Chapter 62

Carbonari, supporters of, 284; their impotence, 286

Carcassonne, no Huguenot massacres at, 142

Cardinal Wiseman, 436

Cardinals, approval by, of the St. Bartholomew, 140 opposition of, to Vatican Council, 493 French, and absolute monarchy, 41

Carena, "_De Officio S.S. Inquisitionis_," valuable matter in, on the Inquisition, 560

Carius, works of, edited by Trent Commissioners, 215

Carlstadt, Andreas, polygamy defended by, 159

Carlyle, Thomas, on truth as basis of success, 223

Carneades, his infusion of Greek ideas into minds of Roman statesmen, 16

Carouge, and the Rouen massacre of Huguenots, 119

Caspari, at Döllinger's house, 405

Castagna, Papal Nuncio, 117

Catechism of St. Sulpice, Lea's deductions from, 571

Catherine de' Medici, Queen-Mother of France, advisers urging, to destroy Coligny and his party, 108-9 & _notes_ challenge of, to Queen Elizabeth, 122 children of, trained on Machiavelli's principles, 215 hints of the intended massacre, 110, 111, 113-14 jealous for her merit in the St. Bartholomew, 130 levity of her religious feelings, 122 long premeditation by, of the massacre, 115 methods of, to balance Catholic and Huguenot power, 103 wrath of, at Gregory's demand for revocation of the edict of Toleration, 137 on the death of her daughter, Queen of Spain, 104 & _note_ _cited_, 580-81

Catholic attitude to Huguenot massacres, 146-8; change in, how induced, 148 Church, _see_ Church countries, revolution more frequent in, than in Protestant, and why, 278 Emancipation Act, spiritual fruits of, gathered by Wiseman, 437 legitimists and democracy, link between, 590 literature, phases of, last hundred years as to principles in politics and science, 450-51 theory on the proper way to deal with heretics, discredit caused by, 140-41 use of subterfuge, 454

Catholic and Protestant intolerance, difference between, 165, 168-70, 186-7

Catholicism, in the Dark Ages, 200 ground lost by, since the Middle Ages, 593 holiness of, hated by its enemies, 437 identification of, with some secular cause an Ultramontane peculiarity, 451 liberal, supposed founder of, 588 spreads as an institution as well as a doctrine, 246 tendency of, 189

Catholics, English, peculiarities of their position, 438; unity aimed at by them, _ib._ treatment of, by the Reformers, 157, 162, 163, 168, 174, 178-9

Cavalli, Venetian ambassador, on the bad management of the St. Bartholomew, 109

Celts, Gallic and British, why conquered, 241 the materials less than the impulse of history supplied by, 240

Champel, half-burned book from, 569

_Chanson de la Croisade_, 565

Character, national, influence of, on events, limits of, 557

Charlemagne, 409

Charles Albert, King of Piedmont, revolution under, 285

Charles I., King of England, execution of, a triumph for Royalism, 51

Charles II., King of England, secret treaty between him and Louis XIV., 53

Charles V., Emperor, records of reign of, 409

Charles IX., King of France, active conciliation by, of Protestants, 105 alliances made by, with Protestant rulers, 105 attempts of, to appease Protestant powers after the massacre, 120 blamed for "leniency," "cruel clemency," etc., in the massacre, 126, 141, 143 Cardinal Lorraine's eulogy of, for the massacre, 112 civil war resulting from persecutions during his minority, 103 date when Catherine suggested the massacre to him, 115 desirous of thwarting Spain, his measures to that end, 104, 105 effect on his attitude to Rome of his success in crushing Huguenots, 137 explanations offered by, various, on the massacre, 118 hints dropped by, of the coming massacre, 111 letters of, to Rome, fate of, 101 letter from, to the Pope, announcing the massacre, 132; reasons alleged in, 133 massacre of Huguenot prisoners ordered by, 141 methods of, in the provincial massacres, 118 _et seq._ Naudé's Apology for its basis, 147 negotiations of, for Anjou's marriage with Queen Elizabeth, 105 Nuncio on Charles IX., tenacity of his authority, 137 panegyric on, by Panigarola, 125 personal share of, in the massacre, approved by Mendoça, 124 praised for his conduct as to the massacre, 112, 125, 128-9, 136, 140, 147 suppression by, of materials for history of the massacre, 121 & _note_ threats of Pius V. to, 139 tracts on his danger from Coligny, and on his joy at the massacre, 131 on his plan for the massacre, 117 death of, Sorbin's account, 126-7 his wife and her parentage, 105

Charron, on subordination to universal reason, 46

Chastre, La, refuses to execute Charles IX.'s orders as to Huguenot massacre at Bourges, 115

Chateaubriand, Marquis de, 464 liberalism of, discussed, 594 maxim of, on the timidity of the better sort of men, 582; endorsed by Menou, _ib._ transcription by, of Salviati's despatches, 102

Chatham, Lord, against taxation of American colonists, 55

Châtillon, House of, feud of, with the Guises, 112

Chemnitz, Lutheran divine, on Calvinists, 145

Cherbuliez, the elder, on the power of abstract ideas, 585

Cheverus, 402

Chinese, stationary national character of, 241

Christ, His divine sanction the true definition of the authority of government, 29

Christian states, constitution of the Church as model for, 192

Christianity, appeal to barbarian rulers, 33 considered as force, not doctrine, by Döllinger, 383-7 in the Dark Ages, 200 as history, Döllinger's view of, 380 how employed by Constantine, 30, 31 influence of, on the human race, 200; and on popular government, 79 primitive, penetration of influence over State gradual, 27 progress of, must be supplemented by secular power, 246, 247 teaching of Stoics nearest approach to that of, 24, 25 universality of, influence of nations on, 317-21 why Romans opposed establishment of, 195, 198 freedom in, appeal of Christianity to rulers, 33 effects on, of Teutonic invasion, 32 influence on, of feudalism, 35 political influence of the Reformation on, 43 supplying faculty of self-government in classical era, 31 political advances of Middle Ages due to, 39 rise of Guelphs and Ghibellines as affecting, 36 rise and progress of absolute monarchy as affecting, 41, 47, 48 rise of religious liberty and toleration as resulting from, 52, 53 rise and progress of political liberty due to, 56, 57, 58 sovereignty of people in Middle Ages acknowledged in consequence of, 35

Christina, Queen, of Sweden, on truth, 316

_Chronicle, The_, Acton's leaders in, ix

Chrysippus, views of, 73

Church, the, _see also_ Catholicism, Papacy, Popes, _and_ Rome attitude of, to isolation of nations, 292 attitude of, to Wycliffe, Hus, and Luther, 271; difference in their attitude to her, _ib._ both accepting and preparing the individual to receive, 450; how she performs this, _ib._ censure of, ineffectual against Machiavelli's political doctrines, 218 condemnation of Frohschammer's book, and excommunication, 477 and the development of Machiavelli's policy, 225 difficulties of, how nourished, 455 Döllinger's vindication of, 404 effect on, of growth of feudalism, 245 fables of, Döllinger's investigation of, in _Papstfabeln des Mittelalters_, 418-21 free action of, test of free constitution of State, 246 Goldwin Smith's unfair estimate of, 234 in Ireland, Goldwin Smith's views on, 259 great work (salvation of souls) and its subsidiaries, 448-9 hostility to, roused by conflicts with science and literature, 461-91 indebted to the barbarians for corporate position, 244 manifestation of, how seen, 269 minority in, in agreement with Döllinger, 313 not justified in resisting political law or scientific truth on grounds of peril in either to the faith, 449 _et seq._ not openly attacked, eighteenth century, 273-4 her peculiar mission to act as channel of grace not her sole mission, 448-9 political thoughts on, 188; authority, supreme, the Church as, 192; Catholicism in the "Dark Ages," 200; Christianity, influence of, on human race, 200; divine order in the world, establishment of, 189; English race, Christianity a cause of greatness of, 204; liberty, influence of Christianity on, 203; religion, true, definition of, 197; Romans, persecution of Christians by, reasons for, 196, 198 position of, in State, regulation difficult, 252 struggle of feudalism with, 35 tolerance of, in early days, 186 view of, on government, 260

Church discipline, Bucer's system of, 172-3 government, under control in the modern State, 151

Church of England, internal condition of, 437-8 establishment, English and Irish, difference between, 259

Church and State Teutonic, quarrel between, cause of revival of democracy, 80 relations of, 150-52, 162, 163-4 union of, creating Byzantine despotism, 33; effect of, on paganism, 33 views on, of Anabaptists, 171-2; Bucer, 172-3; Calvin, 177 _et seq._; Luther, 154, 156, 157-8, 159, 161-4, 180; Melanchthon, 164 _et seq._; OEcolampadius, 176-7; Zwingli, 173-4; Reformers in general, 181

Cicero, 409

Cienfuegos, Cardinal and Jesuit, view of, on Charles IX., 148

_Circumspice_, as motto for the Catholic Church, 269

Citeaux, 567

Citizenship in Athens, 68

"City of the Sun," an ideal society described by, 270

Civil authority over religious crime (_see also_ Passive obedience), Beza's view, 146 liberty, point of unison of, with religious liberty, 151; its two worst enemies, 300 War of America, consolidating effects of, on the Constitution, 579 society, its aim and end, 298

Civilisation, despotism in relation to, 5, 6, 27 liberty the product of, 596 mature, liberty the fruit of, 1 social, unconnected with political civilisation, 243 in Western Europe retarded by five centuries owing to Teutonic invasion and domination, 32, 33

_Civilta Cattolica_, organ of Pius IX., 497

Classical literature, subjects not found in, 25, 26

Clay, H., despondency of, as to American institutions, 579

Clement IV., Pope, directions of, for Inquisitors, 560

Clement V., Pope, decree of, on privilege of Inquisitors, deductions on, of Lea, 566 share of, in the trial of the Templars, 563 _cited_ on political honesty, 214 publication of _Il Principe_ authorised by, 214

Clement VIII., Pope (Aldobrandini), testimony of, on premeditation of the St Bartholomew, 114-15 & _notes_

Clergy, immunities of, 34; unpopular in Italy, 363 upholders of absolute monarchy, 41

Clifford, Lord, acquaintance of, with Döllinger, 388

Colbert, admirers of, in accord with Helvetius, 220

Coleridge, S.T., metaphysics of, Döllinger's love for, 381

Coligny, Admiral de, 105; death of, origin and motives of, discussed, 101 _et seq._, 117-18; the story of, 106, 111 _et seq._, 118; the question of its premeditation discussed, 106-7 _et seq._ alleged plot to kill Charles IX., 131, 135, 136 murderer of, 124; reward of, from Philip II., 123, and presented to the Pope, 144 & _note_; nationality (alleged) of, 124

Colocza, Archbishop of, head of Council of Bishops, 1867., 499

Cologne, Archbishop of, loose reading of terms of the legal reform of Index, 531

Cologne, Synod at, and infallibility, 499

Commines, Philip de, on levying of taxes, 39

_Commonwealth, The American_, by James Bryce, review, 575

Commonwealths, founders of, 70

Communism, a subversive theory, proclaimed by Baboeuf, 273; theory of its antiquity due to Critias, 17

Comte, Auguste, historic treatment of philosophy, 380

Concordat, Austrian, failure of, 292

Confederacy essential to a great democracy, 277

Confederate scheme of American government, 577

Conference of Bayonne, resolutions inimical to Huguenots taken at, 108-9 & _notes_

Confession of Anjou, on the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 107

Confession of Augsburg, apology of, on excommunication, 158 importance of, recognised by Luther, 159

Conflicts with Rome, 461-91

Connecticut, Blue Laws of, 55

Conrad, Master (of Marburg), principles inspiring, 556; as confessor of St. Elizabeth, 570

Conscience, freedom of, a postulate of religious revolution, 153 in politics, expedient elasticity of, 212-14

_Conservateur_, the, 594

Conservatism, indirect elections not always a safeguard of, 2; restriction of suffrage in relation to, 96

Conservatism of American revolutionists, 580 European, 583

Constance, Council of, support of, to the Inquisition, 570

_Constantine, donation of_, 469; political Christianity of, 30, 31

Constantinople, seat of Roman Empire transferred to, 30 Patriarchs of, _see_ Eutychius

Constitution, American, consolidated by the Civil War, 579 despondency of its founders as to, 579 Hamilton's views on, 581-3 not understood by Tocqueville, 576

Constitution of England, Sir E. May on, 62

Constitutions, evolution of, 58 growth of, nature of, 5 Periclean, characteristic of, 10 view of Guelph writers respecting, 36 how ancient, differ from modern, 19 mixed, difficulty of establishing and impossibility of maintaining, 20

Contarini, Gaspar, 214

Contarini, Venetian ambassador, on the expected change in France (as to the Huguenots), 109

Conti, story of priests and the St. Bartholomew disproved, 126

Cooley, Judge, _cited_ by Bryce, on American liberty and government, 580

Copernican system, the, derided by Luther, 160

Corsica, 105

Cortes, Donoso, classed as ultramontane, 451

Council of Arles and the Count of Toulouse, 565

Council of Constance, support of, to the Inquisition, 570

Council of Trent, 111, 138; Döllinger's investigations of, 431; and tradition, 513

Council of Ten, Molino on, 213

Cournot, intellectual qualities of, 589

Cousin, Victor, 224, 588, 589 historic treatment of philosophy, 380

Cranmer, 430

Creuzer, 405

Critias, _cited_, 70 originator of notion of original communism of mankind, 17

Croker, _see_ Canning

Cromwell, Oliver, Constitutions of, short-lived, 50 study of, 410

Cromwell, Thomas, acquaintance of, with _Il Principe_, 214 death of, a joy of Melanchthon, 217

_Culturgeschichte_ of Hellwald, 573

Cumberland, expositor of Grotius, 46

Cusa, Cardinal of, on Christian doctrine, 514

Daniel, historian, 588

Dante, Döllinger's return to study of, 433 key to, where found, 574 views of, on conscience, 562 and Cecco d'Ascoli, on schism, 564

Danton, his action in the Reign of Terror, 266

Darboy, Archbishop, on Papal Infallibility, 547 opposition of, at Vatican Council, 522

Daru, revival by, of Hohenlohe's policy, 511

Darwin, Charles, estimate of Carlyle, 223

Deàk on Hungarian administration, 510

Decree, the first, issued to Vatican Council, 531; withdrawn, 535

Defoe, Daniel, on want of principle among contemporary politicians, 53

"De Haereticis," tract on toleration, 182

Delbrück, criticism of Macaulay's power of historical deduction, 385

Delicieux, fall of, conclusions on, of Lea, 563, 564

Democracy (_see also_ Will of the People), alliance of, with despotism, 238 alliance of, with socialism baneful, 92, 93, 98 attitude to, of Aristotle, 71, 72 and Catholic Legitimists, link between, 590 curbing of, by ancient constitutions, 19 definition and tendencies of, 62 enlightened ideas of Lilburne on, 83 essence of, 7 federalism most effective check on, 98 in fourteenth century, 80 government by, danger of, 20 a great, in relation to self-government, 277 modern mistakes in true conception of, 93, 94 in Pennsylvania, 84 pervading evil of, 97 political writers against, 93 Presbyterianism and, 81, 82 present aim, 95 principles of, advocated by Pericles, 9 progress of, in Europe, 85 revival of, to what due, 80 ancient, partial solution of, by popular government, 79 Athenian, tyranny manifested by, 12 Swiss, 90

_Democracy in Europe_, by Sir Erskine May, 61

Democratic method of Socrates, 71 principle, triumph of, in France, results of, 287

Denifle, Father, 574

Denmark, religion in, Döllinger on, 340-31

Derby, Lord, cited, 189

Descartes, advocate of passive obedience to kings, 48

Despotic spirit, old, its two adversaries, 276

Despotism after peace of Westphalia, 325 alliance of democracy with, 238 emancipation of mankind from, to what due, 24, 25 overpowering strength of, the doom of classical civilisation, 27 product of civilisation, 5, 6 _see also_ Absolutism

Development, _see also_ Progress and its earlier supporters, 592 Flint on, topic discussed, 591, 592

Diocletian's persecution of the Christians due to attempt to transform Roman government into despotism of Eastern type, 30, 31

Dispensation, the, for the Navarre marriage long withheld, 128 & _note_; price, assumed, for, ib.; never granted, 131-2; Charles IX.'s hope regarding, 133

Divine right of freeholders established by Revolution of 1688., 54 of kings, principle of, led to advocacy of passive obedience, 47 of the people, 36, _see also_ Will of the People with respect to election of monarch, 35

Divine order in the world, establishment of, 189

Djakovar, Bishop of, on validity of Vatican Council's decrees, 549

Doctrine, danger from, motive for religious persecution in pagan and mediæval times, 251

Dogma, Commission on, at Vatican Council, election and proceedings of, 529-31

Dolcino, two versions of the story of, 555, 568

Döllinger, Dr. J.J. Ignatius von, his attacks on Papal Infallibility, 538, 545; on episcopal authority, in Council, 545 character of, 403 declaration of, on papal necessity for temporal power, 312-13 fame of, 463 historical insight of, limitations of, 409-10 judgments of, compared to Möhler's, 378; their gentleness, 410 influences acting upon, earlier and later studies, intercourse, literatures, etc.--evolution due to--375-6, 379-82, 383, 386-9, 392-3, 399; later views of, 396, 425-36 later life of, 399 and Möhler in Munich, views at variance, 377-80 politics and their interest for, 400-403 reliance of scholars on, in theological difficulties, 382-3 silence of followers of, 313-15 style of, 375-435; own estimate of, 432; views on, and methods of, 383, 385, 389-92 tract attributed to, on Infallibility, 512, 513 value as historian of the Church, 408-10 views of, compared to Möhler's, 378-9; on temporal power, 301-74 visits of, to Oxford, 403; to Rome, 410-14 Works by-- _Church History_, interpretations of, 379-435; source of, 386; new edition of, refused by, 392-3 _Heidenthum und Judenthum_, publication of, 405-7 _Hippolytus und Kallistus_, publication of, 404-5 _Kirche und Kirchen_, argument of, 414-18; description of, 384-6; source of, 386; preface to, _cited_ on temporal authority of the Church, 303-12; purpose of, 371-4 _Papstfabeln des Mittetalters_, spurious authority of the Church, 418-21 _Philosophumena_, vindication of Rome, after publication of, by, 404 _Reformation_, preparation for, 392-4; publication of, 394; ridiculed in Rome, 411; style of, 393-7 _cited on_ attitude of Pius IX. and the Council, 371 character of Pius IX., 365-6 Council of Trent, 432 England's attitude to temporal power of Pope, 415 German loyalty to the Church, 370-71 Luther, 397 mistaken judgments of youth, 429 St. Dominic, 428 the temporal power of the Pope, 414-15

Dominicans, the, theology of, discountenanced, 498

Dominis, De, 432

Dorner, 389

Dort, Canons of, 580

Doyle, 402

Duchesne, Abbé, 400, 574 on the idea of development, and what impeded its acceptance, 592-3

Dupanloup, 400, 425; opposition of, at Vatican Council, 522, 526 defence of Syllabus by, 424 opposition of, to Papal temporal power, 412

Duperron, Cardinal, on Arianism, apparent, in St. Irenæus and Tertullian, 592

Duplessis-Mornay, forebodings of, as to Huguenot perils, 107

Dutch independence due to maritime successes, 103

Dynastic interest, dominant in old European system, 273 at the Congress of Vienna, 283

Ebrard, Döllinger's opinion of work of, 420

Ecclesiastical authority, functions of its office, 460

Echard, authority on the Inquisition, 554 book by, on St. Thomas, pages by another, printed in, 558-9

Eckstein, character of, 400

École des Chartes, pupils of, methods of, 561

École Française, 574

Edessa, Archbishop of, at commission of preparation for Vatican Council, 500

Edict of Nantes, Revocation of, an inconsistency, 170 not approved by Innocent XI., 147 remarks on, 260 of Pacification, 108 of Toleration, deceitful, of Charles IX., 117, 135

Elections, indirect, 97; not always a safeguard of conservatism, 2

Elizabeth, Queen of England, Catherine de' Medici's challenge to a massacre of Catholics, 122 Döllinger's lenient view of, 410 murder of, sanctioned by Pius V., 139 not alienated by Charles IX.'s Huguenot massacres, 120 proposed league of, for Protestant defence, Lutheran protest, 145

Elizabeth of Valois, first wife of Philip II. of Spain, fate of, 104 & _note_

Ellicott, Dr., Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, on Lamennais's theory, 593

Emerson, R.W., on attitude of the best Americans to politics, 578

Encyclical, the, of 1846, Infallibility proclaimed in, 496

England, an exception to the common law of dynastic States till 1745., 274 indignation in, at the idea of development in religion, 591 Inquisition never admitted into, 59 status of kings in, Canning on, 583-4 under the Stuarts, Church and liberty in, 208

English Catholics, peculiarities of their position, 438; Wiseman's personal relations with, 437, 438 legal system, pioneer work of Jeremy Bentham in reform of, 3 liberty, adversary of the despotic policy, 276 nation, endurance of, and supremacy of, in art of labour, 60 foremost in battle for liberty, 59 views of, on the Huguenot massacres, 144 race, Christianity a cause of greatness of, 204 writers, Döllinger's acquaintance with, 388

Entremont, Countess, marriage of, with Coligny, Salviati's denunciation on, 110

Eötvös on lay interest in religious government, 510

Ephialtes and democracy, 68

Epictetus, 406

Epicurus on purpose of foundation of societies, 18

Equality, passion for, in France, 57, 58 subversive theory proclaimed by Rousseau, 273; making French Revolution (1789) disastrous to liberty, 88 of fortune, and class interests, 69 political, observations on the right to, 262

Erasmus, his idea of renovating society on the principles of self-sacrifice, 58

Erhle, Father, 552, 560, 574

Essenes, disappearance of, 66 idea of renovating society on the principles of self-sacrifice, 58 slavery, both in principle and practice, rejected by, 26

Ethical offices of the Church not exclusively hers, 448-9

Ethnology and Geography united, in relation to security of free institutions, Mill on, 286

Eudæmon-Johannes, praise given by, to the St. Bartholomew, 147

Eugenius IV., Pope, election of, 355

Euphemus, _cited_, 70

Europe, attitude of, to the French massacre of Huguenots, 120. 124-5; progress of democracy in, 85; theory of Nationality in, how awakened, 275 civilised, to what its preservation is due according to Lea, 568 Latin, frequency in, of revolution, 278; its object, 280-81 Western, retrogression in arts and sciences due to domination of Teutons, 32, 33 the two conquests of, and their effects on social ideas, 278 _et seq._

European liberalism and conservatism, 582-3 system, the old, reigning families, not nationalities, dominant in, 273

Eutychius, Lea's remarks on, challenged, 563

Excommunication, of Frohschammer, 477 what it involves, according to the confession of Schmalkald, etc., 158