Chapter 65

Orleans, Bishop of, attitude of, to papal infallibility, 228, 316, 515, 523, 524 at Council of Bishops, 1867., 500 patriotism of (1862), 445 permission refused to, for publication of reply to the Archbishop of Mechlin, 537 promotion of Vatican Council by, 493 unacknowledged agreement with Döllinger, 316 on validity of Vatican Council's decrees, 549 Orleans, city of, horrors of Huguenot massacre at, 124 Orleans dynasty, result of appeal from, in 1848., 590

Orsi, Döllinger's tribute to, 387

Orsini, Cardinal, Legatine mission of, to France, his instructions, 137; Charles IX.'s representations to him, 138

Oscott, Wiseman's work as President of, 438

Osiander, Andreas, _cited_ on toleration, 157

Ossat, D' 114 & _note_

Overbeck, on Epistle to Diognetus, 420

Oxford movement, Döllinger told of, by Brewer. 402 Wiseman's influence on, 438

Paderborn, Bishop of, on infallibility of Pope, 518

Paine, Thomas, 585; citation of, from _Rights of Man_, on the confusion of political forms with political liberty, 238

Pallavicini, Theiner on, 431

Panhellenism, 284

Panigarola, panegyric by, on Charles IX., 125

Panslavism, rise of, 284

Papacy, the, acknowledgment of small principalities of Italy, 355 based on organic development, 321-4 and the Byzantine Empire, 353 extraordinary notions of Godwin Smith on the, 267 future of, 367-70 government of, reform in, 363-5 reform of, attempted by Pius IX., Döllinger on, 365 removal to France, a challenge to schism, 370 temporal power of, _see_ Temporal power

Papal Legations rescued from Austria at the Congress of Vienna, 283 See, confusion between direct and indirect authority of, 256 struggle with the Franciscans, 552

Papinian, _cited_ on political progress, 79

Paramo, 428

Paris, attitude hostile to the Huguenots, 116, 117 attitude after the murder of Coligny and Massacre of St. Bartholomew in, 106, 126, _and see both heads_ France governed by, during revolution of 1789, 88 Mendoça's praise of its Catholic inhabitants, 124 Archbishop of, cardinals hat refused for, by Pius IX., 526 career of, 526 character of, 326 French representation on Vatican Council urged by, 505 on Papal infallibility, 532 on validity of Vatican Council's decrees, 549 university of, and the Inquisition, 570

Paris, Matthew, Lea's authorities on, 558

Parliamentary corruption in America, past and present, 578 government, primitive republicanism the germ of, 32

Parma, centre of historical work, 387 (1862) nationality in, 292

Partition of Poland, _see under_ Poland

Pascal, Blaise, advocate of passive obedience to kings, 48 _cited_ on varying standards of right and wrong, 220

Passaglia, fame of, 413 on papal liberty, 313 reputation of, 502

Passive obedience to the State, doctrine upheld by theologians and philosophers, 47, 48 taught by Luther, 156, 161, 180; asserted by Calvin, 180-81

_Patrie_, French newspaper, criticism by, of Wiseman's address at Rome, 439, 443, 444, 445; his reply, 439

Paul, Father, 432

Paul III., Pope (Cardinal Farnese), hatred of the Medici family, 214; letter from Sadolet, praising the extermination of the Vaudois, 217

Paul V., Pope (Borghese), aware of premeditated Huguenot massacre, 114

Peace of St. Germains, as affecting French Huguenots, 105; alarmist views on, held by Salvati, 110

Peasants' war, the, in Germany, attitude of Luther towards, 155, 156 & _note_, 162

Pegna, Arragonese origin of, 558, 560 character of works of, 428

Pellevé, Cardinal, Archbishop of Sens, on the premeditation of a massacre of Huguenots, 111

Peloponnesian war, influence of, on Athens, 69

Penn, William, 410; follower of doctrine of toleration, 84

Pennaforte, home of St. Raymond, 556

Pennsylvania, democratic constitution of, 84

People, _see also_ Democracy _and_ Will of the People sovereignty of, idea of parent of idea of Nationality, 277 wishes, etc., of, as criterion of right, teaching on, of the French Revolution as to, 271

Percin, authority on the Inquisition, 554 German ignorance of, 428

Peresius, on Bible inspiration, 514

Perez, Antonio, accusation by, of

Philip II. of Spain, 104

Pericles and democracy, 9, 68 effort to prevent predominance of any particular interest in politics, 10

Perronne, on biblical critics, 514 on commission of preparation for Vatican Council, 500 hostility to Passaglia, 413 rank of, 417

Persecution, attitude to, of Marsilius, 562 by Catholics, principles of, 168-170, 186 by heathen Rome, justified on political grounds, 186 mediæval, justification of, 254 method of escaping from imposition of religious disabilities, 250 natural stage in the progress of society, 250 Protestant theory of, 150; the book by H.C. Lea, review, inadequate as history of, 574 reasons for and against, as a political principle, 252 some noted supporters of, 570 Spain and Sweden contrasted, 170 two propositions regarding, 572-3

Persian wars, influence of, 67

Persians, makers of history, 240

Petavius (s.j.) and the idea of development in religion, 591, 592 Döllinger's early study of, 379 Döllinger's gratitude to, 393 Morris of Exeter advised to read, 380

Peter Martyr, death of Servetus approved by, 185

Petrucci, communications of, forecasting the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 109 mysticism of, 376

Philip II., king of Spain, aid of, essential to crush French Huguenots, 104 the St. Bartholomew massacre urged by, 116-17 orders from, for slaughter of Alva's Huguenot prisoners, 142 revolt against, of the Netherlands, 44

Philo of Alexandria, Lucius's attacks on, 420 on customs of the Essenes, 26

Philosophers, doctrine of passive obedience, upheld by, 48 schemes of, for ideal societies, why never realised, 270-71

Piatti, apologist of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 148

Piedmontese government and the Papacy, 368-9

Pilgrim fathers, belief of, not influencing the American revolution, 584-5

Pistoja, on treatment of heretics in Rome under Pius V., 138

Pitra, influence of, in France, 404

Pius IV., Pope, Bull _Multiplices inter_, published by, 520-25

Pius V., Pope, blessing given by, to war against Huguenots, 141 denunciatory letter from, to court of France, 110 patron of Muzio, 214-15 previous information of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew supplied to, 130-31 strong anti-Protestant views of, 138-9 on the peace of St. Germains, 105

Pius VII., Pope, destruction of church of France by, 323 influence on Döllinger, 402 _cited_ on Papal authority, 323

Pius IX., Pope, alarm of dissenting bishops allayed by, 519 Archbishop of Paris rebuked by, 526 brief of, to the Archbishop of Munich, censuring Frohschammer, 481-5 character of, described by Döllinger, 365-6 confidence in the support of the bishops at the discussion of Papal infallibility, 523-4 on Döllinger's _Kirche und Kirchen_, 415 on the infallibility of the Pope, 496 personal popularity of, 497 quarrel with Russia, 493 reform of excommunication laws, 531 treatment of Döllinger, 411 Vatican Council convened and prepared for by, 492-511 obstinacy in management of Vatican Council, 532 reforms of, 402 refusal of permission to Theiner to publish acts of Council of Trent, 431 and Vatican Council, Döllinger's estimate of, 431 veneration of, spell broken by protesting bishops, 531

Planck, Möhler's address to, 378

Plantagenet, house of, claims backed by Rome against house of Bruce, 35

Plantier, authority on Louis Philippe, 402

Platen, diaries of, description of Döllinger's early studies in, 375

Plato, _Laws_, 22 on class interests, 69, 71 opinions of, 71 not without perverted notions of morality, 18 _Republic_ of, 270

Plebeians, Roman, struggle with aristocracy, 13, 14

Plotinus, ideal society of, 270

Plutarch, religious knowledge of, 406

Poland, 105; Anjou as candidate for throne of, 105; prospects of, after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 144 an exception to common law of dynastic States, 274; and why, 275; the consequence, the partition, 275 extinction of, 283 government of, and the Reformation, 43 partition of, awakening theory of nationality in Europe, 275 religious toleration in sixteenth century, 103 republic of, nature, 49 Socinians in, Beza's hostility to, 146 wrath in, at the Huguenot massacres, 120

Pole, Cardinal, _Il Principe_ brought to notice of, 214 _cited_ on political scruples, 219

Polish exiles, why always champions of national movements, 286 Protestants, strength and unity of, 103 revolution, causes united in, 284

Political corruption, Hamilton's paradox on, 581 disorders, distribution supersedes concentration of power as remedy against, under Solon, 7 equality at Athens, 68 forms, confusion with popular rights, 238 freedom inherently absent in France, 237-40 habits and ideas special to particular nations, varying in the national history, 297 intelligence, not culture, the test of a conquering race, 242 liberty in modern times the fruit of self-government, 253 life a sign of true patriotism, 293 opposition to Vatican Council, absence of, 511 power should be in proportion to public service, 8 observance of this principle at Athens, 8 principles, obligation of, essentials for understanding, 458 science, America's rank in, its exponents, 578 theory of nationality in contradiction with the historic notion, 243 thoughts on the Church, 188

Politics, attitude to, of the best Americans, 578 conscience in, expedient elasticity of, 212-14 contemporary, Döllinger's part in, 400-403 honesty in, approved by great men, 219-23; not always expedient, 219-21; opinions of Pope Clement, 214; Machiavelli, 212; Michelet, 213; Molino, 213; Sarpi, 213; Soto, 213 laws of, rest on experience, 391 liberty highest end of, 22, 23, 24 Machiavellian, tribute to, 219 principles of, high teaching regarding, in Plato's _Laws_ and Aristotle's _Polities_, 22 retribution in, 220-23 science of, impartial study, unknown in seventeenth century, 43-46; impartial study originated by Grotius, 46

Politics and science, authority of, now re-established, extent of, 453; discoveries and principles of, how generally judged, 454

Polygamy, attitude of reformers to, 159, 160

Pontiac, price on head of, 213

Pope, the, and the court, Lamennais's distinction between, 464-5 intervention of, between state and sovereign, 257

Popes, the (Medicean), unofficial countenance of Machiavelli, 214

Popular rights, confusion of political forms with, 238

Population, masses of, not benefited by liberty of subject, 94 relief of, aim of modern democracy, 95

Porrette, Marguerite, 558, 568

Portugal, lay representative of, on Vatican Council, 507

Postel, 382

Potomac, army of, 579

Praetorius, 432

Presbyterianism, democratic element in, 81, 82 Döllinger's sketch of, 336-7

Prescott, W., 569

Press, freedom of, in Netherlands Republic inaugurated reign of law, 50

Principles, false, place of, in social life of nations, 272 political, obligation of, essentials for understanding, 458 touchstone and watershed of, 454

Principles and interests, relative importance of, 449

Priscillian, fate of, Lea's view on, 572

Property, liberty and connection between, 54

Protagoras _cited_, 70

Protestant authorities, use made of, by the Ultramontanes, 451-2 Church government, agitation for reform in Prussia, 347 establishment, its views on government, 260 Reformers, _see_ Reformers "Protestant Theory, The, of Persecution," 150, & _see_ 254, 255, 576 involved in Luther's teaching, 164 developed by Melanchthon, 164 _et seq._ carried to an extreme by the Anabaptists, 172 carried out by Calvin, 178; and defended by Beza, 183 continued in Massachusetts, 187 characteristics of, 168-70 failure of, 187 Zwinglian varieties of, 174 _et seq._

Protestantism, aversion of, to freedom, 240 and the civil power, 150, 159, 161, 181 decline of, in Northern Europe, Döllinger's description of, 342-51 Döllinger's survey of, 302-303 final acceptance by, of toleration, 187 friendly feeling of Döllinger towards, 396-7 growth of, 325-52 and the later mediæval sects, essential difference between, 271 never successful in France, 595 toleration as, cause and effect of its decline, 255

Protestants, the, _see also_ Huguenots and Lutherans as cats' paws of France against Spain, 105-16 ordinance of Louis XIV. against, and their action, 50 position and apparent prospects of (1572), 102 English, unanimity amongst, 189 Polish, unity and strength among, 103

Provincial massacres of Huguenots, 105

Prussia, nationality shown in the opposition to Napoleon I., 281

Prynne, on study of records, 393

Pufendorf, expositor of Grotius' doctrines, 46

Purgatory, release from (_see_ Indulgences), obtainable from the Pope, belief in, 495

Puritans in America, intolerance of, 187

Pusey, Dr., Döllinger's letters to, 395-6 in favour of Vatican Council, 493

Puygaillard, mission of, to ensure provincial massacres of Huguenots, 118 _note_, 119

Pythagoras, an advocate of government by aristocracy, 21

Quetelet, 589

Quicherat and other authorities on Joan of Arc, 558

Quinet, cause to which he attributes the breakdown of the French Revolution, 595

Radowitz, Döllinger's debt to, 402 potential liberality of, 414

_Rambler, The_, 447

Rambouillet, French Ambassador at Rome, 136

Ranke, Leopold von, calm indifference of historical deductions of, 390 estimate of Macaulay by, 391 old age of, friendship with Döllinger, 396 style of, admiration of Döllinger for, 393 _cited_ on judgment of time, 221; on Luther's conservatism, 161; on Machiavelli's merits, 228

Rattazzi, impoverishing policy of, 509

Raumer, source of historical work of, 386

Rauscher, Cardinal, opponent of Papal infallibility, 532, 533, 535, 544

Ravignan, 400

Raymundus, Döllinger's opinion of works of, 382

Raynaud, account of Machiavelli's death, 215

Rebellion punished by death by the Church in the Middle Ages, 216-19

Reformation, the, discredited by the Peasants' War, 155 Döllinger on, 393-7 early character of, 153 effect of, on governments, 41, 42, 43

Reformers, Protestant, attitude of, to polygamy, 159, 160 common origin of their views on State policy, 150-51 intolerance of, exemplified, 184 Saxon and Swiss, reason of their political differences, 173, 177 on the treatment of heresy, 183 views of, on Church and State, 181 writings of, 150

Regicide (_see also_ Assassination _and_ Murder) urged by mediæval Church to remove tyrants, 217-18

Reid, 593

Reisach, Cardinal, _see_ Munich, Archbishop of

Religion in relation to the American government, 584-5 decay in belief of, among Greeks, 8 development of, attitude to, of Bossuet, 591 how it influences State policy, 150 principles of, non-sectarian study of, unknown in seventeenth century, 45-46 reconcilable to liberty, dispute on, 467-9 toleration in, early advocates of, 52 turned into engine of despotism after Reformation, 44 true, definition of, 197 differentiation of, from false, standards for, 449

Religions, multiplicity of, danger from, limited, 250 suppression of, due to danger from doctrine in pagan and mediæval times, 251; only necessary when practice of, dangerous to State, 251

Religious crime, civil jurisdiction over, Beza's views, 146 disabilities, danger of, greater than multiplicity of religions, 250 in Ireland made an engine of political oppression, 253 intelligence and zeal, office of, 460 liberty, defined, 151-2 effect on, of State control, 151-3 incompatibility of, with unity frequent, 252 in Maryland, 187 and political emancipation, connection of, not accidental, 292 persecution and slavery, 64 toleration, _see_ Toleration

Renan, Ernest, commendation by, of dishonesty in politics, 225 rank of, as writer in France, 417

Renouvier, Flint's agreement with, 594-5

Representation separability from taxation, origin of this principle in Middle Ages, 39 in America, restrictions on, 579

Representative assemblies, methods of strengthening, 97 government, earliest proclamation and enactment of, 26 not discussed in classical literature, 25, 26 origin of, in Middle Ages, 39

Republic, French (the first), its title and what it signified, 277

Republic of 1848 (France), of what school the triumph, 590

Republican views of Zwingli and Calvin, 42

Republicanism of Athens, 68 primitive, germ of Parliamentary government, 32 true, defined, 277

Republics, government by, good opinion of Louis Philippe as to, 56, 90 of Poland and Venice, contrast between, 49

Resistance, doctrine of, 54 law of, as manifested in the American Revolution, 586

Restoration, French (under Louis XVIII.), effects of, on Nationality, 282 the true, that of 1688., 580

Rettberg, 420

Retz, Cardinal de, opposed to, yet ignorant of, Machiavelli's doctrines, 218 _cited_ on political adaptability, 219

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, an inconsistency, 170; not approved by Innocent XI., 147; remarks on, 266

Revolution, identity of, and difference from, passive obedience, 162 one of the worst enemies of civil freedom, 300 its most powerful auxiliary, present day, 276 Protestantism favourable to, 181 American-- not inspired by the belief of the Pilgrim Fathers, 584-5 nothing of, in common with the French, 580 spirit of, 580, 587 supreme manifestation of the law of resistance, 586 of 1848, double debt to, of Nationality, 287 the French-- abolition by, of traces of national history, 278 the (1789), causes leading up to, 85, 86, 87 change produced by, how effected, 271; consequences, 272 characteristics peculiar to, roots far back in history, 280 denounced by Burke, 219 doctrines of, adversary of the old despotic policy, 276 essential difference between it and others, 271 injured by its religious policy, 86 ethnological character of, 277, 278 nothing in it in common with the American revolution, 580 revival of a conquered race, 241 no constructive idea given rise to by it, 241 substance of its ideas, 280 theory of equality disastrous to liberty, 88 of 1688, "divine right of freeholders" established by, 54 principles of, anticipated, 179 statesmen of, represented as ancestors of modern liberty, 53

Revolutionary leaders of 1789, ideas of, contrary to idea of Nationality, 281

Revolutions, three phases of those subsequent to the Congress of Vienna, 284-5

Rhode Island, State of, rise of, 187

Richelieu, Cardinal, historical insight of, 409 method of dealing with Protestants, its effect, 116 on subjection of nation, 48 _cited_ on historical deductions based on success, 221

Riehl, on abstract ideas and their power, 585

Rimini, 559

Rio, 432; _cited_ on Döllinger as a theologian, 399

Ritschl, 389

Robespierre, fate of, 401 terrorism of, causes of production of, 262

Robinson _cited_ on progressive revelation, 592

Rochelle, La, siege of, 113 _note_, 115, 118

Roman conquest of Europe and its consequences, 277 _et seq._

Romans, as makers of history, 240 persecution of Christians by, reasons for, 196, 198

Rome, _see also_ Church, the conflicts with, 461-91 attitude at, towards Döllinger, 410-14 and the Church at variance, 516-17 popularity of Machiavelli in, 214 statesmen of, permeation of, with Greek ideas, 16 Court of, reformation demanded by Strossmayer, 536 religious power of, as the preservation of civilised Europe, Lea's view, 568 and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, its complicity (believed in), 128, 131; reception at, of the news of, 132, 134, 135 result of Vatican Council, scorn of opposition, 544 ties of English Catholics with, tightened by Wiseman, 438 Wiseman's Address at, criticised by _The Patrie_, 439; his reply and rebuttal of "covert insinuations" in _The Home and Foreign Review_, 439-40; reply of that publication, 440; statement of facts concerning the Address, 444 Emperors of, above legal restraint, 78, 79 pleasure of, force of law possessed by, 31 Empire of, creation of the Roman people, not by usurpation, 77, 78 better services rendered by, to cause of liberty than by the Republic, 15 seat of, transferred from Rome to Constantinople, 30 heathen, persecution by, how justified, 186 Republic of, conversion into monarchy by Julius Cæsar, 15 influenced by precept and example, 13, 14 ruined by its own vices, 74

Roscher, intercourse of, with Döllinger, 403

Rosmini, 381; disciples of, 314 Döllinger's pupils sent to, 381 erudition of, 400

Rossi, De, 431; Döllinger's guide in Rome, 411 on epistles of St. Ignatius, 419 friendship with Cardinal Reisach, 501

Rouen, clergy of, desirous of Huguenot extirpation, 142 reluctance of Carouge to allow Huguenot massacre at, 119

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, cause of his power as a political writer, 84 definition of the social compact, 57 effects of his teaching on Marat, 57, 58 proclaimer of equality, 273 vindication of natural society by, 263 on true sense of country, 294

Royalism, execution of Charles I., a triumph for, 51

Royalty exalted into a religion (_see also_ Divine Right of Kings _and_ Passive Obedience), 47

Ruinart, credulous criticism of, 420

Rümelin, 589; on political expediency, 222

Russia, and its adoption of Greek Church, 333-4 attitude of, to Vatican Council, 508 quarrel of, with Pius IX., 493

Russian nationality attacked by Napoleon I., 281

Saccarelli, Döllinger's tribute to, 387

"Sacerdotal Celibacy," 561; and the _Droit du Seigneur_, 566

Sacred College, the, attitude of, on the St. Bartholomew, 140

Salviati's eminence at, 110

Sadolet, Paul, _cited_, on massacre of Vaudois of Provence, 217

Sailer, 402

St. Augustine, _cited_, 197; in praise of Seneca, 25

St. Bartholomew, the Massacre of (_see_ Massacre of St, Bartholomew), 44, 101; not a crime of the people, 43

St. Bernard, 434

St. Brieuc, agreement with Gratry's views, 537

St. Cyprian, intolerance a rule of life from the days of, Lea's view, 562

St. Dominic as the First Inquisitor, 553; so entitled by Sixtus V. 558 attitude of, to heretics, 428, 554 house of, at Toulouse, headquarters of the Inquisition, 552

St. Elizabeth of Hungary, strange choice by, of a confessor, 570

St. Francis of Assisi, Lea's view of, 569

St. Germains, Peace of, advantages of, to French Huguenots, 105; alarmist views on, of Salviati, 110

St. Irenaeus, language of, which might be taken as Arian, 592

St. Louis, Archbishop of, on the Immaculate Conception, 545 on Papal Infallibility, 533, 545; his protest against the doctrine, 499

St. Martin, mysticism of, 376; study of, by De Maistre, 377

St. Pölten, Bishop of (Fessler), and the proposed discussion of Papal Infallibility at Vatican Council, 500-501, 513 reform urged by, 495 Secretary of Vatican Council, 501

St. Raymond and the Inquisition, 556-7

St. Sulpice, Catechism of, Lea's deductions from, 570 opposition of, to Lamennais's Ultramontanism, 463

St. Thomas Aquinas, later exponent of Plato's _Politics_, 72 _cited_ on the relation of Kings to the People, 36, 37

Sainte Beuve, C.A., _cited_ on political fatalism, 221

Ste. Hilaire, Barthélemy, _cited_ on Machiavelli's politics, 219

Salvianus on social virtues of pagans, 33

Salviati, despatches of, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 132, 133; as utilised by Acton, and his predecessors, 102 on the "spirit of a Christian," as shown by Charles IX. at the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 122 on the true reason for the Navarre marriage, 135

Samarra, the, 569