Chapter 64

Kampschulte, effect of works of, 408

Kant, Immanuel, 594

Kaulbach, pictorial ridicule of Döllinger's _Reformation_, 411

Kenrick, on Papal infallibility, 540, 544

Ketteler, W.E. von, Döllinger's lectures praised by, 381 on Papal infallibility, 540, 544

Kings, status of, in England, Canning on, 583-84

Kirchmann on political ethics, 222 _cited_ on the adoption of Machiavelli's policy, 227-28

Klein. J.L., _cited_ on Machiavelli's moral purpose, 229

Kleutgen, garbled version of Strossmayer's protest, 542

Kliefoth, influence on Döllinger, 389 work on penitential system, 381

Knowledge, growth of, freedom of, in the Church, 461

Knox, John, 44 "Monstrous Regiment of Women," 45

Laboulaye, indictment against democracy, 93

Labour, supremacy of English nation in art of, 60

Lacordaire, Henry, advice of, ignored by Montalembert, 400 _cited_ on political honesty, 220 Döllinger antagonistic to, 401 on St. Dominic, 428

Lafayette, 590

La Farina, tribute to Machiavelli, 226

Lamennais and the Church, condemnation and fall, and cause of the latter, 398, 465, 466-73 conflict with Rome, 462-473 classed as Ultramontane, 451 endeavours of, to exalt Rome, 463-4 intercourse of, with Döllinger, 398 and the idea of development, 591, 593 theory of common sense, 593

Land question, the great difficulty in Ireland, 236

Languedoc, work in, of St. Dominic, 553

Lanza, 509

La Roche-sur-Yon, on the resolutions of the conference of Bayonne, 108 & _notes_

Larroque, Tamizey de, rejection by, of Arnaud's speech at Beziers, 567

Lasaulx, Ernst von, estimation of, 405

Lassalle, Ferdinand, on collective thought, 585

Laurent, 590; Döllinger's praise of, 417 _cited_ on Machiavelli's doctrines, followed by detractors, 226

Laval, Bishop of, opposition of, at Vatican Council, 522

Lavradeo, Count de, Portuguese ambassador to Vatican Council, 507

Lavaur, fate of Albigenses at, 556

Law, custom and national qualities, not will of government, makers of, 58 mediæval opinions on, 258 in relation to the will of the people, Vergniaud on, 276

Laws (_see also_ Legal system), divine origin of, 22 of realm, Socratic view that they were only sure guide of conduct, 18 view of Ghibelline writers respecting, 37 view of Guelph writers respecting, 36

Lay representation on Vatican Council, plans for, 503-8

Lea, Henry Charles, _A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages_, review, 551 characteristics of, 555, 559, _passim_; as historical writer, 551

League, the, Charles IX.'s refusal to join, 129

League, Holy, attempts to bring France into, 113

Le Blanc de Beaulieu on political expediency, 225

Lecoy de la Marche, collection, 559

Lee, murder of, note on, 65

Legal system, English, pioneer work in reform of, of Jeremy Bentham, 3

'_Leges Barbarorum_,' principle of, in respect to the Church, 244

Legislation, liberty independent of domain of, 2

Legitimate ruler, defence of, first cause of popular risings, 1813., 284

Leibniz, Döllinger's gratitude to, 393 on _Il Principe_, 228 influence of, on Döllinger, 381

Leo I., Pope, and the suppression of heresy at any cost, 571

Leo X. (Medici), Pope, character of, 378 treatment of tyrant of Perugia, 214

Leo XIII., Pope, literary fruits of his liberality, 573-4

Leopold, 401

Lepanto, naval battle of, 104; effect foiled by Charles IX., 105 victory of, less dear to the Pope than the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 134

Leti, _cited_, 140

Lewis XII., king of France, extermination of Vaudois of Provence by, 217

Lewis XIII., king of France, Döllinger's lenient estimate of, 410

Lewis XIV., king of France, death penalty by, indicted for disobedience to his will, 48 Döllinger's lectures on, 433 ordinance against Protestants, 50 as political assassin, 410 records of reign of, 409 secret treaty between, and Charles II., 53 supreme among tyrants for bad use of his power, 49; adulation bestowed on him sign of national subjection to absolutism, 49

L'Hôpital, 126

Liberal movement in Latin Europe, its objects, 280-81

Liberalism, European, 582-3

Liberals, eighteenth century, their care only for the individual, 273 of the French Restoration, limitations of, 282

Liberty (_see also_ Freedom), change in constitution not effected by, in Italy and Germany, 225 definition of, 3 and democracy, 63 essential condition and guardian of, religion, 4 essential to the subsistence of a country, Rousseau on, 294 failure of Protestant systems to secure, 181 influences of Christianity on, 203 Luther's attitude to, 156 and property, connection between, 54 realisation of, on what depended, 288 reconciled to religion, dispute concerning, 467-9 theory of, as regards nationality, 289 religion and nationality, causes united in revolutions after 1815., 284 sacrificed to unity, by Machiavelli, 229 views on, of Hegel, and of Flint, 596 vulgar definition of, 580

Liberty, American, Judge Cooley on, 580 civil and religious, point of unison between, 151 English, adversary of old despotic policy, 276 English, adversary of former despotic power, 276 municipal, vigorous growth of, in Belgium, 38 religious, definition of, 151-2 effect on, of State control, 151-3 in Maryland, 187 necessary conditions of, 152-3 not impossible, 367

Liddon, Canon, intimacy with Döllinger, 416

Liebig, 377

Lightfoot (Bishop of Durham), Church history of, 418

Lilburne, political writer in advance of his time, 50; his enlightened ideas on democracy, 83

Limborch, 563

Lipsius, R.A., study of Machiavelli by, 215

Lisle, Ambrose de, 423

Littré, 590

Locke, John, 54 doctrine of resistance, 54 inconsistent ideas regarding liberty, 53 on rules of morality, 221

Lombard law of Frederick II., as affecting heretics, 152, 555, 556

Lombardy, the heresy of (Waldensian), 559 work of St. Dominic in, 553

Longpérier, _cited_, on Italy's adoption of Machiavelli's policy, 227

Lorraine, Cardinal of (Guise), on Anjou's hatred of Protestants and its consequences, 105 _& note_ approval expressed by, of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 140 high position of, 111; on his initiative in the Huguenot massacre, his praise of Charles IX., 112 _& note_; complicity of, in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 129-30 quarrels with, of Ferralz, 129; its reason, the Pope's attitude to him, 130 on the price of the Navarre marriage, 128 slain by Henry III., attitude of the Pope, 121

Louis XVI., king of France, policy of, 57 powerlessness of, to effect reform, 85 why he perished, 280

Louis Philippe, king of the French, his good opinion of republican government, 56, 90 decline of his popularity, 92

Love of country, Bossuet on, 294 _note_

Low Countries (_see also_ Holland _and_ Netherlands), Alva's failure in, 103

Loyola, Ignatius, founder of the Society of Jesus, 113

Luca, Cardinal de, proposed discussion of infallibility at Vatican Council denied by, 518 Reisach's deputy as president, 534

Lucchesini, sermon against Machiavelli, 215

Lucius, attack of, on Philo, 419

Luther, Martin, 502 attitude of, to the marriage difficulties of Henry VIII., 160 and the bigamy of Philip of Hesse, 160 Döllinger's estimate of, 397 early utterances of, on toleration, 153-5; his change of view, 155 influence of, on politics, 81 Möhler on, 378 persecuting principles involved in his system, 164, 590 teaching of, wherein differing from that of Wycliffe and of Hus, 271 views of, on government, 42; on polygamy, 159, 162; on the relations of Church and Slate, 156, 157-58, 161-63, 173, 177, 180; logical outcome of his theory, 159; its inconsistency, 162; work of, on the Civil Power, 154 & _note_; _cited_ on toleration of Anabaptists, 157

Lutheran attitude to heretics, gradual change in, 154, 157 to Huguenots, 145-6 theory of persecution, political element in, 172

Lutheranism, decline of, 327-9 in Denmark, 341 description of, 343-5 national character of, 319-320 roused by abuses in the Church, 495 in Sweden, 341

Lyons, massacre of Huguenots at, 119; news of, sent to Rome, 132; horror aroused by, in Provence, 144; letter from, on the massacres at that place, 131

Macaulay, T.B., 580 historical limitation of, 385 injustice of Döllinger to, 391-2 opinion of, on Father Paul, 432 on the study of history, 232

Machiavelli, Niccolo (_see also_ Il Principe), character of, 225-6; its complexity, 212-14 crime of Catherine de' Medici not instigated by, 216 denouncement of, to Inquisition, by Muzio, 214-15 doctrine of, 40, 41; impulse given by, to absolutism, 41 influence on succeeding generations, 40, 41; political, 49; held by rulers before and since, 216-19; estimated by early historians, 225-231 ignorance of, displayed by great men, 218-19 indulgent views taken of methods of, 224 Medici patron and his daughter, 122 merits of, admitted by later historians, 230-231 methods of, 225-6 secret patriotism of, upheld by various historians, 229-230 in touch with reasoners and imitators, by theory of success, 223 zenith of power, 225-7

Mackintosh, Sir James, on constitutions, 581

Macmaster, on Hamilton's genius, 581

Madison, James, 579 on Hamilton's theory of government, 581

Maffei, on regicide, 217

Magdeburg, Archbishop of, _temp._ Gregory IX., 556

Mai, Cardinal, as an editor, 421

Maimbourg, 215

Maine, Sir Henry, on the _Droit du Seigneur_, 566-7

Maistre, Count de, Ultramontane writer, 451, 468; on the authority of the Church, 377 and Lamennais's theory, 593 relation to Savigny, 593 exaggerations of, 378 influence on Döllinger, 377 interpreted by elder Windischmann, 381 rank of, as writer, 417 thoughts of, on Nationality, 282 & _note_

Malebranche, 382

Malvenda, authority on the Inquisition, 554

Mamachi, authority on the Inquisition, 554

Mandelot, Governor of Lyons, and the Huguenot massacres, 119

Manin, Daniele, 287

Manning, Cardinal, Archbishop of Westminster, adviser of De Angelis, 529 on admission of papal infallibility by acknowledgment of supreme authority, 543-4

Manteuffel, administration of, 283

Manzoni on temporal power of Papacy, 512

Marat, madness of, 401 outcome of Rousseau's teaching on his policy, 57, 58

Maret, book of, on Vatican Council plans, 512, 513 opposition of, at Vatican Council, 426 and papal infallibility, 528

Mariana, rejoicing of, over the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124 _cited_ on death of Henry III., 217

Marini, as a compiler of history, 387 occasional removal of, from _Index_, 215

Marlborough, Duke of (the Great), character of, 53

Marseilles, Bishop of, on validity of Vatican Council's decrees, 549

Marsilius of Padua, the Ghibelline, views of, on power and persecution, 561-2 _cited_ on the relation of kings to the people, 37

Marshall, John, 579; and the development of the American Constitution, 581

Martens, 427

Martensen, Bishop, estimate of Döllinger, 434 tribute to Baader's powers, 376

Martineau, Dr., and Mill's opinion of results as test of actions, 223

Mary Tudor, Queen of England, 410

Maryland, religious history of, 187

Massachusetts, history of, contrasted with that of Maryland, 187

Massacre, the, of St. Bartholomew, 101 defects in plan and execution of, as judged by immediate results, 106; sources of the same, 117 defence of, on political grounds, 218 Döllinger's work on, 430-31 evidence concerning, how dealt with, difficult of access, 101; best existing sources, 102 motive inspiring its chief author, 121 question of numbers slain in, 106, 137 question of premeditation of, contemporary view, 106; modern view, 107; evidence in support of the former, 107 _et seq._ results anticipated from, 69; Philip II., 123; view not stated by Alva, 124

Massillon, Jean-Baptiste, _cited_ on retribution, 220

Mathieu, Cardinal, share in elections to Commission of Dogma, 529, 530, 532

Matter, cited on Machiavelli's influence on liberty, 227

Maurenbrecher, rank of Döllinger estimated by, 386

Maurer, Conrad, at Döllinger's house, 405

Maximillian II., Emperor, information sent to, of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 107 opinion of, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 144 toleration of, 105 urged to follow example of Charles IX., 134 & _note_

May, Sir Erskine, _Democracy in Europe_, by, 61

Mazade, influence on Döllinger, 434

Mazzini, Giuseppe, association of, with the growth of the idea of Nationality, 286 association of his revolutionary ideas with conservatism of Niebuhr, 59 on Machiavelli's politics, 219 proclaimer of Nationality, 273 profane criticism by, 218

Mazzuchelli, 114

Mechlin, Archbishop of, reply to the Bishop of Orleans by, 537

Medici, Cosmo de', patron of Machiavelli, father of Catherine, 122 family of, in disfavour under Paul III., 214 Machiavelli not countenanced by followers of, 214

Mediæval writers on law and right, 258

Melanchthon, Philip, his theory of persecution, 164-170 views of, on polygamy, and the bigamy of Philip of Hesse, 160 & _note_ on religious assassination, 325 _cited on_ Cromwell's death, 217

Memorandum of the Powers, 183; on temporal power, 366

Menabrea, circular of, on representation of Vatican Council, 509

Mendoça, praise of those concerned in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124

Mentz, Bishop of, belief in infallibility doctrine, 518

Mérode, 414

Metternich, Prince, 283; attitude of, to Nationality, 285

Metz, Bishop of, repudiation of Döllinger's declaration, 538

Mexico, nationality in, 245-46

Meyer, Paul, on the Council of Arles, 565

Michelet, Jules, Flint compared to, 596 _cited_ on human action as interpreter of God's commands, 223 on Machiavelli, 213 influence on Döllinger, 433 Döllinger's study of, 421

Michiel, Giovanni, Venetian ambassador, 109; on premeditation of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 110

Middle Ages, authority of State inadequate in, 4 decline of religion in, 595 history of, reason for its unity, 244 political advances in, 39 persecution in, 152, 168 revival of study of, 390-91

_Middle Ages, The, A History of the_ _Inquisition of_, by Henry Charles Lea, review, 551

Mignet, Döllinger's praise of, 417

Milan, Archbishop of, on validity of Vatican Council's decrees, 549

Mill, John Stuart, indictment of democracy, 93 on results as tests of actions, 223 on states as coincident with nationalities, 285

Milton, John, his justification of execution of Charles I., 51

Minerve, fate of Albigenses at, 556

Modena, 386

Mohammedans, treatment of, by Catholics, 169; by Protestants, 179; their tolerance, 186

Möhler, J.A., 593 influence on Döllinger's views of fixity of national types, 434 publication of _Symbolik_, 377 on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 149 suggested history of progress of doctrine of, 385 _cited_ on Döllinger's rank as theologian, 379 _cited_ on intercourse with Döllinger, 377 partiality as historian of religious wars, 428 rank of, 430 views of, compared to Döllinger's, 378-9 _cited_ on Luther, 378-9

Möhler and Döllinger in Munich, views at variance, 377-380

Molina, Luis, 380

Molinier, Auguste, on a history of the Inquisition, 551-2 rejection by, of Arnaud's speech at Béziers, 567

Molino, Francesco da, cited on the recall of the Guises, 213

Mommsen, Theodor, cited on political expediency, 222 distinction of pupils of, 419 indifference of the public to, 430

Monarchy-- adulation manifested towards, after the Middle Ages, 48 danger of, 19, 20 and democracy, 64 limitation of powers, aim of modern constitutions, 19 resistance of, among Israelites, justified in later ages, 4 restricted suffrage not always a safeguard of, 2 Absolute-- clergy upholders of, 41 development and destruction of, by the democracy in France, & _notes_, 279-80 France chief centre of, 48 one of the worst enemies of civil freedom, 300

Monarchs, election and deposition of, divine right of people with respect to, 35 Guelphic and Ghibelline views respecting, 36, 37 subjection of, to public law, 35

Mondoucet, French agent at Brussels, Charles IX.'s letter to, on the proposed Massacre, 117

Moneta, Fra, successor of St. Dominic, 553

Monluc, Bishop of Valenca, dying speech of, its bitterness against Huguenots, 141 on the effect of the Huguenot massacres on Poland, 120 view of, on St. Bartholomew, 107

Monroe, James, President, his term of office "the era of good feeling," 56

Mons, fall of, 103; Lewis of Nassau at, 105 the garrison devoted to death by Charles IX. and Philip II., 141-2

Montaigne, Michel de, view held by, on Machiavelli's fame, 215

Montalembert, Count de, classed as Ultramontane, 451 influence of, on Döllinger, 400 intercourse unbroken, 463 unacknowledged agreement with Döllinger, 316 and _Kirche und Kirchen_, views cited, 417; estimate of that work, 424 in Munich, 398 opposition of, at Vatican Council, 524-5 politics of, 400 and the temporal power of the Papacy, 412

Montalto, Cardinal, alleged dissent of from congratulation on the St. Bartholomew, 140

Montégut, influence on Döllinger, 434

Montesquieu, and his development of Locke's teaching, 54

Montezuma, and Torquemada, resemblance between the gods of, 569

Montferaud, Sieur de, rumoured orders to, as to massacre of Huguenots, 127 _note_

Montfort and the Albigenses, 556

Montgomery and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 107, 122

Montpensier, Duke of, Huguenot massacres ordered by, in Brittany, 119 unguarded speech by, on coming massacre, 111

Montpezat, Lieutenant of Guienne, and the Bordeaux massacres, 127

Morality, perverted ideas of, prevailing among classic sages, 18 public, how differing from private, 40

Mordenti, _cited_ on Machiavelli, as champion of conscience, 226

More, Sir Thomas, author of the Utopia, 270 idea of renovating society on the principles of self-sacrifice, 58

_Mores Catholici_, Digby's, 569

Morinus _cited_, 194 basis of Kliefoth's work in, 381

Morley, John, on equity of history, 219

Mornay, _see_ Duplessis-Mornay

Morris of Exeter, and study of Petavius, 380

Morris, Robert, an American, the suggester of the French wars of speculation and plunder, 578 _cited_ on Hamilton as a leader, 582-3

Morvilliers, Bishop of Orleans, attitude of, to the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 126

Mozley, James, visit of Döllinger to, 403

Muenscher, works of, esteemed by Döllinger, 381

Müller, 282

Munich, Archbishop of (Reisach), brief from the Pope to, denouncing Frohschammer, 481-5 nominated as President of Vatican Council, 501; death of, before taking seat as, 534

Munich, conference at, Döllinger's declaration to, 312-13 Döllinger at, 386; lectures in, 375 Frohschammer's work in, 473 Möhler with Döllinger in, 377-80 school of theology at, 398-9, 434

Municipal liberties, vigorous growth in Belgium, 38

Münster (Westphalia), excesses of Anabaptists at, 171

Münzer, Thomas, intolerance of, 171

Muratori, Döllinger's study of, 387 on evangelists, 419 papal biographies by, 559 and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 148

Murder (_see also_ Assassination, Heretics, and Persecution), on plea of religion, attitude to, of Rome, 138, 139, 140, 147

Muretus, 101; famous speech of, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 130

Muzio, the _Decamerone_ recommended to students by, 215 in favour with Pius V., 214-15 letter from, to Henry III. of France, urging unsparing extirpation of Huguenots, 143 Machiavelli denounced by, to the Inquisition, 214-15

Mylius, view of, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 107

Nantes, city, refusal of, to massacre Huguenots, 119 edict of, revocation of, not approved by Innocent XI., 147; inconsistency, 170; remarks on, 260

Napoleon I., causes of his downfall, 281, 284 new power called into existence by, 281 question respecting the durability of his institutions, 238 _cited_ on importance of results, 221 _cited_ on quality of endurance in English nation, 66

Napoleon III., ambition of, 316 and discussion of infallibility doctrine at Vatican Council, 504

Nassau, Lewis of, at Mons, French auxiliaries with, 105

National character, influence of, on events, units of, 557 claims, based on race only, futility of, an instance, 295

Nationality, essay on, 270 auxiliary and substance of present-day revolution, 276 denial of, what it implies, 297 evolution of, three stages in, 284-5; and definition of, in its final form, 285 idea of, as influencing modern thought greater than that of liberty, 59 modern theory of, greatest advocate of rights of, 297 historical importance of, its two chief causes, 298, 299 how awakened in Europe, 273, 275, 276; its parentage, 277, 286, 287; how first seen, 278, 281, 286 mission of, in the world, 300 more absurd and criminal than that of Socialism, 300 political character and value of, discussed, 280 _et seq._ a retrograde step in history, 298 rights of, and greatest adversary of, 297 some of its first supporters, 281-2 a subversive theory, 273 summing up of, 287-8 political theory of, in contradiction with the historic nation, 243 the true, 294, 295

Nations, different, in one State, considerations regarding, 289 _et seq._

Naudé, basis of his apology for Charles IX., 147

Navarre, Henry, King of, later Henry IV., King of France, 44 marriage of, with Margaret of Valois, opposed by the Popes, 105, 109, 111, 128; real facts regarding, 131-3; representations on, of Charles IX. and his mother, 135; dissolution of, by Paul V., 114 murder of, schemed as a good deed, 139 and the proposed league of Protestant defence, 145

Navarre, Queen of (Margaret of Valois), death of, reckoned on in France, 109, and _see_ Marriage, under Navarre, Henry, King of

Neander, rank of, 421 special gifts of, 555 unconventionally of, 384

Nelson, 592

Netherlands (_see also_ Holland _and_ Low Countries), deposition of Philip II., and establishment of republic, 44 republic of, inaugurated reign of law through freedom of press, 50

Nevers, Duke of (Lewis Gonzaga), high station of, 128 share of, in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 110; his "ill-timed generosity" on this occasion, 122; praises of, by Capilupi, 129

Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, 573, 592, 593 distinction drawn between Pope and Court, 417 Döllinger's early appreciation of, 395; intercourse with, 402 Napoleon III. not condemned by, 413 theory of development different from Döllinger's, 407-8 _cited_ on papal authority, 423

Nicholas I., 431

Niebuhr, 581; association of his conservatism with revolutionary ideas of Mazzini, 59 Döllinger's gratitude to, 393

Nimes, Bishop of, on infallibility, 515; opposed to discussion of, 501

Nimes (city), no Huguenot massacres at, 143

Nippold, rank of Döllinger estimated by, 386

Nourrison cited on Machiavelli's sincerity, 227

Nugent, Count, proclamation by, on Italian independence, 285

Nuremberg, Anabaptists at, 157

Octavius, opposition of Gracchus to, 76

Odescalchi, character of, 433

OEcolampadius, Joannes, opinions of, on Church government, 176-7

Ollivier, opposition of, to French lay representation in Vatican Council, 504

Orange, Prince of (William the Silent), 44 alliance made with, by Charles IX., 105 declaration for (1572), of province of Holland, 103 Huguenot expedition to aid, failure of results, 116, 141 not alienated by Charles IX.'s Huguenot massacres, 120

_Origines de la France Contemporaine_, 569