Chapter 66

San Callisto, Döllinger's visit to, 411

San Germano, treaty of, 555

San Marino, 386

Santa Croce, Nuncio, information derived from, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 102; on the plans framed at Bayonne against Huguenots, 108 & _note_, 108-9 alleged report by, on the intended Huguenot massacre, 131-2

Sarpi, Paolo, _cited_ on political honesty, 213

Savigny, 380; influence of, on Döllinger, 376 leading doctrines of, 594 source of historical works of, 386

Savonarola, Girolamo, 556

Savoy, motto of its abortive rising in 1834., 286 not surprised by the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 109 Duke of, and the marriage of Coligny, 110

Say, J.B., _cited_ on political virtues, 219

Schelling, 403 estrangement of, from Döllinger, 381 mythology of, 405 _cited_ on collective thought, 585-6

Scherer, Edmond, _cited_ on progress, 221

Schlegel, H.W.F. von, classed as Ultramontane, 451 studied by Döllinger, 375

Schleiermacher, F.E.D., Döllinger on, 375

Schmalkald, Confession of, on excommunication, 158

Schomberg on Charles IX. and the provincial massacres, 120

Schopenhauer, metaphysics of, Döllinger's love for, 381

Schottmüller, 421, 574; conclusions of, on the trial of the Templars, 563

Schrader, Clement, reputation of, 502 on commission of preparation for Vatican Council, 500

Schwarzenberg, Cardinal, manager of German elections to Commission on Dogma, 529, 532 Cardinal, opposition of, at Vatican Council, 525-6 on Papal Infallibility, 544

Schwenkfeld, Kaspar von, his doctrines condemned by Melanchthon, 167

Science, demands of, on its students, 453 liberty of, in the Church, 461-91 liberty in, questioned through Frohschammer's excommunication, 477 power of, to act upon religion, not foreseen in 1679., 595

Science and religion, reconciliation of, 462; denied by Frohschammer, 462; accepted by Lamennais, 462-3

Science, truth essential in, 449 German, great services to intellectual liberty, 469 religious, definition of, 389

Scientific truth, certainty of essentials for understanding, 458

Sclopis, Count, on character of Machiavelli, 226

Scotland, Döllinger on Presbyterianism of, 337 triumph of Reformation in, over the State, 43

Scott, Hope, consulted by Döllinger, 395

Sega, Bishop of Piacenza and Nuncio, attitude of, to murder for the glory of God, 139

Self-government, faculty of, opposed to tradition of antiquity, 31 in a great democracy, how alone preservable, 277; that kind of, which constitutes true republicanism, 277 modern political liberty the result of, 253

Self-sacrifice, renovation of society on principles of, 58

Seneca, his elevated sentiments praised by St. Augustine, 25 religious knowledge of, 406 views of, 73

Sermoneta, 131

Servetus, Michael, 430; his condemnation approved by Melanchthon, 167; and by other Reformers, 175, 184-5; defended by Calvin, 181-2; but not politically justified, 184-5

Seward, W.H., on the rights sought by the revolting Americans, 587 praise by, of Hamilton's statesmanship, 581

Shakespeare, study of, Döllinger's motive for, 432

Sherman, General, 579

Sicily, the Inquisition in, 1224., 553-4

Sickel, 422

Sidney, Algernon, character of, 53 slight knowledge of Machiavelli's works, 218

Sieyès, 277; council suggested by, 96 doctrine of, 57

Sigismund, King of Poland, Beza's advice to, on Socinianism, 146

Sigonius, Döllinger's gratitude to, 393

Simancas, annotations of, on Campeggio's commentary, 559-60

Simpson, 432

Sixtine Chapel, Vasari's paintings in, illustrative of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 135

Sixtus V., Pope, attitude of, to the murder of the Guises, 121-2 Döllinger's estimate of, 424 St. Dominic entitled by, the First Inquisitor, 558 a strong Pope, 138

Slavery and democracy, 63

Slavery, general extinction of, in Europe in Middle Ages, 39 principle of, implicit opposition of Stoics to, 25, 26 and practice of, rejected by Essenes, 26

Slavonic races, 245 stationary national character of, 241

Smith, Adam, doctrine of, 57 known in France, 219

Smith, Goldwin, on the Catholic Church in Ireland, 259 on history, success only attribute acknowledged by, 223

Smith, Sir Thomas, on English attitude to the French, after the Huguenot massacres, 144 & _note_

Socialism, baneful alliance of, with democracy, 92, 93, 98 and slavery, 63

Societies, Epicurean notion that they are founded on contract for mutual protection, 18

Society and government, association and correspondence of, 265

Society of Jesus (_see also_ Jesuits), Arragonese influence in its constitution, 557

Socinians, reason of their persecution, 169

Socinus, partial advocate of toleration, 52

Socrates, 406; on democracy, 71 death of, crowning act of guilt of Athenian government, 12 method of, essentially democratic, 71 records of, 409 view of, on laws of country as sole guide of conduct, 18

Solon, decentralisation of power advised by, to remedy social disorders, 7 doctrine of, that political power should be commensurate with public service, 8 influence of, on democracy, 66, 68 revision of laws of Athens by, 6 good results of his forethought in providing for revision of Athenian constitution, 7, 8

Sophists, doctrine of, 70 their ideas of utilitarianism, 17

Sorbin, Confessor of Charles IX., and the Orleans massacres, 126; his account of the death of Charles IX., 126-7 & _note_ on premeditation of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 112

Soto, on political conscience, 216 _cited_ on assassination as a political resource, 213

Spain (_see also_ Cadiz Constitution), abortive monarchy of (1812), 89 absolute monarchy in, due to appropriation of tribunal of Inquisition, 41 designs against, of Charles IX., utilisation in, of the Protestants, 105, 116 effect on, of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124, 143 and the Inquisition, 152 Montalembert's journey to, 425 national character of rejection of French forces and ideas, 281 Parliamentary system of, origin, 34 reasons for persecution in, 170 and representation on Vatican Council, 507 view in, of the planned character of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124

Spinoza, advocate of passive obedience to the State, 48 interpreter of Machiavelli, 228

Spirit of the American Revolution, what it was, 587; what it was not, 584-5

Spondanus, Bishop, on Gregory XIII., reasons for permitting the Navarre marriage, 128

Stahl, J., 589; injustice of Döllinger to, 391

Stahr, A., _cited_ on historical deductions, 221

Stanley, Dean, considered Vatican Council important to all denominations, 493

State, the (_see also_ Church and State), authority of, excessive in ancient times, insufficient in Middle Ages, 4 free constitution of, free action of Church a test of, 246 limitations of its duties, 3 and religious liberty, 151-3 sole authority according to modern theory, 151 sole care of the Absolutists, eighteenth century, 273

State Church, its connection with the community, 260 of Ireland, Goldwin Smith on, 259

States, boundaries of, as coincident with Nationalities, J.S. Mill on, 285 classic, taking from citizens more than they gave them. 17; vice of, 16 small, drawbacks of, 295

States-General, the, and the Inquisition, 570

Stein, 282

Stenzel, G.A.H., _cited_ on political expediency, 222

Stephen, Leslie, _cited_ on philosophy of history based on truth, 223

Stewart, Dugald, praise of Machiavelli, 224

Stoics, their emancipation of mankind from subjugation to despotic rule, 24 their implied opposition to principle of slavery, 25, 26 their teaching nearest approach to that of Christianity, 24, 25 views of, 73

Stolberg, classed as Ultramontane, 451

Story, on Tocqueville's views of the American Constitution, 576 _cited_ on _The Federalist_, 581

Strappado, the, 569

Strasburg, Senate of, reluctance of, to act harshly to Catholics, 172

_Stratagemma, Lo, di Carlo IX._, and its author, 129

Strossmayer, Bishop (upon Turkish frontier), 548; absence of, from vote on decree (involving acceptance of Infallibility), 543 demand for reform made by, 536 opposition of, at Vatican Council, 522 protest of, to Vatican Council altered before presentation, harmony restored by, 542 on authority of Vatican Council, 541 on the dogmatic decree, 527, 533 on ungenerous treatment of Protestants, 541

Strozza, Philip, 113 _note_

Stuart, House of, misrule of, only temporarily foiled under Cromwell, 50 upholders of supremacy of kingship over people, 47

Suarez, revision of MS. of, in Rome, 428

Suffrage, limitations of, effects of, 96 restricted, not always a safeguard of monarchy, 2 universal, of what school the triumph, 590

Sunderland, 410

Sura, Bishop of, 519

Sweden, bishops of, and political assassinations, 217 religion in, Döllinger on, 341-2 working of Protestant theory of persecution in, 170

Swift, Jonathan, 409

Swiss, the, true nationality of, 294-5 Constitution (1874), significant work of modern democracy, 91 reformers, unlikenesses of, to the Saxons, 173

Switzerland, _see_ Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Calvinism in, Döllinger on, 338-9 Cantons of, influence in days preceding French Revolution, 50 progress and success of democracy in, 91 and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 120, 124-5

Sybel, H. von, historical style of, 384 _cited_ on historical deduction, 221

Sylla, invested with dangerous powers, 77

Syllabus, the Archbishop of Paris led by, to urge moderation, 526 the, designed to restore authority to the Church, 492 opinions of Pius IX. collected in, 496-8 opposition controlled by, 524 Prince Hohenlohe opposed to discussing state maxims of, at Vatican Council, 503-4 Symmachus, _cited_, 196

Synods, Acts of, alleged tampering with, as affecting doctrine of Infallibility, 499

Tacitus, confession of, respecting mixed constitutions, 20

Taine, Henri, Döllinger's ambiguous praise of, 417 influence of, on Döllinger, 434

Talleyrand de Perigord, Charles Maurice, 100 signs of sympathy with idea of nationality shown by, 282-3 _cited_ on Hamilton, 581

Tapparelli, classed as Ultramontane, 451

Taxation of American colonists, opposition of Lords Chatham and Camden to, 55 exemption of clergy from, 34 inseparable from representation, origin of this principle in Middle Ages, 39

Taylor, Sir Henry, on necessity for political subtlety, 219

Téligny and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 107

Tempesti on Catherine de' Medici and the Massacre of St-Bartholomew, 148

Templars, Döllinger's lecture on, 433 trial of, Lea's conclusions on, 552, 563

Temporal power of the Papacy, 312-13, 352-62, 367-71, 412-16, 422-5 antagonism to, 315-16 Döllinger on, 301-74

Terror, the, _see_ Reign of Terror

Tertullian, language of, which might be taken as Arian, 592

Teutonic races, missionaries the channel of conversion to Christianity, 245 union political more than religious, 244 State and the Church, quarrel between, cause of revival of democracy, 80 tribes, Christianity readily accepted by, 199

Theiner, A., early views of, superseded, 429 _Life of Clement the Fourteenth_, by, 411 Permission to publish acts of Council of Trent, refused to, by the Pope, 431 skill of, as editor, 421 as source of information on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 102 views of, on Jesuits not in agreement with Döllinger, 411-12

Theognis on domination of oligarchies, 6

Theology in Germany, unique and scientific, 317, 347-51, 376, 471-82 schools of, at Munich, 375, and Tübingen, 376

Theramenes as statesman, 70

Thiers, Adolphe, opinion of Machiavelli's works, 227

Thou, De, and the charge against the Bordeaux clergy, 127 _note_ on the Navarre marriage, 128 reproached for condemning Huguenot massacres, 147

Thucydides on reformed government at Athens, 12

Tocqueville, 400; indictment brought by, against democracy, 93 influence of, on Döllinger's politics, 414 on the inspiration of the American Revolution, 584 on the need for two chambers in a Senate, 575-6 _cited_ on the American federal constitution, 576 on democracy and absolute government, 239

Toledo, Councils of, framework of Parliamentary system of Spain, 34

Toleration, advocacy of, by William Penn, 84 of Anabaptists, varying views of Reformers on, 157, 164, 176 anonymous tract on, against Calvin, 182 Calvinism a danger to, 180 cause and effect of decline of Protestantism, 255 early attitude of Reformers towards, 153-55, 168 in the early church, 186 Edict of, deceitful, of Charles IX., 117 Maryland an example of, 187 as a political principle, reasons for and against, 252 religious, in Poland, 103 forced upon Protestantism, 187 Protestant theory of, 151 and religious liberty, 152 traditional, attitude to, of Lea, 562 views of Beza on, 146

Tommasini, praise of Machiavelli, 226

Torquemada, 569

Tosti, on Papal Liberty, 313 on Temporal Power, 412

Toulouse, and the Albigenses, 556 Count of, and the Council of Arles, 565

Treitschke, _cited_ on Political Morality, 222

Trent Commissioners and prohibited works, 215

Trent, Council of, 111, 175 intolerance of, reformed by Vatican Council, 493-4 spirit of, 138

Treviso (province), story of, 387

Tridentine Reformation, _see_ Trent, Council of

Tronchin, on Voltaire's death, 215

Tübingen, heresies of, 381 school of positive theology at, 376, 377

Turgot, attempted reforms of, 85 _cited_ on political expediency, 220 views of, on single or double form of Legislature, 576

Turin, Court of, policy of, 445

Turks, Charles IX.'s pourparlers with, 104

Twesten, _cited_ in support of Machiavelli's policy, 229

Tyrol, movement in, against Napoleonic institutions, a national one, 281

Ultramontane school, eminent writers of, two peculiarities of, 451 supersession of, 452

Ultramontanism, _see also_ Döllinger extreme, considered to be keystone of the Church, by Lamennais, 462-3

United States, _see_ America

Unity, aimed at, by English Catholics, 438 change of constitution effected by, in Italy and Germany, 225 of faith in France, enforcement of, aim of the Court, 117 liberty sacrificed to, by Machiavelli, 229 in relation to nationality, 287, 289 and religious liberty, incompatibility of, frequent, 252 necessity for, in Church and State, 252 religious, in relation to religious freedom, 152

Universal suffrage, of what school the triumph, 590

University of Paris and the Inquisition, 570

Ussher, Archbishop, advocate of passive obedience to kings, 47

Utilitarianism in classical ages, 17

Utrecht Psalter, story of, 551

Vaissète, 565

Valois, Margaret of, _see_ Navarre, Queen of

Vasari, paintings by, in the Sixtine Chapel, of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 135

Vatican Council, 431, 492-550 constitution of, 501-11 convened by Pius IX., 492; approbation of Pius IX.'s action in convening, 492-511 decree of, dissatisfaction with, 531 discussion on validity of dicta of, 548 Infallibility, doctrine of, its victory over opposition, 543 letter from German bishops to, on doctrinal points, 517 methods of, reformed to involve admission of Papal Infallibility, 539 opening of, 511 opposition at, 492-511, 525-9 preparations for, 492-511 proceedings of, 527-50 programme of, discussed in _The Reform of the Church in its Head and Members_, 494-6 representation on:-- by Belgium, 507 by England, 506 by France, 504 by Germany, 505 by Italy, 508 by Portugal, 507 by Spain, 507 Strossmayer prevented by, from protesting, 541

_Vaticinia Pontificum_, Lea's knowledge of, 560

Vauban, Marshal, 48

Vaudois, the, of Provence, extermination of, by Louis XII., 217

Vavasour, Sir Edward, acquaintance of, with Döllinger, 388

Venice, extinction of, as State, 283 not surprised by the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 109; the event celebrated at, 125 and political murders, 213, 214 withdrawal of, from the League, 105, 107 republic of, nature, 49

Vergennes, _cited_ on political judgment, 227

Vergniaud, on the laws in relation to the will of the people, 276

Verona, centre of historical work, 387

Vespucci, 562

Veuillot, Louis, Döllinger on, 428 and the _Droit du Seigneur_, 566 Montalembert, _cited_ on, 428

Vico, 590

Vienna, Congress of, dynastic interests predominant at, 282-3 effects of, on ideas of nationality, 283

Vienne, Inquisition at, and Servetus, 184

Villari, admiration of Machiavelli, 226

Vinet, 591

Virginia and Maryland, 187

Visconti family, models for Machiavelli, 212

_Vitae Paparum Avenionensium_, utilised by Lea and others, 559

Vives, toleration taught by, 570

Voltaire, profane criticism of, 218

Waldenses, analogy of Arnold of Brescia with, 559 why they opposed persecution, 563

Waldus, 558

Walpole, Horace, _cited_ on political scruples, 219

Walsingham, English ambassador in France, his reports on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 101, 107, 115-16 condemnation by French Catholics as a whole, 143

War, art of, no national feeling in, till after 1789., 274 of Deliverance, new forces evoked by, 282 of 1859, troubles of the Papacy after, 412-14

Wars of religion, end of, 274

Washington, George, 579 political example of, 586

Waterloo, 282

Webster, 584

Weingarten on St. Anthony's life and origin of monasticism, 420

Wesel, English Calvinists at, 170

Wesley, John, Döllinger's tribute to, 395

Westminster, Archbishop of, at Council of Bishops, 1867., 500 on Papal Infallibility, 528

Westphalia, Peace of, and Roman ambition, 323, 324

Whigs, English, and their continental counterparts, attitude of, after Waterloo, 282

Wilberforce, Archdeacon, Döllinger consulted by, 395 Samuel, Bishop of Winchester, story of, 551

Wilkins, 421

Will or sovereignty, the, of the people (_see also_ Democracy), as criterion of right, 271; as above the law, 276; idea of, the parent of idea of nationality, 277 theory of nationality involved in, 287

William III., King of England, and massacre of Glencoe, 218, 410

Windelband, _cited_ on national government, 227

Windischmann (elder), Döllinger's esteem for, 381 public indifference to, 430

Winkelmann on the Inquisition, 426

Wirtemberg, left by Möhler, after publication of _Symbolik_, 377 Duke of, and the Huguenot refugees, 145

Wiseman, Cardinal, 424, 436 Döllinger consulted by, on mediæval authorities, 390-91 influence of, on the Church of England, and on the Oxford movement, 437-8 literary standing of, 437, 438 position of, universal and local in Catholicism, 437 relations of, with English Catholics, 437, 438 view of, on English theology, 380 work of, at Oscott, 438 on the "covert insinuations" of the _Home and Foreign Review_, 439-40; the editor's defence of that publication, 440 _et seq._

Witt, De, murder of, 410

Wittelsbach, house of, contests of the Empire in the, 275

Würzburg, Bishop of, reform urged by, 495 (city) Döllinger and Platen at, 375

Wycliffe, John, difference between his teaching and Luther's, 271

Ximenes, Cardinal, and the Inquisition, 570

_Young Europe_, Mazzini's evolution of _Young Italy_, 286

_Young Italy_ and Mazzini, 286

Zanchini, an Inquisitor, leading authority of the fourteenth century, 559; _cited_ by Lea, 560

Zeller, _cited_ on Anti-Machiavel policy in Prussia, 227

Zimmerman, Wilhelm, and Machiavelli's policy, 227

Zuñiga, Juan and Diego, 123 denunciation by, of French treachery even to heretics, etc., 144

Zürich, the question of toleration in, 174, 175

Zwickau, Saxony, prophets of, Melanchthon's attitude towards, 164

Zwingli, Ulrich, influence of, on politics, 81; influence of environment on him, 173, 177 theory of government, including persecution, 173-4 republican views of, 42

Zwinglian schism, influence of, on Luther, 155

Zwinglians, the, condemned by Melanchthon, 167, 170 _note_

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HISTORICAL ESSAYS

AND STUDIES

BY THE LATE LORD ACTON, D.C.L., LL.D., ETC. REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

Edited with an Introduction by JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, M.A., and REGINALD VERE LAURENCE, M.A.

CONTENTS

I. Wolsey and the Divorce of Henry VIII. II. The Borgias and their Latest Historian. III. Secret History of Charles II. IV. The Civil War in America. V. The Rise and Fall of the Mexican Empire. VI. Cavour. VII. The Causes of the Franco-Prussian War. VIII. The War of 1870. IX. George Eliot's "Life." X. Mr. Buckle's "Thesis and Method." XI. German Schools of History. XII. Talleyrand's Memoirs. XIII. The "Life" of Lord Houghton. XIV. A History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation. XV. A Short History of Napoleon I. The First Napoleon: A Sketch, Political and Military. XVI. Mabillon et la Société de l'Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés à la Fin du XVIIe Siècle. XVII. A History of England, 1837-1880. XVIII. A History of the French Revolution. XIX. Wilhelm von Giesebrecht.

MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

_8vo. 10s. net._

LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY

BY THE LATE LORD ACTON, D.C.L., LL.D., ETC.

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

Edited with an Introduction by JOHN NEVILLE FIGGIS, M.A., and REGINALD VERE LAURENCE, M.A.

CONTENTS

Introduction.

Inaugural Lecture on the Study of History.

LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY I. Beginning of the Modern State. II. The New World. III. The Renaissance. IV. Luther. V. The Counter-Reformation. VI. Calvin and Henry VIII. VII. Philip II., Mary Stuart, and Elizabeth. VIII. The Huguenots and the League. IX. Henry the Fourth and Richelieu. X. The Thirty Years' War. XI. The Puritan Revolution. XII. The Rise of the Whigs. XIII. The English Revolution. XIV. Lewis XIV. XV. The War of the Spanish Succession. XVI. The Hanoverian Settlement. XVII. Peter the Great and the Rise of Prussia. XVIII. Frederic the Great. XIX. The American Revolution. Appendix I.--Letter to Contributors to the Cambridge Modern History. Appendix II.--Notes to Inaugural Lecture. Index.

MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON.