Chapter 63

Eymeric, author of the _Directorium_, President of Arragonese tribunal against heretics, 558, 559

Fables of the Church (_Papstfabeln des Mittelalters_), Döllinger's investigations of, 418-21

Faenza, why menaced by Pius V., 137

Faith not to be kept with heretics, Catholic theory on, 140-41

Falloux, value of, as historian, 400 opposition of, to Montalembert, 425

False principles, place of, in social life of nations, 272

Fantuzzi, compiler of history, 387

Farel, death of Servetus approved by, 185

Farnese, Cardinal, _see_ Paul III., Pope

Fatalism, philosophy of historians, 221

Fauriel, 565

Federal government, views on, of Hamilton, 581-3

Federalism, most effective check on democracy, 98; value of, 20

_Federalist, The_, by Alexander Hamilton, various views on, 581

Federal form of American constitution, said not to be understood by Tocqueville, 576

Fénelon, his idea of renovating society on the principles of self-sacrifice, 58 on absolutism, 433 on domains as dowries, 273 on national distress, 49

Ferdinand I., Döllinger's lenient estimate of, 410

Ferdinand II., Döllinger's lenient estimate of, 410

Ferralz, despatches of, on attitude of Roman Court to the St. Bartholomew, unused, 102 quarrels of, with the Cardinal of Lorraine, 129 true particulars of the Navarre marriage according to, 131-2 on the attitude of Gregory XIII. on hearing of the St. Bartholomew, 132-3 _note_

Ferrara, Alfonso, Duke of, a massacre of Huguenots advised by (1564), 108 & _note_

Ferrari, 590; Döllinger's tribute to, 417 on Machiavelli's character, 226

Ferrier, Du, Catherine de' Medici's words to, on the death of the Queen of Spain and the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 104

Ferrières, 122

Fessler, _see_ St. Pölten, Bishop of

Feudalism, alien to the sentiment of France, 279 growth of, 34; effect on Church, 245 struggles of, with the Church, 34, 35

Feuerlein, Machiavelli's loyalty upheld by, 229 on political expediency, 224

Fichte, J.S., _cited_ in praise of Machiavelli's policy, 228

Ficker, Prof., account by, of the Inquisition, 426 on the real contriver of the Inquisition's rule by terror, 555

First Empire, the French, things most oppressed by, the causes of its downfall, 281

Fischer, Kuno, trace of Machiavelli in metaphysics of, 228

Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, on persecution, 570

Flaminian Gate, ancient custom connected with, 136

Flaminius, works of, edited by Trent Commissioners, 215

Fleury, style of, Döllinger's compared to, 381

Flint, Professor Robert, 572; _Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Switzerland_, review, 588 critical faculty strong in, 591 nature of his superiority as writer, 588-9; some defects, 589-90

Florence, prepared for the St. Bartholomew, 109

Fontana, authority on the Inquisition, 554

Forbes (Bishop of Brechin), Döllinger's intimacy with, 416

Force replaced by opinion as Catholic tribunal, 148

Foreign rulers, objection to, as third cause of popular risings, 284

Forgery, Church authority supported by 511, 513

Formosus, 563

Fors de Béarn, the, 566

"Fourth Estate," rise of, 67

Fox, Charles James, 54

France, absolute monarchy in, 48; how built up, 41 the Church in, and Protestantism, Döllinger on, 337 democratic principle in, its triumph the cause of the energy of the national theory, 287 feudalism alien to, 279 Gallican theory in, with respect to reigning houses, 35 governed by Paris during Revolution of 1789., 88 of history, how, and why, it fell, 277 inherent absence of political freedom and presence of absolutism in, 237-40 kingdom of, how evolved, 278 opposition in, to Lamennais's Ultramontanism, 463-4 passion in, for equality, 57, 158 political ideas concerning, of Charles IX., and of Richelieu, 116 removal of Papacy to, 370 and representation on Vatican Council, 504-5 "the slave of heretics" according to Pius V., 105 restored monarchy of, _see_ Restoration

Franchi at Council of Bishops in 1867., 499

Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, in 1859., 287

Franciscan masters, the, and the idea of development in religion, 592

Franciscans, General of, on the planned character of the St. Bartholomew, 124 struggle of Avignon with, 552

Franklin, Benjamin, irreligious tone of, 584

Franks, preamble of the Salic law of, 200

Franzelin on commission of preparation for Vatican Council, 500

Frederic the Great and Machiavelli's political schemes, 227 ignorant opposition of, to Machiavelli's works, 218

Frederic II., Emperor, treaty of, with the Church, 555 Lombard law of, 152; its provisions, 555, 556

Free institutions, a generally necessary condition for securing, Mill on, 286

Freedom (_see also_ Liberty) accorded to English Catholics, 438 in antiquity-- age of Pericles, 9 antiquity of liberty, modernity of despotism, 5 cause of liberty benefited more under Roman Empire than under Republic, 15 dangers of monarchy, of aristocracy and democracy, 19, 20 decline of Athenian constitution, 11 definition of liberty, 3 early communism and utilitarianism, 17, 18 emancipation by Stoics of mankind from despotic rule, 24 guiding principle of Roman Republic, 13 highest teaching of classical civilisation powerless to avert despotism, 27 history of institutions often deceptive and illusive, 2 implicit opposition of Stoics to principle of slavery, 25, 26 influence of Christianity over the State, gradual, 27 infusion of Greek ideas of statesmanship among Romans, 16 liberty, highest political end, 22, 23, 24 limitation and excess in duties of State, 4 method of growth of constitution, 5 nature of government of Israelites, 4 object of constitutions, 10 reform in English legal system instituted by Jeremy Bentham, 3 representative government, emancipation of slaves, and liberty of conscience not a subject of classical literature, 25, 26 revision of laws of Athens by Solon, 6 sanction of Christ the true definition of the authority of government, 29 teaching of Plato and Aristotle respecting politics, 22 teaching of Pythagoras and Heraclitus of Ephesus, 21, 22 triumphs due to minorities, 1, 4 value of federalism, 20 vice of the Classic State, 16 wisest minds among the ancients tainted with perverted morality, 18

Freedom in Christianity, history of-- Christianity employed by Constantine to strengthen his empire, 30, 31 civil, its two worst enemies, 300 conscience, a postulate of religious revolution, 153

Freeholders, "divine right of," established by Revolution of 1688, 54

Freeman, Döllinger on, as a historian, 421 on Mommsen's want of generous sentiment, 222

_French Belgium_, see _Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Switzerland_

French Catholics, reasons of their confusion between piety and ferocity, 141 clergy, and the St. Bartholomew, 126-7 & _notes_ monarchy, aid of the democracy in establishing and in demolishing, reasons for both, 278-80 people, attitude of, to and after the Huguenot massacres, 143 _et seq._ how regarded after the Revolution, 277 provincial massacres of Huguenots, 118-19, 134 writers, influence of, on Döllinger, 387 scholarship, dependence on, of Mr. H.C. Lea, 558

French Republic of 1848, of what school the triumph, 590

French Revolution, _see_ Revolution, French

Frohschammer, 473-7 conflict with Rome, 462, 467, 469, 473-483

Fulcodius, Cardinal, _see_ Clement IV.

Fulda, council of bishops at, 517

Funds of the Church, proposed disposal of, in Italy, 509

Gallicanism, corruption of Christianity, 463, 524 Lamennais's crusade against, 464 theory of, on reigning houses in France, 35

Gams, 429; defender of the Inquisition, 573

Ganganelli, Cardinal, influence of, on Döllinger, 434

Gaspary, _cited_ on Machiavelli's loyalty, 230

Gass, on St. Anthony's life and origin of monasticism, 420

Gaul, Roman, tolerance in, of absolutism, 279

_Gazette de France_ and universal suffrage, 590

Geneva, trial of Servetus at, 184

Genlis, Huguenot commander, defeat of, the consequences to Coligny, 116, 117, 141

Genoa, extinction of, as State, 283

Gentz _cited_ on Machiavelli's policy, 229

George III., King of England, 583

George IV., King of England, 583

German, or Teutonic, conquest of Europe, its consequences, 277 _et seq._ writers, as influencing Döllinger, 389

Germany, effect on, of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124, 143 Protestantism in (1572), 103 theology of, unique and scientific, 317, 347-351, 376, 471-482 union of, 225 and the Vatican Council-- circular of German bishops to, 517 opposition in, 503; and to Infallibility, 500; representation of, 505

Gerson, 562; _cited_, 191

Gervinus, G.G.. on Machiavelli as prophet of modern politics, 229

Ghibellines, political theory of, 37

Gibbon, Edward, 389

Gieseler, Döllinger's dislike of, 389, and estimate of, 404

Ginoulhiac, on Papal Infallibility, 540 on Strossmayer's influence, 536

Gioberti, followers of, 314 metaphysics of, Döllinger's love for, 381

Girondists, objects of, 263

Gladstone, W.E., Acton's admiration for, xxiii; and Döllinger, letter to, on the Irish question, 434; estimate of historical judgment and style, 416; intercourse of, 400 policy of, feared in Rome, 507

Glencoe, massacre of, 218, 410

Gneist, 377

Gonzaga, Lewis, _see_ Nevers

Görres, Joseph, 282, 405 centre of Munich group of theologians, 386

Göttingen, 378; seminary pupils of, methods of, 561

Government, authority of, defined by Divine sanction of Christ, 29 Catholic view of, 260 chief duty of, to maintain political right, 449 American, Judge Cooley on, 580

Gracchus, opposition to Octavius, 76

Grant, General Ulysses, 579

Granvelle, Cardinal, Viceroy of Naples, on the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 125, 140; on Alva's prisoners, 142

Gratian, 557

Gratry, letters of, to the Archbishop of Mechlin, on divisions in the Church, 537-8 on the Inquisition, 424 tribute from, to Döllinger, 424 _cited_ on Veuillot's school, 429

Greece, national beliefs yielding to doubt during age of Pericles, 8, 9 politics of, infused into minds of Roman statesmen, 16

Greek Church, development of, 332-3 revolution, causes united in, 284

Greeks, democracy of, 66 as makers of history, 240 slavery discouraged by, 63

Gregory VII., Pope, deception of, by hierarchical fictions, 420 and democracy, 80 his disparagement of civil authorities, 36

Gregory IX., Pope, 430 appointed Guala as first Inquisitor, 553 Lea's view of, as intellectual originator of the Inquisition, 555, 557

Gregory X., Pope, and the Inquisition, 426

Gregory XIII., Pope, 430 and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew-- Bull of, on, 101, 134 complicity of, discussed, 128 fate of his letters to France, 101 previous knowledge of, 110, 116 receipt of the news by, his public and private attitude, and his reply, 132-5, 137 urges full and complete extirpation of Huguenots, 142 conduct as viewed by French and by Italians, 148 reply, 137 undue hatred of, consequent on his attitude to the matter, 138 and the Navarre marriage, his steady opposition, 105, 111, 113, 128 on destruction as result of sedition, 216

Gregory XVI., Pope, personal fallibility of, admitted, and denounced by Lamennais, 465, 466

Grenoble, Bishop of, doctrine of Papal Infallibility admitted by, 528 excluded from Commission on Dogma, 530 on dogmatic decrees of the Vatican Council, 533

Grey, Lord, 219

Grotius, 432; days of, 225 founder of study of real political science, 46 on the principles of law, 46

Guala, Bishop of Brescia, successor of Moneta and St. Dominic, 553 and the burning of heretics. 555-6

Guelphs, political theory of, 36

Guicciardini, Francesco, abridged by Trent Commissioners, 215

Guidonis, Bernardus, frequently cited by Lea, 568 leading authority of the fourteenth century, 559 _Practitia_ of, 558 protests of, on Clement V.'s decree on privilege of Inquisitors, 566

Guise, Duke of, initiative of, in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 112 recalled to France, 213 slain by Henry III. of France, 121

Guise, House of, 112, 118

Guizot, 400 on the eighteenth century, 585 on Hamilton's work _The Federalist_, 581 on importance, to all denominations, of the Vatican Council, 493 wisdom of, 401

Günther, 473

Gurney, Archer, alarm of, at Döllinger's views, 382

Guyon on the murder of heretics, 147

_Habeas Corpus_ Act, principle originated in Middle Ages, 39

Habsburg family, contests of, 274

Halifax Archbishop of (Conolly), on the dogmatic decree, 533 opposition of, at Vatican Council, 522 on Scriptural authority, 547

Halifax, George Savile, Lord, 53

Hallam, Henry, favourable comparison of theory of _Il Principe_ with other political theories, 224

Hamilton, Alexander, eulogised, 581-3 history, treatment of philosophy, 380 political example of, 586 views of, as cited by Bryce, 578

Harnack, estimate of Döllinger, 434

Harrington, political writer in advance of his time, 51

Hartwig, 230

Hase, Prof. K., _cited_ on political expediency, view of, on importance of Vatican Council to all denominations, 493

Hauréau, _Histoire Littéraire_ by, divergence from, of Lea, 558, 563

Havet, 555

Haynald, Archbishop of Colocza, at Council of Bishops, 1867, 499

Hefele, defender of the Inquisition, 573 estimate by, of Döllinger, 434 on Papal Infallibility, 540, 544 on validity of dicta of Vatican Council, 548

Hegel, Carl, friend of Döllinger, 420

Hegel, G.W.F., 589, 590 definition by, of universal history, 224 as enemy of religion, Döllinger's disparaging view of, 376, 381 master of Cousin, 589 posthumous work of, 385 view of, on Development of Liberty, 596

Henry III., King of France (_see also_ Anjou. Duke of), 44, 580 Döllinger's lenient estimate of, 410 hopes of his destroying the Huguenots root and branch, 142; urged on him by Muzio, 143 and the murder of the Guises, 121, 213 reliance of, on _Il Principe_, 215

Henry IV., King of France, _see_ Navarre, King of

Heraclitus, of Ephesus, on the supremacy of reason and divine origin of laws, 21, 22

Herbert, _cited_ to show Machiavelli's sacrifice to unity, 229

Herder, J.G., 375 on _Il Principe_, 228

Heresy (_see also_ Intolerance, Persecution, _and_ Toleration), books on, definition of, by the Archbishop of Cologne, 531 Calvin's views on punishment, 181; its famous refutation, 182 causes of, in Frohschammer, 481 dependent on the State, 317 laws of Frederic II. on, 152, 555 punishable by death, doctrine of the Church, 216-19 methods of dealing with the Reformers _cited_ on, 154, 157, 163-164, 166, 167, 175, 181, 183

Heretics, attitude towards, of St. Dominic, 554 Catholic theory on the proper way to deal with, 569; discredit incurred from, 140-41 a prominent dissentient, 144 divisions among, 103 first proscribed in Aragon, 557-58 murder of, Guyon on, 147

Hermann, reliance of Döllinger on authority of, 403

Hermas, 406

Hermes and followers denied the power of _the Index_, 473

Hesse, Landgrave of, bigamy of, why condoned by Luther, 160 & _note_

Hindoos, stationary national character of, 241

Historians, qualities of, revealed by use made of their authorities, 235 scientific, method of, how differing from that of artist and annalist, 233

_Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Switzerland_, by Robert Flint, _review_, 588

History, deductions of, Döllinger's theory, 389-92; not drawn from moral standards, 219-21 Döllinger's work in, 375-435 equity of, deductions drawn from action, 219 God seen in, 594 no conscience in, Hartwig's opinion of, 230 teaching of, Döllinger's desertion of theology for, 379-83 theory of, Döllinger's view, 385

_History, A, of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages_, by Henry Charles Lea, review, 551

Hobbes, Thomas, advocate of passive obedience to kings, 48 and Machiavelli's policy, 228

Höfler, 434

Hogendorp, on the American Revolution and the decline of religion in America (circ. 1784), 584

Hohenlohe, Prince, defeat of his policy, 511 defeated by Ultramontanes, 505 Döllinger secretary to, 385 opposed to discussion of Infallibility at Vatican Council, 503-4

Hohenzollern, house of, contests of Silesia with, 275

Holland, _see also_ Low Countries and Netherlands, declares for the Prince of Orange, 103 republican, an exception to common law of dynastic states, 274

Holst on Hamilton's genius, 581 _Verfassungsgeschichte_, by, 577

Holy Alliance, originated by Baader, 377; the devotion of, to absolutist interests, 282; and to suppression of the revolution and national spirit, 283

_Home and Foreign Review, The_, action concerning, of Wiseman, 439-40; deprecated, 440 et seq.; his complaints investigated, 442-43; and replied to, 443-44; how Wiseman came to misconceive the words of the Review, 444 _et seq._; position on which the Review was founded, 447, 457; sphere of such a publication delimited, 448-56; topics excluded from its purview, 457; its aid to religion indirect but valuable, 459; attitude of, on supreme authority of the Church, 482-91

Honorius III., Pope, characterisation by, of Gregory IX., 556 the Inquisition extant under, 554 and the Lombard law for burning heretics, 556

Hooker's _Ecclesiastical Polity_, 45

Hosius, Cardinal, opposition of, to Beza, concerning the Polish Socinians, 146

Hötzl, Father, support of Döllinger, 545

House of Commons, the, and the Inquisition, 570

Huguenots, expulsion of from Switzerland, 125 massacres of, in Paris and the provinces, 106, _and see_ Massacre of St. Bartholomew _passim_ position of, in 1572, and apparent prospects, 102 views of, on the massacres of co-religionists, 145-46

Humboldt, W. von, 282

Hume, David, 54; _cited_ on _Il Principe_, 218

Hungary, Church constitution of 1869., 510 growing autonomy of, 526

Huns, stationary national character of, 241

Hus, John, difference between his teaching and Luther's, 271 trial of, 552, 570; a test case, 572; Lea's puzzling views on, 573

Ideals, energy evoked by, why greater than in case of rational ends, 272 usefulness of, 272; how limited, 273

Ideas, abstract, more powerful than practical, views on cited, 585

_Il Principe_ (Machiavelli's), dedication of, 215 Nourrisson's praise of, 227 Pole's attention called to, 214 publication of, 214; interpretation of, by all later history, 213; known to Pole and Cromwell, 214 various criticisms of, 218

Immaculate Conception, doctrine of, Archbishop of St. Louis on, 545

Income Tax, known in Middle Ages, 39

Independent congregations, advocacy of toleration by, 52

_Index_, the Church's instrument of preventing scandal by literature, 469-471 institution and origin of, 215, 495 permanent exclusion of _Il Principe_ by, 215 power of, in Germany, 473 reform of, urged on and effected by the Vatican Council, 495, 525, 531 sanction of, 544

Indifference, religious, of educated Protestants, 350-51

Indulgences granted by Pius V., in connection with war against the heretics, 141

Infallibility, Papal-- attitude to, of Lamennais, 462-4, 465, 466 Bavarian warning against adoption of, by Vatican Council, 511 _Civiltà Cattolica_ on, 500-501 continental discussions on, 518 debate on, at Vatican Council, 532-549 declaration of, urged on Vatican Council, 499 definition of, not to be made, by Vatican Council, 518 discussion and definition of, by Vatican Council, 525-49 doctrine of the Jesuits, 498; establishment of, Vatican Council, 499 opinions in England, on discussion of, at Vatican Council, 507 opposition to, 502-4 origin of doctrine of, 513-515 to be presented at Vatican Council, 500-501 proposed by Cardoni at commission of preparation for Vatican Council, 500

Infidelity, growth of, due to intolerance, 256

Innocent III., commonly reported as founder of the Inquisition, 553; intolerance of, 431 treatment of heretics, 568

Innocent IV., Pope, _cited_, 206

Innocent X., Pope, protest against Peace of Westphalia, 324-25

Innocent XI., Döllinger's proposed history of, 433

Innocent XI., Pope, and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 147

Inquisition, the, earlier and later, distinction between aims and characteristics of, 552 Lea's view on, 568 Machiavelli denounced to, 214-15 never admitted into England, 59 origin of, controversy on, 553 period of its activity and decline, 574 problem of, 570 sanction of, 544 in Spain, 152 supporters of, 570 tribunal of, appropriation by Spanish kings leading to absolute monarchy, 41 at Vienna, 184 writers defending, 573 _Inquisition, The, of the Middle Ages, A History of_, by Henry Charles Lea, review, 551

_Institutes_, Calvin's, on Toleration, 182

Insurrections previous to 1789, wherein differing from the French Revolution, 271

Intellectual offices of the Church not exclusively hers, 448-9

International league of nations founded by Mazzini, 286

Intolerance carried to an extreme by the Anabaptists, 172 Catholic and Protestant, distinguished, 165, 168-70, 186-7 cause of growth of infidelity, 256 inherent in the Mediæval Church, Leas view, 571 motive and principle of, when justifiable, 251 of Reformers, 184 as a rule of life, Lea's view on, 562-3

Ireland, Church in, Goldwin Smith's views on, 259 Celtic race in, yielding to higher political aptitude of the English, 242 failure of Reformation in, 43 history of, comparative method of, study of, 234 land question, the great difficulty in, 236 question of, Döllinger's views on, 434 religious disabilities in, an engine of political oppression, 253 and Ultramontanism at Vatican Council, 507

Irish agitation, causes united in, 284

Israelites, democracy of the, 65 government of, exhibiting principle upon which freedom has been won, 4, 5 a federation held together by faith and race, 4 resistance of monarchy among, by prophet Samuel, 4

Italian States (1862), nationality in, 295

Italy, Austrian rule in, error of, 285 effect on, of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 124, 143 literature of, influence on Döllinger, 386-7 policy of, under Machiavelli and before, use of assassination, 213 politics of, influenced by Vatican Council, 508-511 reliance in, on Machiavelli, 226 Machiavelli's triumph, 225, 266 temporal power of papacy in, 355-62, 367-71 wisdom of Huguenot massacres confessed, 125

Ivan the Terrible. Czar of Muscovy, protests of, on the St. Bartholomew, 144

Jackson, Andrew, American President, 578

Jacobins, policy of, criticism of, 261

James II., King of England, 54, 410 overthrow imperative, 468

Janus, 519; book on Ultramontane ideal, 511, 513

Jefferson, Thomas, President, U.S.A., 579 irreligion of, 585

Jesuit attitude to the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1, 127, 147, 148

Jesuits, the, and infallibility, 498 and preparations for Vatican Council, 497-98

Jews, _see also_ Israelites treatment of, by Catholics, 169; and by Protestants, 164, 179

Joachim, Abbot, and his work, 560

Joan of Arc, 552; authorities on, not consulted by Lea, 558

John Of Salisbury, 45; reputed author of the _Historia Pontificalis_, 559

Joubert, on authority of the Church, 463

Judæ, Leo, views of, as to persecution, 174

Julian, apostate, reasons for persecution by, 196

Julius Cæsar, conversion by, of Roman republic into monarchy, 15

Jürgens, his estimate of Luther, 161

Justification by faith, dogma of, as test of orthodoxy, 158

Justin, summit reached by, 406

Justinian, code of, greatest obstacle to liberty next to feudalism, 79 on the absolute authority of the Roman Emperor, 31

Kolde, effect of works of, 408