, attend in some open place at the station of police, with their _mantris_, or other subordinate servants, for the purpose of inquiring into and deciding on all such complaints as may be given in to them, for petty offences committed within their divisions, as abusive language and inconsiderable assaults or affrays.

48. These, if satisfactorily proved, they shall be authorized to punish, by fine not exceeding ten rupees, of which fine the one-half shall be given to the individual or individuals aggrieved, the other be carried to the account of government.

49. They shall also be empowered to hear and determine on all such petty civil cases as may be referred to them, provided the amount at issue exceed not the sum of twenty rupees.

50. And further, they shall investigate the trifling disputes that may be brought before them about trespass, nuisance, the irregular distribution of water, encroachment on boundaries, and other such minor grievances of usual occurrence in villages.

51. Whether civil or criminal, they shall not, in any case, be authorized to arrest or imprison.

52. But the complaint having been given in, the person complained of, if not present, shall be summoned to appear by the next day of sitting, when the cause shall be heard and decided on without delay. In failure of attendance on the part of the plaintiff, the case shall be dismissed; on the part of the defendant, the cause shall be proceeded with _ex parte_. The sentence, whatever it may be, shall be carried into execution, by means of the authority vested in the heads of villages.

53. Should any persons refuse to obey their award, they shall be committed for trial before the Resident, who will not only cause the original sentence to be carried into execution, but, at his discretion, order a punishment suited to their contumacy.

54. An appeal may be made in the usual manner, in civil cases, from the officer of the Division's Court to that of the _Bopáti_ at the chief town of the district; and any complaint for unjust or arbitrary proceeding, on the part of the subordinate police officers, will likewise be received there.

55. Of every proceeding of this court a regular record shall be kept; one copy to remain at the police station, and another to be forwarded to the chief of the district.

56. A fee of half a rupee from each party shall be levied prior to hearing the cause, to be divided among the officers of police; and ten per cent. on the amount of the sentence in civil cases is, according to the custom of the country, to be taken from the loser of the suit, to be carried to the account of government.

57. The officers of divisions will be held fully responsible for a zealous and conscientious discharge of the important duties entrusted to them, and shall meet with exemplary punishment, in the case of any negligence or corruption being established against them.

58. To the _Bopátis_, or heads of districts, is consigned the general superintendance and care of their respective districts. But as these high officers must frequently be required to attend at the place where the Resident himself lives, that their districts may not suffer any inconvenience from their absence, they are empowered to delegate their full authority to their deputies, or _Pátehs_, who shall preside in their courts, and issue and receive orders, in every respect, like themselves.

59. They shall, every six months, furnish to the Resident abstract accounts of the state of cultivation and population within their districts, according to forms which will be given to them, and accompanied with such remarks as may suggest themselves.

60. On every Monday morning they shall deliver to the Resident a detailed statement of the proceedings of the foregoing week, containing an account of new settlers, persons emigrated, offences committed, offenders apprehended, and in short, of every thing remarkable.

61. The heads of districts shall receive all orders directly from the Resident, and take due measures for carrying them into immediate execution. The officers of divisions, heads of villages, and all other police servants within the district, are placed immediately under their control; and they will most vigilantly watch over the conduct of them, reporting instantly to the Resident every instance of negligence or crime that may fall under their observation.

62. They will be open to receive complaints or petitions of every description; reporting and issuing the necessary orders on them without delay.

63. In forwarding persons apprehended within their districts to the seat of the residency, they will be particularly careful that the least practicable delay occur; no prisoner, on any account, being detained by them, of their own authority, for a longer space of time than twenty-four hours.

64. In forwarding persons, papers, or treasure, they will observe the mode prescribed in Section 38 of this Regulation.

65. On the receipt of an inquest report from the officers of divisions, it shall be submitted to the chief _Jáksa_ and _Panghulu_ of the district for their opinion, and on this opinion the necessary measures shall be taken.

66. At the chief town of each district a regular court shall be established, in which the _Bopáti_ or, in his absence, the _Páteh_, shall preside, assisted by the _Jáksa_, _Panghulu_, and other law officers appointed.

67. This court shall be held in some open spot in the town, at least twice a week, or oftener, if necessary.

68. Its authority shall, however, be confined entirely to civil matters; all cognizance of criminal cases, beyond that already allotted to the officers of divisions, being vested solely in the court where the Resident himself presides.

69. In the _Bopáti's_ court shall be received appeals from those of the officers of divisions, on institution of which the appellants shall pay a fee of one rupee.

70. Before deciding on these causes, the record of the former trial shall be read, and such new evidence taken as may be produced.

71. If the former sentence be reversed, the costs which shall have been kept in deposit shall be refunded to the appellant, and levied from the other party.

72. And in confirming it, an enhancement of these costs is left to the discretion of the court; provided, however, the whole never exceed fifteen per cent. on the sum originally sued for.

73. A second appeal to any other authority shall, in no instance, be permitted.

74. The _Bopáti's_ court shall be competent to receive complaints in civil cases, where the amount at issue is not less than twenty, nor exceeds fifty, rupees.

75. This complaint being filed, a copy of it shall be sent to the person complained of, with an order to answer it at most within a week; and, on receipt of this answer, notice shall be given on what day (at farthest a week from the time of the receipt) the cause will be tried. Such witnesses as are necessary will be summoned; and, on the day prescribed, the complaint and answer being read, and evidence being taken, the court shall give its decision.

76. In failure of the complainant's appearance, the cause shall be dismissed; and on the part of the defendant, if he give not in his answer as required, or appear not when summoned, the case shall be proceeded with, and sentence given on _ex parte_ evidence.

77. The _Bopáti_, or his deputy, shall require the _Jáksa_ and _Panghulu_ to assist him with their advice throughout the trial, and to expound the law where it is not sufficiently clear. Should their opinions concur with that of the president of the court, he shall pass his decision, and carry it into execution without further delay; but when their opinions are at variance with his, he shall, previously to pronouncing sentence, refer the case, with the several reasons detailed which have influenced each opinion, to the Resident, who shall consult with the chief _Jáksa_ and _Panghulu_ of the residency, and return his orders on the subject.

78. A fee of one rupee shall be taken from each party, on giving in the complaint and answer; and ten per cent. on the amount of the sentence shall be levied from the loser of the suit. The fees to be divided among the officers of the court, and the costs to be carried to the account of government.

79. All proceedings are to be carefully noted down, and preserved as records. One copy to be kept in the archives of the _Bopáti_, and another to be forwarded to the Resident.

80. An appeal, in causes originating in this court, shall lie to that of the Resident; provided notice of the appeal being intended to be made, be given in on the day of trial, and the appeal itself be made within a week after.

81. In this case the costs shall, nevertheless, be immediately levied, and held in deposit till the appeal be decided on. Sufficient security shall also be given for the amount of the sentence.

82. Moreover, on the first institution of all civil cases, in this and every other court, good security must be taken for the amount of possible costs, both from the complainant and person complained of.

83. The _Bopáti_ will be held responsible for the faithful and just discharge of these his high duties. To him does government look, not only for the vigilant administration of police, and impartial distribution of justice throughout his district, but for the zealous execution of every measure that can at all conduce to the preserving that district in a flourishing and happy state.

84. The duties attached to the office of Resident itself are fully explained in the general instructions given to that officer on his first entering into his situation. In this regulation only such parts of the charge committed to him will be dwelled on, as belong properly to the judicial department of his service, to his deliberative and executive powers as chief judge and magistrate of the province.

85. As, however, the due exertion of these powers may require a much larger portion of time than can be possibly devoted to them by a single individual, and more particularly, as much of his attention must be directed to other objects, he is empowered to delegate their full participation to his deputy or assistant, whether in presiding in his court, or in issuing and receiving such orders and instructions as the government of his residency may render necessary.

86. The several Residents, and their deputies or assistants, previously to entering upon the execution of the duties of their office, shall take and subscribe the following oath before the Honourable the Lieutenant-governor in Council, or such person as he may appoint to administer the same.

"I,----, solemnly swear that I will truly and faithfully execute the duties of my office; that I will administer justice to the best of my ability, knowledge, and judgment, without fear, favour, promise, or hope of reward; and that I will not receive, directly or indirectly, any present, either in money or in effects of any kind, from any party in any suit or prosecution, or from any person whomsoever, on account of any suit, prosecution, or other legal proceeding to be instituted, or which may be depending, or have been decided, in any court under my jurisdiction; nor will I, directly or indirectly, derive any profits from my station, except such as the orders of government do or may authorize me to receive.--So help me God."

87. The presidents of other subordinate courts shall take and subscribe before the Resident, oaths of a similar nature and form, to be administered by the priests, according to the custom of the country.

88. The _Jáksas_ and _Panghulus_ shall likewise be required to take and subscribe an oath in the following form:

"I, ----, _Jáksa_ (or _Panghulu_), do solemnly swear, that I will faithfully execute the office entrusted to me; I will answer truly to the questions put to me in writing, or by word of mouth, by any judge of the courts to which I belong, declaring or writing down freely, without fear or partiality, what is the written acknowledged law or local long established usage; and I will declare or give in writing nothing that is not warranted by the law or custom. And I promise and swear not to accept of any consideration, in money or otherwise, for any opinion or declaration of the law or custom I may deliver, as _Jáksa_ (or _Panghulu_) of any court."

89. In the sixth clause of the Proclamation by government, dated 21st January, 1812, provision was made for the establishment of a Landrost's court; but, in the present state of circumstances, government deeming it advisable that a considerable extension of the powers vested in that court should be given, for the more prompt and effectual administration of justice, it is ordered, that the following sections be considered as an enlargement and modification of that clause, and that in lieu of the landraad therein appointed, there be constituted a court, to be in future called the Resident's.

90. This court shall be composed in the following manner. The Resident or his assistant shall sit in it as sole judge or magistrate. The _Bopátis_ of the several districts, or their deputies, shall attend to assist the Resident, through every stage of the proceedings, with their advice, or with such information as he may require. The head _Jáksa_ and _Panghulu_ shall be in waiting to expound, where necessary, the law, to state the local usage, and to take down notes of the evidence. The _Jáksa_ of that district in which any crime has been committed, shall be the public prosecutor, where no private one appears. The other native officers shall be such as have been used heretofore to compose courts of this nature.

91. This court shall be held at least twice in every week, or oftener if necessary, in the _Passerban_, or Residency public court-room, for the purpose of hearing complaints of every description that may be brought before it, of examining into all offences reported to have been committed, and trying all causes, whether civil or criminal, that occur in the Residency; with the exception only of those that will, in a subsequent section, be pointed out, as belonging to another and higher authority, the Court of Circuit.

92. The court shall be held open from the hour of ten in the fore to that of three in the afternoon.

93. For greater precision, the court days may be fixed to the Monday and Thursday of every week. It is, however, left to the Resident to alter these days of sitting, whenever he may deem that there is sufficient reason for so doing, observing, in such cases, to give public notice of the intended change at least one court day preceding it.

94. The chief _Jáksa_, who will have the custody of all persons apprehended and brought into the town until regularly committed to gaol, shall immediately, on opening the court, present to the Resident a list of such prisoners as have been confided to his care since the last court day, stating from whence they came, what the nature of the offence alleged against them, the names of the witnesses brought to prove it, and other necessary information connected with their apprehension.

95. The Resident shall then commence on the investigation of the cases, ordering in each that the report of the officer of division, and original complaint, be first read, and proceeding afterwards to the examination of the witnesses.

96. Should it appear to the Resident that there is not sufficient evidence against the accused, and should the complainant not be able to adduce any further, the prisoner shall be immediately released out of custody.

97. But should the complainant state that he can produce more witnesses, he shall be required to enter into a penalty-bond for their appearance on a given day (that day to be as little distant as possible, nor, if practicable, to exceed a week from the time of this first examination), and the prisoner shall, in this case, be admitted to bail, provided the offence be of a bailable nature.

98. If the offence charged against him be one that does not admit of bail being taken, the Resident shall sign a warrant to the gaoler, to receive and hold him in safe custody until he shall be discharged by due course of law.

99. On the second examination, should the innocence of the prisoner appear sufficiently clear, he shall be forthwith released; but should, on either the first or second day of inquiry, such presumption of guilt be established, as to render necessary a regular trial, the prisoner shall stand fully committed for it, and be remanded to gaol, there to remain until that day of trial arrive.

100. If the crime imputed to him be murder, treason, gang-robbery, or any other for which the sentence may amount to death, the Resident shall not himself proceed further in the case, but commit him to prison, to take his trial before the Court of Circuit, of which more shall be said hereafter.

101. Should the offence with which he is charged be one of any less magnitude than capital, the Resident shall, in ordering him to jail, notify to the prisoner on what day his trial shall come on before himself. That day must not, without some good and sufficient reason, to be reported to government, exceed the distance of a week from the day of his commitment to prison.

102. On the day of trial, the prisoner being brought up, the former proceedings shall be read, and the witnesses again examined, and such further evidence, on the part of the prosecution, be taken as may be necessary. The prisoner shall then be called on for his defence, and the witnesses adduced by him be heard and examined.

103. The Resident shall finally sum up the evidence, and stating the reasons that have influenced his opinion, and the law of the case, pronounce sentence accordingly.

104. In these, and all other cases, whether civil or criminal, which come, before him, the Resident shall be guided in his decisions by the existing native laws, and ancient customs of the island; provided the same be not decidedly at variance with the universal and acknowledged principles of natural justice.

105. In every instance where the opinions of the _Panghulu_ and _Jáksa_ are in accord with the judgment of the Resident, and in which the punishment fixed to the crime does not amount to imprisonment or transportation for life, the sentence of the Resident shall be final, and be immediately carried into execution.

106. But whenever the opinions of the _Panghulu_ and _Jáksa_ shall be in opposition to that of the Resident, or in which the punishment of the crime shall amount to imprisonment or transportation for life, all the proceedings shall be immediately transmitted to government, with the Resident's statement of the reasons and regulations on which he has formed his opinion; but he shall delay the pronouncing sentence, until the approval of the Honourable the Lieutenant-Governor shall have been obtained.

107. In all cases whatever of trial before this court, the Resident shall transmit to government, in English, a statement of the offence charged against the prisoner, the substance of the evidence on the prosecution and defence, the law of the case as it exists in the regulations of government, or in the written or customary laws of the island, and the particular reason on which he has formed his own opinion. The _Jáksa_ and _Panghulu_ are required to take notes of the evidence, and to state their respective opinions on the case in the vernacular language; which document, signed by them, shall be transmitted to government by the Resident, together with his own statement of the case.

108. The civil jurisdiction of this court shall be constituted as follows:

109. It shall be competent to receive original complaints of every description, and to try such appeals as may be made to it from the decisions of the _Bopáti's_ court.

110. On receipt of this complaint, if the amount at issue exceed not twenty rupees, the Resident, at his pleasure, may refer it to be inquired into and tried by the court of the officer of the division in which the matter complained of occurred; or should the amount be not above fifty rupees, he may make it over to the authority of the _Bopáti's_ court of that district in which the subject at issue has originated. But all complaints which concern a sum of money exceeding this, must be tried only by the Resident's court.

111. It is also competent to this court alone to take cognizance of any suits, however trivial the amount at issue, which may be considered as involving in them any of the rights of government.

112. In trying appeals from the _Bopáti's_ courts, after reading the proceedings on the former trial, and re-examining such old, or hearing such new evidence as may be adduced, the judgment which shall then be passed shall be considered as final.

113. In reversing the former decree, the appellant shall have refunded to him the costs which have been kept in deposit, and these shall be then levied from the other party; but if confirming the former judgment, it shall be left to the discretion of the Resident to enhance those costs as he may think fit; provided, however, that the whole sum do not exceed fifteen per cent. on the amount of the sentence.

114. The appellant, on the institution of the suit, shall pay such fees as are customary in the institution of original suits; but the other party shall not be charged with any fees whatever.

115. When an original complaint is given in, it shall be filed, on a fee of one rupee being paid, and sufficient security given for the possible amount of costs.

116. A copy of this shall then be sent to the person or persons complained of, who shall be required, within a certain given time, not to exceed a fortnight, to send in the answer; at which time they will also pay a fee of one rupee, and give good security for the amount of possible costs.

117. On receipt of this reply, a day shall be appointed for the trial of the cause, notice of which shall be given to each of the parties; and both they and such others, witnesses or accessaries, as may be necessary, shall be summoned to attend on that day. The cause shall then come to a regular hearing, and be decided on, according to the mode already laid down for the inferior courts.

118. On the decision of the suit, a fee of two rupees from the gainer, and of one from the loser of it, shall be received; and costs, at the rate of ten per cent. on the amount of the sentence, being the custom of the country, shall be levied from the party against whom the decision has been given.

119. In all causes originating in the Resident's court, an appeal shall be permitted to the Honourable the Lieutenant-Governor; provided that notice of such intention be given on the day of trial, that the costs be lodged in court, and sufficient security offered for the amount of the sentence, or that amount be paid in, to be kept in deposit until the appeal shall have been determined on.

120. Appeals from the Resident's decisions are limited to the space of one month from the day of trial.

121. The Honourable the Lieutenant-governor will, of course, after due investigation, alter, reverse, or confirm the former sentence, with remission or enhancement of costs, as to him shall seem best.

122. Whenever the two parties in a civil suit, in any stage of it previous to the decree, shall give in to any of the courts an agreement signed by both, stating that they are willing that all further judicial proceedings in the case be dropped, as being satisfied with what has already passed, or mutually content to settle whatever further is requisite between themselves, or by the arbitration of friends, the court shall place this paper among their records, and cause the proceedings in such suit to be immediately closed.

123. In these cases, half costs, or five per cent, only on the amount of the suit, shall be levied. Of this the two parties shall pay an equal share, or two and a half per cent each, with a fee also of a rupee each to the court.

124. All fees will be divided among the officers of the court, and all costs be carried to the account of government, for the purpose of defraying the expenses to which they are put in the establishment of these courts.

125. The same attention shall be paid to the opinions of the _Jáksa_ and _Panghulu_ in civil as in criminal cases; namely, that when at variance with that of the Resident, reference shall be made to the Honourable the Lieutenant-Governor, accompanied by the detailed statements, and the decision only carried into execution when his instructions, in reply, shall have been received.

126. A record of each trial shall be kept in the archives of the court, consisting of the original complaint, the reply to it, a statement of the proceedings that ensued, and the judge's final decision.

127. Copies of any of these shall be given to any one who may apply for them, on the payment of half a rupee for each paper.

128. Registers shall be framed from these records, one in English and one in the vernacular language (of course separate ones for civil and criminal matters), stating the charges, names of parties, of witnesses, nature of evidence, sentence passed, &c. according to forms to be furnished to the Resident; and of these, one copy shall be kept in the court, and another shall be transmitted, before the 5th of every month, to the Honourable the Lieutenant-governor.

129. A register shall also be framed, and sent at the same time, of all persons apprehended, but afterwards released, stating their names, crimes imputed to them, nature of evidence for and against, and reasons for releasing them.

130. Quarterly reports shall likewise be furnished by the Resident of the general state of the districts entrusted to his care; and every six months abstract accounts must be forwarded of the increase or decrease of population, the general condition of the cultivation, number of new settlers and persons emigrated, and generally of whatever relates to the details of his administration, with such remarks and comments as he may deem necessary.

131. In summoning persons to attend his court, he shall have a certain regard to the loss or inconvenience those persons may sustain in being taken away from their usual employments or duties. The cultivator of the soil, in particular, is not unnecessarily to be brought from his fields; and, in many cases, a slight delay of trial may be better than causing the industrious inhabitant to lose the fruits of his labour by attendance at court, when harvest, or other rural duty, demands his presence and entire attention. This, however, is an evil that cannot always be guarded against; but it ought to be so, to the extent of the Resident's power, and as far as the satisfying the more important ends of justice will admit of.

132. As an additional check to its occurrence, a discretionary power is vested in the Resident, of punishing by fine the complainant in such suits as may, in the opinion of the Resident, be satisfactorily established to have owed its origin to grounds merely vexatious, and this fine will of course be given to the person who has suffered by the process.

133. As it is most essential that access to justice and redress be rendered as easy and free as possible to the injured, the Residents are ordered to receive at all times, and to pay the utmost attention, to every petition that may be presented to them.

134. But as, in the ordinary course, the officers or servants of government, or others, may, from interested, partial, or resentful motives, find means to debar approach to the Resident in his house, he shall cause a box to be placed at the door of the court, into which petitions may be dropped; of this he shall himself keep the key, and, on going into court, open it with his own hand, and have the contents read to him. He shall, at the same time, in the open space before the court, invite the giving in to him any complaints from persons who may consider themselves as aggrieved.

135. It must be observed, that in all causes which come into the courts, the respective parties in them shall plead in their own behalf. It not having been heretofore usual to employ _Vakeels_, or native lawyers, for this purpose; no persons of this description shall be admitted. And it is trusted that litigation will be considerably reduced and discouraged by this measure, as the trouble of it will then fall heavily and entirely on the principals themselves; that class of people not being allowed to exist, who, as deriving from litigation their sole subsistence, may fairly, and without invidiousness, be considered as having some interest in increasing the business of the courts.

136. The Resident is particularly enjoined to pay the greatest attention to the state of the persons in confinement by his orders.

137. There shall be one gaol only in each Residency, and that at the place where the Resident himself resides. He shall visit it at least once a fortnight, and redress all complaints that may be preferred to him by the prisoners of ill treatment, punishing amply every instance that shall come to his knowledge, of misconduct in the gaoler or other officers in charge of the prison.

138. He shall take, too, the necessary measures for the preservation of the health and cleanliness of the prisoners; requiring the Surgeon of the Residency to visit them at least once a day, and to administer to the sick. The Surgeon shall be further directed to deliver in a monthly report to the Resident on this subject, stating the number of sick, nature of disease, cause of it where assignable, and result of his medical operations in the several cases. To this may be added any suggestions that may be deemed beneficial.

139. The internal arrangements of the gaol ought to be so ordered, that the prisoners shall not be confined together promiscuously, but different apartments be allotted, not only for persons of different sexes, but also for those in confinement for different gradations of offence. For the following descriptions of prisoners, separate wards ought to be formed. Prisoners under sentence of death. Prisoners confined under sentence of the Court of Circuit or of the Resident. Prisoners committed to take their trial before the Court of Circuit. Prisoners committed to take their trial before the Resident. And one spacious and airy apartment should be reserved for such persons as are awaiting the preliminary examination in the court.

140. All prisoners or witnesses detained in criminal cases shall be maintained at the expense of government. But the subsistence of persons confined on civil accounts shall be furnished in the usual manner by the complainants in those suits.

141. The rate of maintenance must depend on the general price of food in the district where the confinement takes place. It ought to be sufficiently ample to secure the necessaries of life, but by no means any thing further; it ought not, in short, to be higher than the price for which the lowest description of labour could be obtained. On this principle the Residents will regulate the allowance for prisoners, and when settled and approved of by government, it shall be considered as fixed, and be publicly made known.

142. The Residents finally shall see that the prisoners receive all the comforts compatible with their respective situations, and that the allowance granted by government, or others, for their support, be properly applied.

143. With respect to the authority of the Resident's Court over Europeans, Chinese, or other foreigners, though it has not heretofore been ordered that they be amenable to any but the courts of justice in Batavia, _Semárang_, and _Surabáya_; yet as great inconvenience may be, and has been experienced, from their being under a separate jurisdiction from their fellow-inhabitants, and as it is the wish of government that they be allowed to partake of every benefit afforded to its other subjects, of which a prompt and easy access to justice must be considered as the chief, the following orders are issued respecting them.

144. No Europeans, Chinese, or other foreigners, at present settled, or who, in future, may wish to settle in the interior, shall be allowed to reside in any part of the country without the immediate limits of the towns of Batavia, _Semárang_, and _Surabáya_, unless they present themselves to the Resident, to be regularly enrolled in a register to be kept for that purpose, and obtain from him a license for remaining. This license shall not be granted, unless each individual enter into a penalty-bond of five hundred rupees, that he will abide by the civil decisions of the Resident's Court to that amount; but if this be agreed to, the license shall on no account be withheld, unless the Resident can, and does, give such reasons for withholding it as the government shall approve of. No fee whatsoever shall be given for these licenses.

145. Should it, at any time, happen that a cause, in which more than five hundred rupees is at issue, should come before the Resident, wherein a foreigner living in the interior is concerned, the Resident shall call on him to execute a further bond, which may cover the amount of the suit; and in case of refusal to do so, he shall not be permitted any longer to reside within his jurisdiction.

146. After taking out these licenses, foreigners shall, in every respect, be considered in the same light as other inhabitants, and sue and be sued precisely in the same manner as the natives.

147. Should any foreigner, after these precautions, refuse to abide by the decision of the Resident, a report on his conduct shall be forwarded to government, and he shall instantly be made to leave the interior, and be prosecuted for the amount of the penalty he has incurred, in the established manner, in the courts of justice at Batavia, _Semárang_, and _Surabáya_.

148. In criminal cases, where a foreigner is charged with any offence, the Resident shall execute the duties of a justice of the peace, issuing a warrant for his apprehension, examining into the evidence adduced, and, according to circumstances, releasing him forthwith, or committing him to take his trial before the Court of Circuit.

149. It must be understood, that the term here of "foreigners" is intended only to include Europeans, Chinese, Arabs, Mussulmen from the various parts of India, or, in short, the natives of any country that is without the limits of the Malayan Archipelago. But as there will resort to the coasts of Java, in small trading vessels, very many of the inhabitants of the neighbouring islands, to whom the entering into bonds, or being subject to other such legal forms, would prove a serious inconvenience, serving perhaps eventually to discourage them considerably from engaging in such commercial adventures, which it is rather the wish of this government in every way to promote; and as by the religion, laws, and usages of this and the various islands in the vicinity, being, both in form and substance, nearly identified (differing only in some few instances in shades slight and of little moment), it cannot be considered as repugnant to the principles of justice, that they be at once held amenable to the jurisdiction established for this island, during their continuance on it; and it is therefore ordered, that they be looked on and proceeded with in manner no way differing from that prescribed for the actual natives of Java.

150. In the event of the death of any British inhabitant or passenger within his district, it is the duty of the Resident to place the seals of office immediately on the effects of the deceased, after defraying the expense of interment; and to report the same immediately for the further orders of government; and, in the event of the death of Burghers, Chinese, Mussulmen, or others, he will be guided by the laws and regulations existing on that head. In all cases, he will be careful that no injustice be practised in this important subject, and that where arrears are due to government, no property be transferred or sold until the same have been satisfied, or until the pleasure of government is known.

151. The Court of Circuit has already been established by the fifth clause of the Proclamation by government, dated the 21st January, 1812. But as the taking away at once the president and one member from the courts of justice rendered those courts, in their absence, incompetent to carry on the current business of their districts, and as a more particular definition of the duties attached to this department is deemed necessary, the following sections must be considered as an enlargement and modification of that clause.

152. In order to ensure the regular, certain, and impartial administration of justice throughout the different districts of the island, one member of the Supreme Court of justice at Batavia, and of the courts of justice at _Semárang_ and _Surabáya_, shall four times in the year, at stated periods, or oftener if necessary, make a circuit through the districts, under the jurisdiction of their respective courts, for the purpose of hearing and trying all such offences and criminal cases within the same, as shall have been made over to them by the magistrates appointed for that purpose.

153. Previously to entering upon the execution of the duties of his office, each of these judges shall take and subscribe, before the Honourable the Lieutenant-governor in Council, or any person appointed by him to administer the same, an oath in the same form as already laid down for the Residents in section 86 of this Regulation.

154. Upon the arrival of the judge of circuit, the Resident or magistrate shall have in readiness to deliver to him a list of the persons committed to prison, or held to bail, for trial, together with the copies of the charges preferred against each, their confessions, if any have been made (but these, it must be observed, must always be received with circumspection and tenderness), or if they have pleaded not guilty, the depositions of the witnesses, and all other proceedings held by him in the respective cases, previously to their commitment to prison, or being held to bail.

155. He shall likewise submit to the judge of circuit, on his arrival at the station, a separate list of all such persons as he may, within the last three months, have apprehended and discharged for want of sufficient evidence against them; that is, of all such as would, had presumption of guilt been sufficiently established, have been made over to the court of circuit for trial.

156. The judge of circuit shall then proceed to hold his court. Such officers shall belong to it as he may have brought with him for that purpose, and he shall be attended by all such others belonging to the Resident's establishment, as he may deem necessary.

157. The court shall be held in the _Paserban_, or usual chief room of justice belonging to the station; and the Resident, in carrying on any judicial or magisterial proceedings, during the continuance of the judge of circuit at his station, shall use for that purpose some other convenient place.

158. On opening the court the head _Jáksa_ shall present a list of persons summoned to act as jurymen; out of which five shall be taken in the usual manner, and be empanelled.

159. The persons composing this jury ought to be as near on an equality as to rank in life with the prisoner as possible. But no one under the rank of a head of a village shall be competent to act as a juryman, as persons below that office, or in the very lower orders of life, cannot be supposed to possess either independence or knowledge sufficient to qualify them to execute justly the duties of the situation. The person senior in dignity among them shall be appointed to act as foreman; and, for this purpose, it may be as well that one of higher rank than the other four should be always selected in the first nomination of the jury.

160. A right of challenge shall belong, as in the English courts, to both the prosecutor and the prisoner.

161. The head of the village in which the offence is alleged to have been committed, shall not be permitted to act as juryman in the trial.

162. No other prescribed disqualification exists against persons of that or higher rank; the right of challenge being deemed sufficient to secure the forming of a competent, unbiassed, and independent jury.

163. The cause shall then be proceeded with; and sentence being passed, it shall become the duty of the Resident to see that it be carried duly into execution, a warrant for that purpose being given to him, under the seal and signature of the judge of circuit.

164. The circuit judge, throughout the conduct of the cause, in his mode of proceeding, of summing up the evidence, receiving the verdict of the jury, and passing sentence on the prisoner, shall be guided entirely by the established rules of his court, the regulations of government, and the general instructions he will receive.

165. And with respect to the law which must guide him throughout, he must, in the first instance, take down the native law in the case as may be expounded by the _Panghúlu_ and _Jáksa_; and modify thereon his decision, according to the provisions of the colonial law, and the acknowledged principles of substantial justice.

166. He shall not only try such cases as may have been made over to his court, previously to entering the district, but also any such as the Resident may make over to him while there.

167. He shall, on closing his court at each station, forward to the Honourable the Lieutenant-governor, a clear and full report of all his proceedings, stating the names of the prisoners tried by him, the nature of the evidence adduced on behalf of both prosecution and defence, the verdict of the jury, and his consequent sentence thereon.

168. If, in any case, his opinion differ from that of the jury, he shall detail the reasons which have influenced him in that difference; and he shall always state any such circumstances as may warrant a mitigation, or even total remission of the punishment.

169. The approval of these proceedings, and the instructions on them from the Honourable the Lieutenant-governor, must be received prior to his issuing his warrants to the Resident.

170. But as this communication, and the reply to it, may induce too great a delay, the judge of circuit must, on shutting his court, remand the prisoner to gaol, and move on himself to the next district he has to visit; from whence he will be able to send back the warrants to the Resident, when an answer to his report shall have been received.

171. Accompanying this report, the judge of circuit shall forward to government a detailed opinion on the state of the Residency, with respect to its police, its general administration, and other circumstances connected with its actual condition; suggesting, at the same time, any such improvement as, in his opinion, would be conducive to its general prosperity.

172. It remains, finally, to be observed to the Residents, that as the police of different districts must be, in some measure, adapted to various circumstances and localities, they are authorized to enlarge upon these general regulations for the administration of that department within their respective jurisdictions, reporting their suggestions of improvement to government. But it is recommended to those officers to become well acquainted with the ancient usages and institutions of the people placed under their authority; and in submitting their observations, they will be solicitous rather to improve upon the solid foundations of ancient regulations and customs, both acknowledged and understood by the people, than to invent new systems of administration, which for some time must, of necessity, be quite unintelligible to the inhabitants, and which, after the experience of a few years, may probably be found to be by no means congenial to their genius or habits.

173. Copies of this Regulation shall be forwarded to the various officers of government concerned in the carrying it into execution; and translations of it, in the Javan and Malayan languages, shall be furnished to the _Bopátis_ and other native officers. It shall be the duty of these to explain and cause to be made known its purport throughout the country; and for the doing this the more effectually, copies shall always lie on the tables of the several courts, to be open for public reference and inspection.

APPENDIX E.--No. I.

A COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE MALAYU, JAVAN, MADURESE, BALI, AND LAMPUNG LANGUAGES.

+-----------+----------------+ |ENGLISH. | MALÁYU. | | | + | | | +-----------+----------------+ | | | |God |túhan; álah' | | | | |Creation |ka-jádian | |Eternity |kakálan | | | | |Angel |maláikat | |Soul |jíwa; niáwa | |Life |idup; hidop | |Demon | | | or ghost |hantu | |World |dúnia | |Heaven |súrga | |Sky |láng'it | |Light |cháhia | |Star |bintang | |Halo of | | | the moon |pagar-búlan | |Planet |bintang-berjálan| |Saturn |bintang zahil | |Jupiter |bintang mastri | |Mars |bintang marikh | |Venus |bintang zahára | |Mercury |bintang átarad | |Sun |mata-hári | |Moon |búlan | |A comet |bintang ber-ikur| |The milky | | | way |bima-sákti | |Sunrise |terbet-máta-hári| |North pole |bintang-utára | |South pole |bintang-selátan | |Equator |{gáris-sa- } | | |{teng'ah-dúnia} | |Ecliptic |âlan-máta-hári | |Aries |bintáng-hamel | |Taurus |bintáng-thur | |Gemini |bintáng-júza | |Cancer |bintáng-sertan | |Leo |bintáng-ásad | |Virgo |bintáng-sánbla | |Libra |bintáng-mírzan | |Scorpio |bintáng-kála | |Sagittarius|bintáng-kos | |Capricorn |bintáng-jádi | |Aquarius |bintáng-dálu | |Pisces |bintáng-hot | |Rainbow |úlar-dánu | |East |timur | |South |slátan | |West | bárat | |North |útára | |Earth |búmi | |Island |púlau | |Mountain |gúnung | |Stone |bátu | |Rain |újan | |River |súngái; káli | +-----------+----------------+

+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+ |ENGLISH. | JAVAN. | | +------------------+---------------+------------------+ | | Jáwa. | Bása kráma. | Súnda. | +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | |{yéwang wídi;} | |{hongyéwang; | |God |{pang'éran; } |-- |{sang-yéwang; | | |{gusti; alah } | | | |Creation |ka-dádian |kadadósan |ka-jádian | |Eternity |kaleng'gang'an |-- |{kakálan | | | | |{láng-geng'an | |Angel |maláikat |-- |mala-ékat | |Soul |niówo; yétmo |-- |súkma; niáwa | |Life |úrip |gesang |irup | |Demon | | | | | or ghost |antu |-- |antu | |World |jágat |búwana |dúnia | |Heaven |súwarga |súwarg'i |súrga | |Sky |láng'it |akása |láng'it | |Light |cháhia |-- |cháhia | |Star |lintang |-- |benteung | |Halo of | | | | | the moon |kaláng'an-wúlan |kalang'an-sási |kaláng'an-búlang | |Planet |lintang lúmáku |lintang-lúmampa|bentéung-léumpang | |Saturn |lintang zohal |-- |bentéung-júhel | |Jupiter |lintang mústarí |-- |bentéung-mustari | |Mars |lintang marih |-- |bentéung-marih | |Venus |lintang johra |-- |bentéung-júhára | |Mercury |lintang átarad |-- |bentéung-utára | |Sun |sreng'eng'é | súria |matápoék | |Moon |wúlan; rembúlan | sási |búlan | |A comet |lintang-kumúkus |-- |bentéung-buntútan | |The milky | | | | way |bima-sákti |-- |bima-sákti | |Sunrise |plétek-sreng'éng'é|médal-súria |bijel-matápoék | |North pole |lintang-útára |-- |bentéung-útára | |South pole |lintang-slátan |-- |sela-búmi | |Equator |{gára-s -} |-- |{gáres-} | | |{teng'ah-jágat} |-- |{siteng'ah-jágat} | |Ecliptic |dálan-sreng'éng'é |margi-súria |jàlan-máta poék | |Aries |lintáng-kámel |-- |bentéung-kámel | |Taurus |lintáng-táred |-- |bentéung-sur | |Gemini |lintáng-jus |-- |bentéung-júja | |Cancer |lintáng-sertan |-- |bentéung-sertan | |Leo |lintáng-ásad |-- |bentéung-ásad | |Virgo |lintáng-sumbúla |-- |bentéung-sanblah | |Libra |lintáng-mízan |-- |bentéung-mérjan | |Scorpio |lintáng-kála |-- |bentéung-kála | |Sagittarius|lintáng-kos |-- |bentéung-kus | |Capricorn |lintáng-júdi |-- |bentéung-jadi | |Aquarius |lintáng-dálwi |-- |bentéung-delu | |Pisces |lintáng-khot |-- |bentéung-hut | |Rainbow |kúku-wung |-- |kúku-wung | |East |wítan; timur |-- |timur | |South |selátan |-- |perna-ang'in | |West | bárat |-- | bárat | |North |útára |-- |utára | |Earth |búmi |buntála |tánéu | |Island |púlo |núsa |núsa | |Mountain |gúnung |rédi |gúnung | |Stone |wátu |sela |bátu | |Rain |údan |jáwuh |újan | |River |kali; bang'awan |lépen |wálung'an; káli | +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+

+-----------+----------------------------------------+ |ENGLISH. | MADURESE. | | +-----------------+----------------------+ | | Madúra. | Sumenáp. | +-----------+----------------------------------------+ | | | | |God |pangéran |álah | | | | | |Creation |ka-dádian |ka-dádian | |Eternity |kaláng-gang'an |láng-gang | | | | | |Angel |malaékat |mala-ékat | |Soul |niába |niáwa | |Life |ódi |údi | |Demon | | | | or ghost |anto |antu | |World |dúnia |dúnia | |Heaven |seárga |súar-ga | |Sky |láng'it |láng'é | |Light |sadja; cháhia |cháhia | |Star |bintang |bintang | |Halo of | | | | the moon |-- |kalang'an-búlan | |Planet |bintang-ájalan |bintang-ájalan | |Saturn |bintang-jóhal |bintang súhal | |Jupiter |bintang-mustári |bintang-mustári | |Mars |bintang-maríh |bintang marih | |Venus |bintang-johro |bintang-súhara | |Mercury |bintang-ng'alárid|bintang álarad | |Sun |ng'areh |áré | |Moon |búlan |búlan | |A comet |-- |bintang-abúntok | |The milky | | | | way |-- |preng-sadápur | |Sunrise |kalúar-áreh |kalúar-ári; medal ári | |North pole |bintang-útára |bintang-kelod | |South pole |bintang-salátan |bintang-salátan | |Equator |{gáris-sátan-} |{gáris-sátan-} | | |{g'ah-dúnia } |{g'ah-dúnia } | |Ecliptic |jálan-áreb |jálan-ári | |Aries |bintang-kámel |-- | |Taurus |bintang-tor |-- | |Gemini |bintang-jus |-- | |Cancer |bintang-sertan |-- | |Leo |bintang-ásad |-- | |Virgo |bintang-sanbla |-- | |Libra |bintang-mérgan |-- | |Scorpio |bintang-kála |-- | |Sagittarius|bintang-kos |-- | |Capricorn |bintang-júdi |-- | |Aquarius |bintang-dálui |-- | |Pisces |bintang-khot |-- | |Rainbow |kóbong |andang | |East |timur |témor | |South |slátan |slátan | |West |bárat |bárat | |North |témor-dáya |utára | |Earth |tánah; búmi |búmi; tána | |Island |póloh |púlau; gili | |Mountain |gúnung |gúnung | |Stone |báto |bátu | |Rain |újan |újan | |River |song'ai |song'ai | +-----------+----------------------------------------+

+-----------+----------------+-----------------+ |ENGLISH. | BÁLI. | LAMPUNG. | | + | | | | | | +-----------+----------------+-----------------+ | | | | |God |batára |alah; gusti | | | | | |Creation |ka-dádian |ka-jádian | |Eternity |{kúkuán; } |ka-kálan | | |{láng-gang} | | |Angel |dewáta |mali-kat | |Soul |jiwa; átma |nia-wa | |Life |úrep |húghé | |Demon | | | | or ghost |mamídi; antu |hántu | |World |marcha-páda |dún-nia | |Heaven |úarga |sáwa-ghága | |Sky |angkása; lang-it|lang'it | |Light |depta; cháhia |chaháya | |Star |bintang |bintang | |Halo of | | | | the moon |káng'an-búlan |kandok-búlan | |Planet |pelálintáng'an |-- | |Saturn |-- |-- | |Jupiter |-- |-- | |Mars |-- |-- | |Venus |-- |-- | |Mercury |-- |-- | |Sun |mata-nai; súria |mata-gháni | |Moon |búlan; sásih |búlan | |A comet |bintang-kúkus |bintang-bugúndang| |The milky | | | | way |láwat yih-patánu|-- | |Sunrise |handag-matánai |máta-ghánichá ka | |North pole |-- |-- | |South pole |bintang-kája |-- | |Equator |{gui-tang'ah} |-- | | |{-marcha-páda} |-- | |Ecliptic |margan-matánai |-- | |Aries |-- |-- | |Taurus |-- |-- | |Gemini |-- |-- | |Cancer |-- |-- | |Leo |-- |-- | |Virgo |-- |-- | |Libra |-- |-- | |Scorpio |-- |-- | |Sagittarius|-- |-- | |Capricorn |-- |-- | |Aquarius |-- |-- | |Pisces |-- |-- | |Rainbow |yang-lálah |ghóneh | |East |témur |ka-ng'in | |South |kája |-- | |West |kao |-- | |North |klod |-- | |Earth |gúmi |búmi | |Island |púlo |púlau | |Mountain |gúnung |ghú-gok | |Stone |bátu |bátu | |Rain |hujan; sábéuh |lábong | |River |túkad |bátang-ághi | +-----------+----------------+-----------------+ _Memorandum._--The above Comparative Vocabulary was formed in the following manner.--Copies of the Vocabulary, in the Malayan character, arranged by the late Dr. Leyden, were circulated in different parts of Java, and completed in the different languages and dialects by the natives. After collections of these were made, several intelligent natives were, from time to time, assembled from different parts of the island, and also from _Báli_, _Lampung_, _Madura_, and _Sumenap_, and the Vocabulary in each language was carefully revised in concert with them, at the same time that it was re-copied in the native and roman characters.

EXTRACT FROM THE DASA NAMA.[298]

1. Madia ning mangsa from ordinary thought comes knowledge of time or season. _j.b._ Mángsa season, time. _j.b._ Kála time. _k._ Dók the same. _b._ Tak-kála the same. _b._ Panjenáng'an the time, as applied to the reign of a sovereign or governor, a dynasty, a rule. _j.b._ Jáman the same. _k._ Titika, or kútika the same. _b._ Dáweg or dáwak present time. _j.b._ Láji future time. _j.b._ Waktu time. _j.b._ Usum the season of any thing, as the paddy season or fruit seasons, season for breed of cattle. _j.b._ Mangsa ren-dang season or time of rain. _j.b._ Ka-telu (3) commencement of the rain. _j.b._ Ka-pat (4) rains. _j.b._ Ka-lima (5) ditto. _j.b._ Ka-nam (6) ditto, rivers full. _j.b._ Ka-pitu (7) heavy rains. _j.b._ Ka-wólu (8) rains commence falling off. _j.b._ Ka-sáng'a (9) rains nearly over. Mangsa trang dry or clear seasons. _b._ Kása-dása (10) commencement of dry season. _j.b._ Dasta autumnal, or season of the falling of the leaves. _j.b._ Sadá season of heavy dews. _j.b._ Kása clear, dry, and cloudless season. _j.b._ Káro the season in which trees commence to throw out their leaves and flowers. 2. Mangsa ren-dang the rainy season comes from the hills or ing ardi mountains. _k._ Parwáka mountains from which wind comes. _k._ Gíri stupendous, abrupt mountains, which create awe on looking on them. _k._ Purwáta original mountains, the first or primitive mountains. _k._ Chála mountain. _k._ Mandála the base or foot of a mountain. _k._ Liwáwan, or distant mountains. himáwan. _b._ Ardi stupendous mountains. _j.b._ Gúnung. mountains or hills. _j.b._ Kendeng low ranges of hills. _j.b._ Sengkan the acclivity of a hill. _j.b._ Mádik the same. _j.b._ Jujúrang the space between two hills above the valleys. _k._ Sárung the valley or bottom of the space between two hills. _j.b._ Papéreng the steep part of a hill which cannot be ascended. _j.b._ Héring or iring the same. 3. Ardi akátah séla the hills have many stones. _b._ Séla stones, large stones. _j.b._ Ka-rikil small stones, pebbles. _j.b._ Kamlása small fine stones, gravel. _j.b._ Wátu stones. _k._ Mánik. a kind of hard black stone. _j.b._ Párang a sort of stone neither hard or soft. _k._ Redjeng the same. _j.b._ Gamping lime stone. _j.b._ Wádas a kind of stone. _j.b._ Chúri a particular kind of stone, rather harder than redjeng. _k._ Cháni a sort of stone which when taken from the quarry is soft and easily cut, but afterwards becomes hard on exposure to air.

APPENDIX E.--No. II.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE SANSCRIT, KAWI, AND PALI.

----------+---------------------+---------------------+------------- ENGLISH. | SÁNSCRIT. | KÁWI. | PÁLI. ----------+---------------------+---------------------+------------- One |eka |eka |ek-ka. Two |dui |dui |do. Three |tri |tri |tri. Four |chátur |chátor |chatwa. Five |pancha |pancha |pancha. Six |shash or shat |sat |cho. Seven |sapta |sapta |sap. Eight |ashta |asta |at-tha. Nine |náva |náwa |no-wa. Ten |dása |dása |thotsa. Man (homo)|manúshya or manúsha |manúsa |manut. Man (vir) |jána, purúsha |jána, purúsia |burútsa. Woman |strí, varángána |istri, waranggána | ---- Father |pita or pitri |pita |bida. Mother |máta or mátri |máta |manda. Head |mastáka |mastáka |két. Eye |nétra, akshi, cháksu |sótia |nét. Nose |nása, ghrána |grána | ---- Hair |késa |késa |késa. Teeth |danta |dánti |thanta. Belly |garbha, udára |gerba |úthon. Hand |hasta |asta |hat-tha. Foot |páda |páda |bát. Blood |lohita, sonita, | | | rudhira, &c. |rah, ludira |lóhit. Day |dina, divása, &c. |dina, méra | ---- Night |rátri |rátri, kúlam |rátri. Sleep |nidra |nindra |nitsa. Dead |préta, párata, mrita |parátra |muai. White |sita |séta | ---- Black |kála |kála, krísna | ---- Bad |dushkrita |dústa | ---- Fire |agni |agni, bráma, geni |ak-khi. Water |jála, ápa, &c. |jalánidi |khongkha. Stone |sila |séla |sinla. Hog |varáha, sukára |wráhas, sukára |súkon. Bird |paksha |paksi |paksa, paksi. Egg |anda |endog | ---- Fish |mín, massya |mína, matsia |min. Sun |súrya, prabáhkara, |súria, prabang-kára, |súria, áthit. | áditya | raditia | Moon |chandra, sitángsu |chandra; sitángsu |pera-chan. Stars |tára |tára |dara. God |iswára (Lord), |déwa (a god) |pra, pra-chao. | déva (a god) | | Eating |bhojanam |bója |swoi, chhan. ----------+---------------------+---------------------+--------------

APPENDIX E.--No. III.

VOCABULARY OF KAWI WORDS, WITH THE MEANING ATTACHED TO THEM BY THE PANAMBAHAN OF SUMENAP.

ENGLISH. KAWI.

God sang yang-jágat-ke-rána, sang-yang-suksma, yang-wídi, murbeng buána, yang-táya, sang-yang-wisésa, sang-yang-jágat, ráya, sang-yang-mánon, yang'ing-jágat, mur-ba wi-sésa, hong. Make, do; or work ang'dé, andé, ayása, kirtia, panéron, amáng'un. The work; what wináng'un, inámer, iniket. is made or done Pen tanáser. Paper delánchang. A vessel; pot; tapéla, pranji, gáta. receiver Heaven súra láya, indra-kila, súra-lóka suréndra, kayáng'an. Situation, sing'ng'angsána, pa-paláng-kan, patma-sána. place, office World rat, buána, marcha-páda, jamánda, yatri. Place patmánda, kahánan, sána, láya, astána, lóka, panápa. Hell tambra-gomúka, ya-máni, tambra-múka, yáma, pápasána. Sky gagána, diu, baráka, antariksa, ambar-tála, marútoam, marutpála, margawútma, nasúnia, sam-bára, biuma, aksa, 'ngáh. Atmosphere wiat, madia-gantang, táwang, láyang. (between the sky and the earth.) Light prába, kúmut-deú-jiu, tesa, téja, máya. Sun baskára, raditia, pra tangga-páti, arúna, hári, karába, tála, súbandagni, angka, náku, kanúman, asúman, diankára, dáta-páti, niwása, súria, sasra-súman. Moon chándra, sadára, sas-ángka, idupáti, sú-ma, sasálan-chána, nisáka, sitángsu, si-tarasmi, sási, ráti, basánta, indung. The first day of the month (moon) sukla-paksa. The sixteenth day of the moon krisna-paksa. Names of the tití-mása, púspita-war-si, kusúma-wichitra, months puspa-darsina, dar-ma kusúma, anta warsi, rahúwandáni, warsan dáni, chakra kulána, sandáya kráma, dirga moriang, renji sári, rasmin-dran déni. Neither east nor sunia darsári. west Day mahira. Sunday riti or dite. Monday sóma. Tuesday ang'gára. Wednesday budha. Thursday raspáti. Friday sukra. Saturday sanischára. Star tranggána, úyut, turá-sa, tindra, úchu, tá-rang, manggárang. Wind marúta, sámi-rána, prábanchána, anila, báyu, lisus, indria, pancha, waráyang, sabda-gáti, aníla, ganda-wasta, nása-mira, sarsa, práli wawálar, sindung. Clouds widi-yúta, sadáli, da-wáta, ambúsun, am-báka, samíta, gána, toyáda, páyuwáha, trangga, ambu-mor-cha, ima-ima, jála-dára, jaláda, imang kamúra, imaláya. Rain warsa, jáwah, truh, trah, riris, wresti. Dark anda, taméra, áwuk. Cold mertia, sátis, átis. Hot usna, tiksna, landap.

APPENDIX E.--No. IV.

_SPECIMEN of the MYSTICAL MEANING, attached to the Letters of the Alphabet, &c. according to the Interpretation of the PANAMBAHAN of SUMENAP._

+-------------+------------------------------------------------------+ | LETTERS | MEANING ATTACHED IN | | of the +------------------+-----------------------------------+ |ALPHABET, &c.| JAVAN. | ENGLISH. | +-------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+ |Ha |áh | | |Na |anáne |it is or it was. | |Cha |etcha-nána |the test of. | |Ra |wádon |woman. | |Ka |iku |that. | |Da |tatkála |when. | |Ta |sira |thou or thee. | |Sa |káya |alike or as a. | |Wa or va |wong |man. | |La |lanji |remove. | |Pa |pasti |certainly. | |Dha |ásor |low. | |Ja |kárep |wish (to). | |Ya |panedáne |request. | |Nia |---- | | |Ma |tanárep |do not want, or do not wish. | |Ga |asmára |love, or to love. | |Ba |káduk |cannot help. | |Ta |ála |bad or badness. | |Nga |sira |thee or thou. | |Ha-na |wonten |it was, there was, or were a. | |Cha-ra |satria |a nobleman. | |Ka-da-ta |aráne Aji sáka |named Aji sáka, or his name was | | | |Aji sáka. | |Sa-wa-la |wuskóchap jero |was mentioned in the writing, or | | |túlis |among the letters. | |Pa-da-ja |sáking núsa jáwa |on the Island of Jáwa, or in the | | | |city of Jáwa (hi). | |Ya-nia-ma. |dádi-bujángga |became a great writer. | |Ga-ba |ing buána |in the world or of this world. | |Ta-nga |kang kedep |who know, or whose eyes are open. | |Hang |ápa |what. | |Nang chang |tinálinan |to tie or make fast. | |Rang kang |gódong'i Pandan |leaf of the Pandan. | |Dang tang |kangginúba |which is made. | |Wang |dening wong |by the people. | |Lang |dadíne |it became. | |Pang |ápang |branches. | |Pang |muláne |because. | |Sang |tudúhe |it is pointing. | |Dang jang |kabángkit áne |his knowledge or art. | |Yang |gusti |God or the Lord. | |Yang |bágus |handsome or beautiful. | |Niang |ing álap |taken up. | |Mang |mangke |by and by, afterwards. | |Mang |kaláyan |with or with the. | |Gang |árum |sweet scent. | |Bang |kambang |flowers. | |Tang |sinéleh or sinálah|to lay upon. | |Ngang |rambut |the hair. | |Hi-ni |kaláwan |with or by. | |Chi-ri |túlis pratánda |the mark or sign of writing. | |Ki |iki |this. | |Di-ti |áji-sáka | | |Si |kang apásian |who have given. | |Wi-li |wúruk |to teach or give instruction. | |Pi-di-ji |máring rátu |to the rátu or king. | |Yi-nyi |páda hestú-kena |every one might agree to it. | |Mi-gi |niáta |clear, quite plain. | |Bi-ti-ngi |úlih kagúng'an |to have property. | |Hing |áng'ing |but. | |Ning |ána |is, was, were. | |Ching |ka-ting'al |appear. | |Ring |lámun |if or if it. | |King |lára-bránta |the pains of love. | |Ding |dadálan |in the way. | |Ting |sang'at |very much. | |Sing |bárang |any thing. | |Wing |kang wenang |suitable; proper. | |Ling |pang'úchap |word or words. | |Ping |ing'at |remember. | |Ding |suára |sound or voice, noise. | |Jing |jeng'er |see or look at. | |Ying |bániu |water. | |Nying |mánah |the mind or heart. | |Ming |ewuh |don't know what to do. | |Ging |bódo |foolish or stupid. | |Bing |gáwok |astonished or surprised. | |Ting |seng'it |hate or dislike. | |Nging |sira |you or thou, thee. | |Hu |ang'úndang |to call or bawl out. | |Nu |ing teng'ah marga |on the way or at road. | |Chu |pegel |quite tired. | |Ru |ang'uláti |seeking for. | |Ku |ingsun |me. | |Du |kanching |buttons. | |Tu |kalámbi |garment or jacket. | |Su |lu-wih |more or much more. | |Wu |ewuh |lost, confused. | |Lu |sang'et |very much. | |Pu |súsah |troublesome or tedious. | |Du |srúne |crying, or the sound of crying. | |Ju |iman or eman |pity. | |Yu |áyu |beauty. | |Niu |sira |thou or you. | |Mu |tan-árep |do not wish. | |Gu |meneng |be quiet or silent. | |Bu |lemah |the earth or ground. | |Tu |nguláti |behold or look at. | |Ngu |ngupáya |seeking. | |Hung |sembah |to make obeisance. | |Nung |langgeng |eternal or for ever. | |Chung |sánget |very. | |Rung |mádep |to give up the mind to any thing. | |Kung |asmára |thoughtful. | |Dung |panebúti |the offering. | |Tung |landep |sharp. | |Sung |pápa-ring'e |his gift or present. | |Wung |málih |more. | |Lung |lukta |always. | |Pung |karépi |desire, or his desire. | |Dung |páda |the same as, or equal to. | |Jung |prau |a boat or vessel. | |Yung |páyung |an umbrella. | |Niung |sira |thou or you. | |Mung |ang'éprih |wishes. | |Gung |águng |great or large. | |Bung |gamlan |music. | |Tung |úng'ele |sound or voice. | |Ngung |sira |thou or you. | +-------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+

FOOTNOTES:

[298] _j._ is intended to shew that the word is used in the common or Javan dialect.

_b._ ---- that it is used in the _Basa_ or _Basa Krama_, the polite language.

_k._ ---- that it belongs to the _Kawi_ language; where two initials occur it is used in both.

APPENDIX F.

ACCOUNT OF CELEBES.

Celebes is an island of which hitherto the public has had but very scanty accounts. The part of it best known to Europeans is _Makásar_, situated nearly at the southernmost extremity of the western side: it was here the first European settlement on the island was established. On the south part of Celebes there are not any ascertained volcanos, but some are said to exist in the northern division. Some of the mountains are very high. The Bontain mountain, called by the natives _Lámpo Bátan_ (big belly), is the highest on the south part of the island, and being seen at the distance of one hundred and twenty miles, must be about eight thousand five hundred feet above the level of the sea.

The largest river on the southern limb is that called _Chinrána_, which formerly constituted the boundary between the kingdoms of _Bóni_ and _Lúwu_. It rises on the north side of the Bontain mountain, and runs northward as far as _Mario_, whence, inclining towards the north-east, it passes through part of _Sóping_, and then, turning to the east, enters _Wáju_, after having received a navigable stream from the _Laut-Sála_, or Fresh-water Lake. After passing through _Wáju_ it follows a south-east course, and falls into the bay of _Bóni_, a few miles below the town of _Chinrána_. This river is navigable for boats as far as _Mário_, and admits of the passage of _práhus_ of five or six _kóyans_ as far as the fresh-water lake. Along the whole of the coast, at no great distance from each other, smaller streams fall into the sea, some of them being so considerable as to admit of a navigation of five or six miles, and many of them at their mouths affording shelter to trading _práhus_. Among the most considerable are _Baróbo_, _Linjé_, and _Kájang_, to the east; _Duniáng_, _Lémbang_, _Halikóngkong_, _Pónre_, and _Jenepónto_, on the south; and _Chikoang_, _Tape Jára_, _Sándra bóni_, _Gúa_, _Télu_, _Mā́ros_, _Benáng'a_, _Langkára_, and _Pontiána_, on the west.

It has not been ascertained by whom, or at what particular time, the name of Celebes was conferred on this island. It is generally attributed to the Portuguese, and certainly is of foreign origin: none of the natives, except those who have intercourse with Europeans, recognize either the whole island or any part of it under this appellation; even among those who make use of the word, it is applied to _Sumbáwa_, an island about two hundred and fifty miles to the south-west of it, as well as to what we call Celebes.

In the south-western limb of the island there are two principal languages, called by Europeans the _Makásar_ and _Búgis_, and by the natives _Mengkása_ or _Mengkasára_, and _Wági_ or _Ugi_. The former, or some dialect of it, is spoken in all the districts extending from _Bálu kúmba_ to _Segére_. The petty states included in this compass are _Bálu kúmba_, _Bontain_, _Tarabáya_, _Gúa_, _Máros_, and _Segére_. The _Búgis_ is much more general beyond and over the whole tract extending from _Bóni_ to _Lúwu_, comprehending the four great states of _Lúwu_, _Bóni_, _Wáju_, and _Sóping_, besides their numerous dependencies.

In _Mándhar_ and its vicinity is spoken the _Mándhar_ language. The centre and body of the island to the northward is distinguished by being inhabited by the _Turájas_ or _Harafúras_, who speak a more simple dialect, and are considered the aborigines of the island; and on the north-east corner of the island at _Manádu_ and _Gúnung télu_, the inhabitants are distinguished by some peculiarities.

The following observations must be understood as principally referring to the south-western limb, the part of the island which fell under the influence of _Makásar_.

It is impossible to ascertain, with any degree of precision, either the origin of the inhabitants or their present numbers. From the most correct accounts that could be obtained, it would appear that the southern limb contains a population of about half a million; but from the quantity of land now lying waste, which bears the appearance of having been once cultivated, from the number of decayed and half-choked water-cuts, evidently once used for the purpose of irrigation, and the multitude of spots where ranges of cocoa-nut trees mark out the sites of villages and cottages no longer in existence, we may infer that the number of inhabitants has greatly declined. At present there seem to be no serious checks to population, except the wars and the lawless violence of the people, and what often occasions, and always aggravates them, slavery and the slave trade. The people seem to procure a sufficient subsistence without much exertion. The climate is salubrious, and there is abundance of water. Marriages are early. In the history of the island the years of famine are particularly noticed. The women are held in more esteem than could be expected from the state of civilization in general, and undergo none of those severe hardships, privations, or labours, that restrict fecundity in other parts of the world. Polygamy prevails, the number of wives being limited only by the means of the husband to purchase or support them. It is more difficult to procure a wife than a husband; a female slave bears a higher price in the market than a male; and the compensation fixed for the murder of a man is only thirty dollars, while that required for the life of a woman is forty.

It cannot be known with certainty, whence the aboriginal inhabitants of Celebes emigrated to this island. The countenances of the natives, particularly of the women, more nearly resemble the Tartar features than any other. There are no early or generally received traditions concerning the time when the island was first peopled, or the adventures of the first race. Each state, however, has its traditionary tales, most of which relate to remote antiquity, or to a condition of society very different from that which at present exists. In the _Búgis_ states, the earliest stories refer to a period subsequent to the _Galígas_ of _Sawéra Gáding_, and in the _Makásar_ states to the _Rupáma_ of _Ma Beséang_, which will be mentioned hereafter. The _Galígas_ contain an account of the peopling of _Lúwu_ or _Láwat from heaven_.

The first of the two following accounts was given by the _Búgis_ ambassador; the other is an extract.

"In the first place, there was a supernatural being of the female sex, who, being married to _Taja Rasupa_, a person sprung from under the earth, had issue a boy and a girl, who were named _Ladiwati_ and _Chuli-puji_.

"_Chuli-puji_ married _Lasikati_, and by her had a son, called _Léptau_, who had two or three other names besides, _viz. Matan-tika_, _Malati-saprang_, and _Pulu Datu Pamusu_.

"_Pamusu's_ place of residence was in the country of _Teku_, afterwards known by the name of _Boni_. At this time _Pamusu_ and all his children dying, the country of the _Bugis_ was left without a raja, and remained so for about seven generations; at the end of which period a raja springing up among the _Bugis_ themselves, government was again introduced into the country.

"On one occasion there came a storm of thunder and lightning, so violent as to rend the earth and cause it to rock like a boat tossed by the waves of the sea. On the thunder and lightning abating, and the earth ceasing to be longer agitated, there was observed in the middle of a plain, dressed in white, one of human shape, who was generally supposed to be a supernatural being, and to whom many people went up in a body, saying to it, 'remain then here and fly not about from place to place.' To them the being replied, 'what you say is well; but you cannot take me from your raja, as I am myself but a slave. If, however, you are really desirous of having a raja, there is my master at your service.' The _Boni_ people then observed to the being, 'how can we make a raja of him, whom having never seen, we cannot tell what he is like?' 'If,' answered the being, 'you do really desire it, he shall be shewn to you.' They said, 'we do earnestly wish it, and request thou wilt be so kind as to carry us where we may see him of whom thou speakest.'

"When these people of _Boni_, together with the being who led them, had reached the open plain called _Matajam_, there came on a violent storm, accompanied with thunder and lightning, which rent and shook the earth. There arose, at the same time, a thick fog, which totally obscured every thing.

"As soon as the storm was over, and the earth no longer continued to be rent and shaken by the thunder and lightning, the clearness which immediately succeeded discovered to the view, seated on a stone, four supernatural beings, of whom three were separately employed in holding the umbrella, fan, and siri-box of the other, who was dressed in yellow. The being dressed in yellow then said to him in white, 'What would'st thou?' The being in white replied, 'I have conducted hither those people of _Boni_ whom you now see before you;' and then said to the _Boni_ people, 'Behold my master, of whom I spoke to you.' Those people went up to the supernatural being in yellow, and thus addressed him: 'We, the slaves of your mightiness, have come to present ourselves before you, to solicit that you will favour and oblige us, by remaining among us as our raja, and that you will not continue to wander about from place to place.'

"The being complied with the wishes of the people of _Boni_ and settling at _Matajam_ had issue five children, of whom the first was a son and the four succeeding ones daughters. One of the daughters was married to a man of _Palaka_. The son was married to a _Bóni_ woman.

"After being forty years in _Bóni_, the supernatural being disappeared, and was succeeded by the son, who, in point of size and height, had not his equal in _Bóni_, neither could any one be compared to him for strength or valour, or for the adulation which was paid him. He was the first who introduced the manufacture of krises, which he could model out of pieces of iron, by means of his fingers alone."

* * * * *

"_Bitara Gúru_ was the eldest son of _Déwata Pitutu_ by _Déwi Paléng'i_, and inhabited the seventh heaven. _Déwata Pitutu_ had a brother, called _Gúru Réslang_, who held the rule of the region under the earth. _Déwata Pitutu_ had nine children in all.

"When _Bitara Gúru_ was sent down upon earth by his father, _Déwata Pitutu_, he was provided with the following articles, viz. _Telatingpéba_, _Siri ataka_, _Telarasa_, _Wampung_, _Wanu_, _Chachu-bana_.

"From these, which were scattered about, every thing living and dead, in the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms, which are to be found in the country of _Lawat_, originated. Preparatory to this, _Déwata Pitutu_ having compounded a medicine, of which the juice of chewed betel was an ingredient, rubbed _Bitara Gúru_ all over with it, which immediately occasioned him to swoon. _Déwata Pitutu_ then put his son into a hollow bambu, and, having rolled this up in a piece of cloth, and caused the gates of the sky to be opened, he hurling sent down his son to earth, amidst a tremendous storm of thunder, lightning, wind, and rain, which arose on that occasion. Having reached about half way between the earth and sky, _Bitára Gúru_ (dreadfully alarmed at the situation he was in) threw abroad all the articles which had been given to him, agreeably to the instructions of his sire. After his arrival on the earth, _Bitara Gúru_ remained for three days and three nights shut up in the bambu, without food or drink. By his exertions, however, the bambu at last burst, when, getting out, he wandered through the woods till he came to the side of a river, where he met with a king of the gods dressed in yellow. One night there arose a violent storm of thunder, lightning, wind, and rain. On its clearing up there was seen a fine country, with a superb palace and fort, and houses, &c. &c. of the most beautiful structure. In this beautiful country _Bitara Gúru_ sat himself down as sovereign, with a complete establishment, and gave it the name of _Lawat_."

No account can be procured of any intercourse having subsisted between this island and Western India or China, prior to the introduction of Mahomedanism. No inscriptions or other monuments, indicating the former prevalence of the Hindu worship over Celebes, have as yet been found. There not having been found, however, is no proof that they do not exist, for the wars that have lately prevailed have prevented Europeans from exploring in search of such objects in that part of the country where they are most likely to present themselves. The best informed natives call themselves descendants of Hindus, and the names of their divinities, _Batara Gúru_, _Baruna_, &c. seem to indicate either a common origin or a former intercourse. It is also remarkable, that some of the inhabitants of _Lúwu_ and the neighbouring state of _Bontain_ are said to dress in the same manner as the Hindus of Western India, and that Hindu temples are reported to exist in some parts of this state. _Brahma_ and _Budha_ have, however, never been heard of; and though _Déwas_ are often mentioned, their attributes are equally unknown.

The intercourse of these islanders with the natives of Java seems to have been ancient and frequent. The earliest records of the _Búgis_ and _Mákasar_ states denote not only an early communication with Java, but render it highly probable that a colony from Java settled in the south-west limb of Celebes. In no other way can we account for the transfer of the names of places from the former to the latter island, such as those of _Majapáhit_, _Grésik_, _Japan_, and some others. In the genealogy, too, of the sovereigns of _Lúwu_, one of the first of their _Déwa_ princes is said to have been married to a princess of _Majapáhit_ on Java.

Though some of the _Búgis_ states have a good deal of trade, they principally depend upon themselves for subsistence. The mode of husbandry is, of course, very rude, and feudal institutions stand in the way of their improvement; but private property in the soil is established, and lands are held in free tenure or by rent-hold. The amount of the rent, in the latter case, is generally one-third of the produce, paid in kind; the cultivator is entitled to one-third, and the owner of the buffaloes or bullocks which assist is entitled to the remaining third. Labourers employed to reap are paid a sixth of what they collect. No class is excluded from a proprietary right in the soil, and the proprietor can dispose of his land by sale whenever he chooses.

The people of Celebes are active and enterprising traders; the character of a merchant is held in esteem, and the sovereign princes reckon it no disgrace to enter into commercial speculations. Unfortunately, however, they are actuated by the narrow spirit of the trader, to the prejudice of the liberal policy of the monarch, and make their power subservient to their love of gain, by establishing in their own favour monopolies against their subjects. Monopolies are common in every state on the island, but most of them are only of a temporary nature. The sovereign of _Lúwu_ monopolizes the trade in brass; the Raja of _Sóping_ that of _siri_ (betel leaf), which yields him three hundred dollars a month; and the Raja of _Sedendreng_ that of salt and opium.

So strong is the spirit of commercial enterprise among the inhabitants of this island, that they frequently borrow sums for the purchase of commodities on which they expect profit, and stake their personal liberty, and that of their families, on the success of an adventure. In their trading voyages each person in the _práhu_ has his own share of the cargo, and conducts business on his own account: each person likewise carries his own provisions; the latter practice, especially, is never departed from. The owner of the vessel agrees to undertake the voyage with a number of people, great or small, in proportion to its size, and apportions the vessel among them in the following manner. The two _júru múdus_, or steersmen, receive one _pétah_ (or division) before the _sanketan_, and the whole space abaft of it; the owner is entitled to two _pétahs_ in the broadest part of the boat; and the two _júru bátus_ to the whole space between the masts; the remaining _pétahs_ are divided among the crew, from whom the owner, or _nakóda_, receives a freight of one-tenth or one-twentieth of the price of all the commodities they sell, according as they are bulky or small, in proportion to their value. The _júru múdis_ and _júru bátus_ only pay one-half of the proportion of freight paid by the rest of the crew. Sometimes the owner supplies the crew with an advance of money for an adventure, and receives at its termination not only re-payment of his loan, but a third of the profits of the speculation.

The principal articles of trade are cotton, which is imported from the surrounding islands, and re-exported after being manufactured into cloths, known by the name of _Búgis_ cloths, which are in great demand throughout the Archipelago, and, in general, of a more delicate texture than those manufactured in Java; birds' nests, _trípang_ (sea slug), shark's fins, tortoise-shell, _ágar ágar_, hides, and other articles calculated for the Chinese market, are collected in considerable quantities, and furnish return cargoes for the annual Chinese junks which visit Celebes. Gold is obtained on Celebes, but in much smaller quantities than on Borneo or Sumatra.

Although the _Búgis_, in general, are considered as great traders, the foreign commerce seems to be almost exclusively confined to the people of _Wáju_. These people are settled in considerable numbers in all the trading ports, from Acheen to Manilla, and it is they who form the crew of almost all the _Búgis práhus_ that navigate the eastern seas.

Several _Búgis práhus_ from _Mákasar_ annually visit the northern coast of New Holland and the Gulf of Carpentaria in search of _trípang_, and sometimes a small party is left to collect the _trípang_ in readiness for the arrival of the _práhus_ in the following year.

The _Búgis_, indeed, is the great maritime and commercial state of the Archipelago. The cargoes of their vessels, particularly in opium, gold, and cloths, often amount to fifty or sixty thousand dollars each, and the people who navigate and are concerned in them are acknowledged to be fair and honourable traders.

The natives of the southern limb of Celebes are of a light active form of body, generally well made, and rather below the middle stature. They are said to be revengeful; but during the period of the British government at _Makásar_, few, if any, examples occurred to support such an assertion. Certain it is, that in no single instance, was the death of those who fell in a recent war between the two parties of the _Makásar_ nation, avenged by their relations, although the persons by whose hands they had fallen were perfectly well known.

They attach themselves to their chiefs principally for their own convenience, but, in some cases, they have evinced a devoted fidelity. They often change their chief, but scarcely any thing can induce them to betray the chief they have left. In no instance has the _práhu_ of a Dutchman or Chinese been carried off when navigated by _Makásar_ or _Búgis_ people. Agreements once entered into are invariably observed, and a _Búgis_ is never known to swerve from his bargain. "That natural politeness which characterises the various nations distinguished by wearing what is termed the Malayan _kris_, is no where more forcibly exhibited than among the inhabitants of Celebes. Their minor associations are held together by all the attachment and warmth which distinguished the clans of North Britain:--the same bold spirit of independence and enterprize distinguishes the lower orders, whilst the pride of ancestry and the romance of chivalry are the delight of the higher classes. Attached to the chase as an amusement, rather than as the means of subsistence, the harvest is no sooner reaped, than each feudal lord, with his associates and followers, devotes himself to its pursuits. The population being equally at the command of the feudal lord, whether in time of peace or war, agricultural pursuits, beyond a bare subsistence, are but little attended to." On the other hand, they are throughout notorious thieves, and scarcely consider murder as a crime. Instances of cold-blooded barbarous murders frequently occurred within two miles of the European fort, previously to the arrival of the British and the abolition of the slave trade. The unfortunate people who had been kidnapped and brought down to _Makásar_ for sale, were often murdered to prevent discovery where a ready sale was not found.

Many of their customs are also extremely savage. The head of an enemy of rank is invariably severed from the dead body, and instances have more than once occurred of the heart being cut out and eaten by the conquerors. They are fond of the blood and raw flesh of animals. _Láwar dára_, which is the liver and heart of a deer, cut into slices and mixed raw with the warm blood, is esteemed their favourite dish.

The present form of government in all the states, except _Wáju_, appears to be legal, fettered by a powerful aristocracy who elect the monarch: in _Lúwu_, particularly, the sovereign possesses a title, with more pomp and state attached to it than any other on the island, but with scarcely a shadow of authority. In _Sedéndreng_ he is the most despotic, which has enabled him to become the richest and best armed prince in the island. A species of feudal system prevails throughout, but it does not extend to property in the soil. Each individual of a state considers himself the liege subject of some petty chieftain, who is himself equally bound to a more powerful one, and so on, by a regular chain, to the sovereigns of _Góa_, (Makásar), _Bóni_, _Láwu_, _Sóping_, _Sedéndring_, or _Tanéte_, or to the aristocracy of _Wáju_.

In each sovereignty there are two classes of nobility, called _Paseajáng'an_ and _Palélé_. _Paseajáng'an_ are the barons of the state, and may be considered in every respect as subjects, being obliged to obey all orders they receive from the sovereign, whereas the _Palélé_ are independent petty chieftains (who have probably again under them both _Paseajáng'an_ and _Palélé_), who have attached themselves to a particular sovereign, but are only obliged to do fixed feudal services, such as to assist with their followers in case of war, to attend the public feasts given by the sovereign, and to assist in building and repairing the palace of state. In _Sóping_ each _Palélé_ is obliged to furnish and keep up at all times one effective soldier, called _jua_, for the immediate protection of the sovereign.

When the sovereign wishes to give orders to his _Palélé_, he summons him to his presence by a messenger who bears a _bila-bila_; the _bila-bila_ is a leaf of the _lóntar_ with a number of knots on it, specifying the number of days at the expiration of which the vassal is required to attend. The _Palélé_ receives it seated in the midst of his head people, with his right hand on the handle of his _kris_, and as soon as he has got it rises, draws his _kris_, and swears on it to be faithful to his sovereign. To neglect this summons is a breach of allegiance.

The provinces under European authority are purely feudal; the Dutch, as sovereign, considering themselves as sole proprietor of the soil, and the regents, or feudal lords, being at all times liable to immediate removal and dispossession, should they neglect to perform the feudal service required, of whatever nature it may be.

The sovereign is chosen from the royal stock by a certain number of counsellors, who also possess the right of subsequently removing him; and such is their influence, that the sovereign can neither go to war or adopt any public measure, except in concert with them. They have the charge of the public treasure, and also appoint the prime minister. The prince cannot himself take the personal command of the army; but the usage of the country admits of a temporary resignation of office for this purpose, in which case a regent succeeds provisionally to the rank of chief, and carries on the affairs of government in concert with the majority of the council. Women and minors may be elected to any office of the state; and when this takes place, an additional officer, having a title which literally means a support or prop, is appointed to assist.

In _Bóni_ the prince is elected by the _Orang-pítu_, or seven hereditary counsellors. In _Gúa_ (_Makásar_) the prince is chosen by ten counsellors, of whom the first minister, termed _Bechára Búta_, is one; this last officer is himself appointed by the council of nine, termed the nine standards of the country, but in the exercise of his office possesses very extraordinary powers: it is said he can remove the sovereign himself, and call upon the electors to make another choice. The inferior chiefs, or _Krains_, who administer the dependent provinces, are appointed by the government, and not elected by a council, although in the exercise of their office their power is in like manner limited; the number of the council varying in different states. When the prince in council has decided upon war, the assembled chiefs, after sprinkling their banners with blood, proceed to take a solemn oath, by dipping their _krises_ into a vessel of water, and afterwards dancing around the blood-stained banner, with frantic gesture, and a strange and savage contortion of the body and limbs, so as to give the extended _kris_ a tremulous motion, each severally imprecating the vengeance of the deity against his person, if he violates his vow to exterminate the enemy, to conquer or die.

The proportion of the crop which falls to the share of the landlord has already been stated. In some districts a sixth, and in others a tenth, belongs to the sovereign; but in general the landlord, the capitalist, and the cultivator, may be considered to share between them the whole produce of the land. The monopolies which the chiefs assume to themselves have also been noticed. Besides these there are a few imposts in bazars, which, with some other pecuniary emoluments, accrue to the chiefs, but they are, for the most part, rather to meet their personal expenses than to defray those of the state, and consequently hardly deserve the name of public revenue.

The arms formerly used for offence by the inhabitants of Celebes were the _súmpit_, or tube through which the poisoned dart is blown, the _kris_, spear, _kléwang_ (cutlass,) _bádi_, and _párany_: to them may now be added muskets, musketoons, and small cannon. Those for defence were chain armour (_baju ránti_) and two kinds of shields, the one long the other round, made of very tough light wood, and bound together very strongly by pieces of split rattan.

The Mahomedan religion is professed in all those parts of Celebes which have any pretensions to civilization, and the _Koran_, of course, is the standard of law and worship, as far as it is known. According to the records of _Makásar_, the Mahomedan religion was introduced there about the year 1603, by _Khateb Tungal Datu Bandang_, a native of _Menángkabau_ on _Sumátra_. Nearly all the inhabitants of the south-west limb are Mahomedans, but of the centre and the other limbs of the island only a very small portion have been converted. There are Mahomedan schools in all parts of the south-west limb, but the Arabic language is only learnt by those designed for the priesthood. They do not consider themselves as belonging either to the sect of Omar or Ali, but as followers of the law of the prophet, without regard to either. Circumcision is performed on both sexes; on the males at ten or twelve years of age, on the females at six or seven.

It has been related, that the change of religion on Celebes happened just after the arrival of the Portuguese, who are said to have offered Christianity at the same time that the Maláyus offered Mahomedanism. The king of _Makásar_ is said to have been doubtful which of these systems he should adopt, till he consulted the wisest men in his dominions, who advised him to embrace the religion of the _Koran_ in preference to that of the gospel, stating as an argument in its favour, that it had arrived first, and that God would never permit error to arrive before truth. But this does not appear on the records of _Makásar_.

The public feasts formerly held, sometimes for weeks together, appear to have been for political rather than religious purposes: at present the Mahomedan fasts and feasts are observed. Formerly the dead were generally buried, but in some instances burnt. There is still to be seen in _Lamúru_ a burial-place belonging to the royal family, containing jars or urns with the ashes of their ancestors, which are held sacred, indeed almost worshipped, at the present day. The _Búgis_ name for the places of burial used before they were converted to Islamism is _Patúnan_, or the place of burning. It is not known that any tribes of the _Turájas_ burn their dead at present: they are said to deposit them in excavated rocks on the sides of hills, and to be so anxious to be buried among their relations, that if a man of rank dies in a distant part of the country, the body is salted to preserve it, and, in that state, carried back to his own residence. Very little is known of these people by the inhabitants of the south-western limb, but they are universally considered as the first inhabitants of the island. They are a very fine race of people: the women particularly so. It is said they will not suffer strangers or Mahomedans to reside among them, and that the custom of procuring a certain number of human heads previous to marriage is as prevalent among them as with the _Dáyas_ of Borneo, and the _Harafúras_ of the Eastern Archipelago in general.

Each state has its own system of laws, but they nearly concur in the following principles. Each sovereign generally possesses the right of putting to death any of his subjects, except the members of his own family. Should any one of these commit a crime and escape into another territory, he cannot be touched, but if taken in his own country he must be brought before the _bechára_, who alone are capable of passing sentence on him.

Each petty state has its _bechára_, composed of the principal people, both _Paseajáng'an_ and _Palélé_. All disputes between its followers are decided by it: it also judges and passes sentence in cases of theft, murder, and adultery, and decides all causes respecting the legal right to property; but an appeal may be made to the court or _bechára_ of the principal state, the members of which are called the _Kapála Bechára_. The decision of any _bechára_ is subject to the approval of the sovereign, where he is not himself a party interested: indeed he may, in general, supersede the authority of this court by deciding promptly, but it behoves him to attend strictly to the _adat biása_, or ancient customs of the state, in his decision, for the _bechára_ has the power to remove the sovereign and elect a new one. The same persons at all times decide on the fact and the law.

It is difficult to ascertain which of the dialects spoken on Celebes has most claim to antiquity. I have already stated, that the _Makásar_ and _Búgis_ are considered as the two principal languages of that part of the island known to Europeans. The _Makásar_, the _Búgis_, and _Mandharese_, which may be considered as dialects of the same language, use the same character with some trifling variations. The _Turájas_ or _Harafúras_ of Celebes have a fourth language, probably the most original, but it is not known whether they are at all acquainted with writing.

Each nation considers its own the most ancient character. The _Makásar_ alphabet is less complete than the _Búgis_, which consists of twenty-two letters, varied by six vocal sounds. The form of the character is peculiar, and more nearly resembles that of the _Bátas_ on Sumatra than any other we know of. It is difficult to decide whether the _Búgis_ or _Makásar_ language is the most ancient. Many words have the same meaning in both, and many others differ so little[299] as to be evidently of the same origin; but the _Búgis_ has often six or seven synonymes, whereas the _Makásar_ has never more than two, and seldom more than one. Some of the _Búgis_ words bear strong evidence of Hindu origin, as _sóda_ from _sóna_, gold; _paráma_ from _brahma_, fire; which is not at all the case with the _Makásar_.

_La Galíga_, the reputed son of _Sawíra Gáding_, is considered the author of the history of _Sawíra Gáding_, which is a kind of heroic poem, and is read in a chaunting voice, with a pause at the end of every fifth syllable. The measure consists of a dactyl followed by a trochee, as Sāwĭră Gādĭng to Mălămpōă, (_Sawíra Gáding_ the great). He is the only author whose name is commonly known; and all books, even the most modern, which are written in the same manner, are called after him _Galíga_, although, properly speaking, the term should only be applied to the history of the heroes who are supposed to have lived previous to the seven generations of anarchy which subsisted at _Bóni_. _Sultána Zaenab Zakeyat Udiu_, the seventeenth sovereign of _Bóni_ subsequent to the anarchy, is said to have written an historical poem, containing the exploits of all the sovereigns of _Bóni_, from the reign of _Máta Se Sámpo_, the _menúron_ of _Matájam_, down to her own time; but it is not to be procured on the western side of Celebes. It appears, however, that every _Búgis_ family of high rank possesses a very authentic history of that period, collected from the records of the court of _Bóni_.

The author of the _Rupáma_ is not known, nor indeed is the name of any _Makásar_ author known. The _Rupáma_ is considered by the _Búgis_, as well as the _Makásars_, to be of equal antiquity with the _Sawíra Gáding_. Copies of both these works have been obtained.

In the account given by Dr. Leyden, in his valuable paper on the Hindi-Chinese nations,[300] upwards of fifty literary compositions in the language of this country are enumerated, most of which serve either to celebrate the deeds of their national heroes, or are of an amatory character. Besides these they possess codes of laws, or rather customs, said to be of considerable antiquity. The _Koran_ has been translated into the _Búgis_ language. The use of rhyme is much less frequent than among the _Maláyus_; and it has been observed by Dr. Leyden, that "the melody of the verse depends on the rhythm, and the measure of some of the historical poems has, in this respect, considerable similarity to some of the specimens of Sanscrit verse." The _Búgis_ songs are very numerous, and in high estimation throughout the Archipelago.

They have no books on science, philosophy, or astronomy. The only stars they are acquainted with, are Jupiter (called _Pelás_), the Pleiades (called _Wórong Pórong_), Sirius and Orion (_Jáng'an Jáng'an_, or the Fowl), the Great Bear (_Jonga Jong'aya_), Navis (_Belikaipon_), and Antares (_Lambáro_). They navigate their _práhus_ by these stars, some of which must always be in sight, if the weather be clear.

The _Makásars_ use the Mahomedan names for the months. The _Búgis_ divide their year of three hundred and sixty-five days into twelve months, beginning on our sixteenth of May. Whether this division of the year has taken place since the arrival of Europeans or not, is uncertain; but it is more than probable it has, as, with all this correctness, it does not appear they have any era; at least since the introduction of Mahomedanism, the Hegira seems to be used. The _Búgis_ names of the months, and the number of days they contain, are as follow:--

_Sarowaná_ 30 days. _Padronwáne_ 30 _Sujewi_ 30 _Pachekae_ 31 _Posáe_ 31 _Mangaseram_ 32 _Mangasutéwe_ 30 days. _Mangalompae_ 31 _Nayae_ 30 _Palagunae_ 30 _Besakai_ 30 _Jetai_ 30

Some division of time into months and years must have taken place at a much earlier date; as some of the earliest of the present line of kings, and the length of their reigns, are particularly mentioned.

I have before stated that slavery is practised on the island, and that the states not only supply slaves for domestic consumption (if I may use that phrase), but for export and commercial traffic. There are examples of whole villages becoming slaves, and there is scarcely a state or family of rank on the island that has not its assortment of these degraded beings, many of whom are reduced to this condition by the most cruel and insidious means.

Of the thousands exported annually from _Makásar_, the greatest portion consisted of persons who had been kidnapped by people acting under the authority of the European Residents, or the princes of the country.

The sale of their subjects constituted one chief source of the revenue of the Rajahs; and the factors at the different Dutch residencies traded in slaves. It is reported of one factor that he exported nine hundred in a year. The payment or contribution to be made to the Dutch, was either measured in gold, silver, or slaves. In a treaty made between the people of _Gúa_ and Admiral Speelman, we find that they promised to pay so much of the precious metals, or one thousand slaves. Those slaves that were obtained by law or descent, were called _Díngen_; those kidnapped, _Páras_.

The respective prices for slaves at _Makásar_ were as follow:--

For a grown lad, legitimately obtained 20 dollars. For a young woman, ditto 40 For a grown lad, kidnapped 10 For a young woman, ditto 20

It appears from the report of a commission appointed to inquire into the abuses of the slave trade in Celebes, addressed to the council of policy, and dated _Makásar_, the 21st September, 1799, that the Dutch government of Batavia, from the year 1699 (the period of the first Dutch settlement at _Makásar_), had sent repeated orders for the prevention of abuses in the slave trade in Celebes; with what effect, the following extract from the same report will shew.

"The abuses which have successively crept in, and the intrigues which are now practiced to obtain slaves, are so manifold and perplexing, that it would be very difficult for us to enumerate or to trace them. In attempting such a detail with all the precision and attention possible, we should still ignorantly omit some things, and depict others in too faint and indulgent a light, the grounds of our information being often superficial and precarious; for, it is to be remembered, that the enormities which are committed in this trade conceal themselves in the dark, and it is only by accident that some traces of them can occasionally be discerned. For these reasons, the undersigned request that they may be excused for confining themselves to the most common and notorious abuses, which, being faithfully recorded, may still afford sufficient evidence of the dreadful and detestable crimes which spring from avarice, and of the frightful shapes in which she perpetually displays herself, instigating and exciting the vengeful and blood-thirsty passions of the natives, and creating a fertile source of trouble and mischief.

"The making of a slave transport, if properly viewed, consists in nothing more than this:--A person, calling himself an interpreter, repairs, at the desire of one who says that he has bought a slave, to the Secretary's office, and accompanied by any native, who, provided with a note from the purchaser, gives himself out as seller. For three rupees a certificate of sale, in the usual form, is immediately made out; three rupees are also paid to the notary, two rupees put into the hands of the interpreter, the whole transaction is concluded, and the purchaser has thus become the lawful owner of a free-born man, who very often is stolen with his (the purchaser's) concurrence and co-operation. He does not, however, trouble himself about that, because the stolen victim is already concealed where nobody can find him. The transaction also very seldom becomes public, because never were found more faithful receivers than the slave-traders. It is a maxim with them, never, as they call it, to betray their prison; a phrase which we shall presently have the honour more fully to explain. But what will be thought of the value of those public instruments, to which the name of Slave Transports is attached, when at times it is found that both purchaser and seller are fictitious, and that they are united in one league with the interpreter. By such means it is obvious, that the right of property upon a stolen man may be acquired with as much ease as if he were pinioned before the door or within the yard of the pretended purchaser, and with no greater cost than the small sum of one rupee, or something more, according to circumstances, which must be put into the hands of him who gave himself out for the seller. To find a person for this purpose does not require a long search, for it is a very easy trade to pursue, and there are numbers of the most profligate of the natives continually roving about who do nothing else, and maintain themselves exclusively upon such small profits; even the slaves of the inhabitants being bribed, suffer themselves, for a small fee, to be thus employed. The victim himself, who is stolen and sold, is never examined, nor do the Dutch or native interpreters at all concern themselves about the matter; they are not much afraid of the risk of their responsibility; so that, at any time, it were possible to prepare beforehand as many transports as might be required.

"Let us further represent to ourselves this, our town of _Makásar_, filled with prisons, the one more dismal than the other, which are stuffed up with hundreds of wretches, the victims of avarice and tyranny, who, chained in fetters, look forward with despair towards their future destiny, and taken away from their wives, their children, their parents, their friends and comforts, languish in slavery, helpless and miserable! We may picture to ourselves the condition of one (and how often do such instances occur) who perhaps saw his aged father lose his life by his side, in attempting to rescue the pride and comfort of his declining years, whilst the survivor, incapable of further resistance, is torn from him, robbed irrecoverably of what is most precious to every human being, and carried away, in a condition more dreadful than death itself, a condition of despair and uncertainty, in which that moment only shall produce a change, when he is resigned for a trifle to the arbitrary will of a master, who has paid the stipulated price, and acquired the right of placing him amongst the number of his domestic animals, treating him at times no better than he would do those creatures.

"If we would lift up another corner of the curtain, a scene no less afflicting presents itself. Here we discover wives lamenting the loss of their husbands, children missing their parents, parents missing their children, who, with hearts filled with rage and revenge, run frantic through the streets and before our doors, to do all that the filial love of children for their parents, the tenderness of parents for their offspring can inspire, in order, if possible, to discover where their dearest pledges are concealed. Often, very often, is all their labour and trouble in vain, being obliged to return back hopeless and comfortless to their afflicted friends and relations. Sometimes, indeed, the profoundest secrecy is not proof against their indefatigable scrutiny, and if they do by any chance learn where a father, mother, a son or daughter, a husband or a wife, is kept in concealment, hope revives within their bosoms, and absorbed in the prospect of becoming their deliverers and saviours, every sacrifice is considered trifling, by means of which they can regain possession of the objects of their anxious care. But, alas! these unhappy people have not as yet reached the end of their sufferings; an obdurate purchaser, deaf to all the pleadings of distress, will be prepared coolly to make his advantage of it, and proportionally to enhance the ransom of his victim, till, by extorting an exorbitant price, he may plunge the unhappy relative from a moderate property into indigence, or, which is still worse, burden him with debts, which, sooner or later, will reduce himself, and perhaps his whole family, to slavery!

"It must not be thought, that when these wretched people have thus carried their point, and when, to furnish the sum demanded, they have sold their houses and goods, or even pawned themselves[301], that, after the payment of the ransom agreed on, the matter is finished. No! the trader will not deliver up the pretended slave until he departs for Batavia: and if we ask, why? it is, that his prison may not be betrayed; that is to say, that it may not become generally known throughout the country, what numbers of stolen people he keeps shut up within his prison, and that the cry of vengeance against many execrable acts that are concealed in the dark, may not everywhere be heard, by which many villains would become notorious. A son is therefore only exhibited to the afflicted father: he sees him in a pitiful condition linked with fetters, and it is frequently at such a moment that the ransom is agreed on. The grief wherewith a father's heart is pierced at such a sight, the rapid succession of his emotions from grief and despair to hope and longing, when contrasted with the deliberate calmness with which a covetous purchaser knows how to take advantage of the poor man's distress; the indifference, the obstinacy, with which he persists in his bloody demand of each rix-dollar, each stiver, nay almost of each penny; in a word, every thing that can have any relation to such a striking spectacle, can be more easily conceived than described, and we have said enough to exhibit the abomination of proceedings, which cannot fail to have a most pernicious influence upon society.

"But it may be said, the laws and regulations speak in favour of the oppressed. We have shown above, in what manner government have endeavoured, from time to time, to provide against such abuses, and to this we beg leave to refer; but where avarice is predominant, laws, reason, rights, humanity, all that is sacred, are too often compelled to yield. Besides, various obstacles conspire, which time and local circumstances have engendered, so that in spite of the most salutary statutes (which are indeed so far nominally in force) the evil cannot be effectually checked; and experience has taught us, that the most rigorous orders which government could devise, would be insufficient to make a due provision against the increase of these abuses.

"Those, whose fate we have now hastily drawn, are not always stolen by foreign nations at distant places. No: about and near the houses of our own inhabitants, in our _kampongs_, within our own town, it very often happens. A numerous gang of villains, known by the name of bondsmen (_verpandeling_), with a number of whom every slave-trader is careful to provide himself according to his means, are most useful instruments in procuring slaves in the easiest and cheapest way; and being instructed in all the arts of villainy, and eager for prey, they rove about in gangs during the night and at unseasonable hours, and if successful in overpowering some one, they carry the victim to their employer, or to any purchaser, and it is very seldom that any thing more is heard of it, than that such a one has lost his slave, or that such a native is missing. The stolen man, woman, or child, is already chained and shut up within the prison of some slave-trader, which is never visited. The slaves for foreign markets are always carried on board at night; and if a stolen person were either free-born, or the slave of an inhabitant, he dares not make himself known as long as he is in his ravisher's hands, for, in that case, they would kill him immediately, even were it before the door of the person who wanted to buy him, whilst the robbers would have no difficulty in getting out of the way, and beyond the reach of justice.

"Those who are trained to this business, whether bondsmen or slaves (for even amongst this latter class of people thieves of men are often found), are very fertile in all kinds of intrigues to accomplish their ends; for except casual victims, who sometimes fall by accident into their clutches, a considerable time will often elapse before they succeed in securing the object they have marked out for their prey, because the devoted creature is frequently on his guard; and as it cannot be done openly without great precaution, for he would certainly sacrifice his own or their lives to preserve his liberty; they, therefore, lie in wait for him a long time, endeavouring by indirect means to make acquaintance with him, in order to gain his confidence, and then, we will not say always, to conduct or allure him into the house of the slave-trader, or otherwise, as is sometimes the case, to lead him to a remote spot, or at least to some distance from his house, when he immediately finds himself attacked by two or three of these ruffians, who have long previously agreed with his pretended friends, and before he has time to put himself into a posture of defence, or to take hold of his _krís_, it is already wrested from him, and his hands are tied behind his back. To cry for help would be immediately fatal to him, he is therefore compelled to be quiet, and to suffer himself to be sold as a slave by the ruffians who had previously arranged where to carry him.

"Why such violations are so seldom made public, and thieves of men are so rarely detected, many sufficient reasons may be assigned. For instance: the profound secrecy of the prisons; the clandestine manner in which slaves for traffic are carried on board in the dark of the night; the sinister manner in which the purchase is transacted and confirmed; the facility with which the villains are able to escape, when after some time the theft becomes notorious; the difficulty of making satisfactory inquiry about a crime, of which but a few of the perpetrators and their accomplices are generally within the reach of justice, whilst the stolen person is still more rarely present, so that it generally happens, in such a case, that the most guilty get off; the still greater uncommonness of offenders of this sort being caught in the very act, so as to fall at once into the hands of justice; and, finally, the secret protection which some native petty princes, living upon plunder, afford to their subjects. All these, and many other circumstances, combine to facilitate the practice of kidnapping, which thus goes on almost undisturbed, and generally unpunished!

"A rich citizen, who has a sufficient number of emissaries called bondsmen, carries on his trade much more easily than a poor one does. The latter is often obliged to go himself to the _Kámpong Búgis_ or elsewhere, to take a view of the stolen victim and to carry him home; whilst the former quietly smokes his pipe, being sure that his thieves will, in every corner, find out for him sufficient game, without his exerting himself otherwise than indirectly. The thief, the seller, the interpreter, are all active in his service, because they are all paid by him. In some cases the purchaser unites himself with the seller, on purpose to deceive the interpreter; whilst, in other cases, the interpreter agrees with the thief and pretended seller, to put the stolen person into the hands of the purchaser! What precautions, what scrutiny, can then avail, when we reflect, that the profound secrecy of the prisons, and the strict precautions in carrying the slaves on board, are equalled only by the licentiousness with which the transports are fabricated?

"A distinction ought, however, to be made between such illegal and criminal practices, and a more moderate trade in slaves, many of whom, it is true, are stolen, but not in our vicinity, nor in the districts of the Company. The remainder are generally such as, according to the separate laws and customs of the native nations of Celebes, have in some way or other forfeited their liberty, either in war, or for some misdemeanour, or on account of debts. These are likewise higher in price, so that the trader cannot have so much gain upon them; they may also appear at broad daylight, an interpreter may with security answer for them. Such slaves can be brought on board very quietly in the day time; the frequency of murder, as in other cases, is not much to be dreaded, and our town has considerably less danger to apprehend from these than from the class before mentioned."

The report concludes by recommending specific measures, and expressing an opinion, that "it would not be inexpedient, if, but for one year, the exportation of slaves from hence were suspended."

In the following year, the residents received instructions from the high regency, in which several of their predecessors were accused of having "assumed a despotic sway over the natives, plundered those over whom they had been placed to protect them, and of having even dared, with the assistance of the native chiefs, _whom they have found means to debauch_, to put the natives in irons, and to sell them as slaves."

Mr. Chassé, when governor of _Makásar_, much to his honour, attempted to put a stop to manstealing in the neighbourhood of his residency. He did not, however, succeed to any extent. When the British arrived, it appeared that numbers of plunderers were roaming about for the supply of the slave market, which was still open; so that the inhabitants of the villages adjacent to _Makásar_, never dared to approach, except in parties of at least five or six armed men. An equal caution prevailed throughout the country.

To enforce the British abolition laws, there was formed at Batavia, in the beginning of the year 1816, a society called the _Java Benevolent Institution_, and in the course of the year this society published an account of its proceedings, containing, among other interesting matter, "Remarks upon _Makásar_, &c. compiled from the information of Lieutenant Owen Phillips, assistant resident there." This paper concludes as follows:

"The laws recognized between the Dutch Company and the states of _Bóni_ and _Gúa_ may be considered a fair criterion of their general spirit and tendency. They were agreed to in an early period of the Dutch establishment, when Admiral Speelman concluded a treaty with those states, and they have not since undergone any material alterations. The penalties therein prescribed were required to be paid in money or property of any description, at the arbitrary rates fixed by the same laws, and which appear on the whole to be extremely favourable to the individual; debtors or convicted felons, in default of payment, becoming bondsmen. But the temptation to corruption afforded by an open market and an increased demand for slaves for traffic, introduced a practice of condemning, first to bondage, and then fabricating for three dollars a certificate of slavery; a practice which, although not recognized in the laws subsisting between the European and native powers, was yet generally known to prevail, and if not formally sanctioned, was openly tolerated under the former system.

"Whilst these laws are administered in the native states by their councils or _becháras_, the administration of justice in the Company's territories was vested in the Regent, under the superintendance of the _Drost_, but who has usurped the power of actually deciding, particularly in cases where he is interested in the condemnations, from the right which the judge enjoys, of a moiety of the property arising from the sale of persons condemned to slavery, or in the appropriation of a certain number of them to his own use! The abuses arising out of these unlawful usurpations appear to have attained a great height in 1799, when the commission was appointed to inquire into them; but (as in the case of restraints which had from time to time been imposed by law) that inquiry did little more than recognize the right of control over the actors and participators in such abuses; a right which could readily and profitably be compromised by men who, from habit, were actuated by little determined abhorrence of such crimes, and no steady resolution to eradicate them. To this cause alone must be attributed the difficulties stated by the commission to be opposed to the due execution of the laws, and to the suppression of the enormities that were generally practised; and although partial reforms were effected, according to the disposition and principles of the persons who presided successively in _Makásar_, the enormous gains to be derived from the toleration of corruption was a powerful obstacle to its removal: and it may be said of the abuses and enormities detailed by the commission in 1799, that although perpetuated with more or less aggravation, as the controuling authority was more or less conscientious and vigilant, no radical removal of them took place, nor were the suggestions of that commission carried into effect, except partially within the town of _Makásar_.

"On the establishment of the British government, the practice and mode of kidnapping within the town of _Makásar_ had, in some degree, been restricted and ameliorated; but this did not extend to the country. Some limitations had therefore been imposed on the connivance and direct participation of the public functionaries; but bondsmen were still generally employed as man-stealers, and the practice of concealing in secret prisons, of assassinations to prevent detection, and of midnight embarkations, were but little controlled or inquired into, as may be sufficiently inferred from the laxity of the public tribunals, and the rare instances of any infractions of these laws being punished by them.

"The introduction of the prohibitory laws by the establishment of the British government, naturally operated to cause a sudden and complete suspension of the open traffic; and although individuals are still clandestinely carried from _Makásar_, the number is so small, that the utmost vigilance has hitherto been unable to convict the perpetrators, especially as the numerous gang of bondsmen and man-stealers, though compelled at present to resort to other avocations, are yet at the call of corrupt employers, and live in the hope that occasion may again offer of freely returning to their pursuits, without apprehension of any consequences. This truth will be more generally appreciated, if we explain the course through which these people are led to engage in the desperate trade of kidnapping. The bondsmen, who are thus employed by slave-traders, are generally dissolute adventurers from the native states, who repair to _Makásar_, perhaps, with a little property which they lose by gambling; their next resource is to borrow from some one of the numerous Dutch or Chinese speculators (slave-traders) a sum of money, and which is only to be had at the exorbitant interest of fifty per cent, or, as expressed in the local terms, 'one _wang_ per month on the Spanish dollar.' A debt thus dissolutely contracted is not likely to be retrieved by patient industry. But were such a disposition to prevail, the opportunity is scarcely afforded, and the obligation is generally allowed to accumulate until the debtor is about to pay the price in his captivity. To retrieve himself from this dire alternative, he has recourse to the trade of kidnapping, and the ready employment he meets with, added to the sudden gains which he hopes to acquire, stimulate him to repair his fortunes in this irregular and desperate pursuit. Such are the bondsmen who are the active agents of slave traders in _Makásar_; and while the abolition has had the two-fold effect of diminishing their numbers and of checking their depredations, it must be obvious that this salutary reform can only endure whilst the spirit which produced it is fostered. The commission in 1799 forcibly depicted the utter incompetency of the most rigid prohibitions, in restricting the barbarities which then prevailed: but there is yet a stronger fact, which bears equally upon the traffic, on whatever footing it might be re-admitted; it is, that the resources arising from what were considered legal condemnations to slavery, would be totally inadequate to supply the market under any probable limitations. As the demand increased, the more frequent condemnations on frivolous pretences would naturally ensue, if indeed such a practice in any degree could be considered legal: but the temptations to open violence arising from the numerous accessaries, and the direct or indirect participation of public functionaries, added to the comparative cheapness of stolen men, are such strong inducements to revive ancient abuses, under an actual demand, that no hope could be entertained of controuling them. On the other hand, the maintenance of the abolition laws, as they have hitherto tended to correct in a remarkable degree the monstrous practices which obtained, must, in their ultimate operation, effectually reform, not only the habits and dispositions of the inhabitants of _Makásar_, but check those frequent condemnations which, in the native states, may be chiefly imputed to the advantages that were generally made of them. To illustrate, in a familiar instance, the effect of this amelioration brought about by the silent operation of the prohibitory laws; on the first arrival of the English, the inhabitants of the adjacent villages did not dare to come to _Makásar_ in parties of less than five or six men well armed. This was equally the case throughout the country, as there was an open sale for almost any number of people that could be stolen. The case, however, is now entirely altered, at least within the influence of the British authority. Men, women, and children, are now to be seen moving singly about the country in all directions, without fear and without arms. Formerly a man going on a hunting party, or a peasant to till his ground, went armed as if going to war; at the present day numbers of people may be seen in the paddy fields without a spear amongst them. I may add, that these effects are not confined to the Company's provinces, but are felt nearly throughout the states of _Gúa_, _Telu_, and _Turáta_, where there can be no doubt that a few years would be sufficient to realize, under the present system, a great increase to population, and the more important introduction of commerce and civilisation.

"The principal pirate settlements are _Káli_ and _Túli Túli_, situated on the north-west coast. The depredations of these hordes are generally carried on between Java and the Straits of Saleyer; their haunts are the islands near Seleyer, also _Gúnuny Api_, and the isles at the entrance of the Bay of _Sembáwa_, and in general the small isles included between the coasts of Java to the west, Borneo to the north, and Celebes to the east."

A COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE BUGIS, MAKASAR, MANDHAR, BÚTON, SÁSAK, BÍMA, SEMBÁWA, TEMBÓRA, AND ENDÉ LANGUAGES.

+----------+---------------+---------------+-------------+ | ENGLISH. | BUGIS. | MAKASAR. |MANDHAR. | +----------+---------------+---------------+-------------+ |One |sédi |sédre |misa | |Two |dua |rua |dua | |Three |télu |tálu |tetálu | |Four |mpa |ampat |ápeh | |Five |lima |lima |lima | |Six |nám |ánam |ánam | |Seven |pitu |túju |túju | |Eight |hárua |delápan |wâlu | |Nine |haséra |sambílan |amésa | |Ten |sapúlu |sampúlu |sapúlu | |Twenty |dua-púlu |rua-púlu |dua-púlu | |Hundred |sa-rátus |sabiláng'an |sang'átus | |Man (homo)|táwu |tau |tau | |Man (vir.)|hóro-áni |boráni |chácho | |Woman |makónrai |bahíni |bahíni | |Father |ambéhna |mángge |káma | |Mother |indóna |anróng |indo | |Head |úlu |ulúna |úl | |Eyes |máta |matána |máta | |Nose |ing'a |ing'a |ing'a | |Hair |wélua |rambut |wélua | |Teeth |ísi |gigi |ísi | |Belly |bábua |bátan |pórot | |Hand |lima |líman |lima | |Foot |áji |bánuge |áje | |Blood |dára |dára |dára | |Day |só |poi |hári | |Night |weni |bange |bangi | |Sleep |matinro |átinro |pelóli | |Dead |máte |amáti |máti | |White |mapúte |kébok |púti | |Black |malótong |léling |malótong | |Good |madéching |bájik |mápia | |Bad |déna-ma-déching|kóde |andiána-mápia| |Fire |ápi |pépe |ápi | |Water |wai |jéne |wai | |Earth |tána |bútah |tána | |Stone |bátu |bátu |bátu | |Hog |bábi |bábi |bábi | |Bird |mánu-mánu |jang'an-jang'an|mánu-mánu | |Egg |itéloh |báyau |ndoh | |Fish |báleh |júku |bále | |Sun |matáso |sing-har |máta-hári | |Moon |wúlan |búlan |wúlan | |Stars |bitóing |bintóing |bintóing | |God |álah ta-ála | |álah ta-ála | |Sit |túdang |mempu |píóro | |Eat |mánre |ang'ánre |mánde | +----------+---------------+---------------+-------------+

+----------+---------------+------------+--------------+ | ENGLISH. | BÚTON. | SÁSAK. | BÍMA. | +----------+---------------+------------+--------------+ |One |sátu |sátu |sábua; icha | |Two |dua |dua |lua | |Three |tálu |telu |tólu | |Four |mpat |mpat |ópat | |Five |lima |lima |lima | |Six |ánam |nám |íni | |Seven |pitu |pitu |pidu | |Eight |árua |báin |wáru | |Nine |asára |siwa |chéwi | |Ten |sapúlu |sapúlu |sampúlu | |Twenty |rompúlu |dua-púlu |duampúlu | |Hundred |sibiláng'an |sátus |sa-rátus | |Man (homo)|tau |kelépe |dho | |Man (vir.)|tau |máma |dho-mó-ne-móne| |Woman |makónrai |nina |dho-siwe | |Father |bápa |áma |áma | |Mother |ma |ína |ína | |Head |úlu |ótah |túta | |Eyes |máta |máta |máda | |Nose |ing'a |írung |ilu | |Hair |wélu |búlu |hónggo | |Teeth |ísi |gigi |woi | |Belly |bábua |tian |lóko | |Hand |liman |íma |rima | |Foot |áje |nai |édi | |Blood |dára |geti |ráh | |Day |áso |kejélu; jélu|mrai | |Night |weni |kelam |ai-meng'ádi | |Sleep |matínro |tindu |máru | |Dead |matémo |máti |máde | |White |maputémo |pútih |búrah | |Black |malótong |bírang |me-e | |Good |baik |ónya |tátio | |Bad |enda-ma-dakégau|leng'e |séwai | |Fire |ápi |ápí |ápi | |Water |áyer |ai |oí | |Earth |tána |tána |dána | |Stone |bátu |bátu |wádu | |Hog |bábi |báwi |vávi | |Bird |manuk |káma-núkan |nási | |Egg |télor |télu |dólu | |Fish |bále |mpah |úta | |Sun |máta-hári |máta-jelu |liroh | |Moon |wúlah |úlan |wúrah | |Stars |bintóing |bintang |ntára | |God |álah ta-ála |álah ta-álah|álah | |Sit |dúduk |tókol |dóho | |Eat |mánre |bekhor | | +----------+---------------+------------+--------------+

+----------+-----------+-----------+---------+ | ENGLISH. | SEMBÁWA. | TEMBÓRA. | ENDÉ. | +----------+-----------+-----------+---------+ |One |sátu |seena |sa. | |Two |dua |kálae |zua. | |Three |tiga |nih |télu. | |Four |ampat |kude-in |wútu. | |Five |lima |kutélin |lima. | |Six |ánam |báta-in |limása. | |Seven |túju |kúmba |limazua. | |Eight |delápan |koného |ruabútu. | |Nine |sambélan |láli |trása. | |Ten |sapúlu |saróne |sabúlu. | |Twenty |dua-púlu |sisaróne |bulúzua. | |Hundred |sang'átus |simári |sang'ásu.| |Man (homo)|tau |doh |dau. | |Man (vir.)|láki-láki |sia-in |úli-dau. | |Woman |perámpuan |óna-yit |ána-dau. | |Father |bápa |homóri |má. | |Mother |máma |yelai |weh. | |Head |úlu |kokóre |úla. | |Eyes |máta |saing'óre |ána-máta.| |Nose |ing'a |saing kóme |niju. | |Hair |wélua |búlu |fu. | |Teeth |ísi |sóntong |nihi. | |Belly |báboa |sumóre |túka. | |Hand |limang |taintu |lima. | |Foot |áje |maimpo |wáhi. | |Blood |dárá |kiro |ráha. | |Day |aso |kóngkong |giah. | |Night |malam |tádung |kómbe. | |Sleep |maténro |kidjum |méne. | |Dead |matémo |sílam |máta. | |White |púti |si-yang |bára. | |Black |lótong |naido |láka. | |Good |baik |sámar |glo. | |Bad |nónda-króah|gonóre |báne. | |Fire |ápi |maing'aing |ápi. | |Water |jéne |naino |wai. | |Earth |tána |gonong |tána. | |Stone |bátu |ilah |bátu. | |Hog |bábi |kíwu |báhe. | |Bird |mánuk-mánuk|kilaíngkong|peti. | |Egg |telor |andik |telor. | |Fish |júku |karáyi |íkan. | |Sun |sing-har |ingkong |réza. | |Moon |wúlan |máng'ong |wúlan. | |Stars |bintóing |kingkong |dála. | |God |álah ta-ála|moríhoh |ga-hémbu.| |Sit |píóro |hok-hok |regoh. | |Eat |mang'an |mákan |ka-a. | +----------+-----------+-----------+---------+

A COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE GUNUNG TALU, MENADU, TERNATI, SANG'IR, SIRANG OR CERAM, AND SAPARÚA LANGUAGES.

+-----------+------------+-----------+---------------+ |ENGLISH. |GUNUNG TALU.| MENADU. | TERNATI. | +-----------+------------+-----------+---------------+ |One |limbóto |esah |rimoi | |Two |bukáng'o |bua |rómo-didi | |Three |bóne |télu |ra-ang'i | |Four |ampat |épat |ráha | |Five |lima |lima |róma-tóha | |Six |ánam |ánam |rára | |Seven |túju |pitu |tómdi | |Eight |delápan |wálu |tof-kang'i | |Nine |sambilan |sioh |siyu | |Ten |sapúlu |mapúlu |yági-móí | |Twenty |dua-púlu |rúa-napúlu |yági-romdidi | |Hundred |mai-tútu |ma-hátus |rátu-mói | |Thousand |notifu |ma-ribu |ribú-mói | |Man (homo) |manúsia |tó |manúsia | |Man (vir.) |satúlal |to-áma |nónau | |Woman |tábua |wewóné |fohékeh | |Father |bápa |áma |bába | |Mother |nána |ína |yáya | |Head |lung-góng'o |úlu |dopólo | |Eyes |máta |warén |táko | |Nose |uling'o |nirung |ídung | |Hair |wóho |wúhuk |rambut | |Teeth |dang'éta |wáhang |gigi | |Belly |mbong'a |po-ot |ho-ot | |Hand |otóho |leng'an |tang'an | |Foot |oh-áto |háhe |káki | |Blood | dúhu |ráha |dára | |Day (light)| dulúho |ndoh |modiri | |Night |hoi |weng'i |wang'i-lóbi | |Sleep |méte-lóho |madákal |hótu | |Dead |máti |máti |sóni | |White |púti |kúlo |ubúan | |Black |itam |riram |îrang | |Good |baik |léhos |láha | |Bad |tra-baik |léwo |ási | |Fire |tólu |ápi |úkut | |Water |telóho |ráno |áki | |Earth |búta |tána |káha | |Stone |bátu |wátu |márih | |Hog |boi |wáwi |sóho | |Bird |búrung |kóko |námot | |Egg |putitor |átelu |nabóro | |Fish |tóta |póngkor |neá-ot | |Sun |mútu-hári |ndoh |máta-hári | |Moon |uláno |leléhon |búlan | |Stars |óli-pópo |tóto-tian |úna-bintan | |God |málai-káti |wálian |tuan-álah | |Sit |ulóho |rumúma |tégó | |Eat |mong'a |kúman |óhot | +-----------+------------+-----------+---------------+

+-----------+------------+--------------------+-----------+ |ENGLISH. | SANG'IR. |SIRANG or CERAM. | SAPARÚA. | +-----------+------------+--------------------+-----------+ |One |sembua |tekúra |isáhi. | |Two |darúa |dua |rua. | |Three |tátelu |tólu |óru. | |Four |épa |pát |ha-an. | |Five |lima |lim |rima. | |Six |nóng |ónan |nóho | |Seven |pitu |fitúra |hítu. | |Eight |wálu |delapánte |wáru. | |Nine |sioh |sabilánte |siwah. | |Ten |mapúru |putúsa |úhu-túhi. | |Twenty |duampúlu |dua-púlu |úhurua. | |Hundred |marásu |útun |hutúngno. | |Thousand |saribu |rihúne |rihúno. | |Man (homo) |tau-máta |káwu |túma-táwu. | |Man (vir.) |esé |manuáya |manáwau. | |Woman |babini |mapuinára |pipináwu. | |Father |bápa |niba-bára |amáni. | |Mother |nina |ninésan |ináni. | |Head | -- |ulúnte |urúni. | |Eyes |máta |matára |ma-áni. | |Nose |írung |idónte |iríni. | |Hair |úta |uhúra |rhúwon. | |Teeth |ísi |gigira |nióni. | |Belly |tiang |púmra |tehúni. | |Hand |tákiar |tanánte |rimáni. | |Foot |bisi |kakíra |ahíni. | |Blood |dára |dárah |laláni. | |Day (light)|éloh |pagíra |kai. | |Night |bása |mahónte |lamásai. | |Sleep |metiki |ákifet |imutára. | |Dead |náti |máti; hábis |imáta. | |White |mawira |putíra |ipúti. | |Black |mitung |meténa |iméte. | |Good |mápia |páda-lóko |imai. | |Bad |daráki |manche-ére nága-ráta|hiáhia. | |Fire |pútung |ápira |hahúlo. | |Water |áke |áyira |waélo. | |Earth |utána |búmite |umélo. | |Stone |bátu |batúra |hátuo. | |Hog |wáwi |boíra |háhuo. | |Bird |mánuk-daródo|burúngte |mánuo. | |Egg |telor |telórte |terúri. | |Fish |kena |ján |iyáno. | |Sun |éloh |máta-hári |ria-ma-áno.| |Moon |búlan |bulánte |huláno. | |Stars |butúing |bentángte |humário. | |God |máwu-álah |álah |álah. | |Sit |káyan |matórán |ituo. | |Eat |kúmang |kamána |lyáni. | +-----------+------------+--------------------+-----------+

FOOTNOTES:

[299] See Comparative Vocabulary annexed, including the dialects of the south-west limb of Celebes, and some of the islands in its vicinity, on which _Bugis_ settlements have been formed.

[300] Asiatic Researches.

[301] Meaning their services for a stipulated period or for life.

APPENDIX G.

NUMERALS ACCORDING TO THE CHANDRA SANGKALA.

ONE.

Rúpa form, shape, appearance, face of any thing. Chandra moon at the 15th day, moon. Sási new moon, month of the year. Nábi or nebe the navel, completion of the month. Búmí the earth, or piece of land. Búda ancient; original. Rón or Gódong leaf of a tree. Médi abstraction, devotion. Eku tail of any thing. Dára large stars, planets. Jalma or Janma mankind. Eka one. Wák the body. Súta child. Siti black earth, earth. Awáni courageous, hair of the body. Wúlan the moon, at the 14th day, full moon. Yáta then, forthwith, thereupon. Tung'gal one.

TWO.

Nitra the eye lids, the eye. Chaksu the inner corner of the eye. Nayána sight. Sikára the palm of the hand. Búja the upper part of the arm near the shoulder. Páksa the jaw-bone. Drésti or desti the eye-brow. Háma the outer corner of the eyes. Lochána the lips. Charána the side of the cheek-bone. Kerna the ears. Kerni the inner part of the ear. Anámba the act of closing the hands in obeisance. Talíng'an the lobe of the ear, the ear. Máta the eye, the pupil of the eye. Tang'an the hands, the arms. Súku the feet, or soles of the feet. Lár wings. Dúi two. Lóro two.

THREE.

Bahning fire (of a furnace). Pawáka fire (from a volcano). Siking fire (struck from a flint). Guna fire (from friction of wood). Dahána the fire which pervades every thing that has life, extensive fire, fire that has never been extinguished. Tri-ningrána fire (of the work-room). Uta a leech. Buja-lána alligator or crocodile. Húti worm of the earth. Játa flame of fire. Wéda fire or heat confined in a vessel, as in a cooking vessel. Anála the fire which giveth warmth to the heart, the fire of passion, the fire which giveth warmth to passion. Gni fire (to a match). Utáwa fire. Kéa great fire. Léna fire or flame of a lamp. Puyíka fire and ashes, mixed. Tiga three. Uning'a a torch.

FOUR.

Wédang hot water. Segára the sea. Kerti well water. Súchi water after it is used. Jaládri water from a lake, or where fresh water mixes with the sea. Hádi mountain water, rare or pure water. Warna colour. Wéh water which descends from a mountain. Samúdra sea water. Jaládi tank or pond water. Ernáwa spring water. Toyádi dew water. Wahána flood or quantity of water. Waudádi juice from trees, as toddy,&c. Sindu milk. Wári cocoa nut-water, water. Dik glutinous sap taken from trees, as the Indian rubber, &c. Tásik sweat, applied to the sea on the coast. Bányu water. Chatur four. Pápat four.

FIVE.

Búta a rasaksa or hobgoblin, also a lion. Pandáwa the five sons of Pandu. Táta breath issuing from the nostrils. Gáti ditto mouth. Wisáya air produced as in bellows, &c. Indri air which refreshes or revives. Astra the air created by the passing of a missile weapon, or by the wielding of a sword. Sára the same, created near the point or edge of the weapon. Marúta air which conveys scents of any kind. Pawána strong wind. Bána hurricane, violent wind. Margána favourable wind in one's course. Sámi-rána the wind that checks perspiration. Waráyang the point or edge of the wind which strikes any thing. Pancha five. Báyu wind that circulates in the human body. Wisikan whispering wind. Gúling'an air circulating in a room. Lima five.

SIX.

Mangsa season, the seasons, prey of a wild beast. Sadrása the six tastes, (sweet, sour, salt, bitter, pungent or aromatic, hot, as pepper). Wináyang to range, following in order, (which is done according to the six notions of things). Gána silk worm, bee. Ret-tu the feeling or taste of any thing not pleasant, as pain in the leg, mixed good and bad. Ang'gas the trunk of a tree standing after its branches and leaves are decayed and fallen. Sáyag an inclining tree. Karng'a the sense of hearing. Sanda clear, light. Sandi plan, project, scheme, completed. Búdia disposition, inclination, ability. Ka-nénam six. Rása taste.

SEVEN.

Ardi mountains near the sea, mountains. Parwáta several mountains together. Turángga a steed, horse. Giri mountain or great hill. Réksi or resi a pandita, or holy or learned man. Aksa buffaloe. Baksu bull or cow. Mandála a mountain which is rent or split. Chála a mountain which shows its shape, &c. clearly. Hemáwan the summit of a mountain. Gúra cow, great noise. Sapta seven. Pandita a holy man. Géngsiára the buzzing noise of flying insects. Yamúni the sound of a lover courting his mistress. Kúda horse. Wiku an instructor. Pitu seven.

EIGHT.

Nága serpent Panágan the dwelling of a snake, the skin which a snake has shed. Sarira guana. Básu tekké. Tánu camelion. Múrti lizard. Kunjára place of confinement, prison. Gájah elephant. Dipángga an elephant fully caparisoned. Samádia an elephant prepared for being mounted. Hasta elephant. Mang'gála an elephant with his tusks grown. Diráda an enraged or savage elephant. Hesti female elephant. Matáng'ga a large elephant. Bramána a pandita from Sabrang or opposite coast. Liman a tame elephant. Kála time. Was, áwas a scorpion. Ula a snake.

NINE.

Rudra a muddy hole. Trústra the hollow of a tube, a hollow in any thing. Trústi the same. Múka the face, the mouth. Gapúra the gate or door-way of a palace. Wiwára a door-way, the opening of a case. Diára the gateway of a fort. Drúna door-way into a holy place, or place of misfortune. Yútu the eye of a needle, or the like. Gátra a small hole or cell in the earth, made by insects. Gua a cave. Wadána the front of a door. Léng all kinds of holes or hollow places. Láwang doors of every description. Sóng a long passage underground. Babáhan the hole made for the entrance of a thief. Náwa nine.

CYPHER.

Búma decayed grass, dried grass, hay. Súnya solitude, quiet. Gegána endless space, as between the earth and the sky, indefinite space. Ng'ambára flight. Widik widik that which is seen or heard but not known, as thunder. Malétik to fly off, drop off, anything small which is knocked off from what is greater. Sirna gone, vanished. Lang'it that of which one has an idea but cannot see clearly, as the sky. Kásia the air, atmosphere. Maláyewa to run off. Windu the period of revolving, a cycle. Sakáta a carriage. Ilang gone, lost, past.

* * * * *

EXAMPLE.

Búma, netra, gni, bányu, marúta, Earth, eyes, fire, water, air, 1 2 3 4 5

sadrása, ardi, nága, láwang, lang'it. taste, hill, snake, doors, sky. 6 7 8 9 0

APPENDIX H.

TRANSLATION OF THE MÁNEK MÁYA.