book ii. ch. 92.
[2739] Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 677.
[2740] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 235. Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 388.
[2741] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.
[2742] Dutt, ‘Hindu Civilisation of the Brahmana Period,’ in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 266. Kaegi, ‘The Rigveda,’ p. 15. Roth, ‘On the Morality of the Veda,’ in ‘Jour. American Oriental Soc.,’ vol iii. p. 339.
[2743] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala ii. súkta 39.
[2744] Egede, _loc. cit._ pp. 138, _et seq._
[2745] Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 313.
[2746] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 399.
[2747] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 70.
[2748] Eskimo, Chinooks (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 308, 338), Ahts (Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98), Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon (Gibbs, ‘Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon,’ in ‘Contributions to North American Ethnology,’ vol. i. p. 198), &c.
[2749] Erman, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 162.
[2750] Sproat, p. 100.
[2751] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 324.
[2752] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 130.
[2753] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 671.
[2754] Waitz, vol. iv. pp. 360, 366.
[2755] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 310. Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 424.
[2756] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 127.
[2757] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 265.
[2758] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 729. v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p. 548. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 392.
[2759] Indians of Guiana (Schomburgk, in Ralegh, ‘The Discovery of the Empire of Guiana,’ p. 110, note), Tupis (Southey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 241), Jurís (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 177), Araucanians (Alcedo-Thompson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 416).
[2760] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 126.
[2761] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 33. Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 12. Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 338.
[2762] Natives of Tonga (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. i. p. 401), Pelew Islands (Kubary, _loc. cit._ p. 62), Ponapé (Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317), Marianne Group (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol v. pt. ii. p. 107).
[2763] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 96.
[2764] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 273, _et seq._
[2765] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 77. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. iii. p. 100; Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 49, and Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol xvii. p. 12 (Philippine Islanders).
[2766] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 74. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 216.
[2767] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 182, note 2.
[2768] Dalton, p. 8. Castrén, in ‘Helsingfors Morgonblad,’ 1843, no. 54.
[2769] Central Asiatic Turks (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 248), Kalmucks (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 181), Tunguses, Jakuts (Sauer, _loc. cit._ pp. 49, 129).
[2770] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 31. Bickmore, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol vii. p. 20. St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 254. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p. 44. Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 525.
[2771] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 69; vol. ii. p. 121.
[2772] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 21. Parker, ‘Comparative Chinese Family Law,’ in ‘The China Review,’ vol. viii. p. 78. Jamieson, _ibid._, vol. x. p. 80.
[2773] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 212.
[2774] Medhurst, p. 15. When dying, concubines who have not had children are removed from the dwelling-house to a humbler abode; they are not entitled to die in the dwelling-house of their master (Gray, vol. i. p. 213).
[2775] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 212-214.
[2776] Jamieson, p. 80. Medhurst, pp. 15, 21.
[2777] Parker, p. 79.
[2778] Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 14. Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 252. Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 226. Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 434. Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 723; vol ii. p. 177.
[2779] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol ii. pp. 109, _et seq._ Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 249. Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 419. Burton, ‘On M. Du Chaillu’s Explorations,’ &c., in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. i. p. 321.
[2780] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 110.
[2781] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 134, _et seq._
[2782] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 341. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 284; Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 225.
[2783] Casalis, _loc. cit._ pp. 186, _et seq._ _Cf._ Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 185 (Bechuanas).
[2784] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 49.
[2785] Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 92.
[2786] Rochon, _loc. cit._ p. 747.
[2787] Ebers, ‘Aegypten und die Bücher Moses’s,’ vol. i. p. 310. _Cf._ ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 293.
[2788] Rawlinson, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 216. _Cf._ Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 680.
[2789] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 92. Jolly, in ‘Sitzungsber. Münch. Akad.,’ 1876, pp. 445-447. v. Schroeder, ‘Indiens Literatur und Cultur,’ p. 430.
[2790] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12. Jolly, p. 446.
[2791] Steele, _loc. cit._ p. 31.
[2792] Geijer, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 88.
[2793] Ewers, _loc. cit._ p. 108.
[2794] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 518.
[2795] Ancient Hindus (‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12) and Persians (Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 679), Chinese (Gray, _loc. cit._ vol vi. pp. 212, _et seq._), Malays (Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 77).
[2796] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 383.
[2797] Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ p. 366.
[2798] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 329.
[2799] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 68. Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 102.
[2800] Krasheninnikoff, _loc. cit._ p. 215.
[2801] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 110.
[2802] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 538.
[2803] _Cf._ Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 253, note †.
[2804] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 368.
[2805] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 210. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. i. p. 236 (Comanches).
[2806] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 153.
[2807] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 253, _et seq._ note 5.
[2808] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 253 (Egyptians). Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 226, _et seq._ (Persians).
[2809] Gibbs, _loc. cit._ pp. 198, _et seq._
[2810] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ p. 265. _Cf._ _ibid._, pp. 263, _et seq._
[2811] Schomburgk, in Ralegh, ‘The Discovery of Guiana,’ p. 110, note.
[2812] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 397. Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 248. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 15. Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 246 (Marea). Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 260 (Masai).
[2813] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 147. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698. Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 147.
[2814] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 654.
[2815] Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 278.
[2816] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 278.
[2817] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 8.
[2818] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 196. Herzog-Schaff, ‘Religious Encyclopædia,’ vol. ii. p. 1415. For other instances, see Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 182 (Votyaks); Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 347 (Kamchadales); Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 524 (Ainos of the Kuriles).
[2819] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 47. Christianity has now extirpated this custom among the Aleuts (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 792).
[2820] Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 300.
[2821] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 416. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 315, _et seq._
[2822] Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66. King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 147. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 308. Regarding the Greenlanders, Cranz says (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 147), ‘Women who cohabit with several husbands are subjected to universal censure.'
[2823] Lafitau, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 555.
[2824] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p. 549.
[2825] Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 178.
[2826] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 83.
[2827] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367.
[2828] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 386.
[2829] Bontier and Le Verrier, _loc. cit._ p. 139.
[2830] Thunberg, _loc. cit._ p. 141.
[2831] Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 227. Theal, _loc. cit._ p. 19.
[2832] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 253.
[2833] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 428. Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 250. Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 286.
[2834] Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240.
[2835] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 240.
[2836] Balfour, vol. iii. p. 250.
[2837] ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. v. p. 13.
[2838] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, 36, 98.
[2839] Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 158.
[2840] Fischer, ‘Memoir of Sylhet, Kachar, and the Adjacent Districts,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. pt. ii. p. 834.
[2841] Man, _loc. cit._ p. 100.
[2842] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 245, _et seq._
[2843] Bellew, ‘Kashmir and Kashghar,’ p. 118. Moorcroft and Trebeck, ‘Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab,’ vol. i. pp. 321, _et seq._
[2844] Dunlop, ‘Hunting in the Himalaya,’ pp. 180, _et seq._
[2845] Gordon Cumming, ‘In the Himalayas,’ p. 406.
[2846] Stulpnagel, ‘Polyandry in the Himâlayas,’ in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 133. de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 227.
[2847] Wilson, _loc. cit._ pp. 206, _et seq._
[2848] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 98.
[2849] Lansdell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 225.
[2850] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 227.
[2851] Wilson, p. 206.
[2852] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. pp. 264, _et seq._, note. _Cf._ however, Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 69.
[2853] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 264.
[2854] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403, note. Le Bon, ‘L’homme et les sociétés,’ vol. ii. p. 295.
[2855] Ahlqvist, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 292, note.
[2856] v. Haxthausen, p. 402.
[2857] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala i. súkta 119, v. 5.
[2858] Strabo, _loc. cit._ book xi. ch. xiii. p. 526; book xvi. ch. iv. p. 782.
[2859] Rémusat, ‘Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques,’ vol. i. p. 245.
[2860] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 99.
[2861] Cæsar, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 14.
[2862] Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 249.
[2863] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 428. Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 286.
[2864] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[2865] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 249.
[2866] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 33.
[2867] _Ibid._, p. 36.
[2868] Fischer, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. pt. ii. p. 834.
[2869] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. xxiv.
[2870] Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 158.
[2871] Gordon Cumming, _loc. cit._ pp. 405, _et seq._
[2872] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 135.
[2873] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 306.
[2874] Dunlop, _loc. cit._ pp. 180, _et seq._
[2875] Cunningham, ‘History of the Sikhs,’ p. 18. _Cf._ Orazio della Penna di Billi, ‘Account of the Kingdom of Tibet,’ in ‘Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle,’ &c., p. 336; Moorcroft and Trebeck, _loc. cit._ p. 180; Bonvalot, ‘Across Thibet,’ vol. ii. p. 126; Rockhill, ‘The Land of the Lammas,’ p. 212.
[2876] Mr. Wilson says (_loc. cit._ p. 207) that it is probably the common marriage custom of at least thirty millions of respectable people.
[2877] Wheeler, ‘The History of India,’ vol. ii. p. 241.
[2878] Dutt, in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 266.
[2879] Erman, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 163. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 399.
[2880] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 83.
[2881] Moorcroft and Trebeck, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 321, _et seq._ Turner, ‘Account of an Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 348. Bellew, _loc. cit._ p. 118.
[2882] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 246.
[2883] Dunlop, _loc. cit._ p. 181. Rémusat, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 245.
[2884] Strabo, _loc. cit._ book xvi. ch. iv. p. 782.
[2885] Cæsar, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 14.
[2886] Ganzenmüller, ‘Tibet,’ p. 87.
[2887] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[2888] Balfour, vol. iii. p. 251.
[2889] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 130. _Cf._ Man, _loc. cit._ p. 100.
[2890] Meares, _loc. cit._ p. 268.
[2891] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418.
[2892] Coulter, ‘Notes on Upper California,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. v. p. 67. Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66.
[2893] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol i. p. 152. Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 237. Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 243.
[2894] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 577; vol. iii. pp. 601, _et seq._; vol. v. p. 707. For other tribes, see _ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 615, 632; vol. iv. p. 590.
[2895] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477. Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 119, 212. _Cf._ Schoolcraft, vol. iii. pp. 562, _et seq._
[2896] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 111. Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 60. ‘Bulletin de la Société de Géographie,’ ser. iv. vol. ix. p. 209.
[2897] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 662.
[2898] Schomburgk, ‘Expedition from Pirara,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xv. p. 45.
[2899] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. pp. 549, _et seq._
[2900] Azara, vol ii. p. 93.
[2901] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 304, _et seq._ note **.
[2902] _Cf._ Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205.
[2903] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 148.
[2904] Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 250.
[2905] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 51.
[2906] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 134. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 184; Dumont d’Urville, ‘Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Histoire du voyage,’ vol. i. p. 495.
[2907] Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 136, _et seq._
[2908] Breton, _loc. cit._ p. 404.
[2909] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 258.
[2910] Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 12.
[2911] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 167. La Pérouse, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 28. Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 226.
[2912] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 128. Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 94.
[2913] Kerry-Nicholls, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 195.
[2914] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 74.
[2915] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, _et seq._
[2916] d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 390.
[2917] Stone, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xlvi. p. 55.
[2918] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 272.
[2919] Low, _loc. cit._ p. 146.
[2920] Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 451. _Cf._ Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 107, note.
[2921] Quoted by Chervin, ‘Recherches sur les causes physiques de la polygamie,’ p. 22.
[2922] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 100.
[2923] Dunlop, _loc. cit._ pp. 181, et seq.
[2924] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 374.
[2925] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 289.
[2926] Ritter, ‘Erdkunde,’ vol. vi. p. 773.
[2927] Bowring, ‘The Population of China,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. v. pp. 13, _et seq._
[2928] Marshall, pp. 100, 102.
[2929] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 71.
[2930] Rémusat, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 245. Gerland, ‘Das Aussterben der Naturvölker,’ p. 49.
[2931] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 112. Price, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 189.
[2932] Laing, ‘Travels in the Timannee, Kooranko, and Soolima Countries,’ p. 59.
[2933] ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 253.
[2934] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 424. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 225. Mr. Swann, in a letter. Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 51.
[2935] _Cf._ Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 244 (Khosas).
[2936] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 150.
[2937] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 59. _Cf._ Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 215.
[2938] Sutherland, ‘On the Esquimaux,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 213.
[2939] King, _ibid._ vol. i. p. 152.
[2940] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 133.
[2941] Shastika (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 243), Khosas (Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 244), Cis-Natalian Kafirs (Mr. Cousins), people of Baghirmi (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 616), Waguha (Mr. Swann). In Morocco, according to Dr. Churcher, warfare of a civil or tribal kind has, no doubt, had some influence upon the disproportion of the sexes; and the same is the case in Uganda (Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 151).
[2942] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 119. _Cf._ Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.
[2943] Ellis, ‘History of Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 152.
[2944] Kutchin (Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418), Guanas (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 93), Hawaiians (Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414), Tahitians (_Idem_, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 257, _et seq._), natives of Maupiti (Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 12), Kulus (de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 227), Kashmiri (Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 374).
[2945] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 195, _et seq._
[2946] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 418.
[2947] Ross, _ibid._, 1866, p. 305. Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 94.
[2948] Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ vol. i. pp. 251, _et seq._
[2949] Belly, ‘À travers l’Amérique Centrale,’ vol. i. p. 253, note.
[2950] Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 77, 136, _et seq._
[2951] Grey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 251.
[2952] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 813.
[2953] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 289.
[2954] Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240.
[2955] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 100.
[2956] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 241.
[2957] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 81.
[2958] Bruce, ‘Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile,’ vol. i. pp. 284, _et seq._
[2959] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 209.
[2960] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 150, _et seq._
[2961] Süssmilch, ‘Die göttliche Ordnung in den Veränderungen des menschlichen Geschlechts,’ vol. ii. pp. 258, 259, &c. Chervin, _loc. cit._ pp. 38, &c.
[2962] Montesquieu, _loc. cit._ book xvi. ch. 4.
[2963] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 55.
[2964] Sadler, ‘The Law of Population,’ vol. ii. pp. 337-339. v. Oettingen, p. 56.
[2965] Hofacker and Notter, ‘Ueber Eigenschaften, welche sich bei Menschen und Thieren von den Aeltern auf die Nachkommen vererben.’ Sadler, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 333, _et seq._
[2966] Hensen, _loc. cit._ p. 206. Berner, ‘Ueber die Ursachen der Geschlechtsbildung;’ quoted by Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 347.
[2967] Goehlert, ‘Die Geschlechtsverschiedenheit der Kinder in den Ehen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 119-122.
[2968] Stieda, ‘Das Sexualverhältniss der Geborenen,’ pp. 19, 20, 34, 35, &c.; quoted by v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 67.
[2969] For this statement I am indebted to Mr. Joseph Jacobs.
[2970] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 521. _Idem_, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p. 212, note.
[2971] ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. viii. p. cviii.
[2972] Sanderson, ‘Polygamous Marriage among the Kafirs of Natal,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. viii. pp. 254-260.
[2973] Burton, ‘The City of the Saints,’ p. 521.
[2974] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 378, _et seq._
[2975] Düsing, ‘Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses bei der Vermehrung der Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.'
[2976] Ploss, ‘Ueber die das Geschlechtsverhältniss der Kinder bedingenden Ursachen,’ in ‘Monatsschrift für Geburtskunde und Frauenkrankheiten,’ vol. xii. pp. 321-360.
[2977] _Ibid._, vol. xii. p. 340.
[2978] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ pp. 64, _et seq._ Düsing, _loc. cit._ pp. 159, _et seq._
[2979] Düsing, pp. 161, _et seq._ I may call attention to the fact that among the Swedish nobility, according to censuses taken in the years 1851-1860, contrary to the general rule in Europe, female births actually outnumber male (Bertillon, in ‘Diction. encycl. des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. xi. p. 472).
[2980] Ploss, in ‘Monatsschrift f. Geburtskunde,’ vol. xii. p. 352. In the region between 501 to 1,000 feet, which is the most fertile (_ibid._, p. 353), the proportion was 105·7 to 100.
[2981] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 107, note.
[2982] Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66 (Western Eskimo). v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p. 548 (Avanos and Maypurs). Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 128 (Nukahivans). Haeckel, ‘Indische Reisebriefe,’ p. 240 (Sinhalese). Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 214; Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 240 (Todas). Dunlop, _loc. cit._ p. 181; Fraser, ‘Journal of a Tour through the Himālā Mountains,’ p. 208; Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 133 (Himalayans). Rémusat, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 245 (Massagetæ).
[2983] Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66.
[2984] Dunlop, _loc. cit._ pp. 181, _et seq._
[2985] Beauregard, ‘En Asie; Kachmir et Tibet,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 265, 267, 271. _Cf._ Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 212.
[2986] Koeppen, ‘Die Religion des Buddha,’ vol. i. p. 476.
[2987] Baber, ‘Travels and Researches in the interior of China,’ in ‘Roy. Geo. Soc. Supplementary Papers,’ vol. i. p. 97.
[2988] Rockhill, _loc. cit._ p. 214, note.
[2989] Koeppen, vol. i. pp. 476, _et seq._ note 2. Du Halde, ‘Description de la Chine,’ vol. iv. p. 572.
[2990] Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p. 202.
[2991] ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 229.
[2992] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. xxiii.
[2993] Gordon Cumming, _loc. cit._ pp. 405, _et seq._
[2994] Cunningham, ‘Ladák,’ p. 306.
[2995] Bellew, _loc. cit._ p. 118.
[2996] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 216.
[2997] Koeppen, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 476. Turner, ‘Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 351. ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 266. Wilson, pp. 215, _et seq._
[2998] Fraser, _loc. cit._ p. 207.
[2999] Turner, ‘Embassy to Tibet,’ p. 349. Wilson, pp. 209, 210.
[3000] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 428.
[3001] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 135.
[3002] Düsing, _loc. cit._ pp. 237-242.
[3003] 1150 unions of horses of the same colour gave 91·3 male foals to 100 female; 878 unions of horses of somewhat different colours, 86·2 to 100 respectively; 237 unions of horses of still more different colours, 56 to 100 respectively; 30 unions of horses of the most widely different colours, 30 to 100 respectively (Goehlert, ‘Ueber die Vererbung der Haarfarben bei den Pferden,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiv. pp. 145-155).
[3004] Düsing, pp. 242-245.
[3005] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 149, 403.
[3006] Starkweather, ‘The Law of Sex,’ pp. 159, _et seq._
[3007] Galindo, ‘On Central America,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. vi. p. 126.
[3008] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 221.
[3009] Squier, _loc. cit._ p. 58.
[3010] Belly, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 253, note.
[3011] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 33.
[3012] Burton, ‘The Highlands of the Brazil,’ vol. i. p. 115.
[3013] de Castelnau, ‘Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud,’ Histoire du voyage, vol. i. pp. 137, _et seq._
[3014] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 328.
[3015] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1859, pp. 58, _et seq._
[3016] v. Görtz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 288.
[3017] Süssmilch, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 260, _et seq._
[3018] Felkin, ‘Contribution to the Determination of Sex,’ in ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. xxxii. pt. i. pp. 233-236.
[3019] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. pp. 44, _et seq._
[3020] Bell, ‘The History of Improved Short-Horn, or Durham Cattle,’ p. 351.
[3021] Carr, ‘The History of the Rise and Progress of the Killerby, Studley, and Warlaby Herds of Shorthorns,’ p. 98.
[3022] Janke, _loc. cit._ pp. 373, _et seq._
[3023] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 285.
[3024] Metz, _loc. cit._ p. 131.
[3025] Metz, _loc. cit._ p. 131.
[3026] Theal, _loc. cit._ pp. 16, _et seq._
[3027] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 26. Mr. Jacobs thinks that English Jews marry their first cousins to the extent of 7·5 per cent. of all marriages, against a proportion of about 2 per cent. for England generally, as calculated by Professor G. H. Darwin. M. Stieda, in his ‘Eheschliessungen in Elsass-Lothringen’ (1872-1876), gives the proportion of consanguineous marriages among Jews as 23·02 per thousand, against 1·86 for Protestants, and 9·97 for Catholics (Jacobs, ‘Studies in Jewish Statistics,’ p. 53).
[3028] According to Mr. Jacob’s comprehensive manuscript collection of Jewish statistics, which he has kindly allowed me to examine, the average proportion of male and female Jewish births registered in various countries is 114·50 males to 100 females, whilst the average proportion among the non-Jewish population of the corresponding countries is 105·25 males to 100 females. But Mr. Jacobs thinks that the accuracy of these statistics may be called in question, as the abnormal figures for Austria (128 to 100, in the years 1861-1870) and Russia (129 to 100, in the years 1867-1870), when compared with those for Posen (108 to 100, in the years 1819-1873) and Prussia (108 to 100, in the years 1875-1881), render it likely that some uniform error occurs in the registration of Jewish female children in Eastern Europe. It has also been suggested that less care is taken in the registration of females among poor Jews. Moreover, still-born children are not included in the rates of births, and this certainly affects the figures as to sex, because, parturition being more difficult in the case of males than in that of females, there are not so many still-born females as still-born males (v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 57). E. Nagel attributes the excess of male births among Jews to the greater care which Jewish wives take of their health during pregnancy, as also to the smaller number of illegitimate births. But Mr. Jacobs believes that the ratio of male births is greater among Jews than among non-Jewish Europeans, even if we take this objection into account.
[3029] Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ p. 270. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 382, _et seq._
[3030] Chervin, _loc. cit._ p. 38.
[3031] Goehlert, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xiii. p. 127.
[3032] Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 195.
[3033] Jones, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 326 (Kutchin). Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 403 (Kaniagmuts). Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 183 (Blackfeet). Bosman, _loc. cit._ pp. 423, 527; Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 121 (Negroes). Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 142 (Jews). Steller, _loc. cit._ pp. 347, _et seq._ (Kamchadales). Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 263 (people of Aru).
[3034] Algonquins (Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 329), Pelew Islanders (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 31), Malays (Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 27), people of Aru (Riedel, p. 263), Negroes (Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 45, 243. Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 242. Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 121, _et seq._), Massagetæ (Beauregard, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 264, note 6), Azteks (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 267).
[3035] Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 249.
[3036] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 93.
[3037] Walla Wallas (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 400, _et seq._), Thlinkets, Mosquitoes, New Zealanders (Waitz, vol. iii. p. 328; vol. iv. p. 291; vol. vi. p. 131), Chinese (Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 185).
[3038] American Indians (Heriot, p. 339), people of Aru (Riedel, p. 263), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210), Fijians (Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 191), Wanyoro (‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 84), Waganda (Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 187), Ashantees (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 45).
[3039] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 223.
[3040] Thomson, ‘Notes on the Basin of the River Rovuma,’ in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iv. p. 75.
[3041] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 191.
[3042] _Cf._ Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 146; Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 102; Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205; _Idem_, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 78; Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 48, note *. ‘Thierische Milche,’ says Lippert (‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ p. 22), ‘ist so wenig die allgemeine Nahrung der Menschheit auf einer sehr frühen Kulturstufe gewesen, dass vielmehr sämmtliche Völker der neuen Welt aus eigner Entwicklung gar nie diese Stufe erklommen haben.'
[3043] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 262; Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 271 (North American Indians).
[3044] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 38 (Akas). Oldham, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. p. 240 (Khasias). Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 261 (Kukis). Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 78 (Kotars).
[3045] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 179.
[3046] Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 389.
[3047] _Cf._ Sproat, _loc. cit._ pp. 251, _et seq._; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 96, 331; Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 250; Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 46, 85.
[3048] _Cf._ Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ.’ vol. iv. pp. 401, _et seq._ (Kaniagmuts); Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. 242 (Chinooks); Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 235, _et seq._ (Wintun); v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 644, _et seq._ (Macusís).
[3049] _Cf._ Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 243; vol. v. p. 176; Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 456; Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 131, 778; Powers, p. 32.
[3050] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 45.
[3051] Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. ii. pp. 376-387.
[3052] Katscher, _loc. cit._ p. 48.
[3053] v. Żmigrodzki, _loc. cit._ p. 177.
[3054] Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 311.
[3055] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 20, 44.
[3056] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 121.
[3057] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312.
[3058] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 196. Schomburgk, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 122.
[3059] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 311. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 15, 22.
[3060] Stavorinus, ‘Account of Java and Batavia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xi. p. 193.
[3061] Boyle, _loc. cit._ p. 199, note.
[3062] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 50, 66.
[3063] St John, ‘The Ainos,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 249.
[3064] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 50. On the Arabs of Upper Egypt, see Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 124, 265.
[3065] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119.
[3066] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 397. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 81.
[3067] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 163.
[3068] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 447.
[3069] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 342. Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ pp. 50, 196. v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 199, 200, 216.
[3070] Thulié, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. iv. p. 421.
[3071] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 471. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 85.
[3072] Krieger, ‘Die Menstruation,’ p. 174.
[3073] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 143. Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 340.
[3074] Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 299.
[3075] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 252.
[3076] Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 147.
[3077] Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. 1. p. 204.
[3078] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 71.
[3079] Samuells, ‘Notes on a Forest Race called Puttooas or Juanga, Inhabiting certain of the Tributary Mehals of Cuttack,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxv. p. 300. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 308.
[3080] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 381.
[3081] Katscher, _loc. cit._ p. 97. Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 178. Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370.
[3082] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxx. vv. 1-4.
[3083] Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.
[3084] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 184.
[3085] Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 146.
[3086] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 252.
[3087] _Cf._ Waitz, vol. iii. p. 115; v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 353, note; Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 15; d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 132.
[3088] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 551.
[3089] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 156.
[3090] Burton, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. i. pp. 320, _et seq._ _Cf._ _Idem_, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 121.
[3091] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 481.
[3092] In the language of the Bechuanas, the word ‘motlanka,’ like the ‘παῖς’ of the Greeks and the ‘puer’ of the Romans, signifies at the same time boy and servant (Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 188, note).
[3093] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 180, _et seq._
[3094] Among the Kamchadales (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 342), Guiana Indians (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 413, note 2), Fuegians (Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 133), Santals (Man, _loc. cit._ p. 15), Gypsies (Liebich, _loc. cit._ p. 52), Marea (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 248), Somals, and Kafirs (Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119), the women are stated to be more or less prolific.
[3095] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 228.
[3096] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 313 (Northern Indians). Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1886, p. 305 (Eastern Tinneh). Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 169, 218, 242 (Haidahs, Columbians about Puget Sound, Chinooks). Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 684 (Comanches). Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 194 (Ingaliks). Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 147 (Beaver Indians). Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 195 (Eskimo). Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 149 (Greenlanders). Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368 (Indians of the Californian Peninsula). Gibbs, _loc. cit._ p. 209 (Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).
[3097] Talamanca Indians (Bovallius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 249), Guaranies (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 59), Ostyaks (Ahlqvist, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 290), Kukis (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 255), Dyaks (Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 142), Sumatrans (Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 257), Australians (Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 137. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 81, _et seq._ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 780), Maoris (Angas, vol. i. p. 314), Tedâ (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 448), Mandingoes, (Park, _loc. cit._ p. 219), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p. 207).
[3098] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 143. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 147.
[3099] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 313.
[3100] _Cf._ Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs); Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 231 (Wintun); Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 413, note 2 (Indians of Guiana); Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 133 (Fuegians).
[3101] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 242.
[3102] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 141, _et seq._
[3103] Wood, ‘The Natural History of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 685.
[3104] Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419.
[3105] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 259.
[3106] Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 254. Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 419.
[3107] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 220.
[3108] _Cf._ Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 196; Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 118.
[3109] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 512, note 120.
[3110] King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 153.
[3111] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 100.
[3112] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 47.
[3113] Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148.
[3114] Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 465.
[3115] St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 254.
[3116] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 388. Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 183.
[3117] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 271. _Cf._ Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312; Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 383.
[3118] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 104. Alcedo-Thompson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 416.
[3119] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 259.
[3120] Forbes, ‘Dahomey,’ vol. i. pp. 25, _et seq._
[3121] Inglis, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. p. 63. d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 395. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 94.
[3122] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 657.
[3123] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 106 (Brazilian aborigines). Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 147 (Greenlanders). Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 389 (Kafirs). Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424 (Arabs). v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ pp. 31, _et seq._ (Ainos). Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 72 (Chinese). Rein, _loc. cit._ p. 425 (Japanese).
[3124] Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 259, _et seq._
[3125] Livingstone, ‘Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi,’ pp. 284, _et seq._
[3126] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 259.
[3127] _Cf._ Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 93 (Fijians); v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. p. 548 (Indians on Orinoco).
[3128] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 109.
[3129] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 512. Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12. Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 321 (Greenlanders).
[3130] Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ pp. 125-127.
[3131] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 158.
[3132] _Cf._ Burdach, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 375.
[3133] Nansen, vol. ii. p. 329. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 321, 329, _et seq._
[3134] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 310. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 125.
[3135] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 301. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 102.
[3136] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 234, _et seq._ _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. iii. p. 236.
[3137] Brett, _loc. cit._ pp. 351, _et seq._ _Cf._ Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 270.
[3138] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. v. pp. 548, _et seq._
[3139] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 22, _et seq._
[3140] Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 131.
[3141] Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ pp. 152, _et seq._
[3142] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 191, _et seq._
[3143] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 282. _Cf._ Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 766; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 758, 781.
[3144] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 11.
[3145] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[3146] St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 56.
[3147] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 185.
[3148] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 251.
[3149] Tod, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 258.
[3150] Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 14. d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ pp. 250, _et seq._
[3151] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 226.
[3152] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 253, _et seq._
[3153] Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 727.
[3154] Dutt, ‘The Social Life of the Hindus in the Rig-Veda Period,’ in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.
[3155] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 503. Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 134. Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 142. Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 189.
[3156] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 161.
[3157] For other instances of female jealousy, see Kirby, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1864, p. 419 (Kutchin); Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 355 (Eskimo at Igloolik); Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 70 (Crees); v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 392 (Mundrucûs); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97 (Samoans); Kubary, _loc. cit._ p. 61 (Pelew Islanders); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 269 (Tahitians); Yate, _loc. cit._ p. 97 (Maoris); Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 335, 448 (natives of Babber and Wetter); Cooper, _loc. cit._ p. 102 (Assamese); Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 72 (Reddies); Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 38 (Bhils); Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 288 (Kamchadales); Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 444 (Moors of the Sahara); Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 78; v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 329, _et seq._; Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 44 (Kafirs).
[3158] Domenech, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 306.
[3159] Eastern Tinneh (Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 310), Naudowessies (Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 367), Kaviaks (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 138), Northern Indians (Hearne, _loc. cit._ pp. 129, _et seq._), Crees (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ pp. xcvi. _et seq._), Indians of the Californian Peninsula (Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 368), Minnetarees and Mandans (Lewis and Clarke, _loc. cit._ p. 307), Caribs (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 383).
[3160] Indians of Oregon (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 277. Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 654), Crows (Bastian, ‘Der Papua des dunkeln Inselreichs,’ p. 128, note 8), Blackfeet (_Idem_, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. pp. 403, _et seq._, note).
[3161] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 438.
[3162] Schoolcraft, vol. iii. pp. 195, _et seq._
[3163] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 338.
[3164] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 685.
[3165] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 661.
[3166] Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 62. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 28.
[3167] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 363.
[3168] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 282.
[3169] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.
[3170] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 28.
[3171] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 369.
[3172] Man, ‘Sonthalia,’ p. 15.
[3173] Macpherson, _loc. cit._ p. 69. Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 744.
[3174] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454.
[3175] _Ibid._, p. 181. _Cf._ _ibid._, pp. 209, _et seq._
[3176] Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 447.
[3177] Bain, _loc. cit._ pp. 136, _et seq._
[3178] _Ibid._, p. 137.
[3179] Müller, ‘Am Neste,’ p. 102. Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pt. iv. ch. ii. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 293-295.
[3180] Brehm, ‘Bird-Life,’ pp. 288, _et seq._
[3181] Houzeau, ‘Études sur les facultés mentales des animaux,’ vol. ii. p. 117.
[3182] Gibbs, _loc. cit._ p. 198.
[3183] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 102.
[3184] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 273.
[3185] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 117.
[3186] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 45. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 192. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 267.
[3187] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 756. For other instances, see _ibid._, vol. vi. p. 125; ‘Das Ausland,’ 1857, p. 888.
[3188] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 33 (Miris). Cunningham, ‘History of the Sikhs,’ p. 18 (Tibetans). Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 227 (Damaras). Bastian, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. vi. p. 388.
[3189] Stulpnagel, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. vii. p. 134. _Cf._ Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 287.
[3190] Gordon Cumming, _loc. cit._ p. 406 (Tibetans). Beauregard, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. pp. 264, _et seq._ (Massagetæ). See _ante_, p. 116.
[3191] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 429.
[3192] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. p. 460.
[3193] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 477.
[3194] Quoted by Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 191.
[3195] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 341.
[3196] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 440, 442.
[3197] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 28.
[3198] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 253.
[3199] _Ibid._, p. 343.
[3200] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 677.
[3201] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 315, 317.
[3202] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 191.
[3203] _Ibid._, p. 231.
[3204] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 5, 406.
[3205] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’ p. 71.
[3206] Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. pp. 19, _et seq._ Smeaton, _loc. cit._ p. 81.
[3207] Dutt, in ‘The Calcutta Review,’ vol. lxxxv. p. 79.
[3208] Goguet, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 22.
[3209] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 252.
[3210] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 101. _Cf._ the myths of the Nishinam (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 339), Thlinkets (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 421), Nicaraguans (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 280), Caroline Islanders (_ibid._, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 136).
[3211] As, for example, by Post, ‘Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 27, and Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 664, _et seq._
[3212] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 334; vol. ii. pp. 394, _et seq._ Mr. Reade thinks (_loc. cit._ p. 214) we may infer that Gorillas are polygamous, like stags, cocks, pheasants, and other animals that battle for mates, from the fact that a trustworthy informant had seen two Gorillas fighting. But it is not only polygamous animals that fight for females.
[3213] Hartmann, _loc. cit._ p. 214.
[3214] Among the Bechuanas, says Mr. Conder (‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 86), a man formerly became richer the more wives he had, because they used to hoe his mealies; ‘now, however, ploughs have been introduced, and the men take pride in driving a team of eight oxen in a plough.'
[3215] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 752.
[3216] Le Bon, ‘La Civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 424.
[3217] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 378.
[3218] McLennan, ‘The Levirate and Polyandry,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ N.S. vol. xxi. pp. 703-705. _Idem_, ‘Studies,’ pp. 112, _et seq._
[3219] Bellabollahs (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 169, note 34), Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon (Gibbs, _loc. cit._ p. 199), Miwok (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 356), Iroquois, Wyandots (Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 330), Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250), Azteks, Mayas, Mosquitoes (Bancroft, vol. ii. pp. 466, 671; vol. i. p. 730), Arawaks (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol iii. p. 392), Warraus (Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 275), Tupis (Southey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 241), Australians (Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 776. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 135. Palmer, _ibid._, vol. xiii. p. 298. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 278. Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 87. Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 164), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98), New Caledonians (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), people of New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. xi. p. 9), Caroline Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106), peoples of New Guinea (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 66) and the Malay Archipelago (_ibid._, pp. 32, 39, 54, 57-60. Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 228, 229, 260, _et seq._ Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 70), Mrús (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 234), Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Kakhyens (Anderson, _loc. cit._ p. 142), Pahárias (Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 273), Bilúchis (Postans, ‘The Bilúchi Tribes Inhabiting Sindh,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 105), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403), Ostyaks (Latham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 457), Kamchadales (Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 347), Ainos (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 524. Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol xi. pt. i. p. 44), Arabs (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 64. Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 406), Gallas (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 516), Kûri (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 375), Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 488), Negroes of Senegambia (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 455), the tribes in the interior of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429), Bechuanas, Zulus (Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85), Eastern Central Africans (Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 135), people of Madagascar (Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 246), Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), ancient Egyptians (‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 293). For other instances, see _infra_, note 3.
[3220] _Cf._ Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 649.
[3221] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 488 (Kunáma). v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 117, 118, 691 (Brazilian aborigines, Arawaks). Gibbs, _loc. cit._ p. 199 (Indians of Western Washington and North-Western Oregon).
[3222] Atkha Aleuts (Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 170, _et seq._), Eskimo (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, pp. 698, _et seq._), Crees (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 110), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198), tribes of Western Victoria (Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 27), people of Nitendi and the New Hebrides (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634), Nufoor Papuans of New Guinea (Guillemard, _loc. cit._ p. 390), Santals (‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. xxiv.). Among the Gonds it is the duty of a younger brother to take to wife the widow of an elder brother, though the converse is not permitted (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 150).
[3223] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 416.
[3224] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., pp. 112, _et seq._
[3225] Fijians, Samoans (Prichard, _loc. cit._ p. 393), Papuans of New Guinea (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 77. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 661), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 209. Waitz-Gerland, vol v. pt. ii. p. 117), the tribes in the interior of Western Equatorial Africa mentioned by Mr. Du Chaillu (‘Journey to Ashango-Land,’ p. 429). Among many other peoples the right of succession belongs in the first place to the brother.
[3226] Man, _loc. cit._ p. 100.
[3227] Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 316, 325), Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 484, 488).
[3228] Miris (Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 154), Tartars (Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 221. de Rubruquis, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, _et seq._), Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49), Wakamba (Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 406), Baele (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 176), Egbas (Burton, ‘Abeokuta,’ vol. i. p. 208), Negroes of Fida, &c. (Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 480. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 115).
[3229] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 97, note.
[3230] Bosman, p. 528.
[3231] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 16.
[3232] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 86.
[3233] McLennan, ‘The Patriarchal Theory,’ p. 89.
[3234] _Cf._ Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 241.
[3235] Hebrews (‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxv. vv. 5-10), Hindus (‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 59-63), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 403), Bechuanas (Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 185), people of Madagascar (Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 246). Among the Hindus, the ‘levir’ did not take his brother’s widow as his wife; he only had intercourse with her. This practice was called ‘Niyoga.'
[3236] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 113.
[3237] Starcke, _loc. cit._ ch. iii.
[3238] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 395.
[3239] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 98.
[3240] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 86.
[3241] McLennan, p. 91.
[3242] Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 355.
[3243] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 287.
[3244] Moorcroft and Trebeck, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 321.
[3245] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 228.
[3246] Fraser, _loc. cit._ p. 208.
[3247] Bogle, _loc. cit._ p. 123.
[3248] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 212.
[3249] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 292.
[3250] Fraser, _loc. cit._ p. 209.
[3251] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. i. p. 83.
[3252] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iv. p. 20.
[3253] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 33.
[3254] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.
[3255] Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 83. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 66.
[3256] Peoples of Watubela (Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 206) and Lampong in Sumatra (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58), Igorrotes and Italones of the Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ pp. 28, 33). Professor Wilken thinks (pp. 46, _et seq._) the same was the case among the Niasians and Bataks.
[3257] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 293.
[3258] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105.
[3259] Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 319, _et seq._
[3260] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pp. 272, _et seq._
[3261] Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol xiii. p. 206.
[3262] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 634.
[3263] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 328. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 101. Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ pp. 193, 213.
[3264] Quoted by Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 73.
[3265] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.
[3266] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 88.
[3267] St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.
[3268] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 75.
[3269] Rosset, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 169.
[3270] Quoted by Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 253.
[3271] Bourien, ‘The Wild Tribes of the Interior of the Malay Peninsula,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80.
[3272] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370. Yule, ‘Notes on the Kasia Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. ii. p. 624. Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 186.
[3273] Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 13. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 603.
[3274] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.
[3275] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150.
[3276] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 207, _et seq._
[3277] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 247, 251.
[3278] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 444.
[3279] Lobo, _loc. cit._ p. 26.
[3280] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 122.
[3281] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 114.
[3282] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1027.
[3283] Rawlinson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 353.
[3284] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 488, _et seq._ Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._ p. 264.
[3285] Nordström, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 34.
[3286] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 125.
[3287] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 371.
[3288] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 173.
[3289] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 161, 250.
[3290] de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 171.
[3291] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxiv. v. i. Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 203.
[3292] Meier and Schömann, _loc. cit._ p. 511.
[3293] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ pp. 123, _et seq._
[3294] Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 454.
[3295] Chinooks (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 241), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 157), Chippewyans (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. cxxiii.), Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 249), Macusís (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 391), Mundrucûs and other Brazilian tribes (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 104), Minuanes, Pampas, Mbayas, Payaguas (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 32, 44, 114, 132), Catalanganes of the Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 41), Siamese (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 169), Burmese (Colquhoun, ‘Burma,’ pp. 12, _et seq._), Chukmas (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 187), Yakuts (Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 129), Chuvashes, Votyaks, Cheremises, Mordvins, Voguls (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 42), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 404), Takue (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 209), Beni-Mzab (Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 315, _et seq._)
[3296] Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 148.
[3297] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 239.
[3298] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 375.
[3299] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 342.
[3300] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 324.
[3301] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497.
[3302] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 23. Faulkner, _loc. cit._ p. 126.
[3303] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167.
[3304] Dieffenbach, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 40.
[3305] Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95.
[3306] Lawes, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 614. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397.
[3307] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 129.
[3308] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 78.
[3309] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 68.
[3310] _Cf._ Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 210; Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 278; Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 70; Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 261, 264.
[3311] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 203. Among the Samaritans, divorce, though permitted, does not occur (Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 217).
[3312] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 151. Meier and Schömann, _loc. cit._ p. 510.
[3313] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.
[3314] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 276.
[3315] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 64.
[3316] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 33.
[3317] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 208. Lewin, p. 210.
[3318] Peoples of Ceram, Aru, Sermatta, Babber, Letti, Moa and Lakor, Wetter (Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 134, 263, 325, 351, 390, 448), Buru (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 51).
[3319] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 110. _Cf._ Proyart, _loc. cit._ p. 569 (Negroes of Loango).
[3320] Kolben, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 157.
[3321] Casalis, _loc. cit._ pp. 184, et seq.
[3322] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 219.
[3323] Mantras (Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80), Butias of Ladakh (Cunningham, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p. 204), Toungtha (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 194), Timorese (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 54).
[3324] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 263, 265. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 132.
[3325] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 278.
[3326] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 25, _et seq._ Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 219. Müller, ‘Reise der Novara,’ Ethnographie, p. 164.
[3327] Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 73.
[3328] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 27.
[3329] Rein, _loc. cit._ pp. 424, _et seq._
[3330] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ p. 332.
[3331] Lane, _loc. cit_ vol. i. pp. 139, 247. Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 13.
[3332] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 80, _et seq._ This, however, was not a divorce in our sense of the term. ‘Neither by sale nor by repudiation,’ says Manu (ch. ix. v. 46), ‘is a wife released from her husband.'
[3333] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 95.
[3334] Glasson, _loc. cit._ pp. 204, _et seq._
[3335] Glasson, pp. 213, 215.
[3336] _Ibid._, pp. 367, _et seq._
[3337] _Ibid._, pp. 437, 452.
[3338] _Ibid._, p. 403.
[3339] Carpentier, ‘Traité théorétique et pratique du divorce,’ p. 52. For the laws of divorce in the States of Europe and America, see Neubauer, ‘Ehescheidung im Auslande,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vols. v.-ix.
[3340] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 254.
[3341] Greenlanders (Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 509), Damaras (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 416), Marea (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 241), Kafirs of Natal (Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 85, _et seq._), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97), Dyaks (St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237).
[3342] This is especially the case when the wife is superior to the husband in rank [_cf._ Soyaux, _loc. cit._ p. 162 (Negroes of Loango); Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 284 (Negroes of Sierra Leone); Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. pp. 140, _et seq._ (Eastern Central Africans); Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 254 (Tanàla of Madagascar); Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106; vol. vi. p. 128 (Caroline Islanders, Tahitians); ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333 (Pelew Islanders); Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 289 (Natchez)]; but also when they are of equal rank, as among the Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 249), Macassars, Bugis (Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 76), Rejangs (Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 235), Malays of Perak (McNair, _loc. cit._ p. 236), Galela (Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78), Kaupuis (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Badagas (Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117), Kerantis (Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 136), Mongols (Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 70), Beni-Amer, Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 320, 321, 489), Touaregs Chavanne, (‘Die Sahara,’ p. 209), Ashantees (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 120), Masai (Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. v. p. 533), Kafirs (Maclean, _loc. cit._ pp. 69, _et seq._).
[3343] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 277.
[3344] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 223, _et seq._
[3345] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 214.
[3346] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 93.
[3347] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 127, _et seq._
[3348] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 256. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397. Chalmers, _loc. cit._ p. 167. Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. pp. 106, _et seq._
[3349] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 134, 173, 263, 325, 390, 448.
[3350] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295.
[3351] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 73.
[3352] Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 92.
[3353] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 83.
[3354] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 140.
[3355] Arnot, ‘Garenganze,’ p. 194.
[3356] Waitz, vol. iv. p. 86.
[3357] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 672.
[3358] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 219. Rein, _loc. cit._ pp. 424, _et seq._
[3359] Glasson, _loc. cit. pp._ 149, _et seq._
[3360] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ ch. xii. _et seq._ Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 139.
[3361] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 386, _et seq._
[3362] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 187.
[3363] _Ibid._, p. 189.
[3364] _Ibid._, p. 195.
[3365] _Ibid._, pp. 152, _et seq._ Meier and Schömann, _loc. cit._ p. 512.
[3366] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 42, _et seq._
[3367] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 123.
[3368] Glasson, pp. 291, 298, 304.
[3369] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157.
[3370] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 92.
[3371] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315. _Cf._ Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 76 (Abipones); Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p. 258 (Touaregs of Rhāt).
[3372] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 469.
[3373] ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ 1883, p. 290. _Cf._ Keane, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206 (Botocudos); Krauss, _loc. cit._ p 568 (South Slavonians).
[3374] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 150.
[3375] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 139 (Western Eskimo). Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 143 (Greenlanders). Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 141 (Zulus). Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 48 (Wanyoro). Buchner, _loc. cit._ p. 31 (Duallas). Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 218 (Persians). Krauss, pp. 532, 570, _et seq._ (South Slavonians); &c.
[3376] Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian in his Wigwam,’ p. 73. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 320 (Greenlanders); Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 48 (Bushmans); St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 66 (Sea Dyaks).
[3377] St. John, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 237.
[3378] Bailey, _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 292. _Cf._ Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 141 (Zulus).
[3379] For exceptions, see _ante_ p. 19.
[3380] Nutkas, Inland Columbians (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 197, 277), Shans (Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 295), Burmese (Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 73), Malays of Perak (McNair, _loc. cit._ p. 236), Beni-Amer, Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 320, 321, 489).
[3381] Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 20.
[3382] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 51.
[3383] Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 107.
[3384] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 187.
[3385] _Cf._ Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 244.
[3386] Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 129 (Jakuts). Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 401 (Wakamba). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48 (Zulus). Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno). Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315 (Thlinkets). _Cf._ Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 56 (Yurok); Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Mrús); Livingstone, ‘Missionary Travels,’ p. 412 (Negroes of Angola).
[3387] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 404 (Ossetes). Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. pp. 26, _et seq._ (Circassians). Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117 (Badagas). Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 101 (Malays). Merolla da Sorrento, p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026 (Negroes of Bondo). Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol iv. p. 315 (Thlinkets).
[3388] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 184.
[3389] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.
[3390] Munda Kols (Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370), Todas (Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 218), Bedouins (Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 150), Tartars (Georgi, _loc. cit_. p. 238), East Africans (Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 333).
[3391] Aleuts (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 370), Dacotahs (Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 240), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 153), Papuans of New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397).
[3392] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 97.
[3393] Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 253. _Cf._ Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 672 (Yucatan).
[3394] Greenlanders (Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 148), Thlinkets (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 328), Inland Columbians (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 277), Apaches (_ibid._, vol. i. p. 513), Iroquois (Buchanan, ‘North American Indians,’ pp. 338, _et seq._), Gallinomero in California (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 178), and other North American Indians (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105), Caribs (_ibid._, vol. iii. p. 383), Payaguas (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 132), Marianne Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 107), Tongans (Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 179), Khasias (Steel, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. vii. p. 308. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 57).
[3395] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 191.
[3396] Katscher, _loc. cit._ p. 91. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 401.
[3397] Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. iii. p. 80. _Cf._ St. John, _ibid._, vol. p. 237; Mason, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 20.
[3398] Lane Poole, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. v. p. 684.
[3399] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 215.
[3400] Mr. Crawfurd (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 79) points out the connection, in Java, between the frequency of women deserting their husbands and the abundance of food; the laboriousness and industriousness of the women, who can earn a subsistence independent of a husband, and the tameness and servileness of the men.
[3401] Crawfurd, vol. iii. p. 101 (Malays). Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Rejangs). Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 78 (Galela). Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis). Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 136 (Kerantis). Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 217 (Todas). Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117 (Badagas). Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 120 (Negroes).
[3402] Mohammedans (Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 139), Badagas (Harkness, p. 117).
[3403] Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 279. _Cf._ ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 569; Raffles, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 81 (Javanese).
[3404] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 454, _et seq._
[3405] Of articles in periodicals only some of the more important have been included in this list.
* * * * * *
Transcriber’s note:
Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
Variations in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other spelling and punctuation remains unchanged.
The original contained at least eight unpaired double quotation marks that could not be corrected with confidence.
The precise location of footnote 372 is speculative since it is not indicated in the original.
Incomplete entries in the index remain as printed in the original.