book i. ch. 8.
[380] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 442.
[381] Diodorus Siculus, ‘Βιβλιοθήκη ἱστορική,’ book v. ch. 1.
[382] v. Langsdorf, ‘Voyages and Travels,’ vol. i. p. 153.
[383] McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 341. The case stated by Garcilasso de la Vega must, however, be excepted.
[384] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 132. Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft der Urzeit,’ pp. 34, _et seq._ Le Bon, ‘L’homme et les sociétés,’ vol. ii. p. 292. Lippert, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 17. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss,’ vol. vii. p. 327.
[385] It occurs among the Kafirs (v. Weber, ‘Vier Jahre in Afrika,’ vol. ii. p. 218), several Central African peoples (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 262. Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 47. Merolla da Sorrento, ‘Voyage to Congo,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 272. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 114), the Aleuts (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 399. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 92, _et seq._ Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 372), Eskimo (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 65), Crees (Mackenzie, ‘Voyages to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans,’ p. xcvi.), Comanches (Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 684), Apaches (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 514), some Californians (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 153), the aborigines of Surinam (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 267), and Brazil (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 118), Sinhalese (Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 250), Dyaks of Sidin (Western Borneo) and Orang-Saki (Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 451), the Australians (Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 93. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss,’ vol. vii. pp. 326, _et seq._ Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 110), Tasmanians (Bonwick, _loc. cit._ p. 75), Papuans (Zimmermann, ‘Die Inseln des indischen und stillen Meeres,’ vol. ii. p. 183), Caroline Islanders (Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 212), and some other Pacific Islanders (Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194. Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 35), as also the Votyaks and certain Siberian peoples (Buch, ‘Die Wotjäken,’ p. 48). This list might easily be enlarged.
[386] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 111. Regnard, ‘Journey to Lapland,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. i. pp. 166, _et seq._ Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 267. Marco Polo, ‘The Kingdoms and Marvels of the East,’ vol. ii. p. 34. Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ pp. 34, _et seq._ Coxe, ‘The Russian Discoveries between Asia and America,’ p. 245.
[387] Rochon, ‘Voyage to Madagascar,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 747.
[388] Sauer, ‘Expedition to the Northern Parts of Russia,’ p. 49.
[389] Sproat, ‘Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ p. 95.
[390] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 356.
[391] Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 47.
[392] Lyon, ‘The Private Journal,’ &c., p. 354. Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 129. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 92. Steller, ‘Beschreibung von Kamtschatka,’ p. 347. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 308; vol. vi. pp. 130, 131, 622. Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 172. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 247.
[393] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 140.
[394] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 34.
[395] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 316. _Cf._ Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 404.
[396] Johnston, ‘The Kilima-njaro Expedition,’ p. 431.
[397] McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 337, note. _Cf._ Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 404.
[398] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698. ‘Revue des deux Mondes,’ 1883, June 1, p. 688.
[399] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 382.
[400] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 113, 428, 485.
[401] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 671.
[402] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 584, _et seq._ Bastian, in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. vi. p. 408, note.
[403] Bontier and Le Verrier, ‘The Canarian,’ Introduction, p. xxxv. _Cf._ Glas, ‘The History of the Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 819.
[404] Barth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 571, note *.
[405] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book iv. ch. 168.
[406] Navarette, ‘The Great Empire of China,’ in Awnsham and Churchill’s ‘Collection of Voyages and Travels,’ vol. i. p. 320.
[407] Hamilton, ‘New Account of the East Indies,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. viii. p. 374.
[408] Sugenheim, ‘Geschichte der Aufhebung der Leibeigenschaft und Hörigkeit in Europa,’ p. 104. Philip VI. and Charles VI. could not, in the fourteenth century, induce the Bishops of Amiens to give up the old custom, “dass jedes neuvremählte Paar ihrer Stadt und Diöcese die Erlaubniss zur ehelichen Beiwohnung in den drei ersten Nächten nach der Trauung von ihnen mittelst einer bedeutenden Abgabe erkaufen musste.”
[409] Schmidt, ‘Jus primae noctis,’ pp. 379, &c.
[410] See Professor Kohler’s criticism in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iv. pp. 279-287.
[411] Kulischer, ‘Die communale “Zeitehe,”‘ in ‘Archiv. für Anthropologie,’ vol. xi. pp. 228, _et seq._
[412] Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ pp. 12, 13, 17, 18, &c. Giraud-Teulon, _loc. cit._ pp. 32, &c. Kulischer, in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. xi. p. 223. Post, ‘Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ p. 37. Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 537. Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 1196. See Schmidt, ‘Das Streit über das jus primae noctis,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. xvi. pp. 44, _et seq._
[413] Holub, ‘Seven Years in South Africa,’ vol. ii. pp. 160, _et seq._
[414] Bastian, ‘Der Mensch in der Geschichte,’ vol. iii. p. 302. Burton, ‘Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 67.
[415] Bosman, ‘Description of the Coast of Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 480.
[416] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 161.
[417] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 45.
[418] Moore, p. 182.
[419] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 213.
[420] Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 29.
[421] Yate, ‘Account of New Zealand,’ p. 96.
[422] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 184.
[423] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 359.
[424] ‘Ѕалнск? сељскаго св?ще?н?ка,’ in ‘Русская Сгарина,’ vol. xxvii. pp. 63, 77.
[425] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 140.
[426] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 113, _et seq._
[427] Hamilton, _loc. cit._ p. 374.
[428] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 133, 537-539. Giraud-Teulon, _loc. cit._ pp. 43-53.
[429] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 539.
[430] See Giraud-Teulon, _loc. cit._ p. 44.
[431] McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 343.
[432] Juan and Ulloa, ‘Voyage to South America,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xiv. p. 521.
[433] Regnard, _loc. cit._ p. 166.
[434] St. Andrew St. John, ‘The Hill Tribes of North Aracan,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 239.
[435] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family,’ p. 12.
[436] ‘Malayan,’ as Mr. Wallace remarks, is a bad term, as this system does not occur among true Malays.
[437] Morgan, pp. 450, _et seq._
[438] _Idem_, ‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 403, _et seq._ _Idem_, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ pp. 482, _et seq._
[439] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 184.
[440] _Ibid._, p. 196.
[441] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., p. 488.
[442] As the second form he assumes the ‘Punaluan family,’ which was founded upon intermarriage of several sisters and female cousins with each other’s husbands (or several brothers and male cousins with each other’s wives) in a group, the joint husbands (or wives) not being necessarily akin to each other, although often so (‘Ancient Society,’ p. 384).
[443] _Ibid._, p. 502. _Cf._ Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 487, _et seq._
[444] Buschmann, ‘Ueber den Naturlaut,’ in ‘Philologische und historische Abhandlungen der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,’ 1852, pp. 391-423. Independently of him Sir J. Lubbock has compiled a similar table in ‘The Origin of Civilization,’ pp. 427-432.
[445] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 10, 9.
[446] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 18.
[447] Hunter, ‘Comparative Dictionary of the Languages of India and High Asia,’ p. 122.
[448] von der Gabelentz, ‘Die melanesischen Sprachen,’ vol. ii. p. 139.
[449] Hunter, pp. 122, 143.
[450] von der Gabelentz, vol. ii. p. 52.
[451] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 215.
[452] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 172.
[453] Klaproth, ‘Asia Polyglotta,’ p. 281.
[454] Barth, ‘Central-afrikanische Vokabularien,’ p. 212.
[455] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 293.
[456] von den Steinen, ‘Durch Central-Brasilien,’ p. 341.
[457] von der Gabelentz, vol. i. p. 71.
[458] Barth, p. 214.
[459] von der Gabelentz, vol. ii. p. 52.
[460] Preyer, ‘Die Seele des Kindes,’ p. 321.
[461] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 431.
[462] von den Steinen, _loc. cit._ p. 341.
[463] Schomburgk, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 318. Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 126, 186.
[464] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 295, 313, 339, 348, 358, 362, 368, 374.
[465] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.
[466] Robertson Smith, ‘Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia,’ p. 117.
[467] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes,’ p. 65.
[468] Müller, ‘Comparative Mythology,’ in ‘Oxford Essays,’ 1856, pp. 14, _et seq._ _Idem_, ‘Biographies of Words,’ p. xvi.
[469] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 433. _Cf._ Sayce, ‘Principles of Comparative Philology,’ p. 211.
[470] _Cf._ McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 259; Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 188.
[471] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., p. 132.
[472] Davy, ‘Account of the Interior of Ceylon,’ p. 117.
[473] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., p. 453, note.
[474] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 127.
[475] Barth, ‘Central-afrikanische Vocabularien,’ p. 216. Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur,’ &c., p. 69.
[476] Barth, p. 216.
[477] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 244, et seq.
[478] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 258.
[479] Casalis, ‘The Basutos,’ p. 207.
[480] Ahlqvist, _loc. cit._ p. 209.
[481] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 431. Nordqvist, ‘Tschuktschisk ordlista,’ in Nordenskiöld, ‘Vega-expeditionens vetenskapliga iakttagelser,’ vol. i. pp. 386, 390.
[482] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 247, _et seq_.
[483] Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 277. _Cf._ Collins, ‘New South Wales,’ vol. i. p. 544.
[484] Nicolaus Damascenus, _loc. cit._ § 3.
[485] Deecke, ‘Die deutschen Verwandtschaftsnamen,’ p. 79.
[486] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 116.
[487] Ahlqvist, p. 209.
[488] Dixon, ‘The Tsuishikari Ainos,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p. 43.
[489] Vámbéry, ‘Die primitive Cultur,’ &c., p. 65.
[490] Ahlqvist, p. 212.
[491] Ahlqvist, _loc. cit._ p. 211.
[492] von den Steinen, _loc. cit._ p. 341.
[493] Ahlqvist, p. 210. von der Gabelentz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 172.
[494] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 452, note. _Cf._ the German ‘Junge.'
[495] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 91, _et seq._
[496] Eyre, ‘Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 214.
[497] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 143.
[498] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 247.
[499] Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 212.
[500] Mr. A. J. Swann, in a letter dated Kavala Island, Lake Tanganyika, December 14th, 1888.
[501] Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320. According to M. Le Mesurier (‘The Veddás of Ceylon,’ in Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,‘ vol. ix. p. 347), the Rock or Hill Veddahs use the word for brother, ‘aluwa,’ when they speak of or to any person with whom they are in friendship.
[502] Mr. Bridges, in a letter dated Downeast, Tierra del Fuego, August 28th, 1888.
[503] In dealing with the pretended group-marriages of the Australians, we have noted the distortion of facts to which Mr. Morgan’s hypothesis has given rise. Nowhere has this distortion appeared in an odder way than in Professor Bernhöft’s pamphlet, entitled ‘Verwandtschaftsnamen und Eheformen der nordamerikanischen Volksstämme.’ The author, misled by the systems of nomenclature, asserts that even now group-marriages are extremely common (have ‘eine ungeheure Verbreitung’) not only among the Australians, but also throughout America and Africa, and in many parts of Asia (pp. 8, 16). In a paper of more recent date (‘Altindische Familien-Organisation,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. ix. p. 7), however, Professor Bernhöft admits that the actual practice has _mostly_ become different from that which the terms indicate, and that the progress to individual marriage has already often taken place.
[504] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 196, _et seq._ Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 35 note.
[505] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ p. 36, note.
[506] ‘Das Mutterrecht.'
[507] McLennan, _loc. cit._ p. 88.
[508] See, besides the works of Bachofen and McLennan, Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 151-156; Giraud-Teulon, _loc. cit._ ch. vii.-x.; _Idem_, ‘La Mère chez certains peuples de l’antiquité;’ Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ pp. 183, _et seq._; Lippert, ‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ sec. i.; _Idem_, ‘Kulturgeschichte,’ vol. ii. ch. ii.; Dargun, ‘Mutterrecht und Raubehe,’ pp. 2-9; Post, ‘Geschlechtsgenossenschaft,’ pp. 93, _et seq._; _Idem_, ‘Der Ursprung des Rechts,’ pp. 37, _et seq._; _Idem_, ‘Baustiene,’ vol. i. pp. 77, _et seq._; Starcke, ‘The Primitive Family,’ sec. i. ch. i.-v.; Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1881, vol. li. pp. 244-254; Friedrichs, ‘Ueber den Ursprung des Matriarchats,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. viii. pp. 382, _et seq._; Frazer, ‘Totemism,’ pp. 70-72; Letourneau, ‘L’évolution du mariage et de la famille,’ ch. xvi.-xviii.; Wake, ‘The Development of Marriage and Kinship,’ ch. viii., _et seq._
[509] _Cf._ Hale, in ‘Science,’ vol. xix. p. 30.
[510] Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 176.
[511] Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 343, _et seq._
[512] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 371 (Yokuts). Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 242.
[513] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 182, 194.
[514] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 234.
[515] Sproat, _loc. cit._ pp. 98, 116.
[516] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 71.
[517] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., pp. 5, _et seq._
[518] v. Humboldt, ‘Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent,’ vol. vi. p. 41. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 383.
[519] Buckley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 31.
[520] Waitz, vol. iii. pp. 471, _et seq._ Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ American Races, p. 10.
[521] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 352, _et seq._ Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 499.
[522] Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 334.
[523] Cook, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 412.
[524] Morgan, ‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 579, 583.
[525] Ellis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 260.
[526] Cook, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 172.
[527] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ pp. 391, _et seq._
[528] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 247. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 203.
[529] Gill, ‘Myths and Songs from the South Pacific,’ p. 36.
[530] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.
[531] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 209, _et seq._ Cheyne, ‘Islands in the Western Pacific Ocean,’ p. 109. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 119.
[532] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 244.
[533] Hickson, ‘A Naturalist in North Celebes,’ pp. 285, _et seq._ Wilken, ‘Over de verwantschap, etc., bij de volken van het maleische ras,’ p. 21.
[534] Wilken, p. 21.
[535] Kohler, ‘Das Recht der Papuas auf Neu-Guinea,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. pp. 373, 375. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 395. Chalmers, ‘Pioneering in New Guinea,’ p. 188.
[536] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 85.
[537] Taylor, ‘Te Ika a Maui,’ p. 326. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 210.
[538] According to Mr. Frazer (_loc. cit._ p. 70), the proportion of tribes with female to those with male descent is as four to one.
[539] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 276, 285. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 777. Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 328. Frazer, p. 70.
[540] Taplin, ‘The Narrinyeri,’ in Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ pp. 12, 51.
[541] Gason, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 186.
[542] Grey, ‘Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia,’ vol. ii. pp. 226, 236.
[543] Marshall, ‘A Phrenologist amongst the Todas,’ p. 206.
[544] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, pp. 10, _et seq._
[545] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 274.
[546] Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 167.
[547] Hunter, ‘The Annals of Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 202.
[548] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 11.
[549] Burckhardt, ‘Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys,’ p. 75. Wilken’s ‘Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern’ and Professor Robertson Smith’s (_loc. cit._ p. 151) suggestion that the maternal system alone prevailed among the ancient Arabs, must be regarded as a mere hypothesis. _Cf._ Redhouse, ‘Notes on Prof. E. B. Tylor’s “Arabian Matriarchate.”‘
[550] Wake, _loc. cit._ p. 271.
[551] _Cf._ Dargun, _loc. cit._ p. 5.
[552] Batchelor, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. x. p. 212.
[553] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 458. Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 54, 57, 63 (Jyntias, Khasias, Garos). Dargun, p. 5, note.
[554] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 522. _Cf._ Burton, ‘First Footsteps in East Africa,’ p. 123.
[555] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 169.
[556] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 469.
[557] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 421.
[558] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 230.
[559] Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami,’ p. 228. Chapman, ‘Travels in the Interior of South Africa,’ vol. i. p. 341.
[560] Conder, ‘The Native Tribes in Bechuana-Land,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85. Livingstone, _loc. cit_. p. 185.
[561] In a letter dated Imbizane River, Natal, October 10th, 1888.
[562] In a letter dated Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony, October 1st, 1888.
[563] Maclean, ‘Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs,’ pp. 71, 116. v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 220. _Cf._ Waitz, _loc. cit_. vol. ii. p. 391. Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 92.
[564] Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 75. Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ African Races, p. 7.
[565] Andersson, p. 333.
[566] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Types of Lowest Races, &c., p. 10. For other instances of male descent in Africa, see Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 26-28.
[567] Maine, ‘Dissertations on Early Law and Custom,’ p. 149.
[568] Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ and ‘Antiquarische Briefe.’ McLennan, _loc. cit._ pp. 118-120, 195-246. _Idem_, ‘The Patriarchal Theory.’ Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage,’ ch. xiv., xvi.
[569] Tacitus, ‘Germania,’ ch. xx.
[570] Schrader, ‘Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples,’ p. 395.
[571] Müller, ‘Biographies of Words,’ p. xvii.
[572] Mr. Horatio Hale thinks (‘Science,’ vol. xix. p. 30) that in North America the paternal and maternal systems are both primitive.
[573] _Cf._ Friedrichs, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. viii. pp. 371, &c.
[574] Maine, _loc. cit._ p. 202.
[575] _Cf._ Lippert, ‘Die Geschichte der Familie,’ pp. 5, 8, 9, &c.
[576] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 378.
[577] Cameron, ‘Notes on some Tribes of New South Wales,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv., p. 352.
[578] Howitt, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1883, p. 813.
[579] Wilkinson, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians,’ vol. i. p. 320.
[580] Ribot, ‘L’hérédité psychologique,’ p. 362.
[581] Maine, _loc. cit._ p. 203.
[582] _Cf._ Tylor, ‘Researches into the Early History of Mankind,’ pp. 295, _et seq._; Kohler, in ‘Kritische Vierteljahrschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft,’ N. S. vol. iv. pp. 182, _et seq._
[583] _Cf._ Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 150, _et seq._
[584] Belt, ‘The Naturalist in Nicaragua’ p. 322.
[585] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 273.
[586] Hooker, ‘Himalayan Journals,’ vol. ii. p. 276.
[587] Quoted by Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 69, note 4.
[588] _Ibid._, pp. 27, 28, 35, 36, 40, 41, &c.
[589] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 184, 192, _et seq._ It is remarkable, he says (p. 187), that while all children, among the Efatese, belonged, by the family name, to the mother’s family, each child had its own name, and any one bearing the name at once knew the father’s family thereby.
[590] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 181.
[591] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 298. Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 382. Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian and his Wigwam,’ p. 72.
[592] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 383.
[593] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 136. _Cf._ Livingstone, _loc. cit._ pp. 622, _et seq._
[594] Hickson, ‘Notes on the Sengirese,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 138.
[595] Hooker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 276.
[596] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 262.
[597] Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 80.
[598] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 258.
[599] Early Arabians (Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ pp. 74, _et seq._), Sumatrans (Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 225), Sinhalese (McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ pp. 101, _et seq._).
[600] Küchler, ‘Marriage in Japan,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p 115.
[601] Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 36.
[602] Grey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 226, 231. Lubbock, _loc. cit._ pp. 136, _et seq._
[603] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.
[604] McCall Theal, ‘History of the Emigrant Boers,’ p. 16.
[605] Medhurst, ‘Marriage, Affinity, and Inheritance in China,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 29.
[606] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 484, 490. Proyart, _loc. cit._ p. 571.
[607] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 206, _et seq._
[608] Kearns, ‘The Tribes of South India,’ p. 35.
[609] Wake, _loc. cit._ p. 271.
[610] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 637, note.
[611] _Cf._ Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 421. Phillips, ‘The Lower Congo,’ in ‘Jour. Anth. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 229. Grade, in ‘Aus allen Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 5. Powell, ‘Wanderings in a Wild Country,’ p. 60.
[612] Maine, _loc. cit._ pp. 204, _et seq._
[613] _Ibid._, pp. 204, _et seq._ note.
[614] Mantegazza, ‘Die Hygieine der Liebe,’ p. 405.
[615] Quoted by Witkowski, ‘La génération humaine,’ p. 218.
[616] ‘Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet,’ &c., note to p. 74.
[617] Wilson, ‘The Abode of Snow,’ p. 215.
[618] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 82. _Cf._ Erman, in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. iii. p. 163.
[619] Lisiansky, ‘Voyage Round the World,’ p. 83.
[620] Bontier and Le Verrier, _loc. cit._ p. 139.
[621] Harkness, _loc. cit._ pp. 122, _et seq._
[622] de Ujfalvy, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. v. p. 227.
[623] Hamilton, _loc. cit._ pp. 374, _et seq._
[624] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 395.
[625] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 394.
[626] Le Bon, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 289, _et seq._ Kautsky, in ‘Kosmos,’ vol. xii. p. 262.
[627] Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines de la famille,’ p’ 79, note.
[628] Le Bon, vol. ii. p. 293.
[629] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 125.
[630] Breton, ‘Excursions in New South Wales,’ &c., p. 231. Wilkes, vol. ii. p. 195. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 774. Schürmann, _loc. cit._ p. 223. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 280.
[631] Grey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 252.
[632] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 100, 109.
[633] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn, Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 292.
[634] Holmberg, ‘Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des russischen Amerika,’ in ‘Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 332, _et seq._ Dali, _loc. cit._ p. 421.
[635] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158. Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 383. Hardisty, ‘The Loucheux Indians,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 312. Dixon, ‘Voyage round the World,’ pp. 225, _et seq._ Harmon, ‘Journal of Voyages and Travels,’ p. 293. Franklin, ‘Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea,’ p. 67. _Cf._ Waitz, vol. iii. p. 328; Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 310; Mackenzie, _loc. cit_. p. 147; Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 390.
[636] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 343.
[637] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 412.
[638] Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 143.
[639] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 209.
[640] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 693.
[641] v. Schütz-Holzhausen, ‘Der Amazonas,’ p. 70.
[642] v. Martius, vol i. p. 322. Keane, ‘On the Botocudos,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206.
[643] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 241.
[644] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 128.
[645] _Ibid._, i. p. 82.
[646] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 239.
[647] Moncelon, in ‘Bull Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 368. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 115.
[648] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 329.
[649] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194.
[650] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 315.
[651] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 5, 335, 448. _Cf._ Modigliani, ‘Un viaggio a Nías,’ p. 471 (Nias).
[652] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.
[653] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 348, et seq.
[654] Chavanne, _loc. cit._ p. 315.
[655] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. xx. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 516.
[656] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 479.
[657] Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p. 25. _Cf._ Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iv. p. 498; ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 237; Bosman, p. 480.
[658] Le Bon, ‘La civilisation des Arabes,’ p. 434. This rule is not, however, strictly observed among the lower classes in Arabia (Palgrave, ‘Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia,’ vol. i. pp. 271, _et seq._), nor by the Mohammedans of Africa (d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 63. Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 511. Chavanne, p. 349).
[659] Lane, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians,’ vol. i. p. 138.
[660] Polak, ‘Persien,’ vol. i. p. 224.
[661] Balfour, ‘The Cyclopædia of India,’ vol. iii. p. 252.
[662] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 361 (New Caledonians).
[663] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 201.
[664] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 661.
[665] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 61.
[666] Some Californian tribes (Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 75, 246, 270), the Comanches (Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 132), Guanas (Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 95), Patagonians (Falkner, ‘Description of Patagonia,'p. 126), Kaupuis in Manipur (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355), Ladrone Islanders (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 187), the ancient people of Honduras (de Herrera, ‘The General History of the West Indies,’ vol. iv. p. 140).
[667] North American Indians (Schoolcraft, vol. i. p. 236; vol. ii. p. 132; vol. v. pp. 683, 684, 686. Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 375. Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 145. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 514), Africans (Wake, ‘The Evolution of Morality,’ vol. ii. p. 128, note 2. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 115), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 149), Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 358), inhabitants of Nepaul (Smith, ‘Five Years’ Residence at Nepaul,‘ vol. i. p. 153), South Slavonians (Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 569, _et seq._), Egyptians (Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 304).
[668] Liebich, _loc. cit._ p. 50, note 3.
[669] ‘Uplands-Lagen,’ Aerfdæ Balkær, ch. vi.
[670] Adair, pp. 144, _et seq._ Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 245.
[671] Crees (Schoolcraft, vol. v. p. 167), Chibchas (Waitz, vol. iv. p. 367), Abyssinians (Lobo, ‘Voyage to Abyssinia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xv. pp. 25, _et seq._), Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst,’ vol. xvi. p. 358), &c.
[672] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 95.
[673] Keating, ‘Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River,’ vol. ii. pp. 169, _et seq._
[674] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 339. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 505.
[675] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 632.
[676] Squier, ‘The Archæology and Ethnology of Nicaragua,’ in ‘Trans. Am. Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 127. Acosta, ‘The Natural and Moral History of the Indies,’ vol. ii. p. 370.
[677] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen tot te taal-, land-en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië,’ ser. v. vol. iv. pp. 446-448. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 397.
[678] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 95. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 80. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 127.
[679] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 547. _Cf._ Waitz, vol. ii. p. 389; Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 740; Park, ‘Travels in the Interior of Africa,’ p. 221 (Mandingoes); Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 151, note * (Arabs of Upper Egypt).
[680] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 113. Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 396, _et seq._ Johnston, ‘The People of Eastern Equatorial Africa,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 11. _Cf._ Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 45.
[681] Grade, in ‘Aus. allen Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 5.
[682] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 522.
[683] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 192.
[684] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxii. vv. 15-17.
[685] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209.
[686] Manzoni, quoted by Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 555. _Cf._ Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63.
[687] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 461
[688] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 213.
[689] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 26.
[690] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 79, 104, 237, 238, 283.
[691] _Ibid._, p. 232.
[692] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xix.
[693] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 133.
[694] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 226; vol. v. p. 217.
[695] Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. xcviii.
[696] Seemann, ‘The Voyage of Herald,’ vol. i. p. 316.
[697] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 313.
[698] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 359. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 192, 193, 419.
[699] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 391.
[700] In Bali this practice was carried to the utmost excess (Crawfurd ‘History of the Indian Archipelago,’ vol. ii., p. 241. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 19).
[701] Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 77.
[702] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 130, 640, _et seq._
[703] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 96. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 359, 377. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 192, 398. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands,’ p. 557. Pritchard, _loc. cit._ p. 372.
[704] Inglis, ‘Missionary Tour in the New Hebrides,’ in ‘Journal of the Ethnological Society of London,’ vol. iii. p. 63.
[705] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 435. _Cf._ Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 31.
[706] Hardisty, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 319.
[707] Bouche, ‘La Côte des Esclaves,’ p. 218.
[708] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 280.
[709] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ p. 173.
[710] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191; vol. vi. p. 130.
[711] de Rubruquis, ‘Travels into Tartary and China,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. vii. p. 33. Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 57.
[712] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 305.
[713] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 215.
[714] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 152.
[715] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 391.
[716] Dubois, _loc. cit._ pp. 99, 164.
[717] Malcolm, ‘Essay on the Bhills,’ in ‘Trans. Roy. Asiatic Soc. Gr. Britain and Ireland,’ vol. i. p. 86.
[718] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 578.
[719] Pausanias, ‘Ἑλλάδος περιήγησις,’ book ii. ch. 21.
[720] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 262.
[721] Fulton, ‘The Laws of Marriage,’ pp. 204, _et seq._ St. Paul, ‘1 Timothy,’ ch. v. vv. 11, 12, 14, _et seq._
[722] Gibbon, ‘The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,’ vol. i. p. 319.
[723] Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 186.
[724] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 269.
[725] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 621.
[726] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 488, 387.
[727] Schomburgk, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 227. Lord, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 235. Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 95.
[728] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 255. v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 34. Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 119. Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs). Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 383 (Yokuts). Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 208, 241 (Takue, Marea). Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 82 (certain Papuans).
[729] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 325 (Californians). Ashe, ‘Travels in America,’ p. 250 (Shawanese). Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 369 (Eskimo at Igloolik).
[730] Munzinger, p. 387.
[731] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63.
[732] Greenlanders (Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 148), Eskimo at Igloolik (Lyon, _loc. cit._ 369), Aleuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 93, note 133, Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 159), Indians of Oregon (Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 655), Dacotahs (_ibid._, vol. iii. p. 238), Yokuts (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 383), Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250), Chibchas (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 367), Macusís (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 649), Ainos (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 524. Bickmore, ‘Notes on the Ainos,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 20. v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 34), Igorrotes of Luzon (Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385. Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 28), Old Kukis (Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 620).
[733] Adair, _loc. cit._ pp. 186, _et seq._
[734] Fries, ‘Grönland,’ p. 76.
[735] _Cf._ Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 225 (Basutos); Rochon, _loc. cit._ p. 747 (people of Madagascar); Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 126 (natives of Northern Queensland); Letourneau, ‘L’évolution du mariage et de la famille,’ pp. 258, _et seq._
[736] In Fernando Po (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 61) and among the Fulah (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 472).
[737] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195.
[738] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 44. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1028.
[739] Franklin, _loc. cit._ pp. 67, _et seq._
[740] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 82.
[741] Bonwick, ‘The Last of the Tasmanians,’ p. 308.
[742] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 110. _Cf._ Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ pp. 345, _et seq._
[743] Grey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 252, _et seq._
[744] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 525.
[745] Lisiansky, p. 128.
[746] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 413.
[747] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 218.
[748] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 349.
[749] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 163.
[750] Giraud-Teulon, ‘Les origines du mariage et de la famille,’ p. 70.
[751] As a curious exception to this rule, Dr. Brehm (‘Bird-Life,’ p. 289) mentions a bereaved hen sparrow, who, though she had eggs to hatch and young to rear, would not take a second mate.
[752] Among the Kaniagmuts and Aleuts (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 402), as also occasionally among other North American tribes, certain men were dressed and brought up like women, and never married; whereas, among the Eastern Eskimo, there are some women who refuse to accept husbands, preferring to adopt masculine manners, following the deer on the mountains, trapping and fishing for themselves (_ibid._, p. 139).
[753] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 339.
[754] Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250.
[755] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238.
[756] Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 187.
[757] ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172.
[758] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 21.
[759] Burchell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 58. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 565.
[760] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 424.
[761] Caillié, ‘Travels through Central Africa,’ vol. i. p. 348.
[762] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p. 489.
[763] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 284.
[764] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 220, _et seq._
[765] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 193, 175.
[766] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 233.
[767] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 69, note.
[768] Wallace, ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 141.
[769] Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 256, _et seq._ _Cf._ Schellong, ‘Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. xxi. p. 17 (Papuans of Finschhafen, Kaiser Wilhelm Land).
[770] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 86.
[771] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 168.
[772] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. xxiv. Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 110.
[773] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 184.
[774] _Cf._ Lansdell, ‘Through Siberia,’ vol. ii. p. 226 (Gilyaks); Armstrong, ‘The Discovery of the North-West Passage,’ p. 192 (Eskimo); Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 633, note 2 (natives of the Indian Archipelago).
[775] Man, ‘Sonthalia and the Sonthals,’ p. 101.
[776] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 215.
[777] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 110.
[778] Southey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 240.
[779] Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 368, 372. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 399, _et seq._
[780] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 320.
[781] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 413. Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 121. _Cf._ Ross, ‘The Eastern Tinneh,’ in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 305 (Chippewyans); Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 132 (Comanches); vol. iii. p. 238 (Dacotahs).
[782] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 632.
[783] Bovallius, ‘Resa i Central-Amerika,’ vol i. p. 248.
[784] Morelet, ‘Reisen in Central-Amerika,’ p. 257.
[785] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 248.
[786] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 60, 61, 94.
[787] Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 132.
[788] Parkyns, ‘Life in Abyssinia,’ vol. ii. p. 41.
[789] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 324. Petherick, ‘Egypt, the Soudan and Central Africa,’ p. 396.
[790] Chavanne, _loc. cit._ p. 401. Krapf, ‘Travels in East Africa,’ p. 354. ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 168.
[791] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 145, _et seq._
[792] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 284.
[793] Hodgson, ‘The Kócch, Bodo and Dhimál People,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 734.
[794] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 205. _Cf._ Man, _loc. cit._ p. 20.
[795] Hunter, vol. iii. p. 82.
[796] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 125.
[797] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, _et seq._
[798] Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 64.
[799] Neale, ‘Residence in Siam,’ p. 155.
[800] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 69.
[801] Huc, ‘Travels in Tartary,’ vol. i. p. 184.
[802] Batchelor, ‘The Ainu of Japan,’ p. 141.
[803] Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ pp. 111, _et seq._
[804] Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 278. _Cf._ Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 143.
[805] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195.
[806] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107.
[807] Stone, ‘Port Moresby and Neighbourhood,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. xlvi. p. 55. Ploss, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 392.
[808] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pp. 46, _et seq._ Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 251, _et seq._
[809] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 306, _et seq._
[810] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 882.
[811] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 186.
[812] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 216, _et seq._
[813] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 234, _et seq._
[814] Ross, ‘History of Corea,’ p. 313.
[815] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 67.
[816] Niebuhr, ‘Travels in Arabia,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. x. p. 151. _Cf._ Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 64 (Arabs).
[817] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 205.
[818] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 213.
[819] Andree, ‘Zur Volkskunde der Juden,’ pp. 140, _et seq._
[820] Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p. 471.
[821] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten, Athener und Römer,’ pp. 286, 353. Lichtschein, ‘Die Ehe nach mosaisch-talmudischer Auffassung,’ p. 6.
[822] Fustel de Coulanges, ‘The Ancient City,’ p. 63. Hearn, ‘The Aryan Household,’ pp. 69, 71. Mayne, ‘Treatise on Hindu Law and Usage,’ pp. 68, _et seq._
[823] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ii. vv. 66, _et seq._ Monier Williams, ‘Indian Wisdom,’ p. 246. _Cf._ Mayne, p. 69.
[824] Muir, ‘Religious and Moral Sentiments,’ p. 110.
[825] Dubois, _loc. cit._ pp. 99-101.
[826] Geiger, ‘Civilization of the Eastern Irānians,’ vol. i. p. 60.
[827] Müller, ‘The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race,’ vol. ii. pp. 300, _et seq._ Smith, ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,’ p. 735. Fustel de Coulanges, _loc. cit._ pp. 63, et seq. Hearn, _loc. cit._ p. 72.
[828] Plato, ‘Νόμοι,’ book vi. p. 773.
[829] Isaeus, ‘Περὶ τοῦ Ἀπολλοδώρου κλήρου,’ p. 66.
[830] Mommsen, ‘The History of Rome,’ vol. i. p. 62.
[831] Cicero, ‘De Legibus,’ book iii. ch. 3. Fustel de Coulanges, _loc cit._ p. 63.
[832] Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 432; vol. iii. p. 440; vol. iv. p. 547.
[833] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 418.
[834] Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 104.
[835] Cæsar, ‘De Bello Gallico,’ book vi. ch. 21.
[836] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xx.
[837] _Ibid._, ch. xix.
[838] _Cf._ Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. x. p. 79.
[839] Mackenzie Wallace, ‘Russia,’ vol. i. p. 138.
[840] _Cf._ v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 216 (Kafirs).
[841] Campbell, ‘The Wild Tribes of Khondistan,’ p. 143.
[842] Watson and Kaye, _loc. cit._ vol. i. no. 18. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 192.
[843] Romilly, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ix. p. 8.
[844] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 383 (Kutchin). Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 126 (Tahitians). Chavanne, ‘Reisen im Kongostaate,’ p. 399 (Bafióte tribes). Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 313 (Coreans). Ahlqvist, _loc. cit._ pp. 203, _et seq._ (Tartars). _Idem_, ‘Unter Wogulen und Ostjaken,’ in ‘Acta. Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. xiv. p. 291 (Ostyaks).
[845] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 102.
[846] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 291. Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 281. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 35. Mr. Curr states (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 110) that, as a rule, wives are not obtained by the Australian men until they are at least thirty years of age.
[847] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312.
[848] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 224.
[849] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 125. Wilkes, vol. v. p. 74. Romilly, ‘The Western Pacific,’ pp. 69, _et seq._
[850] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 420.
[851] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. pp. 171, _et seq._
[852] Lubbock, _loc. cit._ p. 131. _Cf._ Bosman, _loc. cit._ pp. 419, 424 (Negroes of the Gold Coast).
[853] Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 256, _et seq._
[854] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 140, note.
[855] Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 267.
[856] Haushofer, ‘Lehr-und Handbuch der Statistik,’ pp. 404-406.
[857] Wilkens, in ‘Nationaloekonomisk Tidsskrift,’ vol. xvi. p. 90.
[858] Haushofer, p. 396. Wappäus, vol. ii. p. 229. v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 120.
[859] ‘Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Registrar-General,’ pp. viii. _et seq._
[860] v. Oettingen, pp. 125, _et seq._ Block, ‘Statistique de la France,’ vol. i., p. 69.
[861] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ p. 60.
[862] Haushofer, _loc. cit._ pp. 400, _et seq._ ‘Forty-seventh Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen., p. viii. _Cf._ Wappäus, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 216.
[863] Speaking of the Santals, Sir W. W. Hunter remarks ('Rural Bengal,’ vol i. p. 205), ‘In the tropical forest, a youth of sixteen or seventeen is as able to provide for a family as ever he will be; and a leaf hut, with a few earthen or brazen pots, is all the establishment a Santal young lady expects.’ This holds good not only for the savages of the tropics.
[864] Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 278.
[865] Niebuhr, _loc. cit._ p. 151.
[866] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 337.
[867] ‘Forty-sixth Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen.,’ p. ix.
[868] A report, in ‘Nya Pressen,’ 1887, no. 339, of a lecture delivered by Professor Vallis at Helsingfors.
[869] ‘Forty-ninth Ann. Rep. Reg.-Gen.,’ p. viii.
[870] Haushofer, _loc. cit._ pp. 404, _et seq._
[871] Ploss, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 384.
[872] ‘Why is Single Life becoming more General?’ in ‘The Nation,’ vol. vi. p. 190.
[873] Walker, ‘Beauty,’ pp. 34, _et seq._
[874] Forel, ‘Les Fourmis de la Suisse,’ quoted in Darwin’s ‘Life and Letters,’ vol. iii. p. 191.
[875] Ribot, _loc. cit._ p. 150.
[876] ‘The Nation,’ vol. vi. p. 191.
[877] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 367.
[878] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 181.
[879] Cook, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 164.
[880] Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 250.
[881] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 31.
[882] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 113.
[883] Guillemard, ‘The Cruise of the _Marchesa_,’ p. 389. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 372.
[884] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 32. Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 245.
[885] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 130.
[886] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Reichtswiss.,’ vol. v. p. 343.
[887] v. Schroeder, ‘Die Hochzeitsgebräuche der Esten,’ pp. 192-194.
[888] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 261.
[889] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 143, note.
[890] Seemann, ‘Mission to Viti,’ p. 191.
[891] Lafitau, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 576.
[892] _Cf._ Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 241 (Naudowessies); Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 345 (natives of Queensland); Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 172 (people of Radack); Schellong, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xxi. p. 18 (Papuans of Finschhafen); Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 96 (Alfura of Ceram); Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 94 (Andamanese).
[893] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 387.
[894] Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 117.
[895] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 734. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 152.
[896] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 291-299, 305.
[897] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 333, _et seq._
[898] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 307.
[899] Pomponius Mela, _loc. cit._ book iii. ch. 6.
[900] Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ pp. 88, 99.
[901] Rhys Davids, ‘Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion,’ p. 148.
[902] Oldenberg, ‘Buddha,’ pp. 350, _et seq._
[903] Wilson, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[904] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 18.
[905] Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ p. 88.
[906] Dubois, _loc. cit._ pp. 99, _et seq._
[907] Josephus, ‘Ἰουδαϊκή ἅλωσις,’ book ii. ch. 8, § 2. Solinus, _loc. cit._ ch. xxxv. §§ 9, _et seq._
[908] St. Paul, ‘1 Corinthians,’ ch. vii. v. 38.
[909] _Ibid._, ch. vii. vv. 1, 2, 9.
[910] Mayer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 289, _et seq._
[911] Lecky, ‘History of European Morals,’ vol. ii. p. 122. Milman, ‘History of Latin Christianity,’ vol. i. p. 152.
[912] Gibbon, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 318, _et seq._
[913] Draper, ‘History of the Intellectual Development of Europe,’ vol. i. p. 415.
[914] Fulton, _loc. cit._ pp. 140, 142.
[915] Lea, ‘Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church,’ p. 66.
[916] Gieseler, ‘Text-Book of Ecclesiastical History,’ vol. ii. p. 275.
[917] Sachs, ‘Text-Book of Botany,’ p. 897.
[918] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 343, _et seq._
[919] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 343.
[920] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 344.
[921] ‘Sir R. Heron states that with pea-fowl, the first advances are always made by the female; something of the same kind takes place, according to Audubon, with the older females of the wild turkey’ (_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 134).
[922] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 86.
[923] Rengger, _loc. cit._ p. 11.
[924] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 261.
[925] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 64. _Cf._ _ibid._, pp. 142, 233 (Bhúiyas, Muásís).
[926] Batchelor, _loc. cit._ p. 324.
[927] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 127.
[928] Shooter, ‘The Kafirs of Natal,’ p. 52.
[929] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 457.
[930] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 459, 501.
[931] Haeckel, ‘Generelle Morphologie,’ vol. ii. p. 244.
[932] Hearne, _loc. cit._ pp. 104, _et seq._
[933] Richardson, _loc. cit._ v. ii. pp. 24, _et seq._ _Cf._ Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. 145; Ross, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 310.
[934] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 303. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 319 (Greenlanders).
[935] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 224. Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 221, _et seq._
[936] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 132.
[937] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 94.
[938] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 412, 509.
[939] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 176, note 1. Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ p. 279.
[940] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[941] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 184.
[942] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 36. _Cf._ Ridley, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ p. 6.
[943] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 601.
[944] Dieffenbach, ‘Travels in New Zealand,’ vol. ii. pp. 36, _et seq._
[945] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 337.
[946] Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 55, 269.
[947] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 72.
[948] Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 48.
[949] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 352.
[950] Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 348. _Cf._ ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 738 (Tanguts).
[951] Samuelson, ‘India, Past and Present,’ p. 48.
[952] Pausanias, _loc. cit._ book iii. ch. 12.
[953] Pindar, ‘Πύθια,’ ode ix. v. 117.
[954] Pausanias, book iii. ch. 12.
[955] Homer’s ‘Odyssey,’ Books xxi.-xxiv. (edited by Hamilton), Preface, p. 5.
[956] Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 163, _et seq._
[957] Young, ‘Tour in Ireland,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. iii. p. 860.
[958] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 257.
[959] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 174. _Cf._ Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 445 (Bushmans).
[960] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 390.
[961] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 238, _et seq._
[962] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 601, _et seq._
[963] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 90.
[964] Klemm, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207.
[965] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 64.
[966] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 443.
[967] Hawkesworth, ‘Voyages,’ vol. ii. p. 55.
[968] Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 209.
[969] Spencer, vol. i. p. 64.
[970] Sherwill, ‘Tour through the Rájmahal Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xx. p. 584.
[971] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 17.
[972] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 62.
[973] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 514. Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 577.
[974] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 115. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 351. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 514.
[975] Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 39. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 26. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 569, _et seq._
[976] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 227.
[977] v. Martius, vol. i. pp. 319, 620.
[978] Johnston, _loc. cit._ pp. 429, et seq.
[979] Beechey, ‘Voyage to the Pacific,’ vol. i. p. 38. For the artificial enlargement of the ear-lobe, see also Park Harrison, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. pp. 190-198.
[980] Crawford, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 216, _et seq._
[981] Sturt, ‘Expedition into Central Australia,’ vol. ii. pp. 9, 61. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 570.
[982] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 259.
[983] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 301.
[984] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 308.
[985] Baker, ‘The Albert N’yanza,’ vol. i. p. 198.
[986] Hearne, _loc. cit._ p. 306, note.
[987] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 23.
[988] Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 343. King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 138. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 271. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 483.
[989] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 351.
[990] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 185.
[991] Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 227.
[992] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 230.
[993] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 738.
[994] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 356.
[995] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 316. Labillardière, ‘Voyage in Search of La Pérouse,’ vol. ii. p. 266.
[996] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 369.
[997] Lacassagne, ‘Les tatouages,’ p. 9. Cæsar, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 14. Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 6.
[998] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 39.
[999] Parkyns, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 29.
[1000] Agassiz, ‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 320.
[1001] Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 580. _Cf._ Beechey, vol. i. p. 140.
[1002] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 210.
[1003] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 310.
[1004] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 475.
[1005] Williams and Calvert, ‘Fiji and the Fijians,’ p. 137.
[1006] Gason, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Dieyerie Tribe,’ in Wood’s, ‘The Native Tribes of South Australia,’ p. 267.
[1007] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. pp. 317, _et seq._
[1008] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 129.
[1009] Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ p. 138. Pritchard, _loc. cit._ p. 391. Seeman, ‘Viti,’ p. 113. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355.
[1010] Wilkes, vol. v. p. 88. v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 15.
[1011] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 132, et seq. Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 468.
[1012] ‘A totem is a class of material objects which a savage regards with superstitious respect, believing that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate and altogether special relation’ (Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 1).
[1013] Frazer, _loc. cit._ pp. 26-30.
[1014] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 36-39.
[1015] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 38.
[1016] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 72.
[1017] Colquhoun, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[1018] Keyser, ‘Our Cruise to New Guinea,’ pp. 44, _et seq._
[1019] Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. cxx. Powers, loc. cit. p. 109. Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 401. Agassiz, _loc. cit._ p. 318. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 484, 501, &c. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 434. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 38.
[1020] Quoted by Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 293, note.
[1021] Spencer, vol. ii. pp. 183-186.
[1022] _Cf._ v. Barth, ‘Ostafrika,’ p. 32.
[1023] v. Martius, vol. i. pp. 321, 738. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 89. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of the Tasmanians,’ p. 24. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 159. Heriot, p. 305.
[1024] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 237, _et seq._
[1025] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 249, _et seq._
[1026] Colquhoun, _loc. cit._ p. 76.
[1027] Meyer, _loc. cit._ p. 189.
[1028] Anderson, ‘Notes of Travel in Fiji and New Caledonia,’ p. 136.
[1029] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 275.
[1030] Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 194. Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 243. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 301. Dixon, _loc. cit._ p. 187. v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 115. Holmberg says expressly that the men undergo this operation to make themselves agreeable to the young women.
[1031] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 118. Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 35. Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. p. 225.
[1032] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 250, 365.
[1033] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 224. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 317. Powell, ‘Wanderings in a Wild Country,’ p. 254.
[1034] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 533. Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 285. Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 328. Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 62. ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 16. Andersson, _loc. cit._ p. 226. Ploss, ‘Das Kind,’ vol. ii. p. 264. Breton, _loc. cit._ p. 233. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 786, _et seq._
[1035] Man, ‘Account of the Nicobar Islanders,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 441.
[1036] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 215, _et seq._
[1037] Tuckey, ‘Expedition to Explore the River Zaire,’ pp. 80, _et seq._
[1038] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 211.
[1039] _Cf._ Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 493; v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 197.
[1040] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 240.
[1041] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 292.
[1042] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 288.
[1043] Moseley, ‘On the Inhabitants of the Admiralty Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 400. Short hair is often regarded as a symbol of chastity. Every Buddhist ‘novice’—that is, a person admitted to the first degree of monkhood—has to cut off his hair, in order to prove that ‘he is ready to give up the most beautiful and highly-prized of all his ornaments for the sake of a religious life’ (Monier Williams, ‘Buddhism,’ p. 306); and, in Mexico, the religious virgins, as also men who decided upon a life of chastity, had their hair cut (Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 333; Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 251, _et seq._). A similar idea probably underlies the custom which requires that women, when they marry, shall be deprived of their hair, the husband trying in this way to preserve the fidelity of his wife (see Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 354; Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 567; Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 286; de Rubruquis, _loc. cit._ p. 32; Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 335); whilst many men in New Guinea and Bornu deprive their wives of all ornaments (‘Ymer,’ vol. vi. p. 154; Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 31, note). Even at Sparta and Athens, as well as among the Anglo-Saxons, the bride or newly-married wife had her hair cut short (Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 290). Mr. Wright suggests (‘Womankind in Western Europe,’ p. 68) that, among the people last mentioned, this was done in order to show that she had accepted a position of servitude towards her husband, as the cutting of hair in either sex indicated slavery. But that this explanation cannot be applied to every case of hair-cutting appears from the fact, reported by Heriot (_loc. cit._ p. 333), that, among the Tlascalans, it was customary to shave the head of a newly-married couple, both man and woman, ‘to denote that all youthful sports ought in that state to be abandoned.'
[1044] Sparrman, ‘Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope,’ vol. ii. p. 80.
[1045] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of the Tasmanians,’ pp. 25, _et seq._
[1046] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 217.
[1047] Angas, ‘South Australia Illustrated,’ no. 22.
[1048] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 28.
[1049] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 10, 127, _et seq._ (Charruas and Payaguas). Ploss, ‘Das Kind,’ vol. ii. p. 259 (Manáos and Tamayos). ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 45 (Zulus); &c.
[1050] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 246.
[1051] Nieuhoff, ‘Voyages and Travels into Brazil,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xiv. p. 878.
[1052] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 98.
[1053] Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 195. Bancroft, vol. i. p. 47.
[1054] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 276.
[1055] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 217.
[1056] Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 20.
[1057] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 97.
[1058] Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148.
[1059] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 189.
[1060] Schadenberg, ‘Die Negritos der Philippinen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 136.
[1061] Fijians (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355), Samoans (_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 141), Kingsmill Islanders (_ibid._, vol. v. p. 103), Tahitians (Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 262), natives of Eimeo (Montgomery, ‘Journal of Voyages and Travels,’ vol. i. p. 127), Tongans (Pritchard, _loc. cit._ p. 393), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 118), Gambier Islanders (Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 139).
[1062] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 739, 785, 787.
[1063] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 39. _Cf._ Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 314 (New Zealanders).
[1064] Mauch, ‘Reisen im Inneren von Süd-Afrika,’ in Petermann’s ‘Mittheilungen,’ Ergänzungsband viii. no. 37, pp. 38, _et seq._
[1065] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 321.
[1066] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 88.
[1067] Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 144, _et seq._
[1068] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 262 (Tahiti). Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 127 (Eimeo). Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 328 (Marquesas Islands). _Idem_, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 314 (New Zealand). Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 61 (Burma). Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 331 (Andaman Islands). St. John, ‘The Ainos,’ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 249 (Ainos of Yesso).
[1069] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 67.
[1070] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 72.
[1071] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 286.
[1072] Barrington, ‘The History of New South Wales,’ p. 11.
[1073] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 402.
[1074] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. pp. 308, _et seq._
[1075] Chalmers, _loc. cit._ p. 166.
[1076] Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 170.
[1077] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 90. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 266.
[1078] Ellis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 262, _et seq._
[1079] Wundt, ‘Ethik,’ p. 93.
[1080] _Cf._ Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 71; Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 170; Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 251; Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 331.
[1081] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 139. Yate, _loc. cit._ pp. 147, _et seq._
[1082] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 14, _et seq._
[1083] Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ pp. 481, _et seq._ Beechey, vol. i. p. 39.
[1084] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 573. Jones, ‘The Grammar of Ornament,’ p. 13, note. _Cf._ the tattooed circle round the mouth of the Jurís (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 510) and the female Arecunas (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 268); the rings round the eyes of the women in the Admiralty Islands (Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 401), of the Australians (Angas, ‘South Australia Illustrated’), and the Patagonians (King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 135); the cicatrices like parallel ridges upon the chest, thighs, and shoulders of the Tasmanians (Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 24); and the tattoos on the hands and feet of Egyptian women (Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 54, 57).
[1085] After this chapter had been prepared for the press, I became acquainted with Herr Joest’s magnificent work on tattooing (‘Tätowiren, Narbenzeichnen und Körperbemalen’). Herr Joest, who is an experienced ethnographer, has come to the same conclusion as myself regarding the origin of this practice. He says that ‘der hauptsächliche Trieb, welcher beide Geschlechter bewegt, sich zu tätowiren, _der_ ist, ihre Reize in den Augen des andern Geschlechts zu erhöhen’ (p. 56). He also observes:—‘Je weniger sich ein Mensch bekleidet, desto mehr tätowirt er sich, und je mehr er sich bekleidet, desto weniger thut er letzteres’ (pp. 56, _et seq._).
[1086] Mr. Walker observes (‘Beauty,’ p. 41) that ‘an essential condition of all excitement and action in animal bodies, is a greater or less degree of novelty in the objects impressing them.'
[1087] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.
[1088] Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 15.
[1089] Schweinfurth, ‘Im Herzen von Afrika,’ vol. ii. pp. 7, _et seq._
[1090] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 475.
[1091] Franklin, ‘Second Expedition,’ p. 197 (_cf._ Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. 126). Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 235.
[1092] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 281. _Cf._ v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 597.
[1093] d’Albertis, ‘New Guinea,’ vol. i. p. 200. _Cf._ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 570.
[1094] Moseley, ‘Notes by a Naturalist on the _Challenger_,’ p. 461. _Idem_, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 399. Romilly, _loc. cit._ p. 115.
[1095] Campbell, ‘A Year in the New Hebrides,’ p. 145. Strauch, ‘Bemerkungen über Neu-Guinea,’ &c., in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 43. Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 105.
[1096] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 735. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 204. Breton, _loc. cit._ pp. 210, _et seq._
[1097] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 372, _et seq._ Lubbock, _loc. cit_. p. 54. Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 219. Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ pp. 126, _et seq._
[1098] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 35.
[1099] Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 411.
[1100] d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 415, 418. Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. pp. 43, 62.
[1101] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 120, 575, 626.
[1102] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 267. Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ p. 145. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 332.
[1103] Elliott, ‘Report on the Seal Islands of Alaska,’ pp. 21, _et seq._
[1104] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 138.
[1105] Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 129. Proyart, _loc. cit._ p. 575.
[1106] Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. xciv. _Cf._ Harmon, _loc. cit._ pp. 319, _et seq._
[1107] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 290-295.
[1108] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 275.
[1109] Tylor, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 243.
[1110] Moseley, _loc. cit._ p. 412.
[1111] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 121.
[1112] Wundt, _loc. cit._ p. 127.
[1113] Baegert, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1863, p. 361.
[1114] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 348.
[1115] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 210. Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 275. Waitz, vol. iv. p. 193, note. v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 230. Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 513. v. Schütz-Holzhausen, _loc. cit._ p. 179. Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, ‘Travels in Brazil,’ p. 59. Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 83.
[1116] Charruas, Pampas, Tupis, Payaguas (Azara, vol. ii. pp. 12, 42, 74, 126), and often the Nutkas (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 182) and Patwin (Powers, p. 220).
[1117] Aborigines of Trinidad (Columbus, ‘The History of the Life and Actions of Christopher Colon,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xii. p. 101), Mundrucüs, Maurauás, Jurís (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 388, 427, 504), Uaupés, and Curetús (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 492, 509).
[1118] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 499. King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 23. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 121. Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 129. Armstrong, _loc. cit._ p. 33. Darwin, ‘Journal of Researches,’ p. 228.
[1119] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. pp. 391, _et seq._ Breton, _loc. cit._ pp. 211, _et seq._ Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 27, _et seq._ Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ &c., pp. 104, _et seq._ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 737. Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 281, note. Sir G. Grey remarks that he never saw a cloak or covering worn north of lat. 29° (Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 93).
[1120] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ pp. 24, 104. Breton, p. 398. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 812.
[1121] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 183.
[1122] Forbes, ‘The Kubus of Sumatra,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 122.
[1123] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 5.
[1124] Labillardière, vol. ii. pp. 287, 289.
[1125] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 274.
[1126] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 277; vol. v. p. 46 (Drummond’s Island). Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 215, note (Pelew Islands).
[1127] Nukahiva (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 85), Pelli of the Caroline Group (Kotzebue, vol. iii. p. 191), New Britain (Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 250. d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 255), the Duke of York Group (Powell, pp. 74, _et seq._), many parts of New Guinea and neighbouring islands (d’Albertis, vol. ii. p. 380. Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 48. Gill, ‘Life in the Southern Isles,’ p. 203. Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 568).
[1128] Gill, p. 230.
[1129] Forbes, ‘Tribes of Timor,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 406.
[1130] Man, _ibid._, vol. xii. p. 330.
[1131] Johnston, _loc. cit._ p. 433.
[1132] _Ibid._, p. 437. Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 299.
[1133] Kretzschmar, ‘Südafrikanische Skizzen,’ p. 225. Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 78. Barrow, loc. cit. vol. i. p. 276.
[1134] Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, ‘Tre år i Kongo,’ vol. i. p. 15.
[1135] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 305.
[1136] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 53.
[1137] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 36.
[1138] Wilson and Felkin, vol. ii. p. 96.
[1139] Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 322.
[1140] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 163.
[1141] Cameron, ‘Across Africa,’ vol. i. pp. 285, _et seq._
[1142] Last, in ‘Proceed. Royal Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. v. p. 530.
[1143] Johnston, p. 413, note.
[1144] Bontier and Le Verrier, _loc. cit._ pp. 138, 139, xxxv.
[1145] Wundt, _loc. cit._ p. 127.
[1146] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 233.
[1147] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 446.
[1148] Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 306, _et seq._
[1149] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 642; 702, 703, note; 579.
[1150] v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 76.
[1151] Macgillivray, ‘The Voyage of _Rattlesnake_,’ vol. i. p. 146.
[1152] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 85.
[1153] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 16, _et seq._ _Idem_, ‘Journal of a Voyage round the World,’ p. 44.
[1154] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 168.
[1155] Cheyne, _loc. cit._ p. 144.
[1156] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 383.
[1157] New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Ulaua (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 561, 565).
[1158] Torres Islands, New Guinea (Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 567).
[1159] Admiralty Islands (Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 279, _et seq._ Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. pp. 397, _et seq._).
[1160] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 52.
[1161] Godwin-Austen, ‘Gāro Hill Tribes,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 394.
[1162] Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 169.
[1163] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 155.
[1164] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 276, _et seq._
[1165] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 524.
[1166] ‘Nur das Verborgene reizt,’ says Dr. Zimmermann (_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 84), ‘und Diejenigen welche auf den Gesellschafts-Inseln die verhüllende Kleidung und den heimlichen Genuss und das Verbergen der natürlichen Gefühle einführten, haben gewiss die Sitten nicht verbessert.'
[1167] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 383.
[1168] Hunter, ‘Historical Journal,’ &c., p. 477.
[1169] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 296.
[1170] Rowley, _loc. cit._ p. 146.
[1171] Snow, ‘Two Years’ Cruise off Tierra del Fuego,‘ vol. ii. p. 51.
[1172] Speaking of the naked women of New Ireland, he says (_loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 103, _et seq._), ‘In der That muss ich auch sagen, dass nach kurzer Zeit, nach einer durchaus nicht lange dauernden Gewöhnung an diese Sache, man gar nichts anstössiges mehr in diesem gänzlichen Mangel an Kleidung findet.... Ich habe sehr häufig bemerkt, dass ein Kleid irgend einer Dame, welches nicht nach der allgemeinen Mode geschnitten war, mir stärker auffiel als mir der gänzliche Mangel an Bekleidung der Eingeborenen der tropischen Inseln aufgefallen ist; dazu kommt noch, dass die Leute dem Beobachter durchaus keine Veranlassung geben, an etwas unschickliches zu denken. Eine Europaërin, wenn sie auf eine so glückliche Insel verschlagen und ihrer Kleidung beraubt wäre, würde selbst nach jahrelangem Aufenthalt in solchen Regionen sich die Hände vor die Brust oder irgend einen anderen Theil halten und gerade durch dies Verbergenwollen würde sie die Aufmerksamkeit gegen das zu Verbergende lenken.'
[1173] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 546.
[1174] Johnston, _loc. cit._ p. 437.
[1175] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 349.
[1176] Forster, _loc. cit_. vol. ii. pp. 230, 276, _et seq._
[1177] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 154.
[1178] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 116, _et seq._
[1179] Gumilla, ‘Histoire naturelle, civile et géographique de l’Orenoque,’ vol. i. pp. 188, _et seq._
[1180] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 230.
[1181] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 357.
[1182] Quoted by Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 174.
[1183] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. pp. 467, _et seq._
[1184] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 392.
[1185] Barrington, _loc. cit._ pp. 23, _et seq._
[1186] Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 748.
[1187] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 286; 281, note.
[1188] Snow, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 46.
[1189] Macgillivray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 49; vol. ii. pp. 19, _et seq._
[1190] Southey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 240, _et seq._ _Cf_ v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 111.
[1191] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 15. _Cf._ Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 275.
[1192] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 19.
[1193] Wanyoro (Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49; ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 82), New Caledonians (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 342), Papuans of Dorey (Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 96), aborigines of Hayti (Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 275), Fuegians (Snow, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 46).
[1194] Wilson and Felkin, vol. ii. p. 62. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 97 (Baris); Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 6 (Kafirs).
[1195] Macgillivray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 263.
[1196] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 351.
[1197] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 280. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 562. Cf. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 27 (Abors).
[1198] Tacullies (Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 305), Uaupés (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 281), Oráons (Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 250), Ysabel Islanders (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 604), Samoans (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 121), Papuans of Humboldt Bay (Finsch, _loc. cit._ p. 139). As to the indecent character of savage dances, see, for instance, Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 754 (Australians); Turner, p. 95 (Samoans); Ehrenreich, ‘Ueber die Botocudos,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xix. p. 33 (Botocudos); Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 57 (Californians).
[1199] Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ pp. 27, 38.
[1200] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 472.
[1201] Wallace, pp. 281, 493. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 597.
[1202] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 235.
[1203] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 269.
[1204] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 42. Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 463. Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 123. Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 128. Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 45, 245, _et seq._ Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 221. Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 36. Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 351. ‘Globus,’ vol. xli. p. 237.
[1205] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 98, _et seq._ _Cf._ Bonney, ‘The Aborigines of the River Darling,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 127; Cameron, _ibid._, vol. xiv. p. 358; Bonwick, ‘The Australian Natives,’ _ibid._, vol. xvi. p. 209.
[1206] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 300.
[1207] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 10.
[1208] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 41.
[1209] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. ii. p. 473. _Cf._ Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, vol. i. p. 269.
[1210] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 207.
[1211] _Ibid._, p. 192.
[1212] Stricker, ‘Der Fuss der Chinesinnen,’ in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. iv. p. 243.
[1213] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 477, _et seq._
[1214] Man, _loc. cit._ pp. 80, _et seq._
[1215] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 289. Cf. Hearne, _loc. cit._ pp. 314, _et seq._
[1216] Moore, _loc. cit._ pp. 259, _et seq._ _Cf._ Buchanan, _loc. cit._ p. 323.
[1217] Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. pp. 397, _et seq._ Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 279, _et seq._
[1218] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 365. Dr. Brown, however, thinks that this custom serves another end.
[1219] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 211.
[1220] Atooi (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 192, 232), Tonga (Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 266), Samoa (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 34), Vaitupu (_ibid._, vol. v. pt ii. p. 188), Fiji (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol iii. p. 355). The natives of Ponapé have their lower extremities most richly tattooed, and, to quote Dr. Finsch (‘Die Bewohner von Ponapé,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. pp. 311, 314), ‘als Bassis und Mittelpunkt der Zeichnung dieser Partien ist ein viereckiges Feld zu betrachten, welches die Gegend des Venusberges bedeckt und von der Behaarung unmittelbar beginnend, etwas über denselben hinausreicht.'
[1221] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 293. _Cf._ Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 189, _et seq._ (Papuans).
[1222] Andree, ‘Die Beschneidung,’ in ‘Archiv für Anthropologie,’ vol. xiii. p. 74. The following statements, when other references are not given, are borrowed from this paper.
[1223] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 217.
[1224] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 560, _et seq._
[1225] Lafitau, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 412.
[1226] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 582, note.
[1227] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 517.
[1228] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958.
[1229] Parkyns, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 38.
[1230] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 58.
[1231] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. p. 216.
[1232] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 75. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. xx.
[1233] See, for instance, Burton, ‘Notes on the Dahoman,’ in ‘Memoirs Read before the Anthr. Soc. of London,’ vol. i. p. 318; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. pp. 41, 784; Müller,‘Allgemeine Ethnographie,’ pp. 337, _et seq._; Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 539, _et seq._; Modigliani, _loc. cit._ p. 702.
[1234] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 78.
[1235] Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 140.
[1236] Spencer, ‘Sociology,’ vol. ii. p. 67.
[1237] Galton, ‘The Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa,’ pp. 192, _et seq._ Andersson, _loc. cit._ p. 465.
[1238] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 160. Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 39.
[1239] Spencer, vol. ii. p. 67.
[1240] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 60. _Cf._ Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 315; Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 256.
[1241] _Cf._ Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 320 (Copts); Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 217 (people of Madagascar); Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 157 (Kafirs).
[1242] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 75.
[1243] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 65, note.
[1244] Andree, in ‘Archiv f. Anthr.,’ vol. xiii. p. 77.
[1245] Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 157.
[1246] Cook, ‘Journal of a Voyage,’ p. 106.
[1247] Atooi, of the Sandwich Islands (_idem_, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 233), Nukahiva (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 85, _et seq._), &c. (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 28, 565, 576).
[1248] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 96.
[1249] The same kind of mutilation, spoken of by Mr. Curr as ‘the terrible rite,’ occurs among several other Australian tribes (Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 75; Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 411).
[1250] Schürmann, _loc. cit._ p. 231.
[1251] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 316.
[1252] Abyssinians (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 504), Barea (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 528), Negroes of Benin and Sierra Leone (Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 526. Griffith, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 308, _et seq._), Mandingoes (Waitz, vol. ii. p. 111), Bechuanas (Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 398), Kafirs (v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 218), Malays of Java (Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. p. 146), Indians of Peru (_ibid._, vol. i. p. 146).
[1253] Ploss, vol. i. p. 143.
[1254] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 316.
[1255] Macgillivray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 263.
[1256] Forster, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 383.
[1257] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 12, _et seq._
[1258] Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ p. 477.
[1259] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 267.
[1260] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 59.
[1261] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 301.
[1262] Ebers, ‘Durch Gosen zum Sinai,’ p. 45.
[1263] ‘Dr. E. Vogel’s Reise nach Central-Afrika,’ in Petermann’s ‘Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt,‘ 1857, p. 138.
[1264] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 172.
[1265] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209.
[1266] La Pérouse, ‘Voyage round the World,’ vol ii. p. 142.
[1267] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 85, _et seq._
[1268] Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 398. _Cf._ Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 279, _et seq._
[1269] Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. pp. 125, _et seq._
[1270] Bain, ‘The Emotions and the Will,’ p. 211.
[1271] Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 109.
[1272] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 305.
[1273] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 171.
[1274] _Ibid._, p. 171.
[1275] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 364, _et seq._ Dall, _loc. cit._ pp. 139, 397.
[1276] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 286.
[1277] Kane, ‘Arctic Explorations,’ vol ii. p. 114. On the East Coast of Greenland, according to Dr. Nansen (_loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 338; vol. ii. p. 277), the Eskimo, men and women alike, when indoors, are completely naked with the exception of the ‘nâtit,’ a narrow band about the loins, of dimensions ‘so extremely small as to make it practically invisible to the stranger’s inexperienced eye.’ Many, indeed, assume some covering when Europeans enter their dwellings, but Dr. Nansen thinks this must be rather from affectation, and a desire to please their visitors, than from any real feeling of modesty (_ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 277, _et seq._).
[1278] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 175.
[1279] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. pp. 330, _et seq._
[1280] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 356.
[1281] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 86.
[1282] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 99.
[1283] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 105.
[1284] Semper, ‘Die Palau-Inseln,’ p. 68.
[1285] Since the appearance of the first edition of this work I have become acquainted with Mr. Johnston’s book on ‘The River Congo,’ where he says (p. 418), ‘Clothing was first adopted as a means of decoration rather than from motives of decency. The private parts were first adorned with the appendages that were afterwards used by a dawning sense of modesty to conceal them.'
[1286] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 263. For early engagements among other Eskimo tribes, see Hall, ‘Arctic Researches,’ p. 567; ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 698; Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 146; Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 308.
[1287] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 23. Mackenzie, _loc. cit._ p. cxxiii.
[1288] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 276, _et seq._ (Inland Columbians). Mayne, ‘Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island,’ p. 276 (Nutkas).
[1289] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 322.
[1290] Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 124. King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 152, _et seq._
[1291] Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, ‘Travels to the Source of the Missouri River,’ p. 307), Arawaks (Schomburgk, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 460. Brett, _loc. cit._ pp. 99, _et seq._), Macusís (v. Martius, vol. i. p. 645).
[1292] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 314.
[1293] Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 424.
[1294] Burchell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 58, 564. Beecham, ‘Ashantee and the Gold Coast,’ p. 126.
[1295] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol vi. p. 772. Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195. Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 284, _et seq._ Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 129, 301. Cameron, _ibid._, vol. xiv. p. 352.
[1296] Finsch, _loc. cit._ pp. 102, 116. Guillemard, _loc. cit._ p. 389.
[1297] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 314.
[1298] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 267, 270.
[1299] In the Kingsmill Islands (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 102), Fiji (_ibid._, vol. iii. p. 92), Hudson’s Island (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 290), Nukahiva (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 127), Solomon Islands (Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 90), New Caledonia (Turner, p. 340), New Britain (Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 85), Java (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 569), Buru (Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 21), and among the Bataks, Sundanese, and other Malay peoples (Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 270. Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. pp. 161-167).
[1300] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167.
[1301] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 109.
[1302] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144.
[1303] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 209.
[1304] Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 141.
[1305] Kutchin (Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 312), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 157), Iroquois (Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 320), Simoos (Bovallius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 301).
[1306] Guarayos (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 217), Hos (Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 201, _et seq._), Maoris (Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 125), Fijians (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 91).
[1307] See _ante_, p. 40.
[1308] Forbes, ‘On the Ethnology of Timor-laut,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 11.
[1309] Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 248.
[1310] Schoolcraft, ‘The Indian in his Wigwam,’ p. 72. _Cf._ Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 120; Adair, _loc. cit._ p. 141.
[1311] Buchanan, _loc. cit._ p. 184.
[1312] Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 177. Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 314. Macfie, ‘Vancouver Island and British Columbia,’ p. 447. Wilkes, vol. iv. p. 457 (Indians of the Interior of Oregon).
[1313] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 157, _et seq._
[1314] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158.
[1315] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 269.
[1316] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 549, note 206.
[1317] Shawanese (Ashe, _loc. cit._ p. 249), Comanches (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 216), Patagonians (Musters, _loc. cit._ p. 186).
[1318] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 92.
[1319] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 91.
[1320] Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 184. _Cf._ King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 182.
[1321] Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 111 (Greenlanders). Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 354 (Caribs). Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207 (Abipones). King and Fitzroy, vol. ii. p. 153 (Patagonians).
[1322] Hannon, _loc. cit._ p. 341 (Blackfeet, Chippewyans, Crees, &c.). Schoolcraft, vol. v. p. 683 (Comanches).
[1323] Schoolcraft, vol. iii. p. 238.
[1324] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 108.
[1325] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 10.
[1326] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 234, 242.
[1327] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407. Cf. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 34 (tribes of Western Victoria); Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213 (natives of Northern Queensland).
[1328] Fison and Howitt, pp. 276, 280, 289, 348-354.
[1329] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 299.
[1330] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167. _Cf._ Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 456.
[1331] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 295, _et seq._
[1332] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. pp. 267, 270, _et seq._ _Cf._ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 99, _et seq._
[1333] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 172. Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 105.
[1334] Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ix. p. 10.
[1335] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol ix. p. 368. In Samoa (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 95, _et seq._ _Cf._ _ibid._ pp. 92, 132; Turner, ‘Nineteen Years in Polynesia,’ p. 188; Pritchard, _loc. cit._ pp. 135, _et seq._) and the Kingsmill Islands (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 101), elopements frequently take place, and the parents, however mortified they may be, have to submit. In Fiji, according to Wilkes (vol. iii. p. 92. _Cf._ Pritchard, pp. 269, _et seq._; Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 632), forced marriages are comparatively rare in the higher classes.
[1336] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 159.
[1337] Boyle, ‘Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo,’ p. 236. _Cf._ Brooke, ‘Ten Years in Sarawak,’ vol. i. p. 69.
[1338] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 90.
[1339] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 272.
[1340] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 447, 302.
[1341] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 235. Crawfurd, vol. iii. pp. 129, _et seq._
[1342] Colquhoun, ‘Burma and the Burmans,’ p. 12. Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 69. MacMahon, ‘Far Cathay,’ p. 275 (Indo-Burmese border tribes).
[1343] Anderson, ‘Mandalay to Momien,’ p. 301.
[1344] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 347. _Cf._ _ibid._, pp. 145, 146, 179, 285.
[1345] Kols, Abors (Rowney, _loc. cit._ pp. 67, 159), Santals (_ibid._, p. 76. _Cf._ Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 215; ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. xxiv.; Man, _loc. cit._ p. 102; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. pp. 205, _et seq._), Todas (Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 242. _Cf._ Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 212).
[1346] Miris, Khasias, Koch, Muásís (Dalton, pp. 29, 57, 91, 125), Oráons (Rowney, p. 81), Kolyas (Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. pp. 358, _et seq._), Butias (Cunningham, ‘Notes on Moorcroft’s Travels in Ladakh,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiii. pt. i. p. 204).
[1347] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis). Dalton, pp. 192, 299, _et seq._ (Hos, Boad Kandhs). Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology, Asiatic Races,’ p. 8 (Savaras of Jeypore).
[1348] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 254.
[1349] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 393.
[1350] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 30.
[1351] Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 345.
[1352] Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 127.
[1353] v. Haxthausen, _loc. cit._ p. 402.
[1354] Usbegs (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 369), Kalmucks (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 181), Aenezes (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 61).
[1355] Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 315.
[1356] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 181.
[1357] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 408. _Cf._ Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 260, 390, 453, 554.
[1358] Beecham, _loc. cit._ p. 125 (Ashantees). Soyaux, ‘Aus West-Afrika,’ pp. 152, 161 (Negroes of Loango). Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 236 (Negroes of Sogno). Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 419 (Negroes of the Gold Coast).
[1359] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 61.
[1360] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 103.
[1361] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 293, 298. _Cf._ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 206.
[1362] Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 261. Leslie, ‘Among the Zulus and Amatongas,’ p. 194. According to other authorities, however, the Kafir girl herself is seldom or never consulted about the matter (Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 69), though it generally happens that, after repeated elopements with the man of her own choice, the father gives up his original intention as to the disposal of her (Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 57, 60. _Cf._ v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 331, _et seq._; vol. ii. p. 217).
[1363] Thunberg, ‘Account of the Cape of Good Hope,’ in Pinkerton, ‘Collection of Voyages,’ vol. xvi. p. 141.
[1364] Burchell, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 59. Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 444. Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 258.
[1365] Strabo, _loc. cit._ book xv. ch. i. p. 699.
[1366] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 93.
[1367] v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 148, 367, _et seq._ Klemm, ‘Die Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 281. Bachofen, ‘Das Mutterrecht,’ p. 196. Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 421, note *.
[1368] ‘The Younger Edda,’ p. 158.
[1369] Letourneau, ‘Sociology,’ p. 378.
[1370] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ pp. 149, et seq.
[1371] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 136. The same view is taken by Mr. Howitt (_ibid._, p. 358).
[1372] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 291.
[1373] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 354.
[1374] _Ibid._, pp. 343, 348-354.
[1375] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 61.
[1376] That the male children also are so disposed of appears, for instance, from v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 393 (Mundrucûs), 690 (Arawaks); Lansdell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 225 (Gilyaks).
[1377] ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 403. _Cf._ Guillemard, _loc. cit._ p. 389 (Nufoor Papuans).
[1378] Ahts (Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 97) and other Indians (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 103), Maravi (_ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 419, et seq.).
[1379] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ pp. 321, 323.
[1380] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 186.
[1381] Kisáns, Mundas, Santals, Máriás (Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 132, 194, 215, 279), Mishmis (Rowlatt, ‘Expedition into the Mishmee Hills,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiv. pt. ii. p. 488), Bhils (Malcolm, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc.,’ vol. i. p. 83), Yoon-tha-lin Karens (Stoll, ‘Notes on the Yoon-tha-lin Karens,’ in ‘The Madras Journal of Literature and Science,’ N. S. vol. vi. pp. 61, _et seq._).
[1382] Dalton, p. 252 (Oráons).
[1383] _Ibid._, p. 132.
[1384] Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 72.
[1385] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 83.
[1386] Clavigero, ‘The History of Mexico,’ vol. i. p. 331.
[1387] Clavigero, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 332.
[1388] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 251.
[1389] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 3.
[1390] Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 334, _et seq._
[1391] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 666.
[1392] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 667. Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 127.
[1393] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207.
[1394] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 739.
[1395] Wells Williams, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 646.
[1396] Navarette, _loc. cit._ p. 75. _Cf._ ‘The Lî Kî,’ book xxvii. v. 33.
[1397] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 11.
[1398] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 205.
[1399] _Ibid._, vol. i. p. 189.
[1400] Rein, ‘Japan,’ p. 422.
[1401] Griffis, ‘The Mikado’s Empire,’ pp. 124, 147, 555.
[1402] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. pp. 117-119.
[1403] Amír’ Alí, ‘The Personal Law of Mahommedans,’ p. 179.
[1404] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 190.
[1405] ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxi. vv. 15, 17. ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xx. v. 9.
[1406] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxi. vv. 18-21.
[1407] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 188. _Cf._ Gans, ‘Erbrecht,’ vol. i. p. 134.
[1408] Michaelis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 444.
[1409] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxiv. v. 4; ch. xxviii. vv. 1, _et seq._ ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxxiv. v. 16. ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. vii. v. 3. ‘Judges,’ ch. xiv. vv. 1-3.
[1410] Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 320.
[1411] ‘The Precepts of Ptah-Hotep,’ ch. xlii. xxxix. _Cf._ _ibid._, ch. xliv.
[1412] ‘Duodecim Tabularum Fragmenta,’ table iv. § 2.
[1413] Plutarch, ‘Ποπλικόλας,’ ch. vii.
[1414] Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 64.
[1415] ‘Duodecim Tabularum Fragmenta,’ table iv. § 2. Justinian, ‘Institutiones,’ book i. title ix. § 3.
[1416] Justinian, book i. title x. Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 393. Mackenzie, ‘Studies in Roman Law,’ p. 104.
[1417] Mackenzie, p. 104, note 4.
[1418] Fustel de Coulanges, _loc. cit._ p. 116.
[1419] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 138. Fustel de Coulanges, pp. 115, _et seq._ Hearn, _loc. cit._ p. 92.
[1420] Justinian, book i. title ix. § 2.
[1421] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 122, _et seq._
[1422] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. viii. v. 416.
[1423] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 123.
[1424] Nelson, ‘View of the Hindū Law,’ pp. 56, _et seq._
[1425] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala i. súkta lxx. v. 5.
[1426] Zimmer, ‘Altindisches Leben,’ pp. 327, _et seq._
[1427] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 32. _Cf._ Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 208.
[1428] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. vv. 39-41.
[1429] Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 678.
[1430] v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 146.
[1431] Spiegel, vol. iii. pp. 677, _et seq._
[1432] Fustel de Coulanges, _loc. cit._ p. 115.
[1433] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ pp. 136, _et seq._
[1434] Cauvet, ‘De l’organisation de la famille à Athènes,’ in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. 1845, p. 138.
[1435] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 446. Hermann-Blümner, ‘Lehrbuch der griechischen Privatalterthümer,’ p. 261.
[1436] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 147.
[1437] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 298.
[1438] Grimm, ‘Deutsche Rechts Alterthümer,’ pp. 461, 487, _et seq._ Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 473.
[1439] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches sur la condition civile et politique des femmes,’ p. 80.
[1440] Koenigswarter, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille en France,’ p. 140.
[1441] Pardessus, ‘Loi Salique,’ p. 456.
[1442] Koenigswarter, p. 139.
[1443] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xxv.
[1444] Olivecrona, ‘Om makars giftorätt i bo,’ p. 143.
[1445] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.
[1446] Weinhold, ‘Die deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter,’ vol. i. p. 303. Wilda, ‘Das Strafrecht der Germanen,’ p. 802. Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 48.
[1447] Accurse, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, says, ‘Aliæ vero gentes quædam, ut servos tenent filios, ut Sclavi, aliæ ut prorsus absolutos, ut Francigenæ’ (Koenigswarter, _loc. cit._ p. 224, note 2).
[1448] Macieiowski, ‘Slavische Rechtsgeschichte,’ vol. iv. p. 404.
[1449] v. Haxthausen, ‘The Russian Empire,’ vol. ii. pp. 229, _et seq._
[1450] Mackenzie Wallace, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 134-136.
[1451] Macieiowski, vol. ii. p. 189.
[1452] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 244, note.
[1453] Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 313, 314.
[1454] _Ibid._, p. 320.
[1455] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 190.
[1456] Lichtschein, _loc. cit._ p. 41.
[1457] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ p. 179.
[1458] _Ibid._, pp. 180-183.
[1459] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ pp. 179, 180, 184.
[1460] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 137.
[1461] Mackenzie, ‘Roman Law,’ p. 141. Koenigswarter, _loc. cit._ p. 86. Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 47, _et seq._
[1462] Maine, ‘Ancient Law,’ p. 138. Rossbach, p. 396
[1463] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 396, 400, _et seq._
[1464] Koenigswarter, p. 93.
[1465] Pardessus, _loc. cit._ p. 666.
[1466] Guizot, ‘The History of Civilisation,’ vol. ii. p. 467. A Council at Orleans, in 541, also forbids ‘any one to marry a girl without the consent of her parents’ (_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 464).
[1467] Cnut, ‘Dômas,’ Leges Saeculares, ch. lxxiv.
[1468] ‘Westgöta-Lagen,’ Codex Recentior, Kirkyu Balker, ch. lii. Additamenta, § 8.
[1469] ‘Uplands-Lagen,’ Aerfdæ Balkær, ch. i. § 4.
[1470] Nordström, ‘Svenska samhälls-författningens historia,’ vol. ii. pp. 15, _et seq._ Wilda, _loc. cit._ p. 803. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 304. According to Saxo Grammaticus (‘Historia Danica,’ book v. vol. i. p. 186), a woman was allowed to dispose of her own hand before the days of King Frotho.
[1471] ‘Der Schwabenspiegel,’ Landrecht, § 55.
[1472] Kraut, ‘Die Vormundschaft,’ vol. i. p. 326.
[1473] Weinhold, vol. i. p. 305.
[1474] Quoted in Spencer’s ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ France, p. 38.
[1475] Quoted by de Ribbe, ‘Les familles et la société en France avant la Révolution,’ p. 51.
[1476] Bodin, ‘De Republica,’ book i. ch. iv. p. 31.
[1477] Sully, ‘Memoirs,’ vol. v. p. 180.
[1478] Koenigswarter, _loc. cit._ p. 231.
[1479] de Goncourt, ‘La Femme au dix-huitième siècle,’ p. 20.
[1480] ‘Code Civil,’ art. 374.
[1481] _Ibid._, art. 375-383.
[1482] _Ibid._, art. 148.
[1483] ‘Code Civil,’ art. 151.
[1484] Kent, ‘Commentaries on American Law,’ lecture xxvi.
[1485] Diderot and d’Alembert, ‘Encyclopédie,’ vol. xiii. p. 255.
[1486] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 384.
[1487] Nicholson, _loc. cit._ p. 1. _Cf._ a criticism of ‘The Descent of Man,’ in ‘The Athenæum,’ 1871, March 4th.
[1488] Darwin, vol. ii. p. 252.
[1489] Müller, ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers,’ p. 14.
[1490] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 223.
[1491] ‘The Colours of Plants and the Origin of the Colour-Sense,’ in ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 221-248. ‘Darwinism,’ ch. x.
[1492] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 193-195.
[1493] _Ibid._, p. 187.
[1494] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ p. 213.
[1495] _Idem_, ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ pp. 73, _et seq._
[1496] _Ibid._, pp. 259-261.
[1497] Fraser, in ‘Nature,’ vol. iii. p. 489.
[1498] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 485.
[1499] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 270.
[1500] The Gallinaceæ, however, form an exception; though almost wholly terrestrial, they have the most pronounced sexual colours. But they are active and wander much.
[1501] Wallace, ‘Tropical Nature,’ pp. 230, _et seq._
[1502] Gould, ‘Handbook to the Birds of Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 383.
[1503] Wood, _loc.cit._ vol. ii. p. 257.
[1504] Prejevalsky, ‘From Kulja to Lob-nor,’ pp. 92, 94.
[1505] Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ vol. iii. p. 94.
[1506] Gould, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 382, _et seq._
[1507] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 62.
[1508] Burdach, ‘Physiologie,’ vol. i. p. 277.
[1509] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 284.
[1510] _Ibid._, p. 294.
[1511] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 293.
[1512] Mr. Belt (_loc. cit._ p. 112) has seen the female of _Florisuga mellivora_ sitting quietly on a branch, and two males displaying their charms in front of her. ‘One would shoot up like a rocket, then suddenly expanding the snow-white tail like an inverted parachute, slowly descend in front of her, turning round gradually to show off both back and front.... The expanded white tail covered more space than all the rest of the bird, and was evidently the grand feature in the performance.'
[1513] See Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 285.
[1514] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 67, 74.
[1515] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 102-104.
[1516] According to Professor Vogt (‘Lectures on Man,’ p. 421), the aversion between allied species in the wild state is more frequently overcome by the males than by the females; and, in crosses between wild and domesticated animals, the female generally belongs to the domesticated species or race (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle générale,’ vol. iii. p. 177).
[1517] Taylor, _loc. cit._ pp. 293, _et seq._
[1518] Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 236.
[1519] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 141.
[1520] de Quatrefages, ‘The Human Species,’ p. 267.
[1521] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 8, note 8.
[1522] Nott and Gliddon, ‘Types of Mankind,’ p. 401.
[1523] Kerry-Nicholls, ‘The Maori Race,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 195.
[1524] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 612.
[1525] Leguével de Lacombe, ‘Voyage à Madagascar,’ vol. ii. pp. 121-123.
[1526] Apollodorus Atheniensis, ‘ Βιβλωθήκη,’ book iii. ch. ix. § 2.
[1527] _Cf._ Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 12.
[1528] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 216. _Cf._ Wilkes, _loc. cit.__ vol. v. p. 363; Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 40, _et seq._ (Nagas of Upper Assam).
[1529] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 251.
[1530] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 310.
[1531] Mitchell, ‘Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia,’ vol. i. p. 307.
[1532] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 233.
[1533] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 161.
[1534] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 373, _et seq._
[1535] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 213.
[1536] Hume, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. p. 268.
[1537] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 227. _Cf._ Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 29; Heriot, l_oc. cit._ p. 348.
[1538] Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 280, note.
[1539] Williams, ‘Narrative of Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 539. _Cf._ Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 81; King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 527.
[1540] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.
[1541] Prichard, ‘Researches into the Physical History of Mankind,’ vol. iv. p. 519.
[1542] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 493. For other instances of different ideas of beauty, see Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 374-381.
[1543] Bombet, ‘The Lives of Haydn and Mozart,’ p. 278.
[1544] Spencer, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. pp. 156, 162. Mr. Spencer’s view on this point bears a close resemblance to that of Vischer, the Hegelian, according to whom the Indo-European race alone is really beautiful (Vischer, ‘Aesthetik,’ vol. ii. pp. 175, _et seq._).
[1545] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 29.
[1546] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 174; vol. ii. p. 200. Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 390.
[1547] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 74.
[1548] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 186.
[1549] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 454. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 340.
[1550] This rule does not hold good for all races. Speaking of the natives of King George’s Sound, Cook remarks (‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 303) that ‘the women are nearly of the same size, colour, and form, with the men; from whom it is not easy to distinguish them.’ Ellis states (‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 81) that, among the Tahitians, the difference between the stature of the male and female sex is not so great as that which often prevails in Europe. Diodorus Siculus says (_loc. cit._ book v. ch. xxxii. § 2) that the Gallic women were as tall as the men; and Dr. Fritsch asserts (_loc. cit._ p. 398) the same with reference to the Bushman women of South Africa. Among the Californian Shastika, according to Mr. Powers (_loc. cit._ p. 244), the women are even ‘larger and stronger-featured, and in every way more respectable,’ than the men. _Cf._ Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 118 (Somals).
[1551] Ploss, ‘Das Weib,’ vol. i. pp. 9, _et seq._
[1552] v. Humboldt, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 236, _et seq._
[1553] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. p. 268. Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 381. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la Plata e Tenerife.’ Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 27.
[1554] Martineau, ‘Types of Ethical Theory,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Delaunay, ‘Sur la beauté,’ in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. viii. p. 198.
[1555] Davy, _loc. cit._ pp. 110, _et seq._
[1556] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. p. 268.
[1557] Castrén, ‘Nordiska resor och forskningar,’ vol. i. p. 229.
[1558] Prichard, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 434, _et seq._
[1559] de Rubruquis, _loc. cit._ p. 33.
[1560] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 543.
[1561] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 38; 259, note *.
[1562] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain,’ vol. i. p. 154, note. For other evidence for v. Humboldt’s theory, see—besides Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man’—Waitz, l_oc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 62, _et seq._; vol. vi. pp. 543, 571; _Idem_, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305; Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 11.
[1563] Macfie, _loc. cit._ p. 441. Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 348. Catlin, ‘Last Rambles amongst the Indians,’ pp. 145, _et seq._
[1564] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 81. Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 272. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 27.
[1565] Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 44, _et seq._
[1566] Andersson, _loc. cit._ p. 196.
[1567] Welcker, ‘Die Füsse der Chinesinnen,’ in ‘Archiv. f. Anthr.,’ vol. v. p. 149. Katscher, ‘Bilder aus dem chinesischen Leben,’ p. 51.
[1568] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 377.
[1569] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. pp. 280, 304.
[1570] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 305.
[1571] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 111, 210.
[1572] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 23. For additional evidence, see Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 183; Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 92; Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 452, 455.
[1573] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 383.
[1574] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 307.
[1575] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ pp. 381, _et seq._ Cheyne, _loc. cit._ p. 105.
[1576] Crawfurd, vol. i. p. 23.
[1577] Marco Polo, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 291.
[1578] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ p. 141.
[1579] _Cf._ Lawrence, ‘Lectures on Physiology,’ &c., p. 474.
[1580] Godron, ‘De l’espèce et des races,’ vol. ii. p. 310.
[1581] _Ibid._, vol. ii. pp. 175, _et seq._
[1582] Quetelet, _loc. cit._ pp. 59, _et seq._ _Cf._ Ranke, ‘Der Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 77-79, 116, _et seq._
[1583] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 86.
[1584] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire des anomalies,’ vol. i. pp. 158, 159, 182-185. _Cf._ Ranke, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 131-136.
[1585] Lawrence, _loc. cit._ p. 400.
[1586] Virchow, ‘Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung des Schädelgrundes,’ p. 121.
[1587] Spencer, ‘Essays,’ vol. ii. pp. 153, _et seq._
[1588] Schaaffhausen, ‘On the Primitive Form of the Human Skull,’ in ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. vi. p. 416.
[1589] _Ibid._, p. 419.
[1590] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ pp. 53, _et seq._ _Cf._ de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 254.
[1591] ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. xxxi. pt. ii. p. 852.
[1592] Joest, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 475. _Cf._ Peschel, _loc. cit._ pp. 19, _et seq._
[1593] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 377.
[1594] _Cf._ Pouchet, ‘The Plurality of the Human Race,’ p. 92; Virchow, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 213.
[1595] ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1885, p. 475, note.
[1596] Squier, ‘The States of Central America,’ p. 56.
[1597] Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 276.
[1598] Mayer, ‘Die Mechanik der Wärme,’ p. 98.
[1599] Tylor, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 86.
[1600] de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 255.
[1601] Rohlfs, ‘Henry Noël von Bagermi,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 255.
[1602] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 526.
[1603] _Ibid._, p. 526.
[1604] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 92.
[1605] Wallace, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. ii. p. 182.
[1606] Quoted by Schaaffhausen, in ‘The Anthropological Review,’ vol. vi. p. 418.
[1607] _Cf._ Schaaffhausen, ‘Darwinism and Anthropology,’ _ibid._, vol vi. pp. cviii., _et seq._
[1608] M. Elisée Reclus (quoted by de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 255) makes a curious mistake when he asserts that, at the end of a given time, whatever be their origin, all the descendants of whites or of negroes who have immigrated to America will become Redskins.
[1609] Weismann, ‘Essays upon Heredity,’ &c., p. 81.
[1610] Weismann, _loc. cit._ pp. 81, &c. Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 299.
[1611] Rauber, ‘Homo sapiens ferus,’ pp. 69-71.
[1612] Poiret, ‘Voyage en Barbarie,’ vol. i. p. 31.
[1613] Mr. Wallace (‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,’ Essay ix.), so far as I know, is the only investigator who has tried to explain, by the principle of natural selection, the origin of human racial distinctions.
[1614] A negro child is not born black, but becomes so after some shorter or longer time (Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 342. Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 351). The children of dark races are usually fairer than the adults (Darwin, vol. ii. p. 342. Moseley, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vi. p. 385).
[1615] Camper, ‘Kleinere Schriften,’ vol. i. p. 44.
[1616] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 384, _et seq._
[1617] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 383.
[1618] Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 316.
[1619] Speaking of the Rejangs of Sumatra, Marsden says (_loc. cit._ p. 206), ‘The quick, and to them inexplicable, revolutions of our fashions are subject of much astonishment, and they naturally conclude that those modes can have but little intrinsic merit which we are so ready to change.'
[1620] Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 48.
[1621] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ pp. 538, _et seq._
[1622] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 403, _et seq._
[1623] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 410.
[1624] Mr. Wallace, in his ‘Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection’ (p. 359), believes that ‘a superior intelligence has guided the development of man in a definite direction,’ and considers (pp. 348, _et seq._) that the hairless condition of the skin comes under this head. Again, Mr. Belt’s experience in tropical countries has led him to the conclusion that, in such parts at least, there is one serious drawback to the advantage of having the skin covered with hair:—‘It affords cover for parasitical insects, which, if the skin were naked, might more easily be got rid of’ (Belt, _loc. cit._ p. 209).
[1625] Collins, who wrote sixty years before ‘The Origin of Species,’ makes the following observation regarding the natives about Botany Bay and Port Jackson (New South Wales):—‘Their sight is peculiarly fine, indeed their existence very often depends upon the accuracy of it; for a short-sighted man ... would never be able to defend himself from their spears, which are thrown with amazing force and velocity’ (Collins, ‘Account of the English Colony in New South Wales,’ vol. i. pp. 553, _et seq._).
[1626] v. Humboldt, ‘Political Essay,’ vol. i. pp. 152, _et seq._ Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ pp. 113, _et seq._ Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 30, note; Salvado, ‘Mémoires,’ pp. 274, _et seq._; Collins, vol. i. p. 553 (Australians). Rengger, _loc. cit._ pp. 9, _et seq._ (Indians of Paraguay).
[1627] Lawrence, _loc. cit._ pp. 422, _et seq._
[1628] Reade, _loc. cit._ pp. 545, 549. Johnston, _loc. cit._ p. 436.
[1629] Duvernoy, art. ‘Propagation,’ in ‘Dictionnaire universel d’histoire naturelle,’ vol. x. p. 546.
[1630] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle générale,’ vol. iii. p. 180.
[1631] _Ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 175, 185, _et seq._ de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 67.
[1632] Vogt, ‘Lectures on Man,’ p. 414.
[1633] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. p. 191.
[1634] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle,’ vol. iii. pp. 169-175.
[1635] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 189.
[1636] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. p. 208. Blumenbach, ‘Anthropological Treatises,’ p. 73.
[1637] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, vol. iii. pp. 213, _et seq._
[1638] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ pp. 160, _et seq._
[1639] Darwin, ‘The Origin of Species,’ vol. ii. pp. 44, &c. _Cf._ Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209.
[1640] The greater or less degree of sterility of hybrids, although, as Mr. Darwin remarks (‘The Origin of Species,’ vol. ii. p. 46), a very different case from the difficulty of uniting two pure species, yet, to a certain extent, runs parallel with it.
[1641] Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Histoire naturelle,’ vol. iii. pp. 168, 169, &c.
[1642] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 180.
[1643] ‘Exodus,’ ch. xxii. v. 19. ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xviii. v. 23; ch. xx. v. 15. ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxvii. v. 21. Pliny, _loc. cit._ book viii. ch. 42. Virgil, ‘Bucolica,’ Ecloga iii. v. 8.
[1644] Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 276. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. xcvii. v. Kraft-Ebing, ‘Psychopathia sexualis,’ pp. 135, _et seq._
[1645] See Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 125, 126, 128.
[1646] _Cf._ Blumenbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 80, _et seq._; Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 289, note.
[1647] Périer, ‘Essai sur les croisements ethniques,’ in ‘Mémoires Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. i. p. 216. Jacquinot, in Dumont d’Urville, ‘Voyage au Pole Sud,’ Zoologie, vol. ii. p. 92.
[1648] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 102, _et seq._
[1649] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 381.
[1650] de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 273.
[1651] Topinard, ‘Anthropology,’ p. 371.
[1652] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 238.
[1653] Topinard, p. 372.
[1654] Périer, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. ii. p. 340.
[1655] Topinard, _loc. cit._ p. 383.
[1656] Prichard, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 149.
[1657] Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 360, note 2.
[1658] Knox, ‘The Races of Men,’ pp. 497, &c.
[1659] Nott and Gliddon, _loc. cit._ pp. 397, _et seq._
[1660] Broca, ‘The Phenomena of Hybridity,’ p. 60. Pouchet, _loc. cit._ p. 101.
[1661] Prichard, ‘The Natural History of Man,’ p. 18.
[1662] Godron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 363.
[1663] de Quatrefages, _loc. cit._ p. 264.
[1664] Broca, p. 48.
[1665] _Ibid._, p. 48.
[1666] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 264. _Cf._ Topinard, ‘Note sur les métis d’Australiens et d’Européens,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ vol. iv. pp. 243-249.
[1667] Dr. T. R. H. Thomson says ('On the Reported Incompetency of the “Gins,”‘ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iii. pp. 244, _et seq._) that the Australian woman, when she places herself under the roof of a European settler as his concubine or wife, appears to become less fertile, although she has more regular diet, comfort, and covering.
[1668] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 148-160.
[1669] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 9. Eyre, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 324. Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 273.
[1670] Meyer, _loc. cit._ p. 186.
[1671] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 14.
[1672] Broca, _loc. cit._ p. 36.
[1673] Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 8.
[1674] v. Görtz, ‘Reise um die Welt,’ vol. iii. p. 288.
[1675] Hensen, ‘Die Physiologie der Zeugung,’ in Hermann, ‘Handbuch der Physiologie,’ vol. vi. pt. ii. p. 191.
[1676] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 182, _et seq._
[1677] Jacobs, ‘On the Racial Characteristics of Modern Jews,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. pp. 26-28.
[1678] Agassiz, ‘Essay on Classification,’ pp. 249-252.
[1679] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 105, 181, 190, _et seq._
[1680] Vogt, _loc. cit._ p. 421.
[1681] Sebright, _loc. cit._ pp. 17, _et seq._
[1682] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 64.
[1683] Ross, in ‘Smithsonian Report,’ 1866, p. 310.
[1684] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 22. _Idem_, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 151. Riedel, quoted by Post, ‘Entwickelungsgeschichte des Familienrechts,’ p. 221. Garcilasso de la Vega, describing the Indians of Peru before the time of the Incas, says (_loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 58, _et seq._), ‘In many nations they cohabited like beasts, without any special wife, but just as chance directed. Others followed their own desires, without excepting sisters, daughters, or mothers. Others excepted their mothers but none else.’ It is said, according to Dr. Hickson (_loc. cit._ pp. 277, _et seq._), that in olden times, in the southern districts of Minahassa, in the neighbourhood of Tonsawang, father and daughter, mother and son, brother and sister, frequently lived together in bonds of matrimony. As regards the Chippewas, Mr. Keating states (_loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 170) that ‘incest is not unknown to them, but it is held in great abhorrence.'
[1685] Hübschmann, ‘Ueber die persische Verwandtenheirath,’ in ‘Zeitschr. d. Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellsch.,’ vol. xliii. p. 308.
[1686] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 83.
[1687] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 276.
[1688] Heifer, ‘The Animal Productions of the Tenasserim Provinces,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856.
[1689] Cameron, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 70.
[1690] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49.
[1691] ‘The Kalevala’ (translated by Crawford), vol. ii. p. 548.
[1692] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 340.
[1693] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 367.
[1694] Krasheninnikoff, ‘The History of Kamtschatka,’ p. 215.
[1695] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. pp. 294, _et seq._
[1696] Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 276.
[1697] Liebich, _loc. cit._ p. 49.
[1698] Thomson, ‘Through Masai Land,’ p. 51.
[1699] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198. _Idem_, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie,’ &c., vol. i. pp. 115, _et seq._
[1700] ‘Rig-Veda Sanhitá,’ mandala x. súkta 10.
[1701] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 392, note.
[1702] ‘Ynglinga Saga,’ ch. iv.; in ‘Heimskringla’ (edited by Unger), p. 6.
[1703] _Ibid._, p. 6.
[1704] Nordström, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 18. Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 435.
[1705] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 173.
[1706] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 169.
[1707] Forbes, ‘British Burma,’ p. 48, note.
[1708] Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 459.
[1709] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 131.
[1710] Ellis, ‘Hawaii,’ pp. 414, _et seq._ Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 32.
[1711] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 252.
[1712] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book iii. ch. 31. Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 678, _et seq._
[1713] Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 319.
[1714] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 318, _et seq._
[1715] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 308.
[1716] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 425. Prescott, ‘History of the Conquest of Peru,’ p. 9, note 3.
[1717] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 160. Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ p. 31.
[1718] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406, note.
[1719] Krauss, _loc. cit._ pp. 221, _et seq._.
[1720] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xx. v. 12.
[1721] Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 163.
[1722] Michaelis, ‘Abhandlung von den Ehegesetzen Mosis,’ p. 128.
[1723] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 448. In Homer, the marriage of brother and sister, strictly speaking, is to be found only in myth (Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 392, note).
[1724] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 664, _et seq._
[1725] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 147. _Idem_, ‘Verwantschap,’ &c., p. 22.
[1726] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 289. _Cf._ v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 116, 393 (certain Brazilian tribes).
[1727] The Rev. B. Danks mentions (‘Marriage Customs of the New Britain Group,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 283) that in the New Britain Group, where upon theoretical grounds a man may without law-breaking marry his niece, as belonging to another clan, there is, nevertheless, a great repugnance to such unions, among the natives, and in one case where such a union was brought about, the natives utterly condemned it.
[1728] Tartars (Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 298), Somals (Burton, ‘First Footsteps in East Africa,’ p. 120), Negroes of Bondo (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1027).
[1729] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.
[1730] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 880.
[1731] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 422.
[1732] Huth, ‘The Marriage of Near Kin,’ pp. 123, 137.
[1733] _Ibid._ pp. 123, 139.
[1734] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 27.
[1735] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 399. Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 158.
[1736] Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 353.
[1737] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 325.
[1738] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 276.
[1739] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ pp. 30, _et seq._
[1740] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 64. Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 82.
[1741] ‘The Marriage Customs of the Moors of Ceylon,’ in ‘The Folk-Lore Journal,’ vol. vi. p. 140.
[1742] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vi. p. 406.
[1743] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Asiatic Races, p. 8.
[1744] Shortt, ‘The Wild Tribes of Southern India,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 187.
[1745] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 141.
[1746] Rink, ‘The Eskimo Tribes,’ p. 23.
[1747] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 196.
[1748] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 171.
[1749] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 655.
[1750] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 192.
[1751] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 99.
[1752] Dall, p. 138.
[1753] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 59.
[1754] Hardisty, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 315.
[1755] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 60.
[1756] Morgan, ‘Ancient Society,’ pp. 90, _et seq._
[1757] _Ibid._, pp. 91-93. _Cf._ Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ pp. 79, 81, 83.
[1758] Frazer, pp. 60-62.
[1759] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 665.
[1760] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 665. de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 171.
[1761] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 251.
[1762] Im Thurn, _loc. cit._ pp. 175, 185.
[1763] Agassiz, ‘Journey in Brazil,’ p. 320.
[1764] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 172.
[1765] Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 63; vol. ii. p. 212.
[1766] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107. _Cf._ Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 299.
[1767] Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 65. Curr, vol. i. p. 112.
[1768] Frazer, p. 65. Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, p. 800.
[1769] Curr, vol. i. p. 112. _Cf._ Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. xxiii. p. 402.
[1770] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 118. Frazer, _loc. cit._ p. 58. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 399. For the Australian exogamy, see also Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, pp. 797-824; Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._; Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 86-92; Ridley, ‘The Aborigines of Australia,’ pp. 7-10; _Idem_, ‘Kámilarói,’ pp. 161, _et seq._; Breton, _loc. cit._ p. 202; Schürmann, _loc. cit._ p. 222; Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 26; Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 772; Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. pp. 128, _et seq._; Cameron, _ibid._, vol. xiv. p. 351.
[1771] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 112; vol. ii. p. 245. Schürmann, _loc. cit._ p. 222. Cameron, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 351.
[1772] Curr, vol. i. p. 106.
[1773] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 546.
[1774] _Ibid._, vol. i. pp. 107, 111. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 26.
[1775] Dawson, p. 27.
[1776] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 386. Cf. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 62.
[1777] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 80. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 131.
[1778] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 92.
[1779] Codrington, _loc. cit._ pp. 21, 29.
[1780] Danks, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. pp. 282, _et seq._ _Cf._ Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 86.
[1781] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 181, _et seq._
[1782] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 106.
[1783] Kubary, _loc. cit._ p. 35.
[1784] St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 198. _Cf._ Low, _loc. cit._ p. 300; Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 23.
[1785] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 139.
[1786] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 227. Wilken, pp. 21, _et seq._
[1787] Wilken, pp. 18, 21.
[1788] Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 33.
[1789] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 147.
[1790] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 206.
[1791] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. pp. 145, _et seq._
[1792] Riedel, p. 416.
[1793] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 146.
[1794] _Ibid._, p. 146.
[1795] _Ibid._, p. 148.
[1796] Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ pp. 26, _et. seq._ Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 460.
[1797] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 18.
[1798] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 640.
[1799] Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 359.
[1800] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 186, _et seq._
[1801] Macpherson, quoted by Percival, ‘The Land of the Veda,’ p. 345. _Cf._ Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. iii. p. 81.
[1802] Man, _loc. cit._ p. 103.
[1803] Hale, ‘On the Sakais,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 291.
[1804] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 158, 189.
[1805] _Ibid._, p. 63.
[1806] Tod, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 145.
[1807] Lyall, ‘Asiatic Studies,’ p. 156.
[1808] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 280.
[1809] This relationship extends to six degrees where the common ancestor is a male. Where the common ancestor is a female, there is a difference of opinion; Manu and Âpastamba extending the prohibition in her case also to six degrees, while Gautama, Vishnu, Narada, &c., limit it to four degrees (Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 87).
[1810] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 5.
[1811] Weber, ‘Die Kastenverhältnisse in dem Brâhmana und Sûtra,’ in ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. x. pp. 75, _et seq._
[1812] Kearns, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, _et seq._ For the marriage restrictions of the Hindus,_ cf._ Steele, ‘The Law and Custom of the Hindoo Castes,’ pp. 26, 27, 163.
[1813] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. pp. 135, _et seq._
[1814] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. p. 294.
[1815] ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 3-10, 23-25, 27, _et seq._
[1816] _Ibid._, vol. iv. pp. 21, _et seq._
[1817] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 24.
[1818] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 23. Jamieson, ‘Translations from the General Code of Laws of the Chinese Empire,’ in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. pp. 82, _et seq._ _Cf._ Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 186; Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 281.
[1819] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 27.
[1820] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 139. Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 171.
[1821] Bastian, p. 172.
[1822] Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 168. Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 282. Finsch, ‘Reise nach West-Sibirien,’ p. 543.
[1823] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 31.
[1824] Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, pp. 12, _et seq._ _Idem_, ‘Nordiska resor och forskningar,’ vol. ii. p. 168. de Quatrefages, ‘Hommes fossiles et hommes sauvages,’ p. 604.
[1825] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406, note.
[1826] _Ibid._ p. 406.
[1827] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 181.
[1828] Reich, ‘Geschichte, Natur-und Gesundheitslehre des ehelichen Lebens,’ p. 333.
[1829] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 120.
[1830] Du Chaillu, ‘The People of Western Equatorial Africa,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. i. p. 307. Ashe, ‘Two Kings of Uganda,’ p. 285.
[1831] Burton, ‘Gorilla Land,’ vol. i. p. 75.
[1832] _Cf._ Fritsch, _loc. cit._ pp. 114, _et seq._; Bastian, ‘Ethnologische Forschungen,’ vol. i. p. xxvii.; Holden, ‘The Past and Future of the Kaffir Races,’ p. 200.
[1833] Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 45, _et seq._
[1834] Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 163.
[1835] Shooter, p. 45.
[1836] Maclean, p. 115.
[1837] Theal, _loc. cit._ pp. 16, _et seq._
[1838] Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 85.
[1839] Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 191.
[1840] Kolben, ‘The Present State of the Cape of Good Hope,’ vol. i. pp. 155, _et seq._
[1841] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 185, 248, _et seq._ Ellis, ‘History of Madagascar,’ vol. i. pp. 164, _et seq._
[1842] Marquardt and Mommsen, ‘Handbuch der römischen Alterthümer,’ vol. vii. pp. 29, _et seq._
[1843] Smith and Cheetham, ‘Dictionary of Christian Antiquities,’ vol. ii. p. 1727.
[1844] Smith and Cheetham, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 1727, 1729.
[1845] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 122.
[1846] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 127.
[1847] Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 353. Holm, ‘Ethnologisk Skizze af Angmagsalikerne,’ in ‘Meddelelser om Grönland,’ vol. x. p. 96.
[1848] Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 14.
[1849] Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 27.
[1850] de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 171.
[1851] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 24, _et seq._ note.
[1852] Longford, ‘Summary of the Japanese Penal Codes,’ in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 87.
[1853] ‘The Institutes of Vishnu,’ ch. xxxiv. vv. 1, _et seq._
[1854] ‘Leviticus,’ ch. xviii. vv. 8, 15, 17; &c.
[1855] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. vv. 26, _et seq._
[1856] Justinian, _loc. cit._ book i. title x. §§ 6, _et seq._
[1857] See Ewald, p. 197, note 6. _Cf._ Smith and Cheetham, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 1725, _et seq._
[1858] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 24.
[1859] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ pp. 75, _et seq._
[1860] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 614-619.
[1861] McLennan, ‘Exogamy and Endogamy,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 884, _et seq._
[1862] Hooper, _loc. cit._ p. 201.
[1863] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 94.
[1864] Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66.
[1865] Keene, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 206.
[1866] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 192, 271, 382. _Cf._ Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 106.
[1867] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 243. Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. xcviii.
[1868] Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 77.
[1869] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 399
[1870] Reich, _loc. cit._ pp. 457, _et seq._
[1871] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. 280.
[1872] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 79. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 558. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 392.
[1873] Elton, ‘Natives of the Solomon Islands,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 93.
[1874] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 211.
[1875] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 70.
[1876] Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 272 (natives of Herbert River, Northern Queensland).
[1877] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. pp. 400, _et seq._
[1878] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 134-137. _Cf._ Farrer, ‘Primitive Manners and Customs,’ p. 244.
[1879] Mr. Bridges, in a letter. _Cf._ _Idem_, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 181; Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 331.
[1880] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 207. _Cf._ _ibid._, p. 183.
[1881] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 249.
[1882] McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ p. 160.
[1883] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 619-621.
[1884] _Ibid._, pp. 627, _et seq._
[1885] Mr. Huth, in the first edition of his work, ‘The Marriage of Near Kin,’ suggests (p. 157) that marriage between parents and children is considered incestuous because marriage between old men and young women in general is considered so. In the second edition, Mr. Huth seems to have given up this most unfortunate hypothesis, as he says (p. 18) that ‘the prohibition of marriage with those who were regarded as near of kin was derived from the same causes which made exogamy imperative,’ that is, the causes suggested by Mr. Spencer.
[1886] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ pp. 135, _et seq_. Professor Wilken (in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 612) accepts this explanation of the origin of exogamy, and considers it certain (_ibid._, pp. 618, 619, 623) that prohibitions of close intermarriage have everywhere originated in true exogamy.
[1887] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ &c., p. 345. Among the Australian Gournditch-mara, according to the Rev. J. H. Stähle, the man who captured a woman in war never kept her himself, but was compelled to give her to some one else (Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 276).
[1888] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 361, _et seq._ Professor Kohler also thinks (‘Krit. Vierteljahrschr. f. Gesetzg.,’ N. S. vol. iv. p. 181) that one of the chief causes of exogamy was the unpleasantly dependent position in which, in endogamous marriage, the husband stood to the family of his wife.
[1889] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 267.
[1890] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 100. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 403. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 28. Frazer, _loc. cit._ pp. 58, _et seq._ There seem to be two or three exceptions to this rule among the Australian tribes, but Mr. Curr (vol. i. p. 417) ascribes such cases to the influence of the whites.
[1891] Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 23.
[1892] Holm, _loc. cit._ p. 98.
[1893] Prichard, _loc. cit._ p. 125.
[1894] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.
[1895] Morgan, ‘Ancient Society,’ p. 424.
[1896] Lubbock, ‘The Customs of Marriage and Systems of Relationship among the Australians,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 300. Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 124. Peschel, _loc. cit._ p. 224.
[1897] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ p. 228.
[1898] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 112.
[1899] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 21.
[1900] _Cf._ Lang, ‘Custom and Myth,’ p. 256.
[1901] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 342.
[1902] Plato, ‘Νόμοι,’ book viii. ch. vi. p. 838.
[1903] Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 10-14.
[1904] Moriz Wagner, in ‘Kosmos,’ 1886, vol. i. pp. 21, &c. v. Hellwald, _loc. cit._ pp. 179, _et seq._ Wake, “The Development of Marriage and Kinship,‘ p. 55. Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 248, note. Speaking of the Australian tribes, Mr. Mathew says ('Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 403), ‘There may also be an auxiliary cause to exogamy among barbarians in what may be called an instinctive hankering after foreign women.'
[1905] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 141. _Cf._ Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 147.
[1906] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 330.
[1907] Macpherson, ‘Memorials of Service in India,’ p. 69.
[1908] Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 240.
[1909] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 268.
[1910] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 198. _Idem_, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnographie,’ &c., vol. i. p. 117.
[1911] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, vol. i. p. 594.
[1912] Howitt, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1883, pp. 800, 810, 819, _et seq._ _Cf._ Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 399.
[1913] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ pp. 142, _et seq._
[1914] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 196. Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 347. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 58.
[1915] Metz, ‘The Tribes Inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills,’ p. 131.
[1916] Riedel, ‘Galela und Tobeloresen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 77.
[1917] Bastian, ‘Inselgruppen in Oceanien,’ p. 61.
[1918] Mr. Eyles, in a letter.
[1919] Hildebrandt, ‘Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre Nachbaren,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 401.
[1920] Krasheninnikoff, _loc. cit._ p. 212.
[1921] Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 172.
[1922] Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 302, 335, 351.
[1923] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 81.
[1924] Kovalevsky, ‘Marriage among the Early Slavs,’ in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. p. 475.
[1925] Burton, ‘First Footsteps,’ p. 119.
[1926] Morgan, ‘Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines,’ p. 73.
[1927] _Ibid._, p. 64.
[1928] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 168.
[1929] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 147. _Cf._ Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 291, 297.
[1930] Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 153, 170, 171.
[1931] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 490, 497.
[1932] Mr. Bridges, in a letter.
[1933] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. xxiv.
[1934] Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 186-188.
[1935] Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ pp. 25, _et seq._
[1936] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 197.
[1937] Buchanan, ‘Journey from Madras,’ p. 738. Bachofen, ‘Antiquarische Briefe,’ pp. 271, _et seq._ Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 83.
[1938] Shooter, _loc. cit._ pp. 15, 47, 86. Nauhaus, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1882, p. 200.
[1939] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 75.
[1940] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 237, 241, 254, 255.
[1941] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. p. 362.
[1942] Lewis, ‘The Ancient Laws of Wales,’ pp. 56, 57, 196.
[1943] Montesquieu, ‘De l’esprit des loix,’ book xxvi. ch. 14, vol. iii. pp. 47, 49.
[1944] Bertillon, ‘Mariage (hygiène matrimoniale),’ in ‘Dict. encycl. des sciences médicales,’ ser. ii. vol. v. p. 60.
[1945] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 507, _et seq._
[1946] Yate, _loc. cit._ pp. 103, 154.
[1947] _Ibid._, p. 114.
[1948] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 59, _et seq._
[1949] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 276.
[1950] Burchell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 56.
[1951] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 74.
[1952] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 278. Pridham, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 262, 265.
[1953] Ewald, _loc. cit._ pp. 197, _et seq._
[1954] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xvi.
[1955] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 421-423, 429, 439.
[1956] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 264.
[1957] Kearns, _loc. cit._ pp. 33, _et seq._
[1958] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 228.
[1959] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 24, note ‡.
[1960] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ pp. 285, _et seq._
[1961] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. p. 22.
[1962] v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 406.
[1963] ‘Codex Justinianeus,’ book v. title iv. § 26.
[1964] Tylor, ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 288.
[1965] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 257, _et seq._
[1966] Kohler, ‘Indisches Ehe-und Familienrecht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, _et seq._
[1967] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. v. 235; ch. xi. v. 55; ch. xii. v. 58. ‘The Institutes of Vishnu,’ ch. xxxv. v. 1.
[1968] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 66.
[1969] _Cf._ Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 169; Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ pp. 184, 192, _et seq._
[1970] Kubary, _loc. cit._ p. 62.
[1971] Robertson Smith, p. 170.
[1972] Heifer, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856.
[1973] Virchow, ‘The Veddás of Ceylon,’ in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. pp. 355, 369. Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.
[1974] Virchow, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. p. 370.
[1975] Annamese (Janke, _loc. cit._ p. 276), Kamchadales (Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 289, note), Kaniagmuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 81, _et seq._).
[1976] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 606, _et seq._ Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 14, &c. Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 480. Wilken, ‘Huwelijken tusschen bloedverwanten,’ pp. 24, _et seq._
[1977] Mr. Cupples, however, observes that among dogs, the male seems rather inclined towards strange females (Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 294); and I myself have been told by a thoroughly trustworthy person of a stallion that would not approach mares of the same stable. But such instincts seem to be exceptions at least among domesticated animals.
[1978] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 9.
[1979] _Ibid._, p. 9.
[1980] Müller, ‘The Fertilisation of Flowers,’ p. 8.
[1981] Darwin, ‘The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom,’ p. 436.
[1982] _Ibid._, p. 443.
[1983] Darwin, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 116.
[1984] Sebright, ‘The Art of Improving the Breeds of Domestic Animals,’ pp. 12, _et seq._
[1985] Wallace, ‘Darwinism,’ p. 161.
[1986] Crampe, ‘Zuchtversuche mit zahmen Wanderratten,’ in ‘Landwirthschaftliche Jahrbücher,’ vol. xii. pp. 402, 409, 418; quoted by Düsing, ‘Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhältnisses bei der Vermehrung der Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen,’ p. 246. ‘Die Kreuzungsproducte der Familien waren mit ihren Brüdern, Vätern, Grossvätern und Mestizen viel fruchtbarer, als die in Blutschande gezogenen Familien unter denselben Verhältnissen.'
[1987] Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 286, _et seq._
[1988] Preyer, ‘Specielle Physiologie des Embryo,’ p. 8.
[1989] Mitchell, ‘Blood-Relationship in Marriage,’ in ‘Memoirs Read before the Anthropological Society of London,’ vol. ii. p. 451.
[1990] Pouchet, _loc. cit._ p. 107, note *.
[1991] Sebright, _loc. cit._ pp. 11, _et seq._
[1992] Darwin, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ p. 445.
[1993] _Idem_, ‘Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 116.
[1994] _Idem_, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ p. 457.
[1995] _Ibid._, p. 465.
[1996] Sebright, _loc. cit._ p. 12.
[1997] Adam, ‘Consanguinity in Marriage,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. iii. p. 81.
[1998] Huth, _loc. cit._ p. 36.
[1999] Galton, ‘Hereditary Genius,’ p. 152.
[2000] Huth, p. 37, note.
[2001] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. pp. 294, 296.
[2002] Périer, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. i. p. 223. Voisin, ‘Contribution à l’histoire des mariages entre consanguins,’ _ibid._, vol. ii. p. 447.
[2003] Huth, _loc. cit._ ch. v. pp. 186-241.
[2004] _Ibid._, pp. 217, 226.
[2005] G. H. Darwin, ‘Marriages between First Cousins in England,’ in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xviii. p. 41.
[2006] _Idem_, ‘Marriages between First Cousins in England,’ in ‘Journal of the Statistical Society,’ vol. xxxviii. pp. 181, 170, 182.
[2007] _Idem_, ‘Note on the Marriages of First Cousins,’ _ibid._, vol. xxxviii. pp. 344-346.
[2008] Schmidt’s ‘Jahrbücher des gesammten Medicin,’ vol. clxxxi. p. 89.
[2009] It has escaped even Mr. Huth’s keen observation.
[2010] Mygge, ‘Om Aegteskaber mellem Blodbeslaegtede,’ pp. 162, 272.
[2011] Dahl, ‘Bidrag til Kundskab om de Sindssyge i Norge,’ pp. 99-102.
[2012] Professor Mantegazza has given a list of fifty-seven authors who have opposed these marriages, and of fifteen who have defended them (‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 179).
[2013] Huth, _loc. cit._ pp. 141-143.
[2014] Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 86.
[2015] Voisin, in ‘Mém. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ vol. ii. p. 447.
[2016] Mygge, _loc. cit._ p. 126.
[2017] ‘Edinburgh Medical Journal,’ vol. vii. pt. ii. p. 876.
[2018] Mygge, _loc. cit._ p. 171.
[2019] Darwin, ‘Cross and Self Fertilisation,’ pp. 439, 458.
[2020] _Ibid._, p. 439. G. H. Darwin, in ‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 175.
[2021] Quoted by Düsing, _loc. cit._ p. 249.
[2022] Mitchell, in ‘Mem. Anthr. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 447.
[2023] _Cf._ Devay, ‘Du danger des mariages consanguins,’ p. 10.
[2024] G. H. Darwin, in ‘Jour. Statist. Soc.,’ vol. xxxviii. p. 163.
[2025] _Ibid._, pp. 175, _et seq._
[2026] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 334.
[2027] Bates, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 199, _et seq._
[2028] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 508.
[2029] v. Tschudi, _loc. cit_. vol. ii. p. 284.
[2030] Gisborne, ‘The Isthmus of Darien,’ p. 155.
[2031] Davis, ‘El Gringo,’ p. 146.
[2032] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 144, 147.
[2033] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 248.
[2034] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 66.
[2035] St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 10.
[2036] Foreman, _loc. cit._ p. 200.
[2037] Batchelor, _loc. cit._ p. 290.
[2038] Meade, _loc. cit._ p. 168.
[2039] Marshall, _loc. cit._ pp. 110, _et seq._
[2040] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 254.
[2041] _Ibid._, p. 254.
[2042] Metz, _loc. cit._ p. 15.
[2043] Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 233.
[2044] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 200, 201, 216, _et seq._
[2045] Dr. Helfer also thinks (‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. vii. p. 856) that, among the Karens of the Tenasserim Provinces, close intermarrying is the reason why ‘they are a subdued, timid, effeminate, diminishing race.'
[2046] Gason, _loc. cit._ pp. 260, _et seq._
[2047] Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 406.
[2048] Rink, ‘Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo,’ pp. 390, _et seq._
[2049] Reich, _loc. cit._ pp. 210, _et seq._
[2050] Goldziher, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. xviii. p. 26. _Cf._ Wilken, ‘Das Matriarchat bei den alten Arabern,’ p. 61; Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 60.
[2051] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 155.
[2052] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 45.
[2053] Goldziher, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. xviii. p. 26. Robertson Smith, p. 82.
[2054] For instance, Mr. Morgan (‘Systems,’ &c., pp. 479, _et seq._) and Professor Wilken (in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1881, vol. ii. p. 622).
[2055] Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, ‘Études de la nature,’ vol. i. p. 94.
[2056] Schopenhauer, ‘The World as Will and Idea,’ vol. iii. pp. 356-359.
[2057] Lucas, ‘Traité de l’hérédité naturelle,’ vol. ii. p. 238; ‘La loi de l’amour est l’accord des contrastes.’ Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ pp. 119-124. Mantegazza, ‘Die Hygieine der Liebe,’ p. 321. Allen, ‘Falling in Love,’ p. 5. v. Hartmann, ‘Philosophy of the Unconscious,’ vol. i. pp. 237, _et seq._
[2058] Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 136.
[2059] Lucas, vol. ii. p. 238. Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ p. 124.
[2060] Quoted by Walker, p. 118.
[2061] Schopenhauer also says (_loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 358), ‘Blondes prefer dark persons, or brunettes; but the latter seldom prefer the former. The reason is, that fair hair and blue eyes are in themselves a variation from the type, are almost abnormal, being analogous to white mice, or at least to gray horses.'
[2062] de Candolle, ‘Hérédité de la couleur des yeux dans l’espèce humaine,’ in ‘Archives des sciences physiques et naturelles,’ ser. iii. vol. xii.; quoted in ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. viii.
[2063] ‘Ymer,’ vol. v. p. ix.
[2064] Galton, ‘Natural Inheritance,’ p. 85.
[2065] Mantegazza, ‘Physiologie du plaisir,’ p. 243.
[2066] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Psychology,’ vol. i. pp. 487, _et seq._ Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 136. Dr. Duboc remarks (‘Die Psychologie der Liebe,’ p. 14), ‘Es giebt keine inhaltvollere und triumphirendere Beseligung der eignen Selbstliebe als von dem über alle Anderen emporgetragen zu werden, den wir selbst höher wie alle Anderen erblicken, als von dem ausgezeichnet zu werden, der uns selbst mit allen Auszeichnungen geschmückt erscheint.'
[2067] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 250.
[2068] Ellis, ‘The Tshi-speaking Peoples,’ p. 285.
[2069] Duncan, ‘Travels in Western Africa,’ vol. i. p. 79. Sabatier, ‘Étude sur la femme Kabyle,’ in ‘Revue d’Anthropologie,’ ser. ii. vol. vi. p. 58. Bonfanti, ‘L’incivilimento dei negri nell’Africa intertropicale,’ in ‘Archivio per antropologia e la etnologia,’ vol. xv. p. 131.
[2070] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 325.
[2071] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 345.
[2072] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.
[2073] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 25.
[2074] Egede, _loc. cit._ p. 144.
[2075] Jones, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1866, p. 326. Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 139.
[2076] Morgan, ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity,’ p. 207, note. _Cf._ Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 272 (Creeks).
[2077] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 258.
[2078] Johnson, ‘The River Congo,’ p. 423.
[2079] Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ pp. 208, _et seq._
[2080] Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 510.
[2081] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 206.
[2082] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol iii. p. 369. Fawcett, ‘The Saoras of Madras,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Soc. Bombay,’ vol. i. p. 219. St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 54, _et seq._ Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 327.
[2083] Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 366.
[2084] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 102.
[2085] Martin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 171, _et seq._
[2086] Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 193, _et seq._
[2087] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 283. Bonwick, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 205. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. pp. 775, 781. Dawson, _loc. cit._ p. 37. Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ pp. 213, _et seq._
[2088] Brough Smyth, vol. i. p. 29. Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 12. Bonney, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 129.
[2089] Lyon, _loc cit._ p. 353. Cf. Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 325, _et seq._ (Greenlanders).
[2090] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 292.
[2091] Catlin, loc. _cit. vol._ i. p. 121.
[2092] Brett, _loc. cit._ pp. 98, 351.
[2093] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 44. Mantegazza, ‘Rio de la Plata,’ p. 456.
[2094] Weddel, ‘Voyage towards the South Pole,’ p. 156. Haydes, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 334.
[2095] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 236.
[2096] Hall, _loc. cit._ p. 568.
[2097] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. xxiv.
[2098] Katscher, _loc. cit._ pp. 58, _et seq._
[2099] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 109.
[2100] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 206.
[2101] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 155.
[2102] Finck, ‘Romantic Love,’ p. 110.
[2103] Palmblad, ‘Grekisk fornkunskap,’ vol. i. p. 252. ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 321.
[2104] Katscher, _loc. cit._ pp. 71, 84. Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._ p. 261.
[2105] Plato, _loc. cit._ book vi. p. 771.
[2106] Plutarch, ‘Περὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς ἀρετῆς,’ ch. viii.
[2107] Darwin, ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 215.
[2108] _Cf._ Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 117; Sully, ‘Outlines of Psychology,’ p. 515.
[2109] Walker, ‘Intermarriage,’ pp. 113-115.
[2110] Haushofer, _loc. cit._ p. 405.
[2111] Walker, pp. 115, _et seq._
[2112] Reich, _loc. cit._ p. 456.
[2113] Waitz, ‘Introduction to Anthropology,’ p. 174.
[2114] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 772.
[2115] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 4.
[2116] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 214. _Cf._ Mackenzie, ‘Voyages,’ p. 148 (Beaver and Rocky Mountain Indians).
[2117] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1884, p. 464.
[2118] Hanoteau and Letourneux, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 164.
[2119] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. pp. 94, _et seq._
[2120] Crawfurd, ‘On the Classification of the Races of Man,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. i. p. 357.
[2121] McNair, ‘Perak,’ p. 131.
[2122] Forbes, ‘The Eastern Archipelago,’ p. 241.
[2123] Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. pp. 366, 370, 371.
[2124] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ii. pp. 282, 292.
[2125] de Gobineau, ‘The Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races,’ pp. 173, _et seq._
[2126] _Ibid._, p. 174, note 1. _Cf._ d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 155.
[2127] v. Düben, _loc. cit._ pp. 200, _et seq._
[2128] Morelet, _loc. cit._ Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 491. Godron, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 360. Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 159.
[2129] Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 193.
[2130] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 465.
[2131] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. iv.
[2132] Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 191.
[2133] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 703.
[2134] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.
[2135] Bancroft, vol. i. p. 512, note 120.
[2136] Davis, _loc. cit._ p. 146.
[2137] Bancroft, vol. i. p. 663.
[2138] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. iii. p. 227.
[2139] v. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative,’ vol. iii. pp. 226, _et seq._
[2140] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 106.
[2141] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 308.
[2142] Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 97.
[2143] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 144.
[2144] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 75.
[2145] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 109, 256.
[2146] Kolams (Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 278), Koch (Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. p. 707), Karens of Burma (according to Dr. Bunker; Mason, ‘On Dwellings, &c., of the Karens,’ in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxxvii. pt. ii. p. 151).
[2147] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 201.
[2148] Dalton, p. 28.
[2149] Batchelor, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. x. pp. 211, _et seq._ v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ pp. 30, _et seq._
[2150] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 325.
[2151] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 277. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ pp. 21, _et seq._
[2152] Wilken, p. 23.
[2153] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396.
[2154] Romilly, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. ix. p. 9.
[2155] Yate, _loc. cit._ pp. 96, 99.
[2156] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 63, 67. Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 398.
[2157] Curr, vol. i. pp. 298, 303, 330, 343, 377; vol. ii. pp. 21, 179, 197, 307; vol. iii. pp. 252, 272.
[2158] Lewis, _loc. cit._ p. 196.
[2159] Hearn, _loc. cit._ pp. 156, _et seq._
[2160] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 302.
[2161] Gaius, ‘Institutiones,’ book i. § 56.
[2162] Marquardt and Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. vii. p. 29.
[2163] Hotz, in de Gobineau, ‘The Diversity of Races,’ p. 239.
[2164] Müller, ‘Chips from a German Workshop,’ vol. i. pp. 322, _et seq._ _Cf._ Monier Williams, ‘Hinduism,’ p. 154.
[2165] Rhys Davids, ‘Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion,’ pp. 22, _et seq._
[2166] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 64.
[2167] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 336.
[2168] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 6. Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 85 (Nukahivans).
[2169] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 82. _Cf._ Beechey, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 205, _et seq._; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 79.
[2170] Anderson, _loc. cit._ p. 289.
[2171] Bastian, ‘Beiträge zur Ethnologie,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. i. pp. 267, _et seq._
[2172] de Tocqueville, ‘Democracy in America,’ vol. ii. pp. 149-151
[2173] Sproat, _loc. cit._ pp. 98-99.
[2174] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 659.
[2175] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol i. p. 71. v. Spix and v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 74.
[2176] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pt. ii. p. 112.
[2177] _Ibid._, vol. vi. pp. 165, 186.
[2178] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. pp. 171, _et seq._ Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 256.
[2179] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 153. Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 278 (Minahassers). Matthes, _loc. cit._ p. 13 (Bugis and Macassars). Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 302, 434 (natives of Timor-Laut and Wetter). St. John, ‘Wild Tribes of the North-West Coast of Borneo,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. pp. 234, _et seq._ (Sea Dyaks).
[2180] Sibree, _loc. cit._ pp. 185, 256.
[2181] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ pp. 240, 313.
[2182] Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 443, _et seq._
[2183] Negroes of Loango (Soyaux, _loc. cit._ p. 162), Hottentots (Kolben, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 156), Kunáma and Barea (Munzinger, p. 484).
[2184] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 63. _Cf._ Burton, ‘Pilgrimage,’ p. 305.
[2185] Monier Williams, ‘Hinduism,’ pp. 153, 155.
[2186] _Idem_, ‘Indian Wisdom,’ p. 218, note.
[2187] Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 284.
[2188] Neale, _loc. cit._ p. 58.
[2189] Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 311.
[2190] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 86, note.
[2191] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 187.
[2192] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 117.
[2193] Mommsen, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 318. Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 249, 456, 457, _et seq._
[2194] Winroth, ‘Äktenskapshindren,’ pp. 227, 230, 233. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 349, 353, _et seq._
[2195] Weinhold, vol. i. pp. 349, _et seq._
[2196] Odhner, ‘Lärobok i Sveriges, Norges och Danmarks historia,’ p. 241.
[2197] Behrend, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. i. p. 478.
[2198] Maine, ‘Early Law and Custom,’ pp. 224, _et seq._
[2199] Behrend, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie,’ pt. i. p. 457.
[2200] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 885.
[2201] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 137.
[2202] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 68.
[2203] Neubauer, ‘Notes on the Race-Types of the Jews,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 19.
[2204] Frankel, ‘Grundlinien des mosaisch-talmudischen Eherechts,’ p. xx. Ritter, ‘Philo und die Halacha,’ p. 71.
[2205] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxi. v. 21; ch. xxxvi. v. 2.
[2206] Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 48. Neubauer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 19.
[2207] Jacobs, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xv. p. 52.
[2208] St. Paul, ‘1 Corinthians,’ ch. vii. v. 39.
[2209] Tertullian, ‘Ad Uxorem,’ book ii. ch. 3.
[2210] Winroth, _loc. cit._ p. 212.
[2211] Herzog, ‘Abriss der gesammten Kirchengeschichte,’ vol. p. i. 215.
[2212] Winroth, pp. 213-215.
[2213] _Ibid._, pp. 220, _et seq._
[2214] v. Oettingen, _loc. cit._ § 11.
[2215] _Ibid._, p. 131.
[2216] Harmon, _loc. cit._ p. 374.
[2217] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 194. _Cf._ Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 81 (Kaniagmuts).
[2218] Bancroft, vol. ii. p. 678.
[2219] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 246.
[2220] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 121. _Cf._ Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 242.
[2221] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 187; vol. ii. p. 49.
[2222] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 382. For other instances, see ‘Science,’ vol. vii. p. 172 (Greenlanders); Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 387 (Kunáma); Low, _loc. cit._ p. 196 (Dyaks); Waitz-Gerland, vol vi. p. 135 (Nukahivans).
[2223] Rein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 426.
[2224] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 183.
[2225] v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 142.
[2226] Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 218. For the ancient Iranians, see Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 681.
[2227] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 5, 299.
[2228] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 591.
[2229] Deecke, _loc. cit._ p. 25.
[2230] Müller, ‘The Doric Race,’ vol. ii. p. 211.
[2231] African races (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 121. Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 31. Du Chaillu, _loc. cit._ p. 335), Kaniagmuts (Sauer, _loc. cit._ p. 176), &c.
[2232] Eskimo (King, ‘The Intellectual Character of the Esquimaux,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 150), North American Indians (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 100), Negroes of Benin (Bosman, _loc. cit._ p. 527), natives of Monbuttu (‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 209) and the Indian Archipelago (Wilken, in ‘De Indische Gids,’ 1880, vol. ii. p. 633), Kirghiz, Tartars of Kazan and Orenburg, Laplanders (Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 10, 105, 221), Hebrews (Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p. 471), ancient Germans (Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xx.).
[2233] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 412.
[2234] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 272.
[2235] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 214.
[2236] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 547. Buch, _loc. cit._ pp. 45, _et seq._ _Cf._ Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 309 (Gowane people of Kordofan); Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 253, _et seq._ (Solomon Islanders).
[2237] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105.
[2238] Josephus, _loc. cit._ book ii. ch. viii. § 13.
[2239] Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 209.
[2240] Quoted by Bain, _loc. cit._ p. 142.
[2241] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 183.
[2242] Rein, _loc. cit._ p. 423.
[2243] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 101, 102, 139, &c.
[2244] Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. pp. 326, _et seq._
[2245] _Cf._ Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 323; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ vol. i. p. 205.
[2246] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 268.
[2247] Glasson, ‘Le mariage civil et le divorce,’ p. 470.
[2248] Fries, _loc. cit._ p. 111. _Cf._ Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 145, _et seq._
[2249] King, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 145. ‘Globus,’ vol. xlix. p. 35.
[2250] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 276.
[2251] de Bode, ‘The Yamúd and Goklán Tribes of Turkomania,’ in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 75.
[2252] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 683.
[2253] Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 257.
[2254] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.
[2255] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 224. ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 30.
[2256] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 355. McLennan, ‘Studies,’ p. 34.
[2257] v. Martius, in ‘Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 197.
[2258] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 733.
[2259] Alcedo-Thompson, ‘Dictionary of America and the West Indies,’ vol. i. p. 416. Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.
[2260] Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 497. v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 600.
[2261] King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 182. Hyades, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. x. p. 334.
[2262] Andersson, ‘The Okavango River,’ p. 143.
[2263] Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 83.
[2264] Krapf, _loc. cit._ p. 354.
[2265] Thomson, _loc. cit._ p. 51. Johnston, _loc. cit._ pp. 431, 436, _et seq._
[2266] Kames, ‘Sketches of the History of Man,’ vol. i. p. 449.
[2267] Parkyns, _loc. cit._ vol ii. pp. 55, _et seq._
[2268] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 133.
[2269] _Cf._ Hodgson, ‘Reminiscences of Australia,’ p. 243; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. ii. pp. 225, _et seq._
[2270] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 343.
[2271] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 108. _Cf._ Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 10; Palmer, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 301.
[2272] Curr, vol. i. p. 108.
[2273] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.
[2274] Curr, vol. i. p. 108. For marriage by capture among the Australians, _cf._ also Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 153, _et seq._; Oldfield, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol iii. p. 250; Sturt, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 283; Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 773.
[2275] Waitz-Gerland, vol. vi. p. 813.
[2276] Taylor, _loc. cit._ p. 336.
[2277] Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ p. 149.
[2278] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 138.
[2279] Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191.
[2280] Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396.
[2281] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 183. Riedel, _loc. cit._ pp. 69, 133, 415.
[2282] Bodo, Hos, Mundas, Kúrmis (Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 86, 192, 194, 319), Bhils, Káttis, Oráons (Rowney, _loc. cit._ pp. 37, 46, 81), Gonds (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ pp. 149, _et seq._), Chittagong Hill tribes (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 92), Savaras (Fawcett, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Soc. Bombay,’ vol. i. p. 235).
[2283] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ pp. 61, 62, 150, 153. According to Professor Robertson Smith (_loc. cit._ p. 72), instances of marriage by capture might be accumulated to an indefinite extent from Arabian history and tradition. At the time of Mohammed the practice was universal.
[2284] Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 185.
[2285] Kirghiz (Atkinson, ‘Travels in the Regions of the Upper and Lower Amoor,’ pp. 250, _et seq._), Chulims (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 231), Mordvins (Mainoff, ‘Mordvankansan häätapoja’).
[2286] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.
[2287] Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 168.
[2288] Buch, _loc. cit._ p. 62.
[2289] Teptyars, Tartars of Crimea (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 523, 541), Ostyaks (Castrén, vol. ii. p. 57), Cheremises, Voguls (Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 56, 67).
[2290] v. Düben, _loc. cit._ pp. 200, 310.
[2291] Willigerod, ‘Geschichte Ehstlands,’ p. 9. v. Schroeder, _loc. cit._ p. 19.
[2292] ‘Kanteletar,’ book iii. song 22. Topelius, ‘De modo matrimonia jungendi apud Fennos quondam vigente,’ pp. 28-30. Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13.
[2293] ‘Tidningar utgifne af et Sällskap i Äbo,’ 1778, no. 148. Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, nos. 66, 91. Ahlqvist, ‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 204.
[2294] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ book iii. vv. 26, 33.
[2295] Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ‘Ρωμαϊκή ἀρχαιολογος,’ book ii. ch. xxx. § 5.
[2296] Plutarch, ‘Λῦκουργος,’ ch. xv.
[2297] v. Zmigrodzki, _loc. cit._ p. 250.
[2298] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 329.
[2299] Ortolan, ‘Histoire de la Législation romaine,’ p. 81.
[2300] Dargun, _loc. cit._ pp. 111-140. _Cf._ Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 440; Nordström, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 12; Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. pp. 308-310.
[2301] Olaus Magnus, ‘Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus,’ p. 328.
[2302] Kames, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 450. _Cf._ Lewis, _loc. cit._ p. 197; Rhys, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 289.
[2303] Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 189.
[2304] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 190. ‘Globus,’ vol. v. p. 317. Kulischer, ‘Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. pp. 206-208. Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 476, _et seq._ Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. iii. p. 578.
[2305] Krauss, _loc. cit._ ch. xiv.
[2306] Olaus Magnus, pp. 481, _et seq._
[2307] de Gaya, ‘Marriage Ceremonies,’ p. 45.
[2308] _Cf._ the works of McLennan, Tylor, Lubbock, Post, and Dargun, and the essays of Kulischer (in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x.) and Kohler (‘Studien über Frauengemeinschaft, Frauenraub und Frauenkauf,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. pp. 334-368).
[2309] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 95.
[2310] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. pp. 623, _et seq._ _Idem_, in ‘The Fortnightly Review,’ vol. xxi. pp. 897, _et seq._
[2311] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 316, _et seq._
[2312] Abercromby, ‘Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,’ in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. p. 454.
[2313] McLennan, ‘Studies,’ pp. 74, _et seq._
[2314] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 265.
[2315] In many cases, however, capture takes place merely because the man wishes to lower the price of the bride or to avoid payment (_Cf._ Abercromby, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 453, _et seq._).
[2316] Mathew, in ‘Jour. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales,’ vol. xxiii. p. 407.
[2317] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 62, _et seq._
[2318] Tylor, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xviii. p. 266.
[2319] It is hard to understand how Herr Kulischer can have persuaded himself that marriage by purchase, as he says in an essay especially devoted to this question, ‘kann nur bei sehr wenigen der jetzt lebenden Wilden aufgefunden werden’ (Kulischer, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 210.)
[2320] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107. _Cf._ Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ pp. 276, 285, 343; Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 10; Angas, ‘Savage Life,’ vol. i. p. 94; Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 79, 84; Lumholtz, _loc. cit._ p. 164.
[2321] Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 259.
[2322] Aleuts (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 402), Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 198), Kenai (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 406, _et seq._), Naudowessies (Carver, _loc. cit._ p. 373), Arawaks (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 101), Quito Indians (Juan and de Ulloa, _loc. cit._ p. 521), Brazilian aborigines (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 107, _et seq._), Fuegians (King and Fitzroy, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 182. Bridges, in ‘A Voice for South America,’ vol. xiii. p. 201).
[2323] Bushmans (Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 259), Zulus (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 48), Basutos (Casalis, _loc. cit._ p. 183), Banyai (Bastian, ‘Rechtsverhältnisse,’ p. 175), &c. (Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. pp. 378, _et seq._).
[2324] Nagas of Upper Assam, Kukis, Limbus and Kirantis, Tipperahs (Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 41, 47, 104, 110), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ pp. 148, _et seq._), Bodo and Dhimáls (Hodgson, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 735), Bhils (Hay, ‘The Túran Mall Hill,’ _ibid._, vol. xx. p. 507), Mrús (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 234), Lepchas (Hooker, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 125), Gypsies (Liebich, _loc. cit._ p. 46), Barabinzes, Koriaks (Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 195, 348), Tunguses, Ainos (Dall, _loc. cit._ pp. 519, 524), Kamchadales (Steller, _loc. cit._ p. 343), aboriginal tribes of China (Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 304).
[2325] Dyaks (Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 221), Tagalas and Bisayans of the Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 14. Jagor, _loc. cit._ p. 235); also in New Britain (Romilly, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ix. p. 8).
[2326] Steller, p. 343 (Kamchadales). Jagor, p. 235 (Bisayans).
[2327] Starcke, _loc. cit._ p. 39.
[2328] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 721.
[2329] Weinhold, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ p. 242.
[2330] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 215, _et seq._ (Kafirs). Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 43 (Nagas). Borheck, ‘Erdbeschreiburg von Asien,’ vol. i. p. 540 (Tartars of Kazan). Landsell, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 225 (Gilyaks).
[2331] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 97 (Ahts). Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 50 (Kafirs). Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 448 (Tedâ); vol. ii. p. 177 (Baele). Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 240 (Marea). Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 62 (Arabs of Syria). Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 431 (Buriats). Neumann, ‘Russland und die Tscherkessen,’ p. 117 (Circassians). Rowlatt, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xiv. pt. ii. p. 488 (Mishmis). Hickson, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 139 (Talauer Islanders). Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 138 (Samoans). Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210 (Caroline Islanders).
[2332] Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 41, _et seq._
[2333] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 22.
[2334] Macfie, _loc. cit._ p. 446.
[2335] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 654.
[2336] Powers, p. 247.
[2337] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 214. _Cf._ Letherman, ‘Sketch of the Navajo Tribe of Indians,’ in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294.
[2338] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 201. Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 124. _Cf._ Lewis and Clarke, _loc. cit._ p. 307 (Shoshones); Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 207 (Abipones).
[2339] v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 215. Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 206.
[2340] Chapman, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 341.
[2341] Livingstone, _loc. cit._ p. 623.
[2342] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 187.
[2343] Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 133.
[2344] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.
[2345] Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 348.
[2346] Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 114, 231.
[2347] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 505.
[2348] Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 185. ‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144. Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 79.
[2349] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 132.
[2350] Griffiths, ‘Journals of Travels,’ p. 35.
[2351] Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiii. p. 11.
[2352] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210.
[2353] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93.
[2354] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 92.
[2355] Yurok, Patwin (Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 56, 221), Wakamba (Hildebrandt, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. x. p. 401), Bedouins of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 152), Mishmis (Cooper, _loc. cit._ pp. 236, _et seq._), Lepchas (Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 139), Papuans of New Guinea (Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 371).
[2356] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 86.
[2357] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. pp. 266, 337, 416.
[2358] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 193. Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 78, note *.
[2359] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 120.
[2360] Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ pp. 78, _et seq._ Ewald, _loc. cit._ p. 200. Gans, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 128.
[2361] ‘Ruth,’ ch. iv. v. 10. ‘Hosea,’ ch. iii. v. 2.
[2362] Michaelis, ‘Commentaries on the Laws of Moses,’ vol. i. p. 451.
[2363] Lüttke, ‘Der Islam,’ p. 119. Warnkoenig, ‘Juristiche Encyclopädie,’ p. 167. Unger, ‘Die Ehe in ihrer welthistorischen Entwicklung,’ pp. 46, _et seq._
[2364] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 196.
[2365] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques sur le développement de la société humaine,’ p. 22.
[2366] Castrén, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1849, p. 13. _Cf._ Porthan, in ‘Kongliga Vitterhets, Historie och Antiquitets Akademiens Handlingar,’ vol. iv. p. 19; Topelius, _loc. cit._ §§ 8-10.
[2367] ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, _et seq._; runo xxii. vv. 49, _et seq._ ‘Kanteletar,’ book i. songs 133, 156; book iii. song viii. vv. 20, 39.
[2368] Heikel, in ‘Helsingfors Dagblad,’ 1881, no. 68.
[2369] v. Schroeder, _loc. cit._ pp. 27-29.
[2370] Winternitz, in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ p. 287.
[2371] Zimmer, _loc. cit._ p. 310.
[2372] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 102.
[2373] Aristotle, ‘Τὰ πολιτικά,’ book ii. ch. 8.
[2374] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book v. ch. 6.
[2375] _Cf._ Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 28.
[2376] Geijer, ‘Svenska folkets historia,’ in ‘Samlade skrifter,’ vol. v. p. 88.
[2377] Laband, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen im altrömischen und germanischen Recht,’ in ‘Zeitschr. für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft,’ vol. iii. p. 154. Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 150.
[2378] Friedberg, ‘Das Recht der Eheschliessung,’ pp. 33, 38.
[2379] Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ pp. 13, _et seq._
[2380] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 381.
[2381] _Cf._ Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 80, 87.
[2382] O’Curry, ‘The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish,’ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiv. _et seq._
[2383] Ewers, ‘Das älteste Recht der Russen,’ p. 226 (Russians). Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 195 (Bohemians and Pomeranians). Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 273 (South Slavonians). Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 478, _et seq._ Wolkov, in ‘L’Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 168.
[2384] Krauss, p. 275.
[2385] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 28.
[2386] Bickmore, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 20. _Cf._ Dixon, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xi. pt. i. p. 43.
[2387] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 31.
[2388] v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 109, _et seq._
[2389] Petroff, _loc. cit._ p. 161.
[2390] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 238.
[2391] Schweinfurth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 31. Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p. 355.
[2392] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 176.
[2393] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 270.
[2394] Le Mesurier, in ‘Jour. Roy. As. Soc. Ceylon Branch,’ vol. ix. p. 340. Cf. Emerson Tennent, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 441; Knox, ‘Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon,’ p. 126.
[2395] Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.
[2396] Finsch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xii. p. 317.
[2397] Kotzebue, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 210. Cheyne, _loc. cit._ p. 119 (Bornabi).
[2398] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.
[2399] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 101.
[2400] Ellis, ‘Hawaii,’ p. 414.
[2401] Angas, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 274.
[2402] Wilkes, vol. ii. p. 138. Prichard, _loc. cit._ p. 136. Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 93. Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 538.
[2403] Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. ii. p. 157. Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 270. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 126.
[2404] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 153.
[2405] New Guinea (Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396. d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 396), New Britain (Romilly, _loc. cit._ p. 27. Powell, _loc. cit._ p. 84), Solomon Islands (Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 95), New Hebrides (Macdonald, ‘Oceania,’ p. 194. Meinicke, ‘Die Inseln des stillen Oceans,’ vol. i. p. 203), New Caledonia (Moncelon, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 367), Fiji (Wilkes, vol. iii. p. 92. _Cf._, however, Williams and Calvert, _loc. cit._ pp. 144, _et seq._), Tukopia (Waitz-Gerland, vol. v. pt. ii. p. 191), Melanesia in general (Codrington, _loc. cit._ p. 240).
[2406] Fison and Howitt, _loc. cit._ p. 343.
[2407] Peschel, _loc. cit._ pp. 209, _et seq._
[2408] Labillardière, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 276.
[2409] Weddell, _loc. cit._ p. 153.
[2410] Hawkesworth, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 634; vol. i. p. 373.
[2411] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 340.
[2412] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 53.
[2413] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 625.
[2414] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.
[2415] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 633.
[2416] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 113.
[2417] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 182.
[2418] Smith, ‘The Araucanians,’ p. 215.
[2419] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 86.
[2420] Taylor, _loc. cit._ pp. 336, et seq.
[2421] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. ii. p. 121.
[2422] See _ante_, p. 40.
[2423] Aleuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 92), Achomâwi in California (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 270), Araucanians (Alcedo-Thompson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 416. Pöppig, ‘Reise in Chile,’ vol. i. pp. 383, _et seq._), Samoans (Prichard, _loc._ _cit._ p. 139), Barea and Kunáma (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 487), Kandhs (Percival, _loc. cit._ pp. 345, _et seq._), Igorrotes of Ysarog (Jagor, _loc. cit._ p. 172), Samoyedes (Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der obischen Ostjakken, Samoyeden,’ &c., p. 66).
[2424] _Cf._ d’Albertis, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 395, 396, 414, _et seq._ (inhabitants of Naiabui in New Guinea, and of Yule Island); Jagor, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Bisayans); McNair, _loc. cit._ p. 232 (Malays of Perak); Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 178 (Burmese); Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148 (Gonds); Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 230 (Central Asiatic Turks); Ahlqvist, ‘Kulturwörter,’ p. 203 (Turkish and Finnish peoples); Castrén, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 126 (Ostyaks); Park, _loc. cit._ p. 220 (Mandingoes); Merolla da Sorrento, _loc. cit._ p. 235 (Negroes of Sogno).
[2425] Shooter, _loc. cit._ p. 49.
[2426] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 277. _Cf._ v. Weber, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 215, _et seq._ Kafirs.
[2427] Karok, Yurok (Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 22, 56).
[2428] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. vv. 23-25.
[2429] _Ibid._, ch. iii. v. 51. _Cf._ _ibid._, ch. ix. vv. 93, 98.
[2430] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 29.
[2431] _Ibid._, ch. iii. v. 53.
[2432] _Cf._ Jolly, ‘Die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen bei den alten Indern,’ in ‘Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-philologischen und historischen Classe der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München,’ 1876, p. 433.
[2433] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 92, 146, 248, 250, &c.
[2434] Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 424.
[2435] Laferrière, ‘Histoire du droit civil de Rome et du droit français,’ vol. iii. p. 156. Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33.
[2436] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ pp. 57, 152, 158.
[2437] Gans, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 138.
[2438] Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p. 359.
[2439] _Cf._ Topelius, in ‘Litterära Soiréer,’ 1850, p. 326.
[2440] ‘Kalevala,’ runo xviii. vv. 643, _et seq._ ‘Kanteletar,’ book iii. song viii. vv. 23-25.
[2441] Jamieson, in ‘The China Review,’ vol. x. p. 78, note *.
[2442] Koenigswarter, ‘Études historiques,’ p. 33. _Idem_, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 320.
[2443] Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.
[2444] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, ‘Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,’ vol. i. p. 691.
[2445] Medhurst, in ‘Trans. Roy. As. Soc. China Branch,’ vol. iv. pp. 11, _et seq._
[2446] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 123.
[2447] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.
[2448] Grimm, _loc. cit._ p. 429.
[2449] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 54.
[2450] Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170. Mayne, ‘Hindu Law and Usage,’ p. 82.
[2451] Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 103.
[2452] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 220. Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._ pp. 262, 266. Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 471.
[2453] Ginoulhiac, ‘Histoire du régime dotal,’ pp. 187, _et seq._ Laboulaye, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière en Occident,’ pp. 403, _et seq._
[2454] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.
[2455] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 152. Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 325.
[2456] Ginoulhiac, pp. 198, _et seq._
[2457] Olivecrona, p. 57.
[2458] In Germany and Switzerland, the practice of presenting a morning gift has been kept up till the present time (Eichhorn, ‘Einleitung in das deutsche Privatrecht,’ p. 726. Bluntschli, ‘Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Zürich,’ vol. ii. pp. 164, _et seq._)
[2459] Schlyter, ‘Juridiska afhandlingar,’ vol. i. p. 201. Schlegel, ‘Om Morgongavens Oprindelse,’ in ‘Astræa,’ vol. ii. pp. 189, _et seq._ Koenigswarter, ‘Histoire de l’organisation de la famille,’ p. 123. The old purchase-money which the husband was obliged to give to the bride, was also represented by the fictitious dowry preserved in the rituals of the Church till the sixteenth century. M. Martene mentions a ritual of the Church of Reims, of 1585, in which the bridegroom, at the moment of putting the nuptial ring on the finger of the bride, placed three _deniers_ in her hand (Koenigswarter, p. 174, note 4).
[2460] Ginoulhiac, p. 202. Warnkoenig and Stein, ‘Französische Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte,’ vol. ii. p. 257.
[2461] ‘Ancient Laws of Ireland,’ vol. i. p. 155; vol. iv. p. 63.
[2462] O’Curry, _loc. cit._ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxiii. _et seq._
[2463] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 382. _Cf._ Kovalevsky, in ‘Folk-Lore,’ vol. i. pp. 479, _et seq._
[2464] Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 196.
[2465] Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 736. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342, _et seq._
[2466] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxiv. v. 53.
[2467] Robertson Smith, _loc. cit._ p. 98.
[2468] _Ibid._, pp. 78, 91, 100. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 353, _et seq._ Unger, _loc. cit._ p. 47. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. v. p. 358.
[2469] Bechuanas (Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 192), Aenezes (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 62). The Laplanders, according to Laestadius (‘Ett lappfrieri,’ in ‘Svenska folkets seder,’ p. 125), take presents for their daughters, but do not consider it honourable to receive money.
[2470] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 654.
[2471] Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98.
[2472] Musters, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 201.
[2473] Cooper, _loc. cit._ p. 236. Griffith, _loc. cit._ p. 35.
[2474] Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 68.
[2475] Schadenberg, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 12.
[2476] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 387.
[2477] Harkness, _loc. cit._ pp. 116, _et seq._
[2478] Tuski (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 381), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Chinooks (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 337), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol ii. p. 157), Shoshones (Lewis and Clarke, _loc. cit._ p. 307), Miwok (Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 354), Quiché (Morelet, _loc. cit._ p. 257), Budduma, Tedâ (Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 370, 448), Todas (Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 211), Central Asiatic Turks (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 233, _et seq._), Laplanders (v. Düben, _loc. cit._ p. 200), Papuans of Dorey (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 102), Samoans (Prichard, _loc. cit._ pp. 139, _et seq._ Turner, ‘Samoa,’ pp. 93, 96), Nukahivans (v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 153).
[2479] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 66. Seemann, ‘Voyage of _Herald_,’ vol. ii. p. 66.
[2480] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 238.
[2481] Azara, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 92. For other similar instances, see Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 324 (Beni-Amer); Baker, ‘The Nile Tributaries,’ p. 124 (Arabs of Upper Egypt); Hanoteau and Letourneux, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 161 (Kabyles); Proyart, _loc. cit._ p. 569 (Negroes of Loango); Caillié, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 349 (Mandingoes); Fritsch, _loc. cit._ p. 192 (Bechuanas).
[2482] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 90.
[2483] Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 181.
[2484] Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 62.
[2485] ‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333.
[2486] Cooper, _loc. cit._ p. 236.
[2487] Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 182.
[2488] _Ibid._, p. 55.
[2489] Negroes of Accra (Daniell, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. iv. p. 12), Tartars of Kazan (Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 433) and Orenburg (Georgi, p. 103), Tunguses (_ibid._, p. 324), and other semi-civilized peoples belonging to the Russian Empire. For African peoples, see Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p. 417.
[2490] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 240.
[2491] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. ix. vv. 194, _et seq._
[2492] In Gautama’s time, however, the ‘çulka,’ did not belong to the ‘strîdhan’ (Mayr, ‘Das indische Erbrecht,’ p. 170).
[2493] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Hindu Law,’ pp. 33, _et seq._ Steele, _loc. cit._ p.67.
[2494] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 154.
[2495] Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 155. Meier and Schömann, ‘Der attische Process,’ pp. 518, _et seq._ Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 345, _et seq._ Hermann-Blümner, _loc. cit._ p. 265. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 692.
[2496] Potter, ‘Archaeologia Graeca,’ vol. ii. p. 273.
[2497] Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ p. 70. Sohm, ‘Institutionen des römischen Rechts,’ p. 281. Laboulaye, ‘Recherches sur la condition des femmes,’ P. 38.
[2498] Laboulaye, p. 39. Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ p. 70. Laferrière, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 223.
[2499] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 39-41. _Idem_, ‘Histoire du droit de propriété foncière,’ pp. 183-185. Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, vol. i. p. 693. Sohm, p. 282.
[2500] Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ pp. 338.
[2501] Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. pp. 412, _et seq._
[2502] Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 331. _Idem_, ‘Altnordisches Leben,’ pp. 241, _et seq._
[2503] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ p. 51. Nordström, loc. _cit. vol._ ii. p. 50.
[2504] Macieiowski, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 214-218.
[2505] O’Curry, _loc. cit._ Sullivan’s Introduction, vol. i. pp. clxxii., clxxviii. Lewis, _loc. cit._ pp. 8, _et seq._
[2506] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 342-344.
[2507] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Muhammadan Law,’ p. xxxv. Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 218.
[2508] Lane, vol. i. p. 138, note †.
[2509] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 370.
[2510] Kenai (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 407), Thlinkets (Holmberg, in ‘Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicæ,’ vol. iv. p. 315), Ahts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 197), Creeks (Hawkins, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 66), Kingsmill Islanders (Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 101), Siamese (Moore, _loc. cit._ p. 169), Kukis (Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 254), Abyssinians (Lobo, _loc. cit._ p. 26), people of Madagascar (Rochon, _loc. cit._ p. 747), Touaregs (Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 181).
[2511] _Cf._ Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 335 (North American Indians); Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 270 (Tahitians); Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 110 (Negroes); Burton, ‘The Lake Regions of Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 332 (East Africans); Post, ‘Afrikanische Jurisprudenz,’ vol. i. p. 376 (several African peoples); Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 185 (Tartars); Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 67, _et seq._ (Voguls).
[2512] _Cf._ Nordenskiöld, ‘Grönland,’ p. 508 (Greenlanders); v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 115 (Brazilian aborigines); Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 132 (Fuegians); Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 522 (Somals); Marshall, _loc. cit._ p. 212 (Todas); Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 70 (Mongols); Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der Morduanen, Kasaken,’ &c., p. 262 (Kalmucks); Post, ‘Die Anfänge des Staats-und Rechtsleben,’ pp. 54, _et seq._
[2513] _Cf._ Last, in ‘Proc. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. v. p. 532 (Masai); Metz, _loc. cit._ p. 87 (Badagas); Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 286 (Sinhalese).
[2514] It is remarkable that dowry is unknown among the Chinese, whereas, in the wild aboriginal tribes of China, it is usual for wives among the wealthy families to receive marriage portions (Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 304).
[2515] Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ vol. ii. p. 344.
[2516] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 3.
[2517] Potter, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 268. Cauvet, in ‘Revue de législation,’ vol. xxiv. p. 152. _Cf._ Meier and Shömann, _loc. cit._ pp. 513, _et seq._
[2518] Isaeus, ‘περὶ τοῦ Πυῤῥου κλήρου,’ § 51, p. 43.
[2519] Aristotle, _loc. cit._ book ii. ch. ix. § 11.
[2520] Laboulaye, ‘Recherches,’ pp. 38, _et seq._ Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ pp. 66, _et seq._ Meier and Schömann, pp. 513, _et seq._
[2521] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 693. Mayer, ‘Die Rechte der Israeliten,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 347.
[2522] Ginoulhiac, _loc. cit._ p. 103.
[2523] For _dos necessaria_ in Germany during the Middle Ages, see Mittermaier, ‘Grundsätze des gemeinen deutschen Privatrechts,’ vol. ii. p. 3.
[2524] Eccius, in v. Holtzendorff, ‘Encyclopädie der Rechtswissenschaft,’ pt. ii. vol. i. p. 414.
[2525] ‘Code Napoléon,’ art. 204.
[2526] Maine, ‘Early History of Institutions,’ p. 339.
[2527] Euripides, ‘Μήδεια,’ vv. 231-235.
[2528] Hall, _loc. cit._ p. 567. _Cf._ Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 352; Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 139.
[2529] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 223.
[2530] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 132.
[2531] Kaniagmuts (Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ pp. 198, et seq.), Aleuts (Coxe, _loc. cit._ p. 230. v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 47. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 92), Mahlemuts (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 81), Chippewyans (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 24), Chippewas (Keating, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 157), Creeks (Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 268), Moxes, Iroquois (Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 326, 332), Navajos (Letherman, in ‘Smith. Rep.,’ 1855, p. 294), Arawaks (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 101), Muras (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ p. 512), Tupis, Chiriguana (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. pp. 422, _et seq._), Patagonians (Falkner, _loc. cit._ p. 124), Fuegians (Bove, _loc. cit._ p. 132).
[2532] Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 62.
[2533] Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 94.
[2534] Breton, _loc. cit._ p. 398.
[2535] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 107.
[2536] St. Andrew St. John, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. ii. p. 239.
[2537] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 57.
[2538] _Ibid._, p. 19.
[2539] Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 524.
[2540] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 1026.
[2541] Schön and Crowther, ‘Journals,’ p. 162.
[2542] Wilson and Felkin, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 49.
[2543] Tartars (Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 186), people of Bornu (Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iii. p. 31, note), Bazes (Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 525), Copts (Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 331).
[2544] Bent, ‘The Cyclades,’ p. 137.
[2545] Bakongo (Möller, Pagels, and Gleerup, _loc. cit._ p. 270), &c.
[2546] Tuski, Kaniagmuts (Dall, pp. 381, 402), &c.
[2547] Post, ‘Die Grundlagen des Rechts,’ p. 240.
[2548] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 105. See Lippert, ‘Kulturgeschichte,’ vol. ii. pp. 141, _et seq._; Mantegazza, ‘Geschlechtsverhältnisse des Menschen,’ ch. xiii.
[2549] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 216.
[2550] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. iv. p. 405.
[2551] Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 251. Dubois, _loc. cit._ p. 107. v. Schroeder, _loc. cit._ p. 82. Mantegazza, p. 287. de Gubernatis, ‘Storia comparata degli usi nuziali,’ p. 168.
[2552] v. Eschwege, ‘Journal von Brasilien,’ vol. i. p. 96.
[2553] Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 115. For instances of eating and drinking together as a marriage ceremony, see Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. iv. pp. 387-405; v. Schroeder, pp. 82-84; Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 460; Winternitz, ‘On a Comparative Study of Indo-European Customs,’ in ‘Trans. Intern. Folk-Lore Congress, 1891,’ pp. 280, _et seq._; de Gubernatis, p. 168.
[2554] v. Schroeder, p. 84.
[2555] Winternitz, _loc. cit._ p. 282. _Cf._ Haas, ‘Die Heirathsgebräuche der alten Inder,’ in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. pp. 310, _et seq._ (Hindus).
[2556] Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 409.
[2557] Low, cited by Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ ser. v. vol. iv. p. 409.
[2558] Steel, ‘On the Khasia Tribe,’ in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N.S. vol. vii. p. 308.
[2559] Bailey, _ibid._, N.S. vol. ii. pp. 293, _et seq._
[2560] Colebrooke, ‘The Religious Ceremonies of the Hindus,’ in ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. vii. p. 309.
[2561] Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 149.
[2562] Lubbock, ‘The Origin of Civilisation,’ p. 84. _Cf._ Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 86 (Wukas of New Guinea).
[2563] Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 131, 220, 319.
[2564] Taplin, _loc. cit._ p. 12.
[2565] Soyaux, _loc. cit._ p. 161. _Cf._ Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 392 (Arawaks).
[2566] Forbes, ‘Dahomey and the Dahomans,’ vol. i. p. 26.
[2567] Krauss, _loc. cit._ p. 385.
[2568] Meiners, ‘Vergleichung des ältern und neuern Russlandes,’ vol. ii. pp. 167, _et seq._
[2569] The wedding-ring was in use among the ancient Hindus (Haas, in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. p. 299). According to Mr. Hooper (_loc. cit._ p. 390), it is also found among the Indians of James’s Bay.
[2570] Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 290.
[2571] Bock, ‘The Head-Hunters of Borneo,’ p. 222.
[2572] Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 150.
[2573] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 334.
[2574] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 91.
[2575] _Ibid._, vol. iii. p. 92. This description, however, does not agree with those given by Williams and Erskine (see Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 632).
[2576] Ellis, ‘Polynesian Researches,’ vol. i. p. 271.
[2577] Wilkes, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 101.
[2578] Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. pp. 639, _et seq._
[2579] Lewin, _loc. cit._ p. 129.
[2580] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 64.
[2581] Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385.
[2582] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ p. 161.
[2583] Klemm, ‘Cultur-Geschichte,’ vol. iii. pp. 169, _et seq._ For other instances of religious marriage ceremonies, see _ibid._, vol. iii. p. 281 (Negroes of Congo); Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 41 (Chuvashes); Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 307 (Mussus); Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 276 (Humphrey’s Islanders).
[2584] Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 183.
[2585] Lewin, p. 175.
[2586] Gonds, Kúrmis (Dalton, pp. 201, 319), &c.
[2587] Prejevalsky, ‘Mongolia,’ vol. i. p. 70.
[2588] Vámbéry, ‘Das Türkenvolk,’ pp. 339, 459, _et seq._
[2589] Sinhalese (Davy, _loc. cit._ p. 285), Naickers (Kearns, ‘Kalyán’a Shat’anku,’ p. 54), Gonds and Korkús (Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 149), Khyoungtha (Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 126, _et seq._), Siamese (Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 183), Kalmucks (Georgi, _loc. cit._ p. 411), Chinese (Wells Williams, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 785), Japanese (Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 121), ancient Mexicans (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 132). In this connection should also be noticed the ‘lucky days,’ when matrimony in general is concluded under the best auspices. In China, these are especially marked in the almanacks (Montgomery, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 268). The spring season and the last month in the year are regarded as the most fortunate nuptial periods in that country (Wells Williams, vol. i. p. 791), whereas the ninth month is considered very unpropitious (Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 187). Among the Bedouins of Mount Sinai (Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ p. 152), the Egyptians (Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 222, _et seq._), and the Mohammedan negroes of Senegambia (Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 453), Friday is esteemed the most fortunate day for marriage; while the Copts generally marry on the night preceding Sunday (Lane, vol. ii. p. 331). In India, the month Phalguna was considered the luckiest period (v. Bohlen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 148), and in Morocco, as I am informed by Dr. Churcher, the month called Moolood (birth of Mohammed). Again, in Thuringia, marriages are generally contracted at the time of the full moon (Schmidt, ‘Sitten und Gebräuche in Thüringen,’ p. 28); whilst in Orkney and Esthonia, no couple would consent to marry except at the time of the crescent moon. The same superstition prevailed among the ancient Hindus, Greeks, and Germans (v. Schroeder, _loc. cit._ p. 50). In Scotland, formerly, nearly all avoided contracting marriage in May, and the Lowlanders were disinclined to marry on Friday (Rogers, _loc. cit._ p. 112). The Romans considered May and the first half of June an unlucky period (Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 265). In Egypt, it is a common belief that, if any one make a marriage contract in the month of Moharram, the marriage will be unhappy and soon dissolved, hence few persons do so (Lane, vol. i. p. 219, note *). For ‘unlucky days’ among the tribes of the Indian Archipelago, see Wilken, in ‘Bijdragen,’ &c., ser. v. vol. i. p. 380.
[2590] Acosta, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 370.
[2591] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 366.
[2592] _Ibid._, vol. iv. p. 317. de Herrera, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 172.
[2593] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 333.
[2594] Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 70.
[2595] Tartars (Huc, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 186), Siamese (Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 185), Kalmucks (Liadov, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 403). In Japan, on the other hand, the marriage ceremony is entirely of a social nature, no religious element entering into it at all (Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii. p. 123).
[2596] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 205.
[2597] Ewald, _loc. cit._ pp. 201, _et seq._ _Cf._ Gans, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 140; Frankel, _loc. cit._ p. xxx.
[2598] Pischon, ‘Der Einfluss der Islâm,’ &c., p. 10. For the modern Persians, see Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 210, _et seq._
[2599] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 154.
[2600] Revillout, ‘Les contrats de mariage égyptiens,’ in ‘Journal Asiatique,’ ser. vii. vol. x. p. 262.
[2601] Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 677.
[2602] Haas, in Weber, ‘Indische Studien,’ vol. v. pp. 312-316. Colebrooke, in ‘Asiatick Researches,’ vol. vii. pp. 288-310.
[2603] Macnaghten, ‘Principles of Hindu Law,’ p. 46. _Cf._ Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 202; Colebrooke, pp. 288-311.
[2604] Jacobs, ‘Vermischte Schriften,’ vol. iv. pp. 180-182. Potter, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 279.
[2605] Rossbach, pp. 222, _et seq._ For other facts stated, see Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 457; Palmblad, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 258, _et seq._; Rossbach, pp. 212, 218, 223, 228.
[2606] Weinhold, ‘Deutsche Frauen,’ vol. i. p. 374. Rossbach, p. 231.
[2607] Rossbach, p. 111.
[2608] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ pp. 121, 122, 128, 143.
[2609] _Ibid._, pp. 294, _et seq._
[2610] _Ibid._, p. 237.
[2611] _Ibid._, p. 310.
[2612] _Ibid._, pp. 112, 186.
[2613] _Ibid._, pp. 102, _et seq._
[2614] _Ibid._, pp. 256, _et seq._
[2615] Grimm, _loc. cit._ pp. 434, _et seq._ Eichhorn, ‘Deutsche Staats-und Rechtsgeschichte,’ §§ 108, 183.
[2616] St. Paul, ‘Ephesians,’ ch. v. v. 32.
[2617] v. Scheurl, ‘Das gemeine deutsche Eherecht,’ p. 15.
[2618] Glasson, _loc. cit._ p. 253.
[2619] _Ibid._, p. 282.
[2620] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 306, _et seq._
[2621] Squier, in ‘Trans. American Ethn. Soc.,’ vol. iii. pt. i. p. 127.
[2622] Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 157.
[2623] Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 83.
[2624] Olivecrona, _loc. cit._ pp. 47, 160, _et seq._
[2625] Powers, _loc. cit._ pp. 22, _et seq._ _Cf._ Sibree, _loc. cit._ p. 251 (Hovas); Conder, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 94 (Bechuanas).
[2626] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 42.
[2627] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. v. pp. 654, _et seq._
[2628] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Ancient Mexicans, &c., p. 4.
[2629] Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 265.
[2630] Garcilasso de la Vega, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 310.
[2631] Rein, _loc. cit._ p. 423. Küchler, in ‘Trans. As. Soc. Japan,’ vol. xiii, p. 129.
[2632] Ross, _loc. cit._ p. 315.
[2633] ‘Genesis,’ ch. xxvi. v. 34; ch. xxix. vv. 23-28.
[2634] ‘i. Kings,’ ch. xi. v. 3.
[2635] ‘ii. Chronicles,’ ch. xi. vv. 21, 23.
[2636] ‘Deuteronomy,’ ch. xxi. v. 15. Scheppig, in Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Hebrews and Phœnicians, p. 8.
[2637] Andree, _loc. cit._ p. 147.
[2638] _Ibid._, pp. 147-149. Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209.
[2639] ‘The Korân,’ sura iv. v. 3.
[2640] Lane Poole, in ‘The Academy,’ vol. v. p. 684.
[2641] ‘Das Ausland,’ 1875, p. 958. d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 68.
[2642] Diodorus Siculus, _loc. cit._ book i. ch. 80.
[2643] Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 318, _et seq._
[2644] Rawlinson, ‘The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World,’ vol. i. p. 505.
[2645] Rawlinson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 319.
[2646] _Ibid._, vol. iii. pp. 216-219. Herodotus, _loc. cit._ book iii. ch. 68, 88. Spiegel, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 680.
[2647] Jolly, in ‘Sitzungsberichte Münch. Akad.,’ 1876, p. 445.
[2648] Schrader, _loc. cit._ p. 387. Zimmer, loc. cit. pp. 324, _et seq._
[2649] ‘The Laws of Manu,’ ch. iii. v. 12; ch. viii. v. 204; ch. ix. vv. 85-87.
[2650] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 252.
[2651] Becker, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 438, _et seq._ Jacobs, ‘Vermischte Schriften,’ vol. iv. pp. 215, _et seq._
[2652] ‘The Iliad,’ book xxi. v. 88. Grote, ‘History of Greece,’ vol. ii. p. 25, note 2.
[2653] Smith, Wayte, and Marindin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 525.
[2654] Palmblad, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 256.
[2655] Rossbach, _loc. cit._ p. 5.
[2656] Tacitus, _loc. cit._ ch. xviii.
[2657] Geijer, _loc. cit._ vol. v. p. 88. ‘The Heimskringla’ (transl. by Laing and Anderson), vol. i. p. 127.
[2658] ‘The Heimskringla,’ vol. i. pp. 127, _et seq._
[2659] Ewers, _loc. cit._ p. 106.
[2660] Gottlund, ‘Otava,’ vol. i. p. 92. Topelius, _loc. cit._ p. 45. Tengström, in ‘Joukahainen,’ vol. ii. pp. 130, _et seq._
[2661] Thierry, ‘Narratives of the Merovingian Era,’ pp. 17-21. Hallam, ‘Europe during the Middle Ages,’ vol. i. p. 420, note 2.
[2662] Spencer, ‘The Principles of Sociology,’ vol. i. p. 665.
[2663] v. Hellwald, _loc. cit._ p. 558.
[2664] Saalschütz, ‘Archäologie der Hebräer,’ vol. ii. p. 204, note.
[2665] ‘Emin Pasha in Central Africa,’ p. 85.
[2666] Serpa Pinto, ‘How I crossed Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 33.
[2667] Williams, ‘Missionary Enterprises,’ p. 557.
[2668] Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 118.
[2669] Reade, _loc. cit._ p. 44.
[2670] Heriot, _loc. cit._ p. 323.
[2671] Morgan, ‘League of the Iroquois,’ p. 324.
[2672] Wilkes, _loc cit._ vol. v. p. 188. Powers, _loc. cit._ p. 56.
[2673] Powers, p. 22.
[2674] Domenech, ‘Seven Years’ Residence in the Deserts of North America,‘ vol. ii. p. 305.
[2675] Schoolcraft, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 87. Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 661.
[2676] Acawoios (Brett, _loc. cit._ p. 275), Chavantes, Carajos (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 274, 298), Curetús, Purupurús, Mundrucûs (Wallace, ‘Travels on the Amazon,’ pp. 509, 515-517), Guaycurûs (Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 472).
[2677] Glas, _loc. cit._ p. 818. Bontier and Le Verrier, _loc. cit._ Major’s Introduction, p. xxxix.
[2678] Price, ‘The Quissama Tribe,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. i. p. 189. Chavanne, ‘Die Sahara,’ p. 315.
[2679] Chavanne, p. 454.
[2680] Bailey, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. pp. 291, _et seq._ Hartshorne, in ‘The Indian Antiquary,’ vol. viii. p. 320.
[2681] Man, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xii. p. 135.
[2682] Distant, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 4.
[2683] Dalton, _loc. cit._ p. 91. Stewart, in ‘Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 621.
[2684] Dalton, pp. 28, 54. Jellinghaus, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. iii. p. 370.
[2685] Harkness, _loc. cit._ p. 117. Dalton, pp. 41, 132. Rowney, _loc. cit._ p. 145.
[2686] Lewin, _loc. cit._ pp. 193, 235, _et seq._
[2687] Man, ‘Sonthalia,’ p. 15.
[2688] Smeaton, ‘The Loyal Karens of Burma,’ p. 81.
[2689] Kadams, Ka-káu (Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ pp. 72, 80), Mantras (Bourien, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. iii. p. 80), Italones of the Philippines (Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 33), Galela (Riedel, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. xvii. p. 77). In Sumatra, a man married by ‘semando,’ _i.e._, a regular treaty between the parties on the footing of equality, cannot take a second wife without repudiating the first one (Marsden, _loc. cit._ pp. 263, 270).
[2690] Sea Dyaks (Low, _loc. cit._ p. 195), the Rejang tribe of the Milanowes in Borneo (_ibid._, p. 342), Kyans of Baram (St. John, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 113), Alfura of Letti (Bickmore, _loc. cit._ p. 125), Watubela Islanders (Riedel, _loc. cit._ p. 206).
[2691] Meyer, in ‘Verhandl. Berl. Ges. Anthr.,’ 1883, p. 385. _Cf._ Foreman, _loc. cit._ p. 216 (Tinguianes of the Philippines).
[2692] Low, p. 300.
[2693] Hickson, _loc. cit._ p. 277.
[2694] Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 128.
[2695] Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 101. Earl, _loc. cit._ p. 81.
[2696] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 402.
[2697] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 371.
[2698] _Ibid._, vol. ii. p. 378.
[2699] Certain Californians (Waitz, vol. iv. p. 243), Calidonian Indians (Gisborne, _loc. cit._ p. 155), Chiriguana, Jabaána, Paravilhana (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 217, 627, 632), Guaranies (Southey, _loc. cit._ vol ii. pp. 368, _et seq._).
[2700] Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iv. p. 416.
[2701] v. Siebold, _loc. cit._ p. 31.
[2702] Campbell, ‘A Year in the New Hebrides,’ p. 143.
[2703] Maclean, _loc. cit._ p. 44.
[2704] Last, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. v. p. 533.
[2705] Phillips, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvii. p. 225.
[2706] Proyart, _loc. cit._ pp. 568, _et seq._
[2707] Waitz, vol. ii. p. 108. Chavanne, ‘Reisen und Forschungen im Kongostaate,’ pp. 398, _et seq._ (Bafióte tribe). Grade, in ‘Aus allen Welttheilen,’ vol. xx. p. 6 (people of the Togoland).
[2708] Barrow, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 206. Lichtenstein, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 261, _et seq._
[2709] Holub, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 302.
[2710] Thunberg, _loc. cit._ p. 141. Kretzschmar, _loc. cit._ p. 209.
[2711] Archdeacon Hodgson, in a letter.
[2712] Barth, ‘Reisen,’ vol. iv. p. 497.
[2713] Nachtigal, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 447.
[2714] Munzinger, _loc. cit._ p. 248.
[2715] _Ibid._, p. 326.
[2716] Takue, Bazes (_ibid._, pp. 209, 524), Arabs and Berbs of Morocco (Rohlfs, ‘Mein erster Aufenthalt in Marokko,’ p. 68).
[2717] Honateau and Letourneux, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 167.
[2718] Lane, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 252.
[2719] Munzinger, p. 326.
[2720] d’Escayrac de Lauture, _loc. cit._ p. 250. Pischon, _loc. cit._ p. 13. Burton, ‘Sindh Revisited,’ vol. i. p. 340. Burckhardt, _loc. cit._ pp. 61, 158 (Arabs). Polak, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 209 (Persians).
[2721] Amír’ Alí, _loc. cit._ pp. 29, _et seq._
[2722] Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 251. Rowney, _loc. cit._ pp. 68, 158 (Kols, Abors). Dalton, _loc. cit._ pp. 110, 216 (Tipperahs, Santals). Shortt, in ‘Trans. Ethn. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. vii. p. 282 (Kotars). Watt, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. p. 355 (Kaupuis). Forsyth, _loc. cit._ p. 148 (Gonds and Korkús). Fytche, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 74 (Burmese). Bock, ‘Temples and Elephants,’ p. 186 (Laosians). Colquhoun, ‘Amongst the Shans,’ p. 292 (Shans). Buddhism disapproves of polygyny, though it does not wholly prohibit it (Fytche, vol. ii. pp. 73, _et seq._).
[2723] Gray, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 184.
[2724] Kirghiz (Finch, ‘Reise nach West-Sibirien,’ p. 167), Galchas (de Ujfalvy, ‘Le Kohistan,’ p. 16), Kalmucks (Pallas, ‘Merkwürdigkeiten der Morduanen, Kasaken, Kalmücken,’ &c., pp. 263, _et seq._), Tartars, Tunguses, Kamchadales (Georgi, _loc. cit._ pp. 103, 116, 118, 324, 341), Chukchi (Nordenskiöld, ‘Vergas färd kring Asien och Europa,’ vol. ii. p. 142), Samoyedes (‘Ymer,’ vol. iii. p. 144), Ostyaks (Latham, ‘Descriptive Ethnology,’ vol. i. p. 457), Mordvins and Cheremises (‘Äbo Tidningar,’ 1794, no. 51), Ossetes (v. Haxthausen, ‘Transcaucasia,’ p. 402), &c.
[2725] Crawfurd, _loc. cit._ vol. i. pp. 76, _et seq._
[2726] Raffles, ‘The History of Java,’ vol. i. p. 81. Low, _loc. cit._ p. 147. Boyle, _loc. cit._ pp. 25, _et seq._ Marsden, _loc. cit._ p. 270. Wilken, ‘Verwantschap,’ p. 40, note 1. Forbes, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 124. Schadenberg, quoted by Blumentritt, _loc. cit._ p. 7.
[2727] Curr, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. pp. 196, 361; vol. iii. p. 36. Freycinet, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 766. Hodgson, _loc. cit._ p. 213. Cameron, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xiv. p. 352. Bonney, _ibid._, vol. xiii. p. 135. Bonwick, _ibid._, vol. xvi. p. 205. Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._ vol. vi. p. 771.
[2728] Curr, vol. i. p. 252.
[2729] Brough Smyth, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 386. Bonwick, ‘Daily Life,’ p. 71. Calder, ‘The Native Tribes of Tasmania,’ in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. iii. p. 22.
[2730] Dieffenbach, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 37.
[2731] Ellis, ‘Tour through Hawaii,’ p. 414. _Cf._ Lisiansky, _loc. cit._ p. 128.
[2732] New Guinea (Finsch, ‘Neu-Guinea,’ p. 82. Lawes, in ‘Proceed. Roy. Geo. Soc.,’ N. S. vol. ii. p. 614. Stone, ‘A Few Months in New Guinea,’ p. 93. Thomson, ‘British New Guinea,’ p. 193. Bink, in ‘Bull. Soc. d’Anthr.,’ ser. iii. vol. xi. p. 396. Kohler, in ‘Zeitschr. f. vgl. Rechtswiss.,’ vol. vii. p. 370), New Hanover (Strauch, in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. ix. p. 62), New Ireland (‘Das Ausland,’ 1881, p. 29), Solomon Islands (Elton, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. vii. p. 95), Tana of the New Hebrides (Turner, ‘Samoa,’ p. 317), Fiji (Zimmermann, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 400), Caroline Group (‘Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik,’ vol. viii. p. 65), Pelew Islands (‘Ymer,’ vol. iv. p. 333), Tonga (Cook, ‘Voyage to the Pacific Ocean,’ vol. i. p. 401), Tahiti (_ibid._, vol. ii. p. 157), Nukahiva (v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 153), &c.
[2733] Eskimo (Lyon, _loc. cit._ p. 352. Franklin, ‘Journey,’ p. 263. Cranz, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 147. Waitz, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 308), Mahlemuts (Bancroft, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 81), Ingaliks (Dall, _loc. cit._ p. 196), Chippewyans (Richardson, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 23), Tacullies (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 123), Ahts (Sproat, _loc. cit._ p. 98), Nutkas (Maine, ‘British Columbia and Vancouver Island,’ p. 276), Chinooks (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 241), Mandans (Catlin, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 119), other North American tribes (Heriot, _loc. cit._ pp. 551, _et seq._ Harmon, _loc. cit._ pp. 292, 339. Buchanan, ‘North American Indians,’ p. 338), Moxes (Heriot, p. 326), Mosquitoes (Bancroft, vol. i. p. 733, note 37), Indians of Guiana (Schomburgk, in ‘Jour. Ethn. Soc. London,’ vol. i. p. 270), Passés, Uaupés, Macusís (v. Martius, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 511, 600, 642), Coroados (Hensel, ‘Die Coroados der brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul,’ in ‘Zeitschr. f. Ethnol.,’ vol. i. p. 130), Botocudos (v. Tschudi, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 283), and other Brazilian tribes (v. Martius, vol. i. p. 104), Minuanes, Pampas, Guanas, Mbayas (Azara, loc. _cit. vol._ ii. pp. 33, 44, 95, 114), Abipones (Dobrizhoffer, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 138), Patagonians (Musters, _loc. cit._ p. 187).
[2734] Nansen, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 321, note 1.
[2735] v. Langsdorf, _loc. cit._ vol. ii. p. 133. Bancroft, vol. i. p. 110.
[2736] Ling Roth, in ‘Jour. Anthr. Inst.,’ vol. xvi. 272.
[2737] Spencer, ‘Descriptive Sociology,’ Hebrews and Phœnicians, p. 8. _Cf._ Saalschütz, ‘Das mosaische Recht,’ vol. ii. p. 727; Andree, _loc. cit._ pp. 146, _et seq._; Balfour, _loc. cit._ vol. iii. p. 251.
[2738] Wilkinson, _loc. cit._ vol. i. p. 318. Herodotus, _loc. cit._